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Forrest, Allison, Numbereye Numbere, Jerome Jean-Gilles, Thomas Frye, and Vikram Dogra. "Sonographic Diagnosis of Unilateral Synchronous Testicular Tumors." American Journal of Sonography 2 (April 15, 2019): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/ajs-3-2019.
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Testicular cancer accounts for 1% of all male cancers yet is the most common cancer affecting men aged 15–44 years. Most testicular cancers are seminomas or non-seminomatous germ cell tumors. Rarely, multiple testicular cancers may occur simultaneously, most often of the same histological type. However, synchronous tumors of different histological types may occur, although rarely. In this case study, we present the sonographic features with histopathologic correlation in a case of unilateral synchronous testicular tumors of discordant histology.
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Vasistha, Aman, Rishi Kothari, Adarsh Mishra, Fernando De Andrés, Adrián LLerena, and Sujit Nair. "Current Insights into Interethnic Variability in Testicular Cancers: Population Pharmacogenetics, Clinical Trials, Genetic Basis of Chemotherapy- Induced Toxicities and Molecular Signal Transduction." Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 20, no. 20 (2020): 1824–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026620666200618112205.
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Testicular cancer is an aggressive malignancy with a rising incidence rate across the globe. Testicular germ cell tumors are the most commonly diagnosed cancers, and surgical removal of the testes is often a radical necessity along with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. While seminomas are receptive to radiotherapy as well as chemotherapy, non-seminomatous germ cell tumors respond to chemotherapy only. Due to the singular nature of testicular cancers with associated orchiectomy and mortality, it is important to study the molecular basis and genetic underpinnings of this group of cancers across male populations globally. In this review, we shed light on the population pharmacogenetics of testicular cancer, pediatric and adult tumors, current clinical trials, genetic determinants of chemotherapy-induced toxicity in testicular cancer, as well as the molecular signal transduction pathways operating in this malignancy. Taken together, our discussions will help in enhancing our understanding of genetic factors in testicular carcinogenesis and chemotherapy-induced toxicity, augment our knowledge of this aggressive cancer at the cellular and molecular level, as well as improve precision medicine approaches to combat this disease.
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Li, Jenny, and Nicholas Power. "Scrotal recurrence of germ cell tumour in a non-violated scrotum." Canadian Urological Association Journal 10, no. 11-12 (2016): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.5489/cuaj.3505.
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Testicular cancer is the most common cancer diagnosis in males aged 15‒30 years. For over a century, radical inguinal orchiectomy has been the standard of care for initial treatment of testicular cancer. This approach is preferred over trans-scrotal interventions, in an effort to avoid tumour seeding, spermatic cord invasion, and disturbance to lymphatic drainage. Scrotal violation is defined as any trans-scrotal intervention that may impact spread of disease in testicular cancer, including scrotal orchiectomy, fine-needle aspiration, and testicular biopsy. Studies have shown statistically significant differences in local recurrence rates between patients who undergo the standard inguinal surgical approach and cases with scrotal violation.Over 95% of testicular cancers are curative, often with surgery alone. Recurrence of disease is divided into two categories: local and distant sites. Local recurrence of testicular cancer involves the scrotal and inguinal regions, including superficial inguinal lymph nodes. More commonly, local recurrence is seen in cases of testicular cancer with scrotal violation. We describe a case of local recurrence of testicular cancer in a non-violated scrotum,
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Dhakal, Radha, Samkisha Paudel, and Dipesh Paudel. "Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice regarding Testicular Cancer and Testicular Self-Examination among Male Students Pursuing Bachelor’s Degree in Bharatpur Metropolitan City, Chitwan, Nepal." BioMed Research International 2021 (August 31, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1802031.
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Background. Testicular cancer is a malignant tumor of the testicles, the male reproductive organs that produce sperm and testosterone. It is one of the most common cancers in young men. This form of cancer can be easily diagnosed by self-examination of testicles and is curable if detected early. Periodic self-examination must be performed for early detection. Due to lack of knowledge on testicular cancer and testicular self-examination techniques, patients can potentially miss early detection. This study is aimed at assessing the knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding testicular cancer and testicular self-examination among male college students pursuing a Bachelor’s degree. Methods. A web-based cross-sectional analytical study was adopted to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of testicular cancer and testicular self-examination among male college students pursuing a Bachelor’s degree and living in Bharatpur Metropolitan City in the Chitwan District of Nepal. The snowball sampling technique was employed to identify the eligible participants. Collected data were entered in SPSS version 22 and analyzed by using the Chi-square test, Pearson’s correlation, and binary logistic regression. Results. Out of 402 respondents, majority (56.7%) had poor knowledge regarding testicular cancer and testicular self-examination and only 11.4% had performed testicular self-examination. The majority (67.2%) of the respondents had shown an unfavorable attitude towards testicular cancer (TC) and testicular self-examination (TSE). There was a significant association between the level of knowledge and marital status 4.516 (1.962-10.397) and ethnicity 2.606 (1.443-4.709). Likewise, age 0.396 (0.191-0.821) and marital status 0.347 (0.156-0.775) have been significantly associated with testicular self-examination practice. Regarding favorable attitude, age 0.362 (0.186-0.706) and sources of information from mass media 2.346 (1.328-4.143) have been associated significantly. Conclusion. The study finding shows that the knowledge on testicular cancer and testicular self-examination was low. Due to lack of knowledge and trainings, the potential opportunities for early detection of testicular cancer are missed substantially. Periodic testicular self-examination is vital for early detection of testicular cancer. Hence, it is crucial to implement massive educational campaigns and trainings on testicular cancer and testicular self-examination techniques among young male groups.
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Antonaci, Alessio, Daniela Fasanella, Vikiela Galica, et al. "Retroperitoneal extension of massive ulcerated testicular seminoma through the inguinal canal: A case report." Archivio Italiano di Urologia e Andrologia 93, no. 1 (2021): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/aiua.2021.1.64.
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Introduction: Testicular cancers represent about 5% of all urological malignancies and 1-1.5% of all male neoplasms. Most of the testicular cancers are localized (68%) at diagnosis. Bulky masses in the scrotum are rare. We present a rare case of bulky testicular cancer with retroperitoneal spread through the inguinal canal. Case report: A 44-year-old man came to the emergency department referring weakness and the presence of a scrotal mass. At physical examination, a voluminous mass was found, with necrotic phenomena within the scrotum. Abdomen was tense and sore. Abdominal CT scan revealed a bulky testicular mass spreading to the retroperitoneal space through the inguinal canal with node enlargement. Patient underwent orchiectomy with excision of infiltrated scrotum skin. Histologic diagnosis confirmed a typical form seminoma. The patient was then treated with a cisplatin-based chemotherapy, with a partial response. The patient recently relapsed and he is being treated with a new line of chemotherapy and subsequent surgery with or without radiotherapy. Conclusions: We described a rare presentation of testicular cancer. This case highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to rare testis tumour presentation and early diagnosis for testicular cancers.
