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Journal articles on the topic 'Testudinidae. Ecology'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

SÁNCHEZ, JULIETA, JUAN A. HOLLEY, SEBASTIÁN POLJAK, ALEJANDRO D. BOLZÁN, and CLAUDIO M. BRAVI. "Phylogenetic and divergence time analysis of the Chelonoidis chilensis complex (Testudines: Testudinidae)." Zootaxa 4320, no. 3 (September 18, 2017): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4320.3.5.

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We present a phylogenetic and divergence time analysis of the Chelonoidis chilensis complex (the southernmost tortoises of South America) within crown Testudinidae. We compiled a dataset of 1118 bp cytochrome b (cyt b) sequences derived from 111 individuals sampled across the known geographic range of the species, and performed a phylogenetic analysis employing Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference methods. The resulting trees showed similar topologies and support values. The C. chilensis complex was always recovered as a monophyletic group composed by two major clades (i.e. haplogroups). The biogeographic distribution of one of these clades overlaps with the Dry Chaco eco–region, while the biogeographic distribution of the other overlaps with the Monte eco–region. In order to date the origin and diversification time of these two clades, we employed a previously published two-step molecular clock method. In the first step we dated the time of origin of C. chilensis as a clade within the Testudinidae family using new and previously published sequences, extinct testudinid taxa for age calibration and the Fossilized Birth-Death (FBD) model. In the second step we dated the divergence between the haplogroups of C. chilensis based on the time of origin estimated in the first step and a coalescent evolution model. Our results suggest that divergence between Dry Chaco and Monte tortoises may have occurred about 2.47 million of years ago. We interpret these results in the light of the environmental and geological changes that occurred during the late Pliocene to Middle Pleistocene of South America.

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2

Lichtig, Asher J., Steven E. Jasinski, and Spencer G. Lucas. "Eocene North American Testudinidae and Geoemydidae (Reptilia, Testudines): A Re-Evaluation of Their Alpha Taxonomy, Ecology, and Origin." Proceedings 24, no. 1 (June 4, 2019): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecg2019-06195.

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We describe new material, including juvenile specimens, of Hadrianus corsoni, Hadrianus majusculus, Echmatemys haydeni, and Echmatemys naomi. Testudinidae evolved in North America from one of the geoemydid-like forms in the genus Echmatemys, which have their lowest stratigraphic occurrence in the earliest Wasatchian North American land mammal “age” (early Eocene, Ypresian).

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3

Rose, Francis L. "Carapace Regeneration in Terrapene (Chelonia: Testudinidae)." Southwestern Naturalist 31, no. 1 (March 31, 1986): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3670981.

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4

Bouamer, Salah, and Serge Morand. "Phylogeny of Palaearctic Pharyngodonidae parasite species of Testudinidae: a morphological approach." Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, no. 11 (November 1, 2003): 1885–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-166.

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The phylogenetic relationships of 23 oxyurid species from five genera (21 parasite species of the Palaearctic Testudinidae, 1 parasite species of Uromastix acanthinurus Bell, 1825 from Algeria, and 1 parasite species of Cteno sa ura pectinata (Wiegmann, 1834) from Mexico) were investigated using 30 morphological characters obtained from species descriptions. The nonweighted analysis produced one shortest tree. All species of the ingroup form a monophyletic group and the oxyurid species of Testudinidae form a monophyletic group. The type species of the genus Alaeuris Thapar, 1925 is the basal member of the species parasitizing Testudinidae. The analysis confirms the monophyly of the genus Thaparia Ortlepp, 1933, whereas the genera Mehdiella Seurat, 1918 and Tachygonetria Wedl, 1862 are considered paraphyletic groups. The large diversification in the genus Tachygonetria is linked to their position in the host caecum. The ancestral state is in the paramucous and the derived state is in the centre of the caecum. This suggests that recent speciation in the group occurs in the centre of the caecum.

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5

Cook, C. A., N. J. Smit, and A. J. Davies. "Hemoproteids (Apicomplexa: Haemoproteidae) from South African Tortoises (Cryptodira: Testudinidae)." Journal of Parasitology 96, no. 6 (December 2010): 1168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/ge-2527.1.

