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Journal articles on the topic 'Testis, embryology'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 12 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Burgu, Berk, and Onur Telli. "Embryology of Testis and Theories of Testicular Descent." Türk Üroloji Seminerleri/Turkish Urology Seminars 1, no. 3 (July 1, 2010): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/tus.2010.01.

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2

Agras, Koray. "Embryology of Undescended Testis and Mechanisms of Testicular Descent." Türk Üroloji Seminerleri/Turkish Urology Seminars 25, no. 1 (October 1, 2012): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/tus.2012.05.

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3

Suresh, N. M., Subramanya Katttepura, Khizer Hussain Afroze, Ramesh P., and Apurva Bhaskar. "Evaluation of incidence of cryptorchidism with special reference to anatomical and clinical aspects." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 5, no. 4 (June 22, 2018): 1388. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20182533.

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Background: Cryptorchidism is simply defined as the absence of one or both testes from the scrotum. It is the most common birth defect of the male genitalia. The testis may be located intra-abdominal or inguinal. This article mainly deals with embryology, etiology, anatomy and incidence types of cryptorchidism in Tumakuru rural district.Methods: This study was interdepartmental and prospective, consisting of 66 cases conducted at the Department of Pediatric Surgery and Anatomy and the period of study was from April 2013- March 2017. Cryptorchidism has been classified into 1) Intra-abdominal, 2) Inguinal, 3) Ectopic testis (perineum).Results: Out of 66 cases, testis in inguinal canal is the most common incidence followed by the intra-abdominal and Ectopic testis. Least found was ectopic and torsion in the inguinal canal. Complications are torsion and vanishing testis.Conclusions: This condition is repairable in a vast majority of cases. Early diagnosis and surgical intervention have to be carried out to correct this defect.

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4

Rojas, Mariana, and Ruth Prieto. "Embryology of the Female Genital System." International Journal of Medical and Surgical Sciences 1, no. 2 (October 26, 2018): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32457/ijmss.2014.019.

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Until the seventh week of human embryonic development of both sexes have very similar primordia of genitalia represented by two undifferentiated gonads two mesonephric ducts, which originate the male genital tract and two paramesonephric ducts develop the female genital tract. Genital tubercle, two labiouretrales folds and two labioscrotal folds: Externally the same basic elements that are distinguished in both sexes. From SRY gene expression that occurs during the eighth week a series of morphophysiological events leading establishing a clear sexual dimorphism starts. If the resulting gonad is a testis produced hormones induce masculinization of internal and external genitalia, as well as outline the breast. However, if an ovary is formed or not formed gonads, internal and external genitalia develop in female sense. Genetic sex is not always related to the differentiation of external genitalia or genital tract that is why we consider separately each. This article explores the morphological differentiation into male and female connection, as well as the molecular regulation of the gonads, genital tract and external genitalia.

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Goel, Sandeep, Mayako Fujihara, Naojiro Minami, Masayasu Yamada, and Hiroshi Imai. "Expression of NANOG, but not POU5F1, points to the stem cell potential of primitive germ cells in neonatal pig testis." REPRODUCTION 135, no. 6 (June 2008): 785–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-07-0476.

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Gonocytes are primitive germ cells that are present in the neonatal testis and are committed to male germline development. Gonocytes differentiate to spermatogonia, which establish and maintain spermatogenesis in the postnatal testis. However, it is unknown whether large animal species have pluripotency-specific proteins in the testis. Nanog and Pou5f1 (Oct3/4) have been identified as transcription factors essential for maintaining pluripotency of embryonic stem cells in mice. Here, we show that NANOG protein was expressed in the germ cells of neonatal pig testes, but was progressively lost with age. NANOG was expressed in most of the lectin Dolichos biflorus agglutinin- and ZBTB16-positive gonocytes, which are known gonocyte-specific markers in pigs. NANOG was also expressed in Sertoli and interstitial cells of neonatal testes. Interestingly, POU5F1 expression was not detected at either the transcript or the protein level in neonatal pig testis. In the prepubertal testis, NANOG and POU5F1 proteins were primarily detected in differentiated germ cells, such as spermatocytes and spermatids, and rarely in undifferentiated spermatogonia. By using a testis transplantation assay, we found that germ cells from 2- to 4-day-old pigs could colonize and proliferate in the testes of the recipient mice, suggesting that primitive germ cells from neonatal pig testes have stem cell potential.

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6

Huang, Xiaoyan, Jun Zhang, Li Lu, Lanlan Yin, Min Xu, Youqun Wang, Zuomin Zhou, and Jiahao Sha. "Cloning and expression of a novel CREB mRNA splice variant in human testis." Reproduction 128, no. 6 (December 2004): 775–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.00036.

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Identification of genes specifically expressed in adult and fetal testis is important in furthering our understanding of testis development and function. In this study, a novel human transcript, designated human testis cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (htCREB), was identified by hybridization of adult and fetal human testis cDNA probes with a human cDNA microarray containing 9216 clones. The htCREB transcript (GenBank Accession no. AY347527) was expressed at 2.35-fold higher levels in adult human testes than in fetal testes. Sequence and ntBLAST analyses against the human genome database indicated that htCREB was a novel splice variant of human CREB. RT-PCR-based tissue distribution experiments demonstrated that the htCREB transcript was highly expressed in adult human testis and in healthy sperm, but not in testes from patients with Sertoli cell-only syndrome. Taken together, these results suggest that the htCREB transcript is chiefly expressed in germ cells and is most likely involved in spermatogenesis.

