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1
Riabokon, Evgenii, Mikhail Turbakov, Evgenii Kozhevnikov, Vladimir Poplygin, and Hongwen Jing. "The Rehbinder Effect in Testing Saturated Carbonate Geomaterials." Materials 16, no. 8 (2023): 3024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16083024.
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Carbonate geomaterial samples were tested for uniaxial compressive strength and tensile strength under air-dried and distilled-water-wet conditions. When tested for uniaxial compression, samples saturated with distilled water showed 20% lower average strength than that of air-dried samples. In the indirect tensile (Brazilian) test, samples saturated with distilled water showed 25% lower average strength than that of dry samples. In comparison with air-dried conditions, when the geomaterial is saturated with water, the ratio of the tensile strength to the compressive strength is decreased, mainly due to the decrease in the tensile strength caused by the Rehbinder effect.
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Sadouskaya, Alena, Syarhei Leanovich, Neli Budrevich, and Elena Polonina. "The compressive strength of steel fibre reinforced concrete obtained by testing cubes and cylinders." MATEC Web of Conferences 350 (2021): 00008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202135000008.
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There are two most popular approaches to determining the compressive strength of concrete: testing cubes, testing cylinders. The use of different samples gives different results, which are intended to characterize one parameter of the material compressive strength. The article discusses a general approach to determining the compressive strength of cylinders and cubes. The analysis of the factors influencing the transition coefficients when testing the cylinder samples with the ratio of height to diameter is less than 2. The results of testing cubes and cylinders for compression made of fiber-reinforced concrete are presented.
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Yan, Chun Ling, De Xin Ding, Yi Qun Tang, and Zhong Wei Bi. "Testing of Strength Parameters and Deformation Parameters of Surrounding Rock and their Distributions." Advanced Materials Research 261-263 (May 2011): 1360–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.261-263.1360.
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Cores were taken from the hanging wall of the III -1 ore body at Kangjiawan Lead, Zinc and Gold Mine. 50 samples for compression and tension tests were fabricated. 50 compressive and 50 tensile strength values were obtained by RMT-150B testing systems. The probability distributions for the compressive and tensile strength were tested by the hypothesis test method. It proves that uniaxial compressive strength follows normal distribution and tensile strength follows the lognormal distribution. And it proves that elastic modulus and Poson’s ratio follow normal distribution. 50 pairs of cohesion and internal friction angle were obtained by randomly drawing a uniaxial compressive and tensile strength samples from 50 measured values. Cohesion follows lognormal distribution and internal friction angle follows normal distribution through hypothesis test method. With the results, some references can be conveniently provided for prediction of the strength and distribution of similar rocks in related geotechnical projects.
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Alanazi, Khalid K., Abdulaziz A. Alzaid, Ali A. Elkaffas, et al. "Mechanical Assessment of CAD/CAM Fabricated Hybrid Ceramics: An In Vitro Study." Applied Sciences 14, no. 17 (2024): 7939. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14177939.
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The current study aimed to compare the mechanical properties of CAD/CAM fabricated hybrid ceramic restorative materials. The current study assessed the mechanical properties of additively and subtractively manufactured CAD/CAM fabricated hybrid ceramic by conducting flexure strength test, compressive strength test, and Vickers hardness test. Flexural samples were subjected to a three-point bending test using a universal testing machine until the samples showed fracture. Moreover, samples for the compressive strength test were subjected to compression tests using a universal testing machine until samples were fractured. Samples for the Vickers hardness was tested using the Vickers hardness testing machine to determine the sample’s hardness values. There were significant differences (p = 0.0001) were observed among the additive and subtractive groups in terms of flexure strength and compressive strength test. Regarding the Vickers hardness test, significant differences (p = 0.0001) were observed between the polished and unpolished groups in additive manufacturing. However, no significant (p = 0.681) differences were observed in the subtractive manufacturing technique. The subtractive group achieved ISO specifications in terms of flexural strength and was superior to additive groups in hardness while exhibiting lower performance in compressive strength. Moreover, printing orientation had a significant influence on the performance of additive groups. Flexural strength and hardness were improved when the printing orientation was in alignment with the direction of load (90°) while compressive strength was improved when the printing orientation was perpendicular to the direction of load (0°).
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Dinesh Karthik V and Rahmath Meeral P. "COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CENTION N AND TYPE IX GLASS IONOMER CEMENT – AN INVITRO STUDY." International Journal of Community Dentistry 10, no. 1 (2022): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.56501/intjcommunitydent.v10i1.111.
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BACKGROUND: This study aimed to compare the compressive strength of glass-ionomer cement (GIC) Type IX and Cention N. METHODS: Five samples each of GIC Type IX and Cention N were prepared for testing the compressive strength. Cylinders of the samples measuring 1 cm diameter and 6 mm height were prepared for compressive strength. Testing was done by mounting the samples in a universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. RESULTS: The mean compressive strength of Type IX GIC (n=10) was 94.010 with standard deviation ±15.654 while the mean compressive strength of Cention V (n=10) was 125.567 with standard deviation ± 7.890. The values of the compressive strength Cention N were statistically significant (P < 0.5) as compared to GIC Type IX. CONCLUSION: The results suggest significantly higher values for mechanical properties of Cention N as compared to GIC Type IX.
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Richter-Menge, J. A. "Confined Compressive Strength of Horizontal First-Year Sea Ice Samples." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 113, no. 4 (1991): 344–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2919940.
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A total of 110 first-year sea ice samples from Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, were tested in unconfined and confined constant strain rate compression. All of the tests were performed in the laboratory on a closed-loop electrohydraulic testing machine at −10°C. The confined tests were performed in a conventional triaxial cell (σ1>σ2=σ3) that maintained a constant ratio between the radial and axial stress (σ2/(σ1)=constant) to simulate true loading conditions. Three strain rates (10−2, 10−3, and 10−5/s) and three σ2/σ1 ratios (0.25, 0.50, and 0.75) were investigated. This paper summarizes the field sampling and testing techniques and presents data on the effect of confinement on the compressive strength, initial tangent modulus, and failure strain of the ice.
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Gustina, Gustina, Muhammad Sodri Renjani, Ari Endra Nasatian, Darul Kutni, and Doli Jumat Rianto. "Perbandingan Kuat Tekan Beton Menggunakan Campuran Sirtu Terhadap Beton Normal." Jurnal Talenta Sipil 8, no. 1 (2025): 451. https://doi.org/10.33087/talentasipil.v8i1.838.