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Namiq, Kadhim Faruq, Fadhil Ahmed Mohaildeen, and Shalaw Hamaali Abdalla. "A CASE REPORT OF METACHRONOUS METASTATIC TESTICULAR CANCER OF COLORECTAL ORIGIN." Journal of Sulaimani Medical College 8, no. 3 (2018): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/jsmc.10172.
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Curreri, Stephanie A., Sarah C. Markt, Rowan Miller, et al. "Bilateral testicular germ cell tumors." Journal of Clinical Oncology 33, no. 7_suppl (2015): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2015.33.7_suppl.392.
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392 Background: Germ cell tumors (GCTs), both seminomatous and non-seminomatous, account for greater than 90% of testicular cancers. While bilateral testicular GCTs are rare, the incidence of bilateral tumors has increased over time. Methods: 668 cases of bilateral and 38,593 cases of unilateral testicular GCTs were reported between 1973 and 2011 by the SEER database. Patient characteristics and tumor features were analyzed. Results: The incidence of bilateral GCTs among men with testicular GCTs was 1.7% (668 of 39,261 total cases). Among the 668 men with bilateral GCTs, 53% (n=353) of second GCTs occurred within three years after the first cancer. 29% (n=196) of bilateral tumors occurred synchronously. Among patients with bilateral GCTs, 378 first GCTs and 466 second GCTs were seminomatous. 43% of bilateral cases were concordant seminomatous GCTs, 16% were concordant non-seminomas, and 41% were discordant histologies. 68% of unilateral GCTs, 70% of first GCTs, and 82% of second GCTs were staged as Localized disease. Testicular cancer was the cause of death for 4% (n=1,630) of men with a unilateral GCT and 1% (n=8) of men with bilateral GCTs. A second malignant neoplasm (SMN) was the cause of death for 2% (n=736) of men with a unilateral GCT and 2% (n=16) of men with bilateral GCTs. Conclusions: Among men with bilateral testicular GCTs, 59% had concordant histological diagnoses between their first and second tumor. Most (53%) second cancers among men with bilateral tumors occurred within three years after diagnosis of first cancers. Men who experience bilateral testicular GCTs do not appear to have an increased risk of death due to testicular cancer or a subsequent non-germ cell malignant neoplasm compared to men with a unilateral testicular GCT. [Table: see text]
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Lempiäinen, Anna, Kristina Hotakainen, Carl Blomqvist, Henrik Alfthan, and Ulf-Håkan Stenman. "Hyperglycosylated Human Chorionic Gonadotropin in Serum of Testicular Cancer Patients." Clinical Chemistry 58, no. 7 (2012): 1123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2012.183723.
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Abstract BACKGROUND Hyperglycosylated human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG-h) contains larger and more complex carbohydrate chains than regular human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). hCG-h is thought to be the major form of hCG produced by testicular cancers and it has been suggested to play a key role in tumor invasion, but studies on hCG-h in testicular cancer are limited. We studied whether serum hCG is hyperglycosylated, and whether measurement of hCG-h in serum offers clinical value in the management of testicular cancer. METHODS We determined the serum concentrations of hCG-h, hCG, and the free β subunit of hCG (hCGβ) by time-resolved immunofluorometric assays in 176 serum samples (preoperative n = 67, relapse n = 20, follow-up n = 89) obtained from 84 testicular cancer patients. We analyzed the association between preoperative serum concentrations of hCG, hCG-h, and hCGβ with known prognostic factors and progression-free survival time. RESULTS A major proportion of hCG was hyperglycosylated preoperatively, at relapse, and shortly after treatment. The serum concentrations of hCG-h and hCG correlated strongly with each other and had similar diagnostic value. The preoperative serum concentration of hCG-h correlated with prognostic factors and outcome in the same way as hCG. Increased preoperative hCGβ concentration predicted shorter progression-free survival. CONCLUSIONS Most of the hCG expressed by testicular cancers is hyperglycosylated and therefore it is important that hCG assays used for management of testicular cancer recognize hCG-h.
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Shephard, Elizabeth A., and William T. Hamilton. "Selection of men for investigation of possible testicular cancer in primary care: a large case–control study using electronic patient records." British Journal of General Practice 68, no. 673 (2018): e559-e565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp18x697949.
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BackgroundTesticular cancer incidence has risen over the last two decades and is expected to continue to rise. There are no primary care studies on the clinical features of testicular cancer, with recent National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidance based solely upon clinical consensus.AimTo identify clinical features of testicular cancer and to quantify their risk in primary care patients, with the aim of improving the selection of patients for investigation.Design and settingA matched case–control study in males aged ≥17 years, using Clinical Practice Research Datalink records.MethodPutative clinical features of testicular cancer were identified and analysed using conditional logistic regression. Positive predictive values (PPVs) were calculated for those aged <50 years.ResultsIn all, 1398 cases were available, diagnosed between 2000 and 2012, with 4956 age-, sex-, and practice-matched controls. Nine features were independently associated with testicular cancer, the top three being testicular swelling (odds ratio [OR] 280, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 110 to 690), testicular lump (OR 270, 95% CI = 100 to 740), and scrotal swelling (OR 170, 95% CI = 35 to 800). The highest PPV for 17–49-year-olds was testicular lump, at 2.5% (95% CI = 1.1 to 5.6). Combining testicular lump with testicular swelling or testicular pain produced PPVs of 17% and 10%, respectively.ConclusionTesticular enlargement carries a risk of cancer of 2.5% — close to the current 3% threshold in UK referral guidance. Contrary to traditional teaching, painful testicular enlargement may signify cancer. Some initial hydrocele diagnoses appear to be wrong, with missed cancers, suggesting an ultrasound may be useful when a hydrocele diagnosis is uncertain. These results support the existing NICE guidelines, and help to characterise when an ultrasound should be considered in symptomatic men.
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Mucci, Lorelei A., Jacob Hjelmborg, Kathryn Penney, et al. "Familial risk and heritability of genitourinary cancers in the Nordic Twin Cohorts." Journal of Clinical Oncology 33, no. 7_suppl (2015): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2015.33.7_suppl.11.