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7

Asghari-Givehchi, Shohreh, and Mohammad Hossein-Modarressi. "Identification and expression analysis of zebrafish testis-specific gene 10 (tsga10)." International Journal of Developmental Biology 63, no. 11-12 (2019): 623–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.190053mm.

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Several clinical studies suggest that testis-specific gene antigen 10 (TSGA10) is a cancer-testis antigen with a discernible expression pattern in the testis. Recent studies have highlighted that TSGA10 overexpression in HeLa cells impairs the transcriptional activity of hypoxia-inducible factor alpha (HIF-1α) and inhibits angiogenesis. In this study, we used the zebrafish as a powerful model organism to identify and characterize the orthologue of TSGA10. We analyzed the gene expression pattern by RT-PCR and whole mount in situ hybridization and overexpressed the tsga10 protein by mRNA microinjection. Our results revealed that during early development, tsga10 expression is enriched, but gradually subsides between 0 and 72 hours post fertilization (hpf). There was no detectable transcript at the larval stages. In adult fish, we found high expression levels of tsga10 in the testis and unfertilized egg and low levels of gene expression in the brain, eyes and muscle. Overexpression of tsga10, using tsga10 mRNA microinjection into one-cell stage embryos, resulted in angiogenic and morphological defects at 24 and 48 hpf. This study clarified the expression pattern of tsga10 in different developmental stages and adult tissues, suggesting that tsga10 may have a related biological role in different cell types and tissues. Our results indicate that tsga10 mRNA at embryonic stages is maternally deposited, indicating a transient functional role during embryogenesis. Our findings suggest that tsga10 is a human orthologous gene relevant for future studies to elucidate its mechanism of action in angiogenesis.

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8

Barber, Hugh R. K. "Embryology of the gonad with reference to special tumors of the ovary and testis." Journal of Pediatric Surgery 23, no. 10 (October 1988): 967–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3468(88)80396-8.

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9

Rabinowitz, Ronald, and William C. Hulbert. "Consultation with the specialist." Pediatrics In Review 15, no. 7 (July 1, 1994): 272–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.15.7.272.

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Introduction The term cryptorchidism originates from the Greek kryptos (concealed) and orchis (testis). The definition of the term cryptorchidism is appropriate; not only is the testis concealed, but so is much information regarding this common condition. More than 200 years ago, John Hunter described descent of the testis during the last 3 months of gestation and reported that testes that remain in the abdomen are unhealthy and do not function well. He also discussed the possibilities of failure to descend causing testicular abnormality and testicular abnormalities causing failure to descend. Cryptorchidism represents the most common genital abnormality seen by pediatric urologists. The incidence is 1 in 125 boys. The incidence is much higher in premature infants (1 in 3), and the lower the birth weight, the greater the incidence of cryptorchidism. This condition is seen in approximately 1 in 30 full-term infants, but in many of them, the testicles will descend during the first few months of life. There is a higher incidence of cryptorchidism associated with many chromosomal and single gene defects as well as with multiple malformation syndromes. In addition, there is a higher incidence of cryptorchidism in the siblings and sons of those who have or had cryptorchidism. We will describe the anatomy of both the cryptorchid and retractile testis and discuss the embryology of testicular descent, with an emphasis on hormonal factors.

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10

Bird, Daniel, Stefan Bagheri-Fam, Li Li, Meiyun Yong, Raymond Lai, Janelle Ryan, Dagmar Wilhelm, Jacob Eswarakumar, and Vincent Harley. "Testis determination requires the function of a specific FGFR2 isoform." Mechanisms of Development 145 (July 2017): S145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mod.2017.04.407.

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11

Li, Yuanyuan, Jinbo Li, Man Cai, and Zhanfen Qin. "Development of Testis Cords and the Formation of Efferent Ducts in Xenopus laevis: Differences and Similarities with Other Vertebrates." Sexual Development 14, no. 1-6 (2020): 66–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000513416.

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The knowledge of testis development in amphibians relative to amniotes remains limited. Here, we used <i>Xenopus laevis</i> to investigate the process of testis cord development. Morphological observations revealed the presence of segmental gonomeres consisting of medullary knots in male gonads at stages 52–53, with no distinct gonomeres in female gonads. Further observations showed that cell proliferation occurs at specific sites along the anterior-posterior axis of the future testis at stage 50, which contributes to the formation of medullary knots. At stage 53, adjacent gonomeres become close to each other, resulting in fusion; then (pre-)Sertoli cells aggregate and form primitive testis cords, which ultimately become testis cords when germ cells are present inside. The process of testis cord formation in <i>X. laevis</i> appears to be more complex than in amniotes. Strikingly, steroidogenic cells appear earlier than (pre-)Sertoli cells in differentiating testes of <i>X. laevis</i>, which differs from earlier differentiation of (pre-)Sertoli cells in amniotes. Importantly, we found that the mesonephros is connected to the testis gonomere at a specific site at early larval stages and that these connections become efferent ducts after metamorphosis, which challenges the previous concept that the mesonephric side and the gonadal side initially develop in isolation and then connect to each other in amphibians and amniotes.