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The existence of sirtu in the open air is the main choice, it is easy to find, but sometimes it is not known what the ideal percentage is needed to add sirtu as an additional mixture in making concrete according to the desired concrete quality. This type of research is quantitative research with an experimental method to determine the comparison of the compressive strength of concrete with the addition sand and stone in the concrete mixture against normal concrete. A sample of 27 test specimens with concrete age tolerance testing carried out at the ages of 7, 14 and 28 days. The comparison of optimum concrete compressive strength will be seen on the 28th day using a compressive strength test tool in the form of a hammer test and compression testing machine. The test results using the hammert test tool on normal concrete samples were 251.23 kg/cm2, the addition of 25% sirtu obtained 225.50 kg/cm2 and the addition of 50% sirtu obtained a compressive strength test of 221.86 kg/cm2. Meanwhile, testing with a compression testing machine on normal concrete samples obtained 278.04 kg/cm2, adding 25% sirtu obtained 273.51 kg/cm2 and adding 50% sirtu obtained a compressive strength test of 242.44 kg/cm2. Overall, the concrete compressive strength test tool for the variables used showed a decrease in the results of the normal concrete compressive strength test along with the addition of the percentage of sirtu, but still in accordance with the quality standards of the concrete produced above 20 MPa which was measured on days 7, 14, and 28. Overall, the concrete compressive strength test tool for the variables used shows a decrease in the results of the normal concrete compressive strength test along with the addition of the percentage of sirtu, meaning that the higher the percentage of sirtu used, the lower the compressive strength of the concrete produced along with the increasing age of the concrete, but still in accordance with the quality standards of the concrete produced above 20 MPa which is measured on the 7th (seventh), 14th (fourteenth), and 28th (twenty-eighth) days.
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Trejbal, Jan, Lubomír Kopecký, and Štěpán Potocký. "Compressive Strength of Lime-Based Mortars Reinforced by Micro Glass Fibers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 827 (February 2016): 292–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.827.292.
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Glass fiber-reinforced lime-based mortars have been studied. Two different fiber reinforcement amounts were used as an addition to the mixtures. Compressive strength and post-cracking behavior of mortars were observed and compared with reference mixture without any reinforcement (marked R). The fibers were added in the amount of 1.8 kg/m3 (mortar samples MA) and 93.75 kg/m3 (mortar samples MB). Destructive compression tests were chosen to compare the performance of the individual mixtures. The maximum compressive strength reached during the testing was the highest for reference samples, while those samples together with MA exhibited the elastic-brittle behavior. Only MB had post-linear hardening behavior and after reaching the maximum compressive strength a slow softening was present.
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Misa, Rafał, and Andrzej Nowakowski. "Comparison of the Compressive and Tensile Strength Values of Rocks Obtained on the Basis of Various Standards and Recommendations." Symmetry 13, no. 7 (2021): 1163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13071163.
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The objective of the current study was to compare results relating to the compressive and tensile strength of rocks obtained during research undertaken according to Polish Standards (as part of the European standards known as Eurocodes), American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standards, and the recommendations of the International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM). A total of 130 experiments for uniaxial compression on axisymmetric samples, point loads, and transverse compression (so-called Brazilian tests) were performed on rock samples comprising granite, limestone, and sandstone. Geometric properties of the samples were selected depending on the applied research method, and the relationship between the specimen’s slenderness and shape, and the obtained values of compressive and tensile strength, were analyzed. The results of the study showed that values of compressive and tensile strength obtained in a laboratory depend significantly on specimen slenderness, different values of which are imposed by various ISRM standards and recommendations, wherein this sensitivity was much higher in the case of compressive strength. The study also raised doubt about the usefulness of the so-called point load test as a method for determination of the compressive strength of rocks and potential estimation of the tensile strength.
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Belouadah, Messaouda, Zine Elabidine Rahmouni, Nadia Tebbal, and Mokrani El Hassen Hicham. "Evaluation of Concretes Made with Marble Waste Using Destructive and Non-Destructive Testing." Annales de Chimie - Science des Matériaux 45, no. 5 (2021): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/acsm.450501.
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The present study aims primarily to investigate the possibility of assessing the physico-mechanical behavior of concrete incorporating marble waste or marble powder as a partial replacement for cement using destructive and non-destructive testing methods. Indeed, in this work, cement was partially replaced with marble powder at six different substitution levels, i.e. 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% by weight, with 1.5% adjuvant (super plasticizer) for each mixture. The samples prepared were then analyzed. In addition, the physico-mechanical properties, in the fresh and hardened states, water-to-cement ratio, absorption and compressive strengths of the concrete samples were examined as well. Moreover, the compressive strength of concrete was assessed through non-destructive testing methods such as the ultrasonic pulse velocity and rebound hammer. Likewise, the relationship between the ultrasound velocity and compressive strength of concrete were also estimated after 3, 7, 28 and 90 days of curing. The findings of the study indicated that, at early age of curing, the values of the compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity were quite small for all replacement levels, of cement with marble powder, between 15 and 30%. Nevertheless, when the curing period was increased, the compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity of all the samples went up as well. In the end, a linear relationship was observed between the ultrasonic pulse velocity and compressive strength for all substitution levels of cement with marble powder.
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النعيري, محمد أحمد, إبراهيم محمد أبوسنينة та أبوبكر على الأميلس. "دراسة تأثير التبريد الفوري بالماء على مقاومة الخرسانة المعرضة لدرجات الحرارة العالية". International Science and Technology Journal 34, № 2 (2024): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.62341/meas6674.
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This study investigates the impact of water-cooling versus conventional air-cooling on the compressive strength of concrete after exposure to high temperatures (800C0) for 15 minutes in an electric furnace at the Libyan Iron and Steel Company. The concrete mixtures utilized fine aggregates sourced from sand quarries in the Aburoya area of Misurata City and coarse aggregates from a quarry near Bani Walid City. A total of 27 samples were prepared and subjected to a 28-day moisture treatment. The samples were categorized into three groups based on their target compressive strengths: C25, C30, and C35, with nine samples in each group. For each group, six samples were exposed to high temperatures; three were then cooled immediately with water, while the remaining three were allowed to cool gradually at room temperature. An additional three samples were maintained as reference specimens that did not undergo high-temperature exposure. Upon testing, the results indicated that the samples cooled by water exhibited lower compressive strength compared to those that were gradually cooled at room temperature. Additionally, the reference samples demonstrated the highest compressive strength. Notably, the findings revealed an inverse relationship between the cooling method and concrete strength, with higher compressive strengths corresponding to decreased overall strength due to the cooling methods applied. Keywords: High temperatures, Water cooling, Conventional air-cooling, Compressive strength, Reference samples.
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FRANK, BENJAMIN, and DOUGLAS CASH. "Edge crush testing methods and box compression modeling." August 2022 21, no. 8 (2022): 418–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj21.8.418.
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While multiple test procedures have been developed to assess the inherent compressive strength of corrugated materials (edge crush test, ECT), limited work has explored the appropriateness of each in the context of box compression modeling. This study incorporates a variety of real-world samples, highlighting the varying challenges different ECT methods face in measuring the intrinsic compressive resistance of combined corrugated board. We examine each of these methods as inputs for different types of models, as well as discuss the propagation of measurement variation through the modeling effort. By highlighting the cases in which a given ECT method no longer proves to be an optimal parameter in box compression strength modeling, we explore how we might better measure this material property.
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Kostyuk, Svetlana, Nikolay Bedarev, Oleg Lyubimov, and Yunliang Tan. "Creation of a Device for Testing of the Rock Samples for Gap in Volumetric Compression Chamber." E3S Web of Conferences 174 (2020): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017401007.