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11 Background: Twin studies estimate familial risk and heritability by leveraging the unique genetic relatedness of twins. We analyzed data from the Nordic Twin Study to investigate the genetic underpinnings of risk of genitourinary cancers. Methods: The cohort included 202,868 monozygotic (MZ) and same-sex dizygotic (DZ) twins from nationwide registries with follow-up via cancer registries. We examined cancers of the prostate, bladder, kidney and testes, and estimated familial risk, risk of a specific cancer in a twin, given that his co-twin was diagnosed with the same cancer, and heritability, the proportion of variation in cancer risk due to genetic differences. Statistical models used time-to-event analyses and accounted for censoring and competing risk of death. Results: During 32 years of follow-up, 5,041 cases of genitourinary cancer were diagnosed. The cumulative incidences in the cohort overall were 10.5% for prostate, 2.2% for bladder, 0.8% for kidney and 0.5% for testes. The strongest familial effects were found for testicular cancer. The familial risks of testicular cancer were 6% for DZ and 14% for MZ twins, i.e. a 12-fold and 28-fold higher risk for DZ and MZ twins, respectively, when their twin was also diagnosed with testicular cancer. Familial risk was also elevated for prostate, bladder, and kidney cancer and showed higher estimates among MZ than DZ twins. Statistically significant estimates of heritability were observed for prostate (57%) and kidney (38%) cancer, while testicular cancer showed evidence of both genetic (37%) and shared environmental (24%) effects. Conclusions: Familial risk estimates provide evidence of significant excess risks for individuals whose siblings develop genitourinary cancers. The higher concordance in MZ vs. DZ twins translated to strong heritability estimates for these malignancies. Results from this study have the potential to be directly translated to clinical practice and genetic counseling, and provide a context for the findings from genome wide association studies.
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Ahmed, Safaa A., Laila A. H. Ali, Mervat A. Ahmed, and Aziza M. Abozied. "Testicular Cancer Preventive Behavior among Nursing Males' Students: Intervention Guidelines." Evidence-Based Nursing Research 1, no. 3 (2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.47104/ebnrojs3.v1i3.67.
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Context: Testicular cancer is the most common form of urogenital cancers among young men aged between 20–40 years. The incidence of testicular cancer is rapidly increasing. It is highly curable when detected and treated early. 
 Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of intervention guidelines on preventive behaviors among nursing males' students.
 Methods: A quasi-experimental study conducted at the technical institute of Beni-Suef university through the academic year (2018-2019). A convenient sample of (250) student male nurses have included in this study. Tools of data collection were a self-administrated questionnaire; Champion Health Belief Model Scale; testicular self-examination checklist, and student follow up card.
 Results: The current study revealed a mean age of students was 18.45 ± 1.65. The study showed that there was a significant increase in the mean score of satisfactory knowledge about testicular cancer and its preventive behaviors during follow up post-application of the intervention guideline at (p=0.001). Furthermore, an improvement in the testicular self-examination practices at post-intervention and follow (p=0.001). A statistically significant correlation revealed between the student nurses knowledge, practice, and preventive health believes and behaviors.
 Conclusion: The study concluded that intervention guideline designed based on the health belief model has a positive effect on promoting testicular cancer-preventive behaviors of student male nurses by improving their knowledge, practices, and health beliefs and behaviors. The study recommended dissemination of intervention guidelines among males at a different stage of life started from adolescents to reduce the risk of testicular cancer and its consequences on males reproductive health. Integrate the concept of TSE as a screening procedure for early detection of testicular cancer and other testicular disorders into the undergraduate curriculum of nursing faculties. Further research required to investigate barriers influencing the practice of testicular self-examination among Egyptian males.
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Buck, Dennis Andrew, Tristan Dean Smith, and Wilbur Nelson Montana. "An Uncommon Presentation of a Metachronous Testicular Primary Nonseminoma and Seminoma Separated by Two Decades and a Testicular Cancer Literature Review." Case Reports in Oncology 10, no. 3 (2017): 832–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000478846.
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Introduction: Testicular cancer is the most common malignancy in men aged 15–40 years [Bols et al.: Philadelphia, Wolters Kluwer, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011]. Its incidence comprises 0.8% of all male cancers worldwide, with a mortality rate of 0.1%. The incidence has nearly doubled from 1975 to 2007 leading to the concern of environmental causes [Thomas: Am J Epidemiol 2013; 178: 1240–1245]. Testicular cancer presents as a painless testicular mass without transillumination. Testicular cancer is subcategorized under germ cell testicular cancer or sex cord-stromal tumors. Of the germ cell tumors, approximately 90% originate in the testis, with the other 10% being extragonadal [Bols et al.: Philadelphia, Wolters Kluwer, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011]. Typically, if a patient presents with a testicular mass and is 50 years old or older, the diagnosis of a primary lymphoma is considered until proven otherwise [Bols et al.: Philadelphia, Wolters Kluwer, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011]. Germ cell testicular cancer is further divided into the subtypes of seminomatous and nonseminomatous; each presents with a unique histology and differing treatment implications. Discussion: Given the uniqueness of our patient’s metachronous second testicular primary, we sought to compare our case findings to available historic publications. We sought to address the issues of the incidence of a second primary testicular malignancy with regard to varying histology, age of incidence, and timing of a second primary testicular cancer, the presence of bowel involvement, and finally a brief discussion of testosterone replacement therapy. Conclusion: A review of our case presents several unique factors. The above varying literature has shown our patient to have met the odds of a contralateral testicular primary development in that he had a nonseminomatous primary, followed by a second testicular primary seminoma. Our patient exceeded the 15-year cumulative risk of contralateral metachronous testicular cancer of 1.9% versus the seemingly contradictory 5.2% cumulative risk 25 years after the first testicular germ cell tumor. With his second primary (seminoma), he presented with the common retroperitoneal landing zone site, though with an uncommon involvement of the gastrointestinal tract (<1%) and rare incidence of involving the duodenum.
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Stang, Andreas, Freddie Bray, Klaus-Peter Dieckmann, Joannie Lortet-Tieulent, and Carsten Rusner. "Mortality of Testicular Cancer in East and West Germany 20 Years after Reunification: A Gap Not Closed Yet." Urologia Internationalis 95, no. 2 (2015): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000381883.
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Background: The decline of testicular cancer mortality in East Germany began in the 1980s, about 10 years later than that recorded in West Germany. We aimed at providing up-to-date time trends of testicular cancer mortality rates in Germany. Material and Methods: Mortality data from East Germany (1971-2010) and West Germany (1954-2010) were provided by the Federal Bureau of Statistics. We estimated age-specific and age-standardized mortality rates using the World Standard Population. Results: Despite the declining trend in the 2000s, the mortality rates of testicular cancer remained higher in East than in West Germany. These rates were 5.5 and 2.6 per million person-years in 2010, respectively. Age-specific mortality trends by period and birth cohort showed that the mortality decline was larger among younger (15-44 years) than elderly men. Conclusion: The mortality of testicular cancer is still higher in East than West Germany. Despite very similar densities of hospital beds, urologists and oncologist per million male population in both parts of Germany, we hypothesized that a paucity of centers of expertise for treating testicular cancers in the East could account for this particular pattern.