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12

Yamamoto, Miwako, and Yasuhisa Matsui. "Testis-specific expression of a novel mouse defensin-like gene, Tdl." Mechanisms of Development 116, no. 1-2 (August 2002): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-4773(02)00144-2.

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13

Ricci, G., A. Catizone, and M. Galdieri. "Pleiotropic activity of hepatocyte growth factor during embryonic mouse testis development." Mechanisms of Development 118, no. 1-2 (October 2002): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-4773(02)00247-2.

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14

Yokonishi, Tetsuhiro, and Blanche Capel. "Differentiation of fetal sertoli cells in the adult testis." Reproduction 162, no. 2 (August 1, 2021): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-21-0106.

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Sertoli cells proliferate and construct seminiferous tubules during fetal life, then undergo differentiation and maturation in the prepubertal testes. In the adult testes, mature Sertoli cells maintain spermatogonia and support spermatogenesis during the entire lifetime. Although Sertoli-like cells have been derived from iPS cells, they tend to remain immature. To investigate whether Sertoli cells can spontaneously acquire the ability to support spermatogenesis when transferred into the adult testis, we transplanted mouse fetal testicular cells into a Sertoli-depleted adult testis. We found that donor E12.5, E14.5 and E16.5 Sertoli cells colonized adult seminiferous tubules and supported host spermatogenesis 2 months after transplantation, demonstrating that immature fetal Sertoli cells can undergo sufficient maturation in the adult testis to become functional. This technique will be useful to analyze the developmental process of Sertoli cell maturation and to investigate the potential of iPS-derived Sertoli cells to colonize, undergo maturation, and support spermatogenesis within the testis environment.

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15

Bertelloni, Silvano, and Lutz Wünsch. "Management of Undescended Testis: A Debate." Sexual Development 13, no. 1 (2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000496464.

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16

Wrobel, K. H. "Prespermatogenesis and spermatogoniogenesis in the bovine testis." Anatomy and Embryology 202, no. 3 (August 18, 2000): 209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004290000111.

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17

Modi, D., C. Shah, G. Sachdeva, S. Gadkar, D. Bhartiya, and C. Puri. "Ontogeny and cellular localization of SRY transcripts in the human testes and its detection in spermatozoa." Reproduction 130, no. 5 (November 2005): 603–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.00413.

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The sex-determining region on the Y (SRY) gene is unequivocally designated as the testis-determining factor in mammals; however, its roles beyond sex determination, if any, have been hitherto unknown. To determine whether SRY has any roles beyond sex determination, herein the expression of SRY mRNA was investigated in the midtrimester human fetal, infantile and adult testes as well as in ejaculated spermatozoa. High levels of SRY transcripts werein situlocalized to the Sertoli cells of the developing testis at 9 weeks of gestation, and the expression persisted at comparable levels throughout the midtrimester (until 22 weeks) and also in the testis of an infant at 3 months of age. The germ cells and other somatic cells in the testes of fetuses and the infant were negative for SRY expression. The mRNA for SRY was detected in the spermatogenic cells, particularly the spermatogonia and the round spermatids; the expression was negligible in the meiotic stages. A single transcript of ~1.2 kb was detected in the adult testes and isolated spermatogonial cells. In the adult testis,in situhybridization (ISH) studies revealed a switch in the cellular localization of SRY transcripts. SRY transcripts were also demonstrable by RT-PCR of RNA from ejaculated human spermatozoa. ISH revealed the presence of SRY transcripts in the midpiece of 50% of ejaculated sperm. These results suggest that SRY may have extensive roles in male reproductive physiology, such as maturation of fetal testis, spermatogenesis, sperm maturation and early embryonic development.

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18

Svingen, Terje, Annemiek Beverdam, Pali Verma, Dagmar Wilhelm, and Peter Koopman. "Aard is specifically up-regulated in Sertoli cells during mouse testis differentiation." International Journal of Developmental Biology 51, no. 3 (2007): 255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.062219ts.

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19

Sonne, Si B., Rebecca M. Perrett, John E. Nielsen, Melissa A. Baxter, David M. Kristensen, Henrik Leffers, Neil A. Hanley, and Ewa Rajpert-de-Meyts. "Analysis of SOX2 expression in developing human testis and germ cell neoplasia." International Journal of Developmental Biology 54, no. 4 (2010): 755–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.082668ss.

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20

Oral, Ozlem, Ichiro Uchida, Ko Eto, Yuki Nakayama, Osamu Nishimura, Yukako Hirao, Junko Ueda, Hiroshi Tarui, Kiyokazu Agata, and Shin-Ichi Abé. "Promotion of spermatogonial proliferation by neuregulin 1 in newt (Cynops pyrrhogaster) testis." Mechanisms of Development 125, no. 9-10 (September 2008): 906–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mod.2008.06.004.

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21

Lea, Richard G., Beatrice Mandon-Pépin, Benoit Loup, Elodie Poumerol, Luc Jouneau, Biola F. Egbowon, Adelle Bowden, et al. "Ovine fetal testis stage-specific sensitivity to environmental chemical mixtures." Reproduction 163, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-21-0235.