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A device for the volume compression chamber of the samples is described and some possibilities for testing the samples are presented: compressive strength, angle of internal friction, and adhesion values of coal and host rocks. In addition, descriptions of patents for devices allowing to test rocks for breaking during volume compression are given.
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Cetinel, Oktay, Ziya Esen, and Bora Yildirim. "Fabrication, Morphology Analysis, and Mechanical Properties of Ti Foams Manufactured Using the Space Holder Method for Bone Substitute Materials." Metals 9, no. 3 (2019): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9030340.
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Porous titanium (Ti) offers several key attributes as a biomedical material. Among the known characteristics of Ti relevant to biomedical applications, the mechanical performance and effects of a pore structure on the deformation characteristics under compressive loading were examined. The space holder method was employed to generate Ti foams with target porosities of 60%, 70%, and 80%. A micro-computed to mography analysis and light and scanning electron microscopy were performed to examine the pore morphology and microstructure. The mechanical properties along with the elastic modulus and compressive strength were evaluated via uniaxial compression testing. Ti foam samples with three porosity levels displayed average elastic moduli and compressive strengths comparable with those of human cancellous and cortical bone. All the Ti foam samples had elastic moduli similar to those of cancellous bone with their open porous structures. Although the foam samples with ~60% porosity had compressive strength comparable to that of cortical bone, the samples with ~80% porosity displayed compressive strength similar to that of cancellous bone. The results indicate that Ti foam scaffolds produced using the space holder method have great potential for applications in hard tissue engineering, as their mechanical properties and pore structures are similar to those of bone.
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Taptimdee, Weerapol, Prinya Chindaprasirt, Yuichi Otsuka, Yoshiharu Mutoh, and Teerawat Laonapakul. "Strength and Bioactivity of Hydroxyapatite/White Portland Cement (HAp/WPC) under Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) Solution." Materials Science Forum 975 (January 2020): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.975.88.
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In this study, the effects of curing white Portland cement (WPC) and hydroxyapatite mixed with white Portland cement (HAp/WPC) pastes in water and the in vitro biological environment on the compressive strength and bone-like apatite formation were examined. The compressive strength of both WPC and HAp/WPC pastes increased with longer curing periods in water. The compressive strength of WPC and HAp/WPC pastes was 51.88 and 25.67 MPa, respectively, after curing in water for 28 days. The compressive strength of both samples continuously increased during in vitro testing in a simulated body fluid (SBF). After 4 weeks of immersion in a SBF, the strengths of cured WPC and HAp/WPC samples were 59.01 and 28.06 MPa, respectively. It is due to continued hydration of WPC. The addition of HAp to WPC decreased the compressive strength of the sample. Alternatively, it enhanced bone-like apatite formation on the surface of the samples.
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Vračević, Doris, Sanja Dugonjić Jovančević, Josip Peranić, and Marko Hodanić. "Determination of Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Limestone." Zbornik radova 22, no. 1 (2019): 123–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32762/zr.22.1.8.
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The most used parameter in rock engineering practice is the Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS). It is often estimated on the field or trough Index-to-strength conversion factors proposed by various researchers for a specific rock type. The research presented in the paper involved field estimation of Uniaxial Compressive Strength using Schmidt rebound hammer and Point Load laboratory testing on limestone rock samples. The results of the estimated UCS were compared to the Uniaxial Compression Strength laboratory testing results on limestone specimens taken from the same location, in order to compare corresponding UCS of limestone rocks. These results can contribute to better estimation of the local design parameters, when direct determination of the UCS in the laboratory is not possible, rather than adopting the values from around the world case studies.
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Long, Wu Jian, Han Xin Lin, Zhen Rong Chen, Kai Long Zhang, and Wei Lun Wang. "Mechanical Properties of Fiber Reinforced Self-Compacting Concrete." Applied Mechanics and Materials 470 (December 2013): 797–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.470.797.
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The mechanical strengths of self-compacting concrete (SCC) with different strengths and different fibers were investigated. By mechanics performance testing on concrete samples, it shows that the fiber can significantly reduce strength of the self-compacting concrete during curing period. The 28d tensile strength of self-compacting concrete can be improved when steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, or polyethylene fiber were used. Moreover, steel fiber can improve the 28d compressive strength; contrarily, polypropylene fiber and polyethylene fiber can reduce the 28d compressive strength.
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Putra Anugrah Pratama, Vicky, Retnowati Setioningsih, and Marwanto Marwanto. "Comparative Analysis Of Hammer Test And Compression Testing Machine Against Normal Concrete Compressive Strength Test K300." JURNAL TEKNIK SIPIL CENDEKIA (JTSC) 6, no. 1 (2025): 1067–79. https://doi.org/10.51988/jtsc.v6i1.269.
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The materials used in a concrete construction have a major impact on its strength. But a lot of other things also matter, like the cement-water ratio (FAS), temperature fluctuations, curing conditions, and lack of compaction. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the findings of compressive strength testing of K-300 quality concrete using two different approaches: the non-destructive Hammer Test (HT) and the destructive Compression Test Machine (CTM). Both techniques were used to examine ten cube-shaped concrete samples that were 15 cm x 15 cm x 15 cm. The two approaches differed significantly, according to the results. Compressive strength values ??from CTM were consistently higher than those from HT. Test specimen number 7 showed that CTM had the highest compressive strength at 507.92 kg/cm², while test specimen number 10 showed that HT had the highest compressive strength at 247kg/cm². These findings suggest that in order to get more accurate results, CTM should be used in concrete testing
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Kurniawan, Dedy, Iswan Iswan, and Setyanto Setyanto. "Hubungan Nilai Konsolidasi dan Nilai Kuat Tekan Bebas pada Tanah Lempung yang Disubtitusi Material Pasir." Jurnal Rekayasa Sipil dan Desain 3, no. 1 (2015): 131–44. https://doi.org/10.23960/jrsdd.v3i1.432.
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This study was conducted to determine the behavior of reduction and compressive strength in claywhich is substituted with sand material and to see the correlation between the value ofconsolidation and the compressive strength on the soil. Because the clay when getting loadingthere will be a significant reduction in soil that affects the reduction in carrying capacity orcompressive strength of the soil. In this study used clay from the village of Belimbing Sari, Jabungdistrict, East Lampung with the coordinates of 105° 39 '10.74 "T and 5 ° 31' 44.26" S.The research was done by testing on samples without a mixture of clay and the clay soil mixedwith sand with varying amounts of sand mixture of 10%, 20%, and 30%. Testing was conducted ona standard compaction test to find the optimum water content, consolidation testing to find thevalue of the coefficient of consolidation (Cv), compression index (Cc) and coefficient ofcompression (Av) and compressive strength testing are free to seek the compressive strength on thesoil.Based on the results of this study can be seen in the behavior of a mixture of clay and sand withoutonce mixed with sand material that is an increase in the value of the coefficient of consolidation(Cv), a decrease in the value of compression index (Cc) and coefficient of compression (Av) and anincrease in the compressive strength (qu) in the clay soil. Value increases and decreases that occurwithout a mixture of clay and after mixed variations mixture of 10%, 20%, and 30% tend to bestable. From this study it can be concluded that the value of consolidation and strong correlationpress substituted clay with sand material that is smaller then the consolidation of soil compressivestrength will be greater as well.Keywords: Soil Clay, Sand, Consolidation, Soil Compressive Strength
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Lin, Yu Feng, and Chih Hsuan Liu. "Investigation of the Relationship between Concrete Cylinder Dimensions and Compressive Strength." Key Engineering Materials 986 (August 29, 2024): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-3muzch.