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Dong, C., I. Lönnstedt, and K. Hemminki. "Familial testicular cancer and second primary cancers in testicular cancer patients by histological type." European Journal of Cancer 37, no. 15 (2001): 1878–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-8049(01)00172-1.
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Taylor, Zachariah D., Elizabeth McLeod, Charlotte C. Gard, and Michael E. Woods. "Testicular Cancer Incidence and Mortality in New Mexico." Ethnicity & Disease 30, no. 2 (2020): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.30.2.357.
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Objective: To examine incidence and survival of testicular cancer in New Mexico, overall and separately for border and non-border counties.Methods: Incidence and 5-year survival rates for testicular cancer were obtained from the SEER18 database using the SEER*Stat program following established NCI protocols. Incidence data were compared using Student’s t-test. Age-adjusted 5-year survival and Kaplan-Meier method were used to estimate survival. Log-rank tests were used to compare survival for New Mexico to the remaining17 geographical areas of the SEER 18 and for the New Mexico border counties to the New Mexico non-border counties. Odds ratios were used to compare testicular stage at diagnosis. Cox proportional hazards regression was performed to account for race/ethnicity, and border status.Results: From 2000-2015, New Mexico had a testicular cancer incidence rate of 6.3 per 100,000 people, significantly higher than SEER18 (P<.001). The 5-year survival rate in New Mexico did not differ significantly from the SEER18 (P=.3). Border Hispanics had a lower survival rate than border non-Hispanic populations (P=.03). From 2000-2018, New Mexico had a significantly higher proportion of distant cancers than the SEER18 (OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.08 to 1.53, P=.005).Conclusions: The higher incidence of testicular cancer in New Mexico does not appear to have a clear explanation based on the current understanding of risk factors; however, the increased incidence in New Mexico does not appear to be associated with increased mortality. The higher proportion of advanced testicular cancers in New Mexico may represent a delay in diagnosis. The increased mortality rate seen in Hispanic border populations may be due in part to barriers to care.Ethn Dis. 2020;30(2):357- 364; doi:10.18865/ed.30.2.357
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RADES, DIRK, LIESA DZIGGEL, THEO VENINGA, AMIRA BAJROVIC, and STEVEN E. SCHILD. "Overall Survival After Whole-Brain Radiation Therapy for Intracerebral Metastases from Testicular Cancer." Anticancer Research 36, no. 9 (2016): 4817–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.11042.
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Townsend, Julie S., Lisa C. Richardson, and Robert R. German. "Incidence of Testicular Cancer in the United States, 1999-2004." American Journal of Men's Health 4, no. 4 (2009): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988309356101.
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Testicular cancer is rare but primarily affects young men. To characterize the current incidence of testicular cancer in the United States, U.S. Cancer Statistics data from 1999 through 2004 were examined. Age-adjusted (2000 U.S. standard) incidence rates were calculated for seminoma and nonseminoma testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs). Hispanic men had the largest increase in incidence rates for nonseminomas, followed by non-Hispanic White men (annual percentage change of 3.2% and 1.9%, respectively, p < .05). Nonseminomas peaked at a younger age for Hispanic, American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN), and Asian/Pacific Islander (API) men. Whereas 9.6% of TGCTs were diagnosed at a distant stage in non-Hispanic White men, more Hispanic (16.1%), Black (13.8%), AIAN (16.8%), and API (14.9%) men with TGCTs were diagnosed with distant stage. Monitoring incidence rates for rare cancers by race/ethnicity has improved with national population-based cancer registry coverage. Disparities in diagnosis stage have implications for effective treatment of TGCTs.
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Fung, Chunkit, Sophie D. Fossa, Michael T. Milano, Jan Oldenburg, and Lois B. Travis. "Solid Tumors After Chemotherapy or Surgery for Testicular Nonseminoma: A Population-Based Study." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 30 (2013): 3807–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.50.3409.
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Purpose Increased risks of solid tumors after older radiotherapy strategies for testicular cancer (TC) are well established. Few population-based studies, however, focus on solid cancer risk among survivors of TC managed with nonradiotherapy approaches. We quantified the site-specific risk of solid cancers among testicular nonseminoma patients treated in the modern era of cisplatin-based chemotherapy, without radiotherapy. Patients and Methods Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) for solid tumors were calculated for 12,691 patients with testicular nonseminoma reported to the population-based Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program (1980 to 2008) and treated initially with either chemotherapy (n = 6,013) or surgery (n = 6,678) without radiotherapy. Patients accrued 116,073 person-years of follow-up. Results Two hundred ten second solid cancers were observed. No increased risk followed surgery alone (SIR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.76 to 1.14; n = 99 solid cancers), whereas significantly increased 40% excesses (SIR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.18 to 1.73; n = 111 solid cancers) occurred after chemotherapy. Increased risks of solid cancers after chemotherapy were observed in most follow-up periods (median latency, 12.5 years), including more than 20 years after treatment (SIR, 1.54; 95% CI, 0.96 to 2.33); significantly increased three- to seven-fold risks occurred for cancers of the kidney (SIR, 3.37; 95% CI, 1.79 to 5.77), thyroid (SIR, 4.40; 95% CI, 2.19 to 7.88), and soft tissue (SIR, 7.49; 95% CI, 3.59 to 13.78). Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first large population-based series reporting significantly increased risks of solid cancers among patients with testicular nonseminoma treated in the modern era of cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Subsequent analytic studies should focus on the evaluation of dose-response relationships, types of solid cancers, latency patterns, and interactions with other possible factors, including genetic susceptibility.
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Pedersen, Malene Roland, Palle Jørn Sloth Osther, Henrik Dahl Nissen, Peter Vedsted, Henrik Møller, and Søren Rafael Rafaelsen. "Elastography and diffusion-weighted MRI in patients with testicular microlithiasis, normal testicular tissue, and testicular cancer: an observational study." Acta Radiologica 60, no. 4 (2018): 535–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0284185118786063.