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Exposure of the fetal testis to numerous individual environmental chemicals (ECs) is frequently associated with dysregulated development, leading to impaired adult reproductive competence. However, ‘real-life’ exposure involves complex mixtures of ECs. Here we test the consequences, for the male fetus, of exposing pregnant ewes to EC mixtures derived from pastures treated with biosolids fertiliser (processed human sewage). Fetal testes from continuously exposed ewes were either unaffected at day 80 or exhibited a reduced area of testis immunostained for CYP17A1 protein at day 140. Fetal testes from day 140 pregnant ewes that were exposed transiently for 80-day periods during early (0–80 days), mid (30–110 days), or late (60–140 days) pregnancy had fewer Sertoli cells and reduced testicular area stained for CYP17A1. Male fetuses from ewes exposed during late pregnancy also exhibited reduced fetal body, adrenal and testis mass, anogenital distance, and lowered testosterone; collectively indicative of an anti-androgenic effect. Exposure limited to early gestation induced more testis transcriptome changes than observed for continuously exposed day 140 fetuses. These data suggest that a short period of EC exposure does not allow sufficient time for the testis to adapt. Consequently, testicular transcriptomic changes induced during the first 80 days of gestation may equate with phenotypic effects observed at day 140. In contrast, relatively fewer changes in the testis transcriptome in fetuses exposed continuously to ECs throughout gestation are associated with less severe consequences. Unless corrected by or during puberty, these differential effects would predictably have adverse outcomes for adult testicular function and fertility.

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22

Carmona, Francisco D., Dario G. Lupianez, Jose-Ezequiel Martin, Miguel Burgos, Rafael Jimenez, and Federico Zurita. "The spatio-temporal pattern of testis organogenesis in mammals - insights from the mole." International Journal of Developmental Biology 53, no. 7 (2009): 1035–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.072470fc.

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23

Scaldaferri, Maria-Lucia, Stefania Fera, Laura Grisanti, Massimo Sanchez, Mario Stefanini, Massimo De Felici, and Elena Vicini. "Identification of side population cells in mouse primordial germ cells and prenatal testis." International Journal of Developmental Biology 55, no. 2 (2011): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.092977ms.

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24

De Felici, Massimo, and Susanna Dolci. "From testis to teratomas: a brief history of male germ cells in mammals." International Journal of Developmental Biology 57, no. 2-3-4 (2013): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.130069md.

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25

Das, Pragnya, Timothy J. Doyle, Donglin Liu, Jaspreet Kochar, Kwan Hee Kim, and Melissa B. Rogers. "Retinoic acid regulation of eye and testis-specific transcripts within a complex locus." Mechanisms of Development 124, no. 2 (February 2007): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mod.2006.10.004.

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26

Jakob, Susanne, Ryohei Sekido, and Robin Lovell-Badge. "09-P095 FOXL2 is able to repress the testis specific enhancer of SOX9." Mechanisms of Development 126 (August 2009): S178—S179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mod.2009.06.425.

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27

Skutella, Thomas. "Induced pluripotent stem cells from adult testis: a new source of stem cells?" Regenerative Medicine 4, no. 1 (January 2009): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/17460751.4.1.3.

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28

Massart, F., and G. Saggese. "Morphogenetic Targets and Genetics of Undescended Testis." Sexual Development 4, no. 6 (2010): 326–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000321006.

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Ostrer, H., H. Y. Huang, R. J. Masch, and E. Shapiro. "A Cellular Study of Human Testis Development." Sexual Development 1, no. 5 (2007): 286–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000108930.

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Clement, Tracy M., Matthew D. Anway, Mehmet Uzumcu, and Michael K. Skinner. "Regulation of the gonadal transcriptome during sex determination and testis morphogenesis: comparative candidate genes." Reproduction 134, no. 3 (September 2007): 455–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-06-0341.

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Gene expression profiles during sex determination and gonadal differentiation were investigated to identify new potential regulatory factors. Embryonic day 13 (E13), E14, and E16 rat testes and ovaries were used for microarray analysis, as well as E13 testis organ cultures that undergo testis morphogenesis and develop seminiferous cordsin vitro. A list of 109 genes resulted from a selective analysis for genes present in male gonadal development and with a 1.5-fold change in expression between E13 and E16. Characterization of these 109 genes potentially important for testis development revealed that cytoskeletal-associated proteins, extracellular matrix factors, and signaling factors were highly represented. Throughout the developmental period (E13–E16), sex-enriched transcripts were more prevalent in the male with 34 of the 109 genes having testis-enriched expression during sex determination. In ovaries, the total number of transcripts with a 1.5-fold change in expression between E13 and E16 was similar to the testis, but none of those genes were both ovary enriched and regulated during the developmental period. Genes conserved in sex determination were identified by comparing changing transcripts in the rat analysis herein, to transcripts altered in previously published mouse studies of gonadal sex determination. A comparison of changing mouse and rat transcripts identified 43 genes with species conservation in sex determination and testis development. Profiles of gene expression during E13–E16 rat testis and ovary development are presented and candidate genes for involvement in sex determination and testis differentiation are identified. Analysis of cellular pathways did not reveal any specific pathways involving multiple candidate genes. However, the genes and gene network identified influence numerous cellular processes with cellular differentiation, proliferation, focal contact, RNA localization, and development being predominant.