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This study aims to explore the correlation between the dimensions of concrete specimens and their compressive strength. In the field of engineering, it is essential to determine concrete strength. Besides the standard cylindrical compressive strength test, core samples are often required for compressive strength testing to verify the quality of concrete. However, coring requires significant time and energy, and the number of available samples is limited. Some projects may not be suitable for coring, necessitating the use of non-destructive testing methods to assess in-situ concrete strength. This research project aims to investigate the correspondence between various specimen sizes and the compressive strength of concrete, establishing corresponding curves for compressive strength of concrete core specimens of different sizes. The results of this research reveal that smaller specimen sizes tend to exhibit slightly higher compressive strength, provided that the concrete mixture is well-blended, and the specimen diameter and the proportion of the largest coarse aggregate nominal diameter comply with specifications. Regardless of specimen size, representative compressive strength values can be obtained. In lower-strength concrete specimens, the quality control aspects have a more substantial influence on compressive strength than specimen size effects.
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Abdullah, M. M. A., H. Kamarudin, M. Bnhussain, I. Khairul Nizar, A. R. Rafiza, and Y. Zarina. "The Relationship of NaOH Molarity, Na2SiO3/NaOH Ratio, Fly Ash/Alkaline Activator Ratio, and Curing Temperature to the Strength of Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer." Advanced Materials Research 328-330 (September 2011): 1475–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.328-330.1475.
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Geopolymer, produced by the reaction of fly ash with an alkaline activator (mixture of Na2SiO3 and NaOH solutions), is an alternative to the use of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in the construction industry. However, there are salient parameters that affecting the compressive strength of geopolymer. In this research, the effects of various NaOH molarities, Na2SiO3/NaOH ratios, fly ash/alkaline activator, and curing temperature to the strength of geopolymer paste fly ash were studied. Tests were carried out on 50 x 50 x 50 mm cube geopolymer specimens. Compression tests were conducted on the seventh day of testing for all samples. The test results revealed that a 12 M NaOH solution produced the highest compressive strength for the geopolymer. The combination mass ratios of fly ash/alkaline activator and Na2SiO3/NaOH of 2.0 and 2.5, respectively, produced the highest compressive strength after seven days. Geopolymer samples cured at 60 °C produced compressive strength as high as 70 MPa.
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Fomina, N. N., D. K. Timokhin, A. V. Strachov, and V. G. Fomin. "Methodological aspects of strength testing of building products based on thermoplastic waste." Stroitel nye Materialy, no. 1-2 (April 9, 2025): 95–101. https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430x-2025-832-1-2-95-101.
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The urgency of the problem of recycling polymer waste is increasing every year. It is promising to use thermoplastic waste as binders in polymer-mineral compositions for the production of small-piece construction products such as paving slabs, curbs, parking limiters, elements of landscape design, etc. Technical requirements for the compositions of polymer-mineral compositions, the properties of their products, test methods are not regulated. One of the most informative characteristics is static uniaxial compression tests. It is necessary to accumulate statistics on strength tests of composites based on secondary thermoplastics and develop mathematical patterns of the influence of sample size, primarily their thickness, on strength properties. Therefore, the work is aimed at improving the methodological aspects of assessing the compressive strength of polymer-mineral samples based on thermoplastic matrices. Crushed polymer waste of polyethylene terephthalate and polypropylene, a combination additive ethylene vinyl acetate, and limestone flour were used to make the samples. Samples of various thicknesses were made by pressing from hot mixtures, then their compressive strength was determined. As a result, a differentiated approach to the geometry of the samples is proposed, taking into account the peculiarities of their manufacture and the complexity of obtaining samples of exactly the same thickness. A linear basic dependence of strength on the thickness of the sample is obtained, and a method for calculating compressive strength from the experimental thickness of the sample to the control one is proposed. It is proposed to take the sample thickness of 4 cm as a control, by analogy with the current standards for cement composites. Using the basic dependence and the proposed conversion method, it is possible to design formulations of compositions using various powdered mineral fillers (filling degree of more than 50% by weight) and various thermoplastic wastes, combining rigid thermoplastic polyethylene terephthalate and polyolefins in compositions.
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Jancarikova, Denisa, Ingrid Khongova, Petr Bibora, and Halina Szklorzova. "3D Printed Cement Composites Testing." Defect and Diffusion Forum 432 (March 25, 2024): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-qfstv6.
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Testing of the properties of cement mortars for 3D printing has not been standardized yet. Manufacturers of dry mixes declares tensile strength and compressive strength, but these properties are determined on standard beams for cement mortars, and their values may differ from the material actually formed by the 3D printing method. Another factor affecting strength is the printing process itself, where different printing machines require different consistencies and therefore different amount of water. Last but not least, it is necessary to take into account the different properties of the printed material depending on the direction of testing. Presented article brings results of determination the compressive strength, flexural tensile strength, splitting tensile strength and uniaxial tensile strength of the cement mortar from 3D printing loaded in different directions in relation to the axis of the print and comparing them with the parameters determined on standard beams made of the same material. A commercially produced dry mixture was used. Rectangular object was printed. Before the actual printing and also the fresh mixture was taken from the print head directly into the molds for the production of standard beams 40×40×160 mm. The printed object and the beams were placed in a water environment after 24 hours and the properties were determined at the age of 28 days. Cubes with dimensions of 40×40×40 mm and beams of 40×40×160 mm were subsequently cut from the printed object. The results of the testing point to a relatively large variability of the strength characteristics not only according to the direction of the load forces, but also in different places of the printed object (samples were taken in the bottom part, in the middle and in top of the printed object). Strengths of the standard beams were significantly higher than strengths of samples cut out from 3D printed object.
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Cox, G. F. N., J. A. Richter, W. F. Weeks, and M. Mellor. "A Summary of the Strength and Modulus of Ice Samples From Multi-Year Pressure Ridges." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 107, no. 1 (1985): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3231169.
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Over two hundred unconfined compression tests were performed on vertical ice samples obtained from 10 multi-yr pressure ridges in the Beaufort Sea. The tests were performed on a closed-loop electrohydraulic testing machine at two strain rates (10−5 and 10−3 s−1) and two temperatures (−20° and −5°C). This paper summarizes the sample preparation and testing techniques used in the investigation and presents data on the compressive strength and initial tangent modulus of the ice.
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Slobodchikova, N. A., S. V. Klyuev, and K. V. Plyuta. "Dependence of the soils’ elastic modulus reinforced with inorganic binders on compressive strength." Russian Automobile and Highway Industry Journal 21, no. 5 (2024): 786–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.26518/2071-7296-2024-21-5-786-800.