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6

Barrett, Sheryl L., and Jeffrey A. Humphrey. "Agonistic Interactions between Gopherus agassizii (Testudinidae) and Heloderma suspectum (Helodermatidae)." Southwestern Naturalist 31, no. 2 (May 22, 1986): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3670576.

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7

Chan, Kin Onn, Mohd Abdul Muin, Shahrul Anuar, Joel Andam, Norazlinda Razak, and Mohd Azizol Aziz. "First checklist on the amphibians and reptiles of Mount Korbu, the second highest peak in Peninsular Malaysia." Check List 15, no. 6 (December 6, 2019): 1055–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/15.6.1055.

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This study represents the first report on the amphibians and reptiles of Mount Korbu, the highest peak in the Titiwangsa Range (2182 m a.s.l.) and the second highest peak in Peninsular Malaysia. The Titiwangsa Range is the longest and most contiguous mountain range in Peninsular Malaysia, but only three upland localities have been extensively sampled and published on, indicating the urgent need for fieldwork to new localities along this range. We documented 18 species of amphibians from the families Bufonidae, Dicroglossidae, Megophryidae, Microhylidae, Ranidae, and Rhacophoridae and 16 species of reptiles from the families Agamidae, Gekkonidae, Scincidae, Colubridae, Pareidae, Viperidae, Testudinidae, and Trionychidae. This study also records significant range extensions for four species and provides the first collated checklist on the herpetofauna of the Titiwangsa Range.

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8

MEYLAN, PETER, and WALTER AUFFENBERG. "New land tortoises (Testudines: Testudinidae) from the Miocene of Africa." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 86, no. 3 (March 1986): 279–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1986.tb01813.x.

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9

Hofmeyr, Margaretha D., and William R. Branch. "The padloper’s tortuous path (Chelonia: Testudinidae): Two genera, not one." African Journal of Herpetology 67, no. 2 (February 26, 2018): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21564574.2017.1398187.

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10

Calzolai, R., and G. Chelazzi. "Habitat use in a central Italy population ofTestudo hermanniGmelin (Reptilia Testudinidae)." Ethology Ecology & Evolution 3, no. 2 (May 1991): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927014.1991.9525381.

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11

Wetterer, James K., and Jon A. Moore. "RED IMPORTED FIRE ANTS (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) AT GOPHER TORTOISE (TESTUDINES: TESTUDINIDAE) BURROWS." Florida Entomologist 88, no. 4 (December 2005): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1653/0015-4040(2005)88[349:rifahf]2.0.co;2.

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12

FORLANI, A., B. CRESTANELLO, S. MANTOVANI, B. LIVOREIL, L. ZANE, G. BERTORELLE, and L. CONGIU. "Identification and characterization of microsatellite markers in Hermann's tortoise (Testudo hermanni, Testudinidae)." Molecular Ecology Notes 5, no. 2 (February 17, 2005): 228–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2005.00890.x.

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13

Edwards, Taylor, Caren S. Goldberg, Matthew E. Kaplan, Cecil R. Schwalbe, and Don E. Swann. "PCR primers for microsatellite loci in the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii, Testudinidae)." Molecular Ecology Notes 3, no. 4 (October 2003): 589–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-8286.2003.00521.x.

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14

Zenboudji, Saliha, Véronique Arnal, Marc Cheylan, Albert Bertolero, Geoffrey Druelle, Marie-Pierre Dubois, and Claudine Montgelard. "Isolation and Characterization of 32 Microsatellite Markers in Hermann's Tortoise, Testudo hermanni (Testudinidae)." Chelonian Conservation and Biology 17, no. 2 (December 18, 2018): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.2744/ccb-1257.1.

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15

Noss, A. J., R. R. Montaño F, F. Soria, S. L. Deem, C. V. Fiorello, and L. A. Fitzgerald. "Chelonoidis carbonaria(Testudines: Testudinidae) Activity Patterns and Burrow use in the Bolivian Chaco." South American Journal of Herpetology 8, no. 1 (April 2013): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2994/sajh-d-12-00028.1.