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Rodriguez-Sosa, Jose R., and Ina Dobrinski. "Recent developments in testis tissue xenografting." REPRODUCTION 138, no. 2 (August 2009): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-09-0012.

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Development of the mammalian testis and spermatogenesis involve complex processes of cell migration, proliferation, differentiation, and cell–cell interactions. Although our knowledge of these processes has increased in the last few decades, many aspects still remain unclear. The lack of suitable systems that allow to recapitulate and manipulate both testis development and spermatogenesisex situhas limited our ability to study these processes. In the last few years, two observations suggested novel strategies that will improve our ability to study and manipulate mammalian spermatogenesis: i) testis tissue from immature animals transplanted ectopically into immunodeficient mice is able to respond to mouse gonadotropins and to initiate and complete differentiation to the level where fertilization-competent sperm are obtained, and ii) isolated testis cells are able to organize and rearrange into seminiferous cords that subsequently undergo complete development, including production of viable sperm. The current paper reviews recent advances that have been obtained with both techniques that represent novel opportunities to explore testis development and spermatogenesis in diverse mammalian species.

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Jarman, M., and T. E. Thompson. "The testis temperature of anaesthetized quail." Reproduction 78, no. 1 (September 1, 1986): 307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.0780307.

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Campos, M. B., M. L. Vitale, R. S. Calandra, and S. R. Chiocchio. "Serotonergic innervation of the rat testis." Reproduction 88, no. 2 (March 1, 1990): 475–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.0880475.

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Gong, Eun-Yeung, Eunsook Park, Hyun Joo Lee, and Keesook Lee. "Expression of Atp8b3 in murine testis and its characterization as a testis specific P-type ATPase." REPRODUCTION 137, no. 2 (February 2009): 345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-08-0048.

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Spermatogenesis is a complex process that produces haploid motile sperms from diploid spermatogonia through dramatic morphological and biochemical changes. P-type ATPases, which support a variety of cellular processes, have been shown to play a role in the functioning of sperm. In this study, we isolated one putative androgen-regulated gene, which is the previously reported sperm-specific aminophospholipid transporter (Atp8b3, previously known asSaplt), and explored its expression pattern in murine testis and its biochemical characteristics as a P-type ATPase.Atp8b3is exclusively expressed in the testis and its expression is developmentally regulated during testicular development. Immunohistochemistry of the testis reveals thatAtp8b3is expressed only in germ cells, especially haploid spermatids, and the protein is localized in developing acrosomes. As expected, from its primary amino acid sequence, ATP8B3 has an ATPase activity and is phosphorylated by an ATP-producing acylphosphate intermediate, which is a signature property of the P-Type ATPases. Together, ATP8B3 may play a role in acrosome development and/or in sperm function during fertilization.

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Almeida, J., A. J. Conley, L. Mathewson, and B. A. Ball. "Expression of steroidogenic enzymes during equine testicular development." REPRODUCTION 141, no. 6 (June 2011): 841–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-10-0499.

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In the mammalian testis, Leydig cells are primarily responsible for steroidogenesis. In adult stallions, the major endocrine products of Leydig cells include testosterone and estrogens. 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4-isomerase (3βHSD) and 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (P450c17) are two key steroidogenic enzymes that regulate testosterone synthesis. Androgens produced by P450c17 serve as substrate for estrogen synthesis. The aim of this study was to investigate localization of the steroidogenic enzymes P450c17, 3βHSD, and P450arom and to determine changes in expression during development in the prepubertal, postpubertal, and adult equine testis based upon immunohistochemistry (IHC) and real-time quantitative PCR. Based on IHC, 3βHSD immunolabeling was observed within seminiferous tubules of prepubertal testes and decreased after puberty. On the other hand, immunolabeling of 3βHSD was very weak or absent in immature Leydig cells of prepubertal testes and increased after puberty. HSD3B1 (3βHSD gene) mRNA expression was higher in adult testes compared with prepubertal (P=0.0001) and postpubertal testes (P=0.0041). P450c17 immunolabeling was observed in small clusters of immature Leydig cells in prepubertal testes and increased after puberty. CYP17 (P450c17 gene) mRNA expression was higher in adult testes compared with prepubertal (P=0.030) and postpubertal testes (P=0.0318). A weak P450arom immunolabel was observed in immature Leydig cells of prepubertal testes and increased after puberty. Similarly, CYP19 (P450arom gene) mRNA expression was higher in adult testes compared with prepubertal (P=0.0001) and postpubertal (P=0.0001) testes. In conclusion, Leydig cells are the primary cell type responsible for androgen and estrogen production in the equine testis.

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Stukenborg, J. B., E. Colón, and O. Söder. "Ontogenesis of Testis Development and Function in Humans." Sexual Development 4, no. 4-5 (2010): 199–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000317090.

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Hahn, K. L., B. Beres, Megan J. Rowton, M. K. Skinner, Y. Chang, A. Rawls, and J. Wilson-Rawls. "A deficiency of lunatic fringe is associated with cystic dilation of the rete testis." REPRODUCTION 137, no. 1 (January 2009): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-08-0207.