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Introduction. The modulus of elasticity refers to one of the main physical and mechanical characteristics of reinforced local grounds. Deformations of soils and building materials are usually described by Hooke’s law. The main laboratory testing methods include applying of uniaxial compression, triaxial compression, rigid stamp technics. Determining the modulus of elasticity is a complex, time-consuming and labor-intensive test. There are empirical models that describe the relationship between the modulus of elasticity and various parameters and characteristics (compressive strength, binder content in the mixture, etc.). However, these models are mainly developed for stabilized soils and for crushed stone reinforced with Portland cement. Methods and materials. To determine the pattern of change in the modulus of soils’ elasticity reinforced with inorganic binding materials from compressive strength, studies were conducted on samples of various soils strengthened with Portland cement and lime. Existing methods specified in the regulatory and technical documentation were used to produce the samples. Results. Based on the performed research, two empirical models were developed that reflect the dependence of the elastic modulus values on the compressive strength values of soils reinforced with Portland cement and lime. Discussion and conclusions. Existing testing methods of the elastic modulus are lengthy and labor-intensive. The developed empirical models allow us to obtain approximate values of the elastic modulus from the values of compressive strength of soil samples reinforced with Portland cement and lime.
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Fajar, Muhammad Nur, Herlina Arifin, Didik Setya Purwantoro, and Achmad Rusdi. "Comparative Study of the Potential of Sorong City Sand and Tobelo Sand as Concrete Material." CIVED 10, no. 3 (2023): 854–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/cived.v10i3.11.
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The quality of the sand used for the concrete mixture can affect the compressive strength produced by the concrete. This study aims to determine the amount of compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of concrete with quarry sand material Km.14 Sorong City and sand quarry from other regions, namely Tobelo North Halmahera quarry sand. This study used an experimental method with a total of 18 selinder-shaped test objects consisting of 3 samples aged 7 days, 3 samples aged 14 days and 3 samples aged 28 days for each quarry Modulus of elasticity testing was only carried out on concrete aged 28 days. All material testing until the manufacture and tests of compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of cylindrical samples are carried out at the Civil Engineering Concrete Laboratory of the University of Muhammadiyah Sorong. From the results showed the average compressive strength produced between sand Km.14 of Sorong city and Tobelo sand was 8.78 Mpa: 11.13 Mpa for 7 days old, 10.66 Mpa: 12.83 Mpa for 14 days old and 11.23 Mpa: 13.78 Mpa for 28 days old. In addition, based on concrete strain testing, it can be seen that the higher the compressive strength or stress of the concrete, the higher the strain value.
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Hamzah, Noorfaizah, and Nur’Ain Mat Yusof. "Characterization of Tropical Kenny Hill Weathered Sandstone using Non-Disruptive Testing of Pundit and Resistivity Testing." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 19, no. 2 (2022): 233–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jmeche.v19i2.19791.
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Rock characterization of tropical Kenny Hill weathered sandstone have been an effort to be explored by using non-disruptive testing of pundit and resistivity testing to undertake sustainability issues and providing technical approach in exploration of weak rock materials solving. The purpose of this research is to determine the relationship between resistivity and uniaxial compressive strength of the most problematic rock type in Malaysia, namely Kenny Hill weathered sedimentary rocks, more usually referred to as sandstone. According to earlier study, sandstone has degraded in quality and has a tendency to disintegrate due to the tropical climate. Sandstone has a higher strength feature as compared to shale from Bandar Nusa Rhu, Shah Alam. Series of uniaxial compression were carried out to obtain the strength for rock samples. The strength properties of weathered sandstone are studied to quantify the weathering impact to these materials. Resistivity test and Pundit test were laboratory method conducted on the rock samples for verification of the correlation between resistivity and uniaxial compression. Results from the test were analyzed and their relationship with weathering grade was established. It signifies that sandstone strength increasing with the weathering grade.
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Suhairiani, S., N. H. Panjaitan, and E. K. Sinaga. "Testing The Difference Value of Compressive Strenght for Distrub and Undistrub Soil in Sibolga Hill Landslide." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2908, no. 1 (2024): 012017. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2908/1/012017.
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Abstract One of the parts in soil parameters that can determine the shear strength of soil is the soil compressive strength value which is obtained from the Unconfined Compression Strength (UCS) test. The value of the shear strength of soil is half value of soil compressive strength. This research uses experiment method that is done in the laboratory, using distrub and undistrub soil sample models which originate from landslide in the area of Aek Parombunan, Pancuran gerobak and Angin Nauli Village of Sibolga. The results that want to be obtained in this research are seeing the differences great value of “qu” (soil compressive strength value) which represents the soil samples that are tested, so that great and little value of “qu” can determine the consistency properties of soil, and it can be used for data to evaluate the ability of soil to support the load above it, and it can be used for initial data as an early warning of potential landslide.
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Farhana, Z. F., H. Kamarudin, Azmi Rahmat, and A. M. Mustafa Al Bakri. "A Study on Relationship between Porosity and Compressive Strength for Geopolymer Paste." Key Engineering Materials 594-595 (December 2013): 1112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.594-595.1112.
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This paper presents a study on the relationship between porosity and compressive strength for geopolymer paste. In this research, geopolymer paste was made from fly ash class F based geopolymer mixed with alkaline activator; sodium hydroxide solution and sodium silicate solution. Twelve mixes were cast in 50mm x 50mm x 50mm moulds and the samples were cured for 24 hrs at 60 °C in the oven. The samples were examined after 7, 14, 28 and 90 days in terms of porosity test, pulse velocity test and compressive strength test. It was concluded that the sample at day 90 had the highest compressive strength of 56.50 N/mm2had porosity 3.77%. Thus, the sample with lowest porosity had highest pulse velocity 3303 m/s during ultrasonic testing with lowest transmission time 15.17 μs. Keywords: porosity, compression strength, geopolymer, pulse velocity
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Kuznetcov, N. N. "Investigation of strength properties and specific strain energy of rocks under triaxial compression." Mining Industry Journal (Gornay Promishlennost), no. 2/2025 (May 5, 2025): 140–45. https://doi.org/10.30686/1609-9192-2025-2-140-145.
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One of the most demanded types of testing rock samples nowadays is triaxial compression. It helps to recreate in laboratory conditions various distributions of the main compressive stresses characteristic for a rock mass both in direction and magnitude. In this case, the most commonly used loading pattern is when the maximum component of the compressive stresses changes, while the intermediate and the minimum ones are equal to each other and remain constant during the test (a variant of triaxial axisymmetric compression). The paper presents the results of studies aimed at identifying the change patterns in the compressive strength of rocks and their specific strain energy under triaxial axisymmetric load. The results of tests on eight types of rocks from deposits in the Kola region have been analyzed. It is shown that in conditions of triaxial axisymmetric compression with increasing lateral pressure, the values of the compressive strength of the samples and their critical values of specific strain energy will also increase. The regularities of changes in the investigated rock characteristics with increasing lateral pressure have been established.И
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Koukis, G., N. Sabatakakis, and S. Papanakli. "Laboratory testing properties of sandstones." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 40, no. 4 (2007): 1695. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.17083.