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Background Ultrasound elastography is increasingly available in clinical practice. Recent studies showed higher velocity stiffness in testicular tumors compared to normal testicles. Purpose To evaluate ultrasound elastography in combination with the apparent diffusion coefficient measurements in diffusion weighted (DW) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in testicles. DW can be a useful tool in evaluating testicular malignancies. However, the relationship between velocity stiffness and MRI diffusion is not well established. Material and Methods We prospectively included 132 patients with testicular microlithiasis (n = 53), or normal testicular tissue (n = 53), or suspected for testicular cancer (n = 26). All 132 patients underwent ultrasonography including shear wave elastography and MRI diffusion coefficient examination of the scrotum. Results No clinically relevant difference in velocity stiffness was found between normal and testicles with microlithiasis. There was a significant difference in stiffness between patients with testicular microlithiasis (0.78 m/s), normal testicular tissue (0.77 m/s), and patients with testicular cancer (1.95 m/s) ( P ≤ 0.001). Similarly, there was a statistically significant difference in MRI diffusion values between patients with testicular microlithiasis (0.978 × 10−3 mm2 s−1), normal testicular tissue (0.929 × 10−3 mm2 s−1), and testicular cancers (0.743 × 10−3 mm2 s−1) ( P < 0.01). Conclusion Patients with testicular microlithiasis had no malignant characteristics measured with shear wave elastography or MRI diffusion. MRI diffusion and elastography may be useful to preoperatively differentiate benign from malignant testicular lesions.
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Schulz, Wolfgang A., and Karina D. Sørensen. "Epigenetics of Urological Cancers." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 19 (2019): 4775. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20194775.
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The major urological cancers comprise prostate adenocarcinoma, urinary bladder (or upper urinary tract) carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, testicular cancer and penile carcinoma, in this order of incidence, each with various histological and molecular subtypes [...]
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Mathew, Anup, and KM Desai. "An Audit of Urology Two-Week Wait Referrals in a Large Teaching Hospital in England." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 91, no. 4 (2009): 310–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588409x391767.
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INTRODUCTION Two week wait referral guidelines have been published by the UK Department of Health for suspected urological cancers. Concordance to these guidelines is variable. Our objectives were to assess the incidence of urological malignancy and the proportion of inappropriate referrals in the two-week wait pathway. PATIENTS AND METHODS Retrospective audit of all two-week wait referrals to the urology department over 6 months. Inappropriate referrals were those not satisfying the referral criteria, but referred under the two-week wait system. Detection rates were calculated for each referral criterion based on diagnosis obtained from histology, imaging reports and clinic letters. RESULTS Incidence of cancer was 90 of 400 two-week wait referrals (23%). The cancer-detection rate based on reasons for referral ranged from 50 of 122 (41%) for elevated prostate-specific antigen levels to 2 of 56 (4%) for scrotal lumps; 42 (11%) referrals were inappropriate. CONCLUSIONS The overall cancer-detection rate is acceptable. Most inappropriate referrals were for long-standing symptoms and non-specific testicular/scrotal symptoms. The testicular cancer detection rate raises questions about the two-week wait guidelines. Providing general practitioners with fast-track scrotal ultrasound and revising the guideline may reduce the disproportionately high number of patients referred with suspected testicular cancer. Other inappropriate referrals are a cause for concern as they add to the workload of the ‘urgent-referral’ pathway. Urological cancers (those involving the prostate, testis, penis, urethra, bladder, ureters and kidneys) accounted for 15.4% of all new cancers in England, 1 and 12.1% of deaths from cancer, 2 in England and Wales, in 2004. The two-week wait referral guidelines published by the UK Department of Health for suspected urological cancers 3 are summarised in Table 1 . NHS trusts and SHAs are encouraged to carry out clinical audits of suspected cancer referrals to generate further information. 4 There is wide variation among various centres and regions in the concordance of general practitioner (GP) referrals based on these guidelines, and also the rate of cancers detected based on the two-week wait system. [Table: see text] The objectives of this audit were to calculate: (i) the rate of detection of cancers among the two-week wait referrals; (ii) the rate of detection of cancers based on the reason for referral; and (iii) the proportion of inappropriate referrals.
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van Leeuwen, F. E., A. M. Stiggelbout, A. W. van den Belt-Dusebout, et al. "Second cancer risk following testicular cancer: a follow-up study of 1,909 patients." Journal of Clinical Oncology 11, no. 3 (1993): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.1993.11.3.415.
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PURPOSE Improved survival in testicular cancer has been accompanied by concern about long-term side effects of therapy. We assessed the evolution of second cancer (SC) risk over a prolonged follow-up period, which has been rarely studied in large patient series. PATIENTS AND METHODS We estimated the risk of SCs in 1,909 patients with testicular cancer diagnosed in the Netherlands from 1971 to 1985. Complete medical information was obtained up to at least January 1988 for 92% of patients. Median follow-up was 7.7 years. For 89% of second tumors the diagnosis was confirmed through review of histologic slides; for an additional 8%, the diagnosis was verified by pathology reports only. RESULTS Seventy-eight patients developed a SC 1 year or more after start of treatment, as compared with 47.6 expected on the basis of incidence rates in the general population (relative risk [RR], 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3 to 2.1). The mean 15-year actuarial risk of all SCs was 9.8% (95% CI, 7.5% to 12.8%). Significantly increased RRs were observed for all gastrointestinal cancers combined (RR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.7 to 3.9), stomach cancer (RR, 3.7; 95% CI, 1.8 to 6.8), contralateral testicular cancer (CLTC) (RR, 35.7; 95% CI, 21.8 to 55.2), and leukemia (RR, 5.1; 95% CI, 1.4 to 13.0). Patients who had received irradiation to the paraaortic lymph nodes and who survived testicular cancer for more than 5 years were at particularly high risk of developing stomach cancer (RR, 6.9; 95% CI, 3.3 to 12.7). The median interval between the diagnosis of testicular cancer and stomach cancer was 12.4 years. Patients treated with chemotherapy (CT) did not experience an increase in SCs in general. Indeed, CT-treated patients, as compared with those who received radiotherapy (RT), or surgery alone, had significantly reduced risk of CLTC. This finding might be attributed to an eradicating effect of CT on carcinoma in situ or subclinical CLTC. The excess risk of leukemia was not found to be clearly related to CT. CONCLUSION Testicular cancer patients who receive RT experience elevated risk of gastrointestinal tumors. CT does not seem to increase SC risk and may even decrease the risk of a CLTC. Following testicular cancer, the 15-year actuarial risk of all SCs is only about half the risk experienced by patients with Hodgkin's disease.
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Shyu, Rong-Yaun, Chun-Hua Wang, Chang-Chieh Wu, et al. "Tazarotene-Induced Gene 1 (TIG1) Interacts with Serine Protease Inhibitor Kazal-Type 2 (SPINK2) to Inhibit Cellular Invasion of Testicular Carcinoma Cells." BioMed Research International 2019 (November 25, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6171065.