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Lunatic fringebelongs to a family of β1–3N-acetyltransferases that modulate the affinity of the Notch receptors for their ligands through the elongation ofO-fucose moieties on their extracellular domain. A role for Notch signaling in vertebrate fertility has been predicted by the intricate expression of the Notch receptors and their ligands in the oocyte and granulosa cells of the ovary and the spermatozoa and Sertoli cells of the testis. It has been demonstrated that disruption of Notch signaling by inactivation of lunatic fringe led to infertility associated with pleiotropic defects in follicle development and meiotic maturation of oocytes. Lunatic fringe null males were found to be subfertile. Here, we report that gene expression data demonstrate that fringe and Notch signaling genes are expressed in the developing testis and the intratesticular ductal tract, predicting roles for this pathway during embryonic gonadogenesis and spermatogenesis. Spermatogenesis was not impaired in the majority of the lunatic fringe null males; however, spermatozoa were unilaterally absent in the epididymis of many mice. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis of these testes revealed the development of unilateral cystic dilation of the rete testis. Tracer dye experiments confirm a block in the connection between the rete testis and the efferent ducts. Further, the dye studies demonstrated that many lunatic fringe mutant males had partial blocks of the connection between the rete testis and the efferent ducts bilaterally.

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Farhan, Thaer M., and Aiman Al-Maathidy. "Histo-Functional Improvement of Mammalian Testis after Platelets-Rich Plasma Treatment." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 10, no. 3 (September 5, 2022): 8463–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2022.203.

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Background: Among new therapies emerging in the medical field, the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in human reproduction has not yet been explored. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has a potential effect on tissue repair through proliferation and differentiation of tissue progenitor cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of PRP on the testis structure and function in the rabbit model. Material and methods: A total of 30 male rabbits were recruited in this study. They were allocated into two groups (15 in each group) to receive an injection of PRP (PRP Group), or normal saline (Control Group) Results: there were statistically significant differences in Means of germinal layer width, Leydig cell number, and Sertoli cell number was significantly higher in the PRP group compared to that in the control group ( P ≤ 0.05). The PRP group had a higher means of sperm concentration and normal morphology compared with the control groups (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: the platelet-rich plasma is found to have a good potential effect on the testicular tissue that improved the histological and functional aspects and could be considered a promising future treatment for hypogonadism status in many disorders. Keywords: PRP, reproductive function, testis, Sertoli cells, Leydig cells, the height of the germinal layer KEY WORDS: Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP), Tissue Progenitor Cells, Testis.

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Nayak, Sudhir, Naomi Galili, and Clayton A. Buck. "Immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of two serine–threonine kinases in the maturing mouse testis." Mechanisms of Development 74, no. 1-2 (June 1998): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-4773(98)00060-4.

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Reding, Suzanne C., Aaron L. Stepnoski, Elizabeth W. Cloninger, and Jon M. Oatley. "THY1 is a conserved marker of undifferentiated spermatogonia in the pre-pubertal bull testis." REPRODUCTION 139, no. 5 (May 2010): 893–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-09-0513.

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The undifferentiated spermatogonial population consists of stem and progenitor germ cells which function to provide the foundation for spermatogenesis. The stem cell component, termed spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), is capable of self-renewal and differentiation. These unique attributes have made them a target for novel technologies to enhance reproductive function in males. With bulls, culture and transplantation of SSCs have the potential to enhance efficiency of cattle production and provide a novel avenue to generate transgenic animals. Isolation of SSCs is an essential component for the development of these techniques. In rodents and non-human primates, undifferentiated spermatogonia and SSCs express the surface marker THY1. The hypothesis tested in this study was that THY1 is a conserved marker of the undifferentiated spermatogonial population in bulls. Flow cytometric analyses showed that the THY1+ cell fraction comprises a rare sub-population in testes of pre-pubertal bulls. Immunocytochemical analyses of the isolated THY1+ fraction for expression of VASA showed that this cell population is comprised mostly of germ cells. Additionally, expression of the undifferentiated spermatogonial specific transcription factor promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF, ZBTB16) protein was found to be enriched in the isolated THY1+ testis cell fraction. Lastly, xenogeneic transplantation of bull testis cells into seminiferous tubules of immunodeficient mice resulted in greater than sixfold more colonies from isolated THY1+ cells compared to the unselected total testis cell population indicating SSC enrichment. Collectively, these results demonstrate that THY1 is a marker of undifferentiated spermatogonia in testes of pre-pubertal bulls, and isolation of THY1+ cells results in their enrichment from the total testis cell population.

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MacLeod, Graham, Peng Shang, Gregory T. Booth, Lucas A. Mastropaolo, Niloufar Manafpoursakha, A. Wayne Vogl, and Susannah Varmuza. "PPP1CC2 can form a kinase/phosphatase complex with the testis-specific proteins TSSK1 and TSKS in the mouse testis." REPRODUCTION 147, no. 1 (January 2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-13-0224.