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The aim of this paper is to determine the geotechnical properties of clastic sedimentary rocks and especially sandstones which constitute a great part of the flysch formation. Laboratory tests were conducted in samples collected from different sites in western Greece. Physical and mechanical properties were determined including porosity (n), dry density (pf), sound velocities (Vp, Vs), point loading strength (IS(so)) and uniaxial compressive strength (ac). Additionally, the material constant m„ an input parameter for the Hoek and Brown failure criterion, was estimated by analyzing the results from a series of triaxial compression tests under different confining pressures. Regression analyses were also applied to define the relations among the obtained parameters
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A, Thesis Submitted, and KUMAR AMRENDRA. "Statistical Analysis of Compressive Strength of Concrete." Statistical Analysis of Compressive Strength of Concrete 9, no. 1 (2024): 32. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10669234.
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Concrete is used in the construction practice as it is easily available, cheap, has flexibility of handling and can be shaped in any form desired. The use of concrete in the construction industry is now being done for a very long time. It is the most used material in the parts of structure where compressive strength is required. So in the construction process evaluation of the compressive strength of concrete plays a vital role. There is no universal method for the evaluation of the compressive strength. In India, the method prescribed by IS 456:2000 is used for checking whether the concrete made is fulfilling the requirement. An attempt is made to analyses this method statistically. The characteristic strength of the concrete is represented by test results of concrete cubes at 28 days. The compressive strength of concrete in India is defined based on this characteristic compressive strength. The sampling process of the concrete which is based on the amount of work of concrete to be done is studied and a trend between the number of samples and the failure percentage of samples in terms of compressive strength is studied. The concept of population and sample in terms of the concrete mix design is studied. Hypothesis testing is performed on various groups of samples and their deviation from the population is calculated. An attempt to calculate optimal number of samples for testing and an improvised method using statistics as a tool for checking the compressive strength of concrete is made.
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ZUNJAR, D. SABALE, and U.R. KAWADE PROF. "COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GEOPOLYMER FERROCEMENT WITH CONVENTIONAL FERROCEMENT." JournalNX - A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal 2, no. 12 (2017): 66–70. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1466737.
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Production of cement generates large quantity of carbon dioxide nearly 6 to 7 in percentage of total 9.795 Gigatonnes of CO2 emission. There is a need to extend sustainable substitute to Portland cement utilizing the industrial by-products such as fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag which are Pozzolanic in nature. An experimental analysis on the Compressive, flexural and split tensile behavior of Geopolymer mortar as well as Conventional mortar reinforced with rectangular welded with varying number of mesh. Specimen are casted using cement mortar and Geopolymer mortar separately. The specimens are tested under flexural, compressive and Split tensile loading. 750 x125 x 35 in mm size of the mould is prepared for flexural specimens. Samples are prepared like panels for flexural testing and cylinders for Compressive and Split tensile testing. The sample specimens from the mould will be demoulded and kept for curing. Then the samples tested on UTM and CTM and observations were recorded to draw results and conclus https://journalnx.com/journal-article/20150151
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Enoh, Maria Kaka Etete, and David Ogar Ushie. "Effect of Sodium Silicate to Hydroxide Ratio and Sodium Hydroxide Concentration on the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Geopolymer Binders." East African Journal of Engineering 6, no. 1 (2023): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eaje.6.1.1361.
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Geopolymers are emerging materials in the construction industry that are yet to achieve uniform standards in their mode of synthesis. Several factors over the years are said to affect the performance of the binders which vary widely. This paper investigates the effect of silicate-to-hydroxide ratio and sodium hydroxide concentration on the mechanical properties of metakaolin-based geopolymer binders. Four SS/SH ratios of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 and four SH concentrations of 8M, 10M, 12M, and 14M were studied with the kaolin calcined at 800oC. Physical and mechanical tests were conducted on sixteen (16) samples at testing ages of 7, 14, and 28 days. The mean density of the geopolymer binders was 1.86 g/cm3, and the samples increased with increasing SS/SH ratio and SH molarity with the 2MK14 having the maximum density of 1.95 g/cm3. The compressive strength and flexural strength of the samples generally increased with testing age (7-28 days). The compressive strength of the samples further showed a direct increase with SS/SH ratio, though, above SS/SH = 1, the compressive strength began to decrease gradually. The maximum compressive strength for these binders 14.6MPa which was recorded by the 1MK10 sample. The Pareto chart for the compressive strength of the samples showed that both the SS/SH ratio and SH concentration contributes significantly (95% significant level) to the compressive test results. However, the SS/SH ratio had a more standardised effect on the compressive strength of the binders. The maximum flexural strength (3.45MPa) was obtained from the 1MK8 geopolymer binder, and similar to the compressive test results, strength values were obtained at the SS/SH ratio of 1
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HAGMAN, ANTON, and CECILIA RYDEFALK. "Z-directional testing of paperboard in combined tensile and compression loading." TAPPI Journal 23, no. 5 (2024): 268–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj23.5.268.
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The out-of-plane properties of paperboard are important in several converting applications such as printing, sealing, creasing, and calendering. A juxtaposed tensile and compression curve in the z direction (ZD) will, however, appear to have a kink or discontinuity at 0 stress. The purpose of the present work is to capture the continuous transition between tension and compression and to increase the understanding of the complex ZD properties of paperboard by cyclic testing. In this attempt to unify the ZD tensile and compressive behavior of paperboard, samples were laminated to the testing platens using heat seal laminate film. The method for adhering the samples was compared to samples that were laminated and glued to the testing platens. The edge effects of the cutting method were evaluated in compression testing with samples not attached to the testing platens. The flat slope seen in the initial part of the pure compression curve disappeared when the samples were laminated to the testing platens. The flat slope was instead replaced by a continuous response in the transition across 0 N. The stiffness in the transition region resembled the response in tensile testing. When the testing is cycled, the material exhibits a history dependence. Starting the cycle in either compression or tensile will show an effect on the stiffness at the transition, as well as the compressive stiffness. However, the ultimate tensile strength is unaffected.
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Doğan, Gamze, Ahmet Özkiş, and Musa Hakan Arslan. "A New Methodology Based on Artificial Intelligence for Estimating the Compressive Strength of Concrete from Surface Images." Ingeniería e Investigación 44, no. 1 (2024): e99526. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.99526.
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This study used digital image processing and an artificial neural network (ANN) to determine the compressive strength of concrete in reinforced concrete buildings without coring. First, 32 concrete samples were produced in the laboratory, with different water-to-cement ratios, aggregate types, amounts of binder, compression values applied to fresh concrete, and amounts of additive. Next, the locations of 192 cores were visualized, and the compressive strengths of their corresponding core samples were matched with the surface images of the concrete, which were then digitized by image processing. The digitized images were the input layer, and the training and testing procedures were performed using the ANN as an output layer. After testing, the model was validated in existing reinforced concrete buildings. For the verification process, 20 cores taken from randomly selected concrete buildings were used. Although the results obtained from the samples produced in the laboratory were satisfactory, the success rate of the samples taken from the field was limited. Finally, the findings of this study are compared against the literature on this subject, especially from the last two decades.