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Tazarotene-induced gene 1 (TIG1) encodes a protein that is a retinoid-regulated tumor suppressor. TIG1 is expressed in most normal tissues, and downregulation of TIG1 expression in multiple cancers is caused by promoter hypermethylation. Kazal-type serine protease inhibitor-2 (SPINK2) is a serine protease inhibitor, and the SPINK protein family has been shown to inhibit the expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). In addition, increased levels of uPA and the uPA receptor were observed in testicular cancer tissues. This study demonstrated that TIG1 interacts with SPINK2 in NT2/D1 testicular carcinoma cells. TIG1 and SPINK2 were highly expressed in normal testis tissues, while low expression levels of TIG1 and SPINK2 were found in testicular cancer tissues. TIG1 inhibited cell invasion, migration, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) of NT2/D1 cells. SPINK2 enhanced TIG1-regulated uPA activity and EMT suppression, while silencing SPINK2 alleviated TIG1-mediated EMT regulation, cell migration, and invasion. Therefore, the results suggest that the interaction between TIG1 and SPINK2 plays an important role in the inhibition of testicular cancer cell EMT, and suppression is mediated through downregulation of the uPA/uPAR signaling pathway.
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Foster, Paul W., Alastair WS Ritchie, and David J. Jones. "Prospective Analysis of Scrotal Pathology Referrals – Are Referrals Appropriate and Accurate?" Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 88, no. 4 (2006): 363–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588406x106540.
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INTRODUCTION Testicular cancer is a relatively uncommon, treatable condition. A general practitioner would expect to see, on average, one case of testicular cancer in the whole of their career. Benign scrotal conditions are extremely common and the source of many primary care consultations. The main patient expectations of these attendances are accurate diagnosis and adequate re-assurance as often they are the source of much anxiety and perceived embarrassment. The aim of this study was to examine the content and referral practice of primary care referral of testicular pathology and the resultant findings of the specialist practitioner. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 201 patients referred with scrotal pathology were prospectively analysed at the time of specialist practitioner assessment by means of data recording in a urological surgery unit and regional peripheral community clinics. RESULTS In the study group, 53 patients were referred under the 2-week rule. Of these, 9 (17%) were found to have testicular cancer. Five (36%) cancers were referred outside the 2-week rule referrals; 1 cancer was missed and 2 diagnoses delayed. In total, 44% of final clinical diagnoses differed between the referring primary care physician and the specialist practitioner. Of the 71 (35%) patients referred with a suspicion of cancer, 62 (87%) were subsequently found to be of clinically benign pathology. Overall, 80% of patients were referred more urgently than the opinion of the specialist practitioner. CONCLUSIONS Scrotal examination in the primary care setting appears to be of variable accuracy. Many patients referred with a high suspicion of cancer are found to have benign pathology. Two-week rule referrals have an acceptable positive predictive value for testicular cancer (17%). Disagreements exist in the referral priority of patients.
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Bokemeyer, C., and H. J. Schmoll. "Treatment of testicular cancer and the development of secondary malignancies." Journal of Clinical Oncology 13, no. 1 (1995): 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.1995.13.1.283.
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PURPOSE Secondary neoplasia represents one of the worst possible long-term complications of therapy for testicular cancer, frequently leading to death in patients cured of the primary malignancy. The frequency and importance of secondary malignant disease will be reviewed. METHODS The international literature was screened for reports concerning secondary solid cancers or leukemias in patients treated with chemotherapy or radiotherapy for malignant germ cell tumors. RESULTS Patients with testicular germ cell tumors appear to have a twofold significantly increased risk (range, 0.7 to 3.4) for the development of secondary neoplasia. Apart from contralateral testicular cancers, which are not treatment-related, a largely elevated inherited risk for secondary cancers in patients with germ cell tumors seems unlikely. Radiotherapy is associated with a two- to threefold increased risk for secondary solid tumors (range, 1.3 to 7.5). A three- to sevenfold increased risk seems to exist for the development of solid tumors arising in the previous irradiation ports, such as stomach, pancreatic, bladder, and renal cell cancer, and sarcomas. To date, no significantly elevated risk for secondary solid tumors was observed after chemotherapy, even including regimens with alkylating agents, eg, cisplatin and ifosfamide. However, the risk associated with chemotherapy needs to be reexamined when the median follow-up of studies will exceed more than 10 years. An increased relative risk for secondary leukemias after chemotherapy (range, 1.3 to 3.4) has been reported in three of eight studies with more than 300 patients. Four large studies indicate a significantly elevated risk (range, 15 to 25) for the use of conventional-dose etoposide (< 2 g/m2 cumulative dose); however, with a 5-year cumulative incidence of less than 0.5% of all patients, this risk seems small. Concerning high-dose etoposide regimens (> 2 g/m2), further studies are necessary. CONCLUSION Treatment for testicular cancer is associated with a small, but clearly identifiable, risk for secondary solid tumors that can be attributed to radiotherapy, and for secondary leukemia mainly associated with the use of chemotherapy. The frequency of secondary neoplasia observed is rather low, and in the light of the high cure rate, the risk for the individual patient appears negligible and should not alter current treatment strategies for metastatic testicular cancer.
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Joshi, Amit, Vijai Simha, Kumar Prabhash, et al. "Clinical presentation and outcomes of patients with testicular tumors in cryptorchid testis." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 6_suppl (2020): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.6_suppl.428.
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428 Background: Undescended testis which occurs in 2-4% of all boys confers a natural risk for development of testicular cancer. Cryptorchidism accounts for 10% of all testicular germ cell tumours. The presentation, natural history and outcomes of testicular tumours occurring in cryptorchid testis has not been described in literature so far. Methods: Case records of patients enlisted in the prospectively maintained ‘ testicular cancer database’ at our tertiary cancer care hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Any patient who presented with testicular germ cell tumour with the testis being absent in the scrotum was considered as ‘undescended testis’. Results: From our database of 490 patients with testicular tumours presenting from the year 2014 -2018, 42 patients had testicular cancer in cryptorchid testis. The mean age was 32.9 years (Range:17-56). 24(57.14%) had seminoma and 18(42.86%) had non seminomatous tumors. Orchidopexy was done in 22(52.3%) patients at median age of 30 yrs (Range 2-33). 23 patients had prior undescended testis underwent high inguinal orchidectomy, 13 patients had testis located in pelvis and 6 patient had testis located in the upper abdomen. The average maximum size of tumours presenting with after orchidopexy was 7.34cm (4-10.5cm), in those presenting with pelvic tumours was 9.86cm (7-12.6cm) and in those with intraabdominal tumours was 14.3cm (9-20cm). The median follow-up for these patients was 36 months (3-64 months). There were 6 patients who relapsed after front line therapy whom 3 were salvaged with second line chemotherapy and 2 patients had residual disease at their last follow up. There was one death due to disseminated tumour with brain metastasis. The disease free survival for the whole cohort was 92.85%. Conclusions: The tumours developing in intraabdominal location of testis presented with a larger size and orchiopexy apart from its role in prevention of testicular cancer also helps in surveillance and early detection leading to effective treatment of these highly curable cancers. In the first of its series on testicular tumours in the cryptorchid, we show that they are also as curable as the germ cell tumours developing in the descended testis.