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The mouse protein phosphatase genePpp1ccis essential for male fertility, with mutants displaying a failure in spermatogenesis including a widespread loss of post-meiotic germ cells and abnormalities in the mitochondrial sheath. This phenotype is hypothesized to be responsible for the loss of the testis-specific isoform PPP1CC2. To identify PPP1CC2-interacting proteins with a function in spermatogenesis, we carried out GST pull-down assays in mouse testis lysates. Amongst the identified candidate interactors was the testis-specific protein kinase TSSK1, which is also essential for male fertility. Subsequent interaction experiments confirmed the capability of PPP1CC2 to form a complex with TSSK1 mediated by the direct interaction of each with the kinase substrate protein TSKS. Interaction between PPP1CC2 and TSKS is mediated through an RVxF docking motif on the TSKS surface. Phosphoproteomic analysis of the mouse testis identified a novel serine phosphorylation site within the TSKS RVxF motif that appears to negatively regulate binding to PPP1CC2. Immunohistochemical analysis of TSSK1 and TSKS in thePpp1ccmutant testis showed reduced accumulation to distinct cytoplasmic foci and other abnormalities in their distribution consistent with the loss of germ cells and seminiferous tubule disorganization observed in thePpp1ccmutant phenotype. A comparison ofPpp1ccandTssk1/2knockout phenotypes via electron microscopy revealed similar abnormalities in the morphology of the mitochondrial sheath. These data demonstrate a novel kinase/phosphatase complex in the testis that could play a critical role in the completion of spermatogenesis.

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Meinhardt, A., M. K. O'Bryan, J. R. McFarlane, K. L. Loveland, C. Mallidis, L. M. Foulds, D. J. Phillips, and D. M. de Kretser. "Localization of follistatin in the rat testis." Reproduction 112, no. 2 (March 1, 1998): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.1120233.

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Setchell, B. P. "The Parkes Lecture Heat and the testis." Reproduction 114, no. 2 (November 1, 1998): 179–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.1140179.

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Miller, Siennah R., and Nathan J. Cherrington. "Transepithelial transport across the blood–testis barrier." Reproduction 156, no. 6 (December 2018): R187—R194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-18-0338.

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The blood–testis barrier protects developing germ cells by limiting the entry of xenobiotics into the adluminal compartment. There is strong evidence that the male genital tract can serve as a sanctuary site, an area of the body where tumors or viruses are able to survive treatments because most drugs are unable to reach therapeutic concentrations. Recent work has classified the expression and localization of endogenous transporters in the male genital tract as well as the discovery of a transepithelial transport pathway as the molecular mechanism by which nucleoside analogs may be able to circumvent the blood–testis barrier. Designing drug therapies that utilize transepithelial transport pathways may improve drug disposition to this sanctuary site. Strategies that improve disposition into the male genital tract could reduce the rate of testicular relapse, decrease viral load in semen, and improve therapeutic strategies for male fertility.

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Ewen, Katherine A., Inge A. Olesen, Sofia B. Winge, Ana R. Nielsen, John E. Nielsen, Niels Graem, Anders Juul, and Ewa Rajpert-De Meyts. "Expression of FGFR3 during human testis development and in germ cell-derived tumours of young adults." International Journal of Developmental Biology 57, no. 2-3-4 (2013): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.130022er.

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Shyu, Huey-Wen, Shih-Hsien Hsu, Hsiu-Mei Hsieh-Li, and Hung Li. "A novel member of the RBCC family, Trif, expressed specifically in the spermatids of mouse testis." Mechanisms of Development 108, no. 1-2 (October 2001): 213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-4773(01)00485-3.

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Dores, Camila, and Ina Dobrinski. "De novo morphogenesis of testis tissue: an improved bioassay to investigate the role of VEGF165 during testis formation." REPRODUCTION 148, no. 1 (July 2014): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-13-0303.

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De novo formation of testis tissue from single-cell suspensions allows manipulation of different testicular compartments before grafting to study testicular development and the spermatogonial stem cell niche. However, the low percentages of newly formed seminiferous tubules supporting complete spermatogenesis and lack of a defined protocol have limited the use of this bioassay. Low spermatogenic efficiency in de novo formed tissue could result from the scarcity of germ cells in the donor cell suspension, cell damage caused by handling or from hypoxia during tissue formation in the host environment. In this study, we compared different proportions of spermatogonia in the donor cell suspension and the use of Matrigel as a scaffold to support de novo tissue formation and spermatogenesis. Then, we used the system to investigate the role of vascular endothelial growth factor 165 (VEGF165) during testicular morphogenesis on blood vessel and seminiferous tubule formation, and on presence of germ cells in the de novo developed tubules. Our results show that donor cell pellets with 10×106 porcine neonatal testicular cells in Matrigel efficiently formed testis tissue de novo. Contrary to what was expected, the enrichment of the cell suspension with germ cells did not result in higher numbers of tubules supporting spermatogenesis. The addition of VEGF165 did not improve blood vessel or tubule formation, but it enhanced the number of tubules containing spermatogonia. These results indicate that spermatogenic efficiency was improved by the addition of Matrigel, and that VEGF165 may have a protective role supporting germ cell establishment in their niche.