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Gindl, W. "Comparing Mechanical Properties of Normal and Compression Wood in Norway Spruce: The Role of Lignin in Compression Parallel to the Grain." Holzforschung 56, no. 4 (2002): 395–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2002.062.
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Summary Cell-wall lignin content and composition, as well as microfibril angle of normal and compression wood samples were determined prior to mechanical testing in compression parallel to the grain. No effect of increased lignin content on the Young's modulus in compression wood was discernible because of the dominating influence of microfibril angle. In contrast, compressive strength of compression wood was not negatively affected by the high microfibril angle. It is proposed that the observed high lignification in compression wood increases the resistance of the cell walls to compression failure. An increased percentage of p-hydroxyphenylpropane units observed in compression wood lignin may also contribute to the comparably high compressive strength of compression wood.
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Serati, M., R. Mottaghi, D. J. Williams, and Z. Chen. "Biaxial Loading of Brazilian Disc Samples." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1124, no. 1 (2023): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1124/1/012017.
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Abstract The Brazilian test method has been widely used over the past 50 years to determine the indirect tensile strength of brittle materials, such as rocks and concrete. While the behaviour of Brazilian samples under conventional indirect tensile testing has been the subject of much research, the biaxial loading of a Brazilian sample under both horizontal and vertical compressive forces has rarely been studied. This study investigates the ultimate strength, crack propagation speed, fracture mode, and damage evolution in sandstone Brazilain samples using high-speed photography methods integrated with a newly designed hybrid biaxial-impact testing facility. The result shows that the samples fail under lower tensile stress than their Indirect Tensile Strength based on the principle of superposition.
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Zhang, Jin Zhu, and Jun Huang. "Influence of Flux on Sintering Property of Imported Hematite Ore." Advanced Materials Research 322 (August 2011): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.322.139.
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The microstructure and compressive strength were investigated by means of optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and tensile testing machine. The influence of basicity, SiO2 and Al2O3 content on sintering property of hematite ore was studied. The results show that when the silica content was either 5.3% or 5.6%, the best result of the compressive strength of samples obtained at middle basicity. While the silica content was up to 5.9%, the greatest value of the compressive strength of samples attained at lower basicity.
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Hydzik-Wiśniewska, Joanna. "Evaluation of Frost Resistance of Stone Materials in De-icing Salt Solutions." Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports 35, no. 2 (2025): 132–48. https://doi.org/10.59440/ceer/202551.
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Due to the fact that no standard method for testing the frost resistance of stone materials in the presence of deicing salts has been developed so far, a new method is proposed in this article. The test method was based on the PN EN 12371 and PKN-CEN /TS 12390-9 standards and consisted of freezing to -12OC and thawing samples in salt solutions. Three criteria were used to assess the impact of the cycles: visual assessment, change in mass, and change in compressive strength. Nine different stone materials were selected, samples of which were subjected to frost resistance testing in salt solutions with concentrations of 3% sodium chloride (NaCl), 25% NaCl, and 30% calcium chloride (CaCl2). The impact of chlorides on the stone material was significant, causing, among other changes, a decrease in compressive strength, damage to the samples, the appearance of salt efflorescence, and a change in color. The greatest reduction in strength was noted for sandstones (from about 20% to over 40%). On the other hand, the most resistant were black gabbro samples (reduction in compressive strength from 2% to 7%). Comparing the solutions, the greatest reduction in the strength of the materials was obtained after cyclic freezing and thawing in a 25% NaCl solution, amounting to a 22% reduction on average. On the other hand, the compressive strength of samples subjected to frost resistance testing in other salt solutions decreased on average by 18%, and for frost resistance in water by 10%.
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N.A., Antonenko, and Shapiro I.E. "APPLICATION OF EXPERIMENT PLANNING TECHNIQUES WHEN WORKING WITH DRY BUILDING MIXTURES." ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ НАУЧНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ 2023. 2-2(26) (March 13, 2023): 99–106. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7730038.
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The article is devoted to carrying out full-factor studies on the addition of additional components (lime, plasticizer, water) to dry building mixtures and testing samples made from them for compressive strength.
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Affolter, Christian, Götz Thorwarth, Ariyan Arabi-Hashemi, Ulrich Müller, and Bernhard Weisse. "Ductile Compressive Behavior of Biomedical Alloys." Metals 10, no. 1 (2019): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10010060.
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The mechanical properties of ductile metals are generally assessed by means of tensile testing. Compression testing of metal alloys is usually only applied for brittle materials, or if the available specimen size is limited (e.g., in micro indentation). In the present study a previously developed test procedure for compressive testing was applied to determine the elastic properties and the yield curves of different biomedical alloys, such as 316L (two different batches), Ti-6Al-7Nb, and Co-28Cr-6Mo. The results were compared and validated against data from tensile testing. The converted flow curves for true stress vs. logarithmic strain of the compressive samples coincided well up to the yield strength of the tensile samples. The developed compression test method was shown to be reliable and valid, and it can be applied in cases where only small material batches are available, e.g., from additive manufacturing. Nevertheless, a certain yield asymmetry was observed with one of the tested 316L stainless steel alloys and the Co-28Cr-6Mo. Possible hypotheses and explanations for this yield asymmetry are given in the discussion section.
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Cox, G. F. N., and J. A. Richter-Menge. "Confined Compressive Strength of Multi-Year Pressure Ridge Sea Ice Samples." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 110, no. 3 (1988): 295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3257065.
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Fifty-five constant-strain-rate triaxial tests were performed on verticaly oriented multi-year pressure ridge samples from the Beaufort Sea. The tests were performed on a closed-loop electrohydraulic testing machine at two nominal strain rates (10−5 and 10−3 s−1) and two temperatures (−20° and −5°C). In all of the tests the confining pressure was ramped in constant proportion to the applied axial stress (σ1 > σ2 = σ3, σ3/σ1 = constant). Two σ3/σ1 ratios were investigated: 0.25 and 0.50. This paper summarizes the sample preparation and testing techniques used in this investigation and presents data on the confined compressive strength and failure strain of the ice. Uniaxial data are also included for comparison.
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Priyadharshini, S. Swathi, Chinnasamy Ragavendran, I. Anand Sherwood, and Ramanaramya Jeyapalan. "Comparative evaluation of compressive strength and morphological interface of carbonated hydroxyapatite with other pulp capping materials: An in vitro analysis." Endodontology 37, no. 1 (2025): 90–95. https://doi.org/10.4103/endo.endo_92_24.
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Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the compressive strength of carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) to other pulp capping materials and to assess the morphological interface of CHA when immediately restored with final restorative material. Methods: CHA was synthesized and subsequently subjected to characterization. To evaluate compressive strength, samples were prepared in stainless steel molds and then divided into two groups for testing: immediate and after 24 h of incubation. They were subsequently subjected to compressive strength testing using an INSTRON universal testing machine. Statistical analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS software. Samples were prepared and divided into three groups to assess the bond interface between pulp capping materials and restorative materials using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: ApaCal ART exhibited the highest compressive strength immediately after setting and after 24 h, followed by mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), with CHA showing the lowest strength. SEM examination revealed consistent interpenetration between the pulp capping materials and adhesive system for all groups. CHA and MTA showed an interdiffusion zone at the junction, while the ApaCal group displayed voids at the interface. Conclusion: In conclusion, although CHA may not match the compressive strength of other materials, its reliable bonding characteristics make it a promising candidate for clinical applications in pulp capping procedures.