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U Gandhy, Shruti, Ravi A. Madan, and Jeanny B. Aragon-Ching. "The immunotherapy revolution in genitourinary malignancies." Immunotherapy 12, no. 11 (2020): 819–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/imt-2020-0054.
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Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy and therapeutic cancer vaccines have continued to demonstrate survival benefit and durable clinical response in patients with renal cell cancer, prostate cancer and bladder cancer, with limited responses in testicular cancer. The role of immunotherapy in combination with chemotherapy or other targeted therapies in the neo-adjuvant, adjuvant and metastatic setting is actively being explored. We describe the current immunotherapy-related treatment modalities approved for genitourinary cancers, focusing on immune checkpoint inhibitors, vaccines and other modalities, and highlight ongoing studies involving immunotherapy in these cancer types.
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Zhou, Y., S. Mendonca, G. Abel, et al. "Variation in 'Fast-Track' Referrals for Suspected Cancer by Patient Characteristic and Cancer Diagnosis: Evidence From 670,000 Patients With Cancers of 35 Different Sites." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (2018): 39s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.45100.
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Background: In England, 'fast-track' (also known as 'two-week wait') general practitioner referrals for suspected cancer in symptomatic patients are used to shorten diagnostic intervals and are supported by clinical guidelines. However, the use of the fast-track pathway may vary for different patient groups. Methods: We examined data from 669,220 patients with 35 cancers diagnosed 2006-2010 following either fast-track or nonfast track primary-to-secondary care referrals using a bespoke English dataset, the 'Routes to Diagnosis' data. We estimated the proportion of fast-track referrals by sociodemographic characteristics and cancer diagnosis and used logistic regression to estimate respective crude and adjusted odds ratios. We additionally explored whether sociodemographic associations varied by cancer. Results: There were large variations in the odds of fast-track referral by cancer ( P < 0.001). Patients with testicular and breast cancer were most likely to have been diagnosed after a fast-track referral (adjusted odds ratios 2.73 and 2.35 respectively, using rectal cancer as reference); while patients with brain cancer and leukemias least likely (adjusted odds ratios 0.05 and 0.09 respectively for brain cancer and acute myeloid leukemia). There were sex, age and deprivation differences in the odds of fast-track referral ( P < 0.013), which varied in their size and direction for patients with different cancers ( P < 0.001). For example, fast-track referrals were least likely in younger women with endometrial cancer and in older men with testicular cancer. Conclusion: Fast-track referrals are less likely for cancers characterized by nonspecific presenting symptoms and patients belonging to low incidence demographic strata. Interventions beyond clinical guidelines for “alarm” symptoms are needed to improve diagnostic timeliness.
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Roy, C., A. Matau, R. Pasquali, and B. Duclos. "Cancer du testicule." Journal de Radiologie 90, no. 10 (2009): 1458–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0221-0363(09)75714-2.
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Duca, Ylenia, Andrea Di Cataldo, Giovanna Russo, et al. "Testicular Function of Childhood Cancer Survivors: Who Is Worse?" Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 12 (2019): 2204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8122204.
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Background: A multi-disciplinary approach has led to an improvement in prognosis of childhood cancers. However, in parallel with the increase in survival rate, there is a greater occurrence of long-term toxicity related to antineoplastic treatment. Hypogonadism and infertility are among the most frequent endocrinological sequelae in young adult childhood cancer survivors. The aim of this study was to identify which category of patients, grouped according to diagnosis, therapy, and age at treatment, shows the worst reproductive function in adulthood. Methods: We evaluated morpho-volumetric development of the testis, endocrine function of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis, and sperm parameters in 102 young adult childhood cancer survivors. Results: Overall, about one-third of patients showed low total testicular volume, total testosterone (TT) <3.5 ng/mL, and altered sperm count. Hodgkin’s disease, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and non-cranial irradiation associated to chemotherapy were risk factors for poor gonadal function. Patients treated in pubertal age showed lower total testicular volume; however, the difference was due to more gonadotoxic treatment performed in older age. Testicular volume was more predictive of spermatogenesis than follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), while anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) was not useful in the evaluation of testicular function of male childhood cancer survivors. Conclusions: Pre-pubertal subjects at high risk of future infertility should be candidates for testicular tissue cryopreservation.
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Zadnik, Vesna, and Mateja Krajc. "Epidemiological trends of hormone-related cancers in Slovenia." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 67, no. 2 (2016): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aiht-2016-67-2731.
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AbstractThe incidence of hormone-related cancers tends to be higher in the developed world than in other countries. In Slovenia, six hormone-related cancers (breast, ovarian, endometrial, prostate, testicular, and thyroid) account for a quarter of all cancers. Their incidence goes up each year, breast and prostate cancer in particular. The age at diagnosis is not decreasing for any of the analysed cancer types. The risk of breast cancer is higher in the western part of the country, but no differences in geographical distribution have been observed for other hormone-related cancers. Furthermore, areas polluted with endocrine-disrupting chemicals that affect hormone balance such as PCBs, dioxins, heavy metals, and pesticides, do not seem to involve a greater cancer risk. We know little about how many cancers can be associated with endocrine disruptors, as there are too few reliable exposure studies to support an association.
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Hemminki, Kari, and Bowang Chen. "Are Twins at Risk of Cancer: Results From the Swedish Family-Cancer Database." Twin Research and Human Genetics 8, no. 5 (2005): 509–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.8.5.509.
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AbstractA few twin studies on cancer have addressed questions on the possible carcinogenic or protective effects of twining by comparing the occurrence of cancer in twins and singletons. The nationwide Swedish Family-Cancer Database of 10.2 million individuals and 69,654 0- to 70-year-old twin pairs were used to calculate standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all main cancers compared to singletons. The overall risk of cancer in same- or different-sex twins was at the same level as the risk for singletons. Testicular cancer, particularly seminoma, was increased among same-sex twins (1.54) and all twins to an SIR of 1.38. Among other tumors, neurinomas and nonthyroid endocrine gland tumors were increased. Colorectal cancers and leukemia were decreased among all twins. Melanoma and squamous cell skin cancer were decreased in male same-sex twins. The data on this unselected population of twins suggest that twinning per se is not a risk factor of cancer. In utero hormonal exposures or postnatal growth stimulation may be related to the risk of testicular cancer and pituitary tumors. Protective effects against colorectal cancer may be related to a beneficial diet, and in melanoma and skin cancer, to socioeconomic factors. The study involved multiple comparisons, and internal consistency between the results was one of the main factors considered for their plausibility. The results should encourage others working on twin and singleton populations to examine the specific associations and emerging hypotheses.