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Albert, S., J. Ehmcke, J. Wistuba, K. Eildermann, R. Behr, S. Schlatt, and J. Gromoll. "Germ cell dynamics in the testis of the postnatal common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus)." REPRODUCTION 140, no. 5 (November 2010): 733–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-10-0235.

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The seminiferous epithelium in the nonhuman primate Callithrix jacchus is similarly organized to man. This monkey has therefore been used as a preclinical model for spermatogenesis and testicular stem cell physiology. However, little is known about the developmental dynamics of germ cells in the postnatal primate testis. In this study, we analyzed testes of newborn, 8-week-old, and adult marmosets employing immunohistochemistry using pluripotent stem cell and germ cell markers DDX4 (VASA), POU5F1 (OCT3/4), and TFAP2C (AP-2γ). Stereological and morphometric techniques were applied for quantitative analysis of germ cell populations and testicular histological changes. Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) of testicular mRNA was applied using 16 marker genes establishing the corresponding profiles during postnatal testicular development. Testis size increased during the first 8 weeks of life with the main driver being longitudinal outgrowth of seminiferous cords. The number of DDX4-positive cells per testis doubled between birth and 8 weeks of age whereas TFAP2C- and POU5F1-positive cells remained unchanged. This increase in DDX4-expressing cells indicates dynamic growth of the differentiated A-spermatogonial population. The presence of cells expressing POU5F1 and TFAP2C after 8 weeks reveals the persistence of less differentiated germ cells. The mRNA and protein profiles determined by qRT-PCR and western blot in newborn, 8-week-old, and adult marmosets corroborated the immunohistochemical findings. In conclusion, we demonstrated the presence of distinct spermatogonial subpopulations in the primate testis exhibiting different dynamics during early testicular development. Our study demonstrates the suitability of the marmoset testis as a model for human testicular development.

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Habert, René, Vincent Muczynski, Tiphany Grisin, Delphine Moison, Sébastien Messiaen, René Frydman, Alexandra Benachi, et al. "Concerns about the widespread use of rodent models for human risk assessments of endocrine disruptors." REPRODUCTION 147, no. 4 (April 2014): R119—R129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-13-0497.

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Fetal testis is a major target of endocrine disruptors (EDs). During the last 20 years, we have developed an organotypic culture system that maintains the function of the different fetal testis cell types and have used this approach as a toxicological test to evaluate the effects of various compounds on gametogenesis and steroidogenesis in rat, mouse and human testes. We named this test rat, mouse and human fetal testis assay. With this approach, we compared the effects of six potential EDs ((mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), cadmium, depleted uranium, diethylstilboestrol (DES), bisphenol A (BPA) and metformin) and one signalling molecule (retinoic acid (RA)) on the function of rat, mouse and human fetal testis at a comparable developmental stage. We found that the response is similar in humans and rodents for only one third of our analyses. For instance, RA and MEHP have similar negative effects on gametogenesis in the three species. For another third of our analyses, the threshold efficient concentrations that disturb gametogenesis and/or steroidogenesis differ as a function of the species. For instance, BPA and metformin have similar negative effects on steroidogenesis in human and rodents, but at different threshold doses. For the last third of our analyses, the qualitative response is species specific. For instance, MEHP and DES affect steroidogenesis in rodents, but not in human fetal testis. These species differences raise concerns about the extrapolation of data obtained in rodents to human health risk assessment and highlight the need of rigorous comparisons of the effects in human and rodent models, when assessing ED risk.

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Campos-Junior, Paulo Henrique Almeida, Guilherme Mattos Jardim Costa, Gleide Fernandes Avelar, Samyra Maria Santos Nassif Lacerda, Nathália Nogueira da Costa, Otávio Mitio Ohashi, Moysés dos Santos Miranda, et al. "Derivation of sperm from xenografted testis cells and tissues of the peccary (Tayassu tajacu)." REPRODUCTION 147, no. 3 (March 2014): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-13-0581.

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Because the collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu) has a peculiar Leydig cell cytoarchitecture, this species represents a unique mammalian model for investigating testis function. Taking advantage of the well-established and very useful testis xenograft technique, in the present study, testis tissue and testis cell suspensions from immature collared peccaries (n=4; 3 months old) were xenografted in SCID mice (n=48) and evaluated at 2, 4, 6, and 8 months after grafting. Complete spermatogenesis was observed at 6 and 8 months after testis tissue xenografting. However, probably due to de novo testis morphogenesis and low androgen secretion, functionally evaluated by the seminal vesicle weight, a delay in spermatogenesis progression was observed in the testis cell suspension xenografts, with the production of fertile sperm only at 8 months after grafting. Importantly, demonstrating that the peculiar testicular cytoarchitecture of the collared peccary is intrinsically programmed, the unique Leydig cell arrangement observed in this species was re-established after de novo testis morphogenesis. The sperm collected from the xenografts resulted in diploid embryos that expressed the paternally imprinted gene NNAT after ICSI. The present study is the first to demonstrate complete spermatogenesis with the production of fertile sperm from testis cell suspension xenografts in a wild mammalian species. Therefore, due to its unique testicular cytoarchitecture, xenograft techniques, particularly testis cell suspensions, may represent a new and very promising approach to evaluate testis morphogenesis and to investigate spermatogonial stem cell physiology and niche in the collared peccary.

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