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Karpinski, Robert, Jakub Szabelski, and Jacek Maksymiuk. "Analysis of the properties of bone cement with respect to its manufacturing and typical service lifetime conditions." MATEC Web of Conferences 244 (2018): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824401004.
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This paper analyses the impact of exposure to Ringer’s solution, an isotonic solution relative to the body fluids, on the strength of bone cement. Research was conducted in order to determine moisture uptake and strength degradation. Prior to mechanical tests, the samples were seasoned in the solution simulating the human body conditions and subsequently measured to determine their increase in weight. Samples were then tested, using MTS Bionix testing system, for compressive strength according to ISO Standard. The data obtained from the measurements allowed to develop a statistical model for predicting cement absorption rate over a longer period of time. Compression strength of both seasoned and unseasoned samples was measured over time. The results were analysed statistically to show an effect of seasoning on cement strength. Cement samples show moderate moisture uptake over time, together with some decrease of compressive strength. Correlation between two above mentioned, measured factors was proven and linear model prepared. Using obtained models, one can estimate the cement strength and moisture uptake over time.
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Musrifah, Oktaviani Viva, and Ardiman. "Tamcem 8R Normet Additive Addition in the use of Concrete Pumps." International Journal of Engineering Research and Science 8, no. 12 (2022): 01–09. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7496091.
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<strong>Abstract</strong><strong>—</strong> The aim of the study was to determine the use of the Additive Normen Tamcem 8R on the compressive strength of concrete and to determine the percentage of the compressive strength of concrete in normal concrete and in concrete with the Additive Normen Tamcem 8R. This research was conducted from March to June 2020 at the Laboratory of the Faculty of Engineering, University of 17 August 1945 Samarinda. The stages of the research are as follows: literature study, preparation, taking samples or test materials in the field, preparing for laboratory testing, making mix designs, making concrete mixes, slump testing, making test materials, treating test objects, compressive strength testing, analysis, and reporting. The results showed that (1) the average compressive strength of normal concrete was 275.99 kg/cm2 and the compressive strength of mixed concrete was 285.80 kg/cm2 and (2) the percentage ratio of compressive strength of concrete under normal conditions and the use of additive norms Tamcem 8R 400 ml is as big as 1.76%.
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Dhoska, Klodian, Saimir Tola, Agus Pramono, and Indrit Vozga. "Evaluation of measurement uncertainty for the determination of the mechanical resistance of the brick samples by using uniaxial compressive strength test." International Journal of Metrology and Quality Engineering 9 (2018): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ijmqe/2018012.
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Clay bricks are the most important engineering materials that can influence the quality of the construction. The quality control of the clay bricks is of prime importance to improve the quality of engineering construction. The qualities of bricks for construction applications should be checked for various types of inspection services. In this article, our inspection service was focused on compression strength test on bricks to determine their mechanical resistance and suitability for construction work. The accurate method for clay brick's production measurements has been elaborated using uniaxial compressive strength testing machine. The method was tested for a rectangular clay brick manufactured with size approximately 250 mm × 250 mm × 200 mm. The measurement method and standard uncertainty estimation of uniaxial compressive strength are briefly described in this article.
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Lei, Qian, Jian Wang, and Amit Misra. "Mechanical Behavior of Al–Al2Cu–Si and Al–Al2Cu Eutectic Alloys." Crystals 11, no. 2 (2021): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11020194.
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In this study, laser rapid solidification technique was used to refine the microstructure of ternary Al–Cu–Si and binary Al–Cu eutectic alloys to nanoscales. Micropillar compression testing was performed to measure the stress–strain response of the samples with characteristic microstructure in the melt pool regions. The laser-remelted Al–Al2Cu–Si ternary alloy was observed to reach the compressive strength of 1.59 GPa before failure at a strain of 28.5%, which is significantly better than the as-cast alloy with a maximum strength of 0.48 GPa at a failure strain of 4.8%. The laser-remelted Al–Cu binary alloy was observed to reach the compressive strength of 2.07 GPa before failure at a strain of 26.5%, which is significantly better than the as-cast alloy with maximum strength of 0.74 GPa at a failure strain of 3.3%. The enhanced compressive strength and improved compressive plasticity were interpreted in terms of microstructural refinement and hierarchical eutectic morphology.
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Narloch, Piotr, Ahmad Hassanat, Ahmad S. Tarawneh, Hubert Anysz, Jakub Kotowski, and Khalid Almohammadi. "Predicting Compressive Strength of Cement-Stabilized Rammed Earth Based on SEM Images Using Computer Vision and Deep Learning." Applied Sciences 9, no. 23 (2019): 5131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9235131.
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Predicting the compressive strength of cement-stabilized rammed earth (CSRE) using current testing machines is time-consuming and costly and may harm the environment due to the samples’ waste. This paper presents an automatic method using computer vision and deep learning to solve the problem. For this purpose, a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) model is proposed, which was evaluated on a new in-house scanning electron microscope (SEM) image database containing 4284 images of materials with different compressive strengths. The experimental results show reasonable prediction results compared to other traditional methods, achieving 84% prediction accuracy and a small (1.5) oot Mean Square Error (RMSE). This indicates that the proposed method (with some enhancements) can be used in practice for predicting the compressive strength of CSRE samples.
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Abdellah, Wael R., Salah A. Bader, Jong-Gwan Kim, and Mahrous A. M. Ali. "Numerical simulation of mechanical behavior of rock samples under uniaxial and triaxial compression testsy." Mining of Mineral Deposits 17, no. 3 (2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/mining17.03.001.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose. The research aims to investigate how the load influences the ultimate compressive strength of rocks at failure. It uses both a uniaxial compression test, which involves incremental displacements, and a triaxial compression test, which applies varying confining stresses while maintaining a constant axial compression stress and incrementally increasing the displacement. Methods. To conduct the investigation, the researchers used RS2D, a rock-soil software, to examine the impact of different incremental displacements and confining stresses on the strength properties of various rock samples. The numerical analysis includes Fayum argillaceous sand, Sinai coal, Aswan granite, Assiut limestone, and Red-Sea phosphate. Findings. The research findings indicate that the ultimate compressive strength of rocks at failure is achieved with minor incremental displacements. Conversely, an increase in the confining stress leads to higher ultimate tensile strength, deviatoric stresses, and volumetric strain. However, the stress factor decreases in relation to the axial strain percentage. Originality. The simulator adopts Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion, presents and discusses the results in terms of stress-strain (σ-ε) curves, stress ratio (σ1/σ3), deviatoric stresses (σ1-σ3) and volumetric strain with respect to the percentage of axial strain. Practical implications. Using numerical modeling analysis, it becomes possible to reproduce the rock failure mechanisms observed in uniaxial and triaxial compression tests. This methodology has the potential to reduce the need for extensive experimental testing when assessing the tensile strength of rocks under different loads. As a result, both time and costs can be minimized.