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Liang, Xiaohong, Yinan Cheng, Weijun Zhou, Jun Ni, Yuqing Li, and Gaohua Feng. "Systematic Pan-Cancer Population-Based Analysis Reveals the Incidence and Prognosis of Lung Metastases at Diagnosis." Journal of Oncology 2021 (June 15, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9999968.
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Background. Metastasis is one of the most prevalent causes of death in cancer patients and the lungs are among the organs most commonly affected by metastasis. However, analysis of the incidence and prognosis of lung metastasis (LM) based on primary cancer sites is lacking. Methods. We enrolled cancer patients with LM from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. The risk factors for LM were determined using multivariate logistics regression. Forest plots were used to compare the impact of with LM versus without LM alone among different primary caner site subgroups. Results. Among 1,525,441 cases, 47,537 presented with LM at initial diagnosis. Multivariate logistics regression revealed that male sex, older age, later T/N stage, unmarried status, and lack of insurance were risk factors for LM. The incidence of LM was 11.91% in bone cancer and 11.19% in pancreatic cancer. In terms of the distribution of primary cancers, 19.22% of LMs originated from the colon and rectum, with 11.63% from the kidneys. The median survival for LM cases was 6 months, with the best survival in testicular cancer (19 months) and bone cancer (12 months). Patients with LM had higher hazard ratio (HR) for mortality compared to those without LM, except for those with primary cancer in the brain ( P = 0.09 ). We stratified patients by primary cancer site, and subgroup analyses showed that LM had a significant negative impact on survival. The most significant was in thyroid cancer (HR = 44.79), followed by melanoma (HR = 24.26), prostate (HR = 16.0), breast (HR = 13.46), endometrial (HR = 12.64), testicular (HR = 12.31), and kidney (HR = 11.33) cancer (all P < 0.001 ). Conclusion. Patients presenting with LM had higher HR for mortality compared to those without LM, except for those with brain tumor. Clinicians should pay more attention to the occurrence of LM, especially in patients with a significantly increased HR for mortality, such as those with thyroid cancer, melanoma, and prostate cancer.
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Ulytė, Agnė, Albertas Ulys, Kęstutis Sužiedėlis, Aušvydas Patašius, and Giedrė Smailytė. "Testicular cancer in two brothers of a quadruplet: a case report and a review of literature." Acta medica Lituanica 24, no. 1 (2017): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.6001/actamedica.v24i1.3458.
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Introduction. Testicular cancer and a multiple birth are both rare events, and the risk of testicular cancer is increased in twins. In Lithuania, only five quadruplets have been recorded since the middle of the 20th century. In this report, we present two rare events in one family: testicular cancer in two brothers of a quadruplet (three brothers and a sister). Case description. Both patients were diagnosed at 21 years of age and died within two years from the diagnosis despite treatment. The third symptomless brother did not have testicular pathology. We also review the risk factors associated with testicular cancer, and the proposed hypotheses how a multiple birth results in an increased risk. The most consistent risk factors for testicular cancer are cryptorchidism, prior history of testicular cancer, and a positive familial history. According to different studies, the risk of testicular cancer in twins is higher from 22% to 30%, compared to the general population. Conclusions. To our knowledge, we have presented the first case of testicular teratoblastoma in brothers of a quadruplet.
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Yoshida, Osamu, and Yoshiyuki Kakehi. "TESTICULAR CANCER." Japanese Journal of Urology 80, no. 12 (1989): 1695–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.5980/jpnjurol1989.80.1695.
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_, _. "Testicular Cancer." Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network 4, no. 10 (2006): 1038. http://dx.doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2006.0087.
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An estimated 8250 new cases of testicular cancer will be diagnosed in the United States in 2006, with germ cell tumors (GCTs) constituting 95% of the malignant tumors arising in the testes. Although GCTs are relatively uncommon tumors, they are the most common solid tumor in men between the ages of 15 and 34 years. The worldwide incidence of these tumors has more than doubled in the past 40 years. More than 90% of all patients diagnosed with GCTs are cured, including 70% to 80% of patients with advanced tumors who are treated with chemotherapy. Standard therapy has been established at essentially all stages of management and must be closely followed to ensure the potential for cure. For the most recent version of the guidelines, please visit NCCN.org
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Motzer, Robert J., Neeraj Agarwal, Clair Beard, et al. "Testicular Cancer." Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network 7, no. 6 (2009): 672–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2009.0047.
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Motzer, Robert J., Neeraj Agarwal, Clair Beard, et al. "Testicular Cancer." Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network 10, no. 4 (2012): 502–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2012.0050.
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Peckham, Michael. "Testicular Cancer." Acta Oncologica 27, no. 4 (1988): 439–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02841868809093570.
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Vaz, Rosalind M., Deborah L. Best, and Stephen W. Davis. "Testicular cancer." Journal of Adolescent Health Care 9, no. 6 (1988): 474–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0197-0070(88)80004-4.
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Albers, P. "Testicular Cancer." European Urology 42, no. 3 (2002): I—VIII. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0302-2838(02)00279-8.
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Lin, Daniel W. "Testicular Cancer." Urologic Clinics of North America 42, no. 3 (2015): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0094-0143(15)00060-9.
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Viatori, Melissa. "Testicular Cancer." Seminars in Oncology Nursing 28, no. 3 (2012): 180–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soncn.2012.05.007.
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Shabbir, Majid, and Robert J. Morgan. "Testicular cancer." Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health 124, no. 5 (2004): 217–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146642400412400517.
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Lasater, Sandra J. "Testicular Cancer." AORN Journal 51, no. 2 (1990): 513–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-2092(07)66083-9.
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Kundra, Vikas. "Testicular cancer." Seminars in Roentgenology 39, no. 3 (2004): 437–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ro.2004.06.001.
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Scoot, David. "Testicular cancer." Postgraduate Medicine 80, no. 4 (1986): 175–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00325481.1986.11699547.
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Smith, Zachary L., Ryan P. Werntz, and Scott E. Eggener. "Testicular Cancer." Medical Clinics of North America 102, no. 2 (2018): 251–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2017.10.003.
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Brock, Debra, Susan Fox, Gretchen Gosling, et al. "Testicular cancer." Seminars in Oncology Nursing 9, no. 4 (1993): 224–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-2081(05)80051-8.
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Nichols, Craig R. "Testicular cancer." Current Problems in Cancer 22, no. 4 (1998): 187–274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0147-0272(98)90012-5.
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