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16

Branch, William R. "A new species of tortoise of the genusHomopus(Chelonia: Testudinidae) from southern Namibia." African Journal of Herpetology 56, no. 1 (June 2007): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21564574.2007.9635550.

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17

McAllister, Chris T., Donald W. Duszynski, and David T. Roberts. "A New Coccidian (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from Galápagos Tortoise,Chelonoidissp. (Testudines: Testudinidae), from the Dallas Zoo." Journal of Parasitology 100, no. 1 (February 2014): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/13-307.1.

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18

Spitzweg, Cäcilia, Melita Vamberger, Flora Ihlow, Uwe Fritz, and Margaretha D. Hofmeyr. "How many species of angulate tortoises occur in Southern Africa? (Testudines: Testudinidae: Chersina )." Zoologica Scripta 49, no. 4 (April 20, 2020): 412–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12418.

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19

RHODIN, ANDERS G. J., and JOHN L. CARR. "A quarter millenium of uses and misuses of the turtle name Testudo scabra: Identification of the type specimens of T. scabra Linnaeus 1758 (= Rhinoclemmys punctularia) and T. scripta Thunberg in Schoepff 1792 (= Trachemys scripta scripta)." Zootaxa 2226, no. 1 (September 10, 2009): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2226.1.1.

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The turtle name Testudo scabra Linnaeus 1758 has variously and confusingly been used in association with nine different currently recognized nominal species in four separate families in both suborders of turtles. The name has not been recognized as valid since the early 1800s and has recently been synonymized as a nomen dubium under primarily two species: Emys trijuga Schweigger 1812 (= Melanochelys trijuga) and Testudo punctularia Daudin 1801 (= Rhinoclemmys punctularia) (both Geoemydidae). Other earlier attributions of the name, T. scabra L. sensu Statius Müller 1774, Schneider 1783, Retzius in Schoepff 1792, Thunberg in Schoepff 1792, Say 1824, or Agassiz 1857, have variously been referred to seven other currently recognized nominal species: two species of Leguat’s tortoises (= both Testudo vosmaeri Suckow 1798 = Cylindraspis vosmaeri, and/or Testudo peltastes Duméril and Bibron 1835 = Cylindraspis peltastes) (Testudinidae), Perrault’s tortoise (= Testudo indica Schneider 1783 = Cylindraspis indica) (Testudinidae), Testudo europaea Schneider 1783 (= Testudo orbicularis L. 1758 = Emys orbicularis) (Emydidae), Testudo galeata Schoepff 1792 (= Testudo subrufa Lacépède 1788 = Pelomedusa subrufa) (Pelomedusidae), Testudo scripta Schoepff 1792 (= Trachemys scripta) (Emydidae), and Testudo insculpta LeConte 1830 (= Glyptemys insculpta) (Emydidae). The previously unidentified type specimens of both T. scabra L. 1758 and Testudo scripta Schoepff 1792 have been located in the Linnaean and Thunbergian collections in Uppsala, Sweden. The latter species was described by Schoepff both as Testudo scabra sensu Thunberg and Testudo scripta Thunberg. Based on our examination, the holotype of Testudo scabra Linnaeus 1758 is Rhinoclemmys punctularia. To promote nomenclatural stability, we designate Testudo scabra Linnaeus 1758 as a nomen oblitum and nomen rejectum synonymized under Testudo punctularia Daudin 1801, already a nomen protectum. The type specimen of Testudo scripta Schoepff 1792 has not previously been identified, but is also present in the collection and represents Trachemys scripta scripta. Based on the circumstances of the description, the proper authorship of the name should be given as Testudo scripta Thunberg in Schoepff 1792, rather than T. scripta Schoepff 1792, as currently done.

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20

FRITZ, UWE, and OTTO KRAUS. "Comments on "Chersine Merrem, 1820 and Chersina Gray, 1831: a nomenclatural survey by Bour & Ohler, Zootaxa, 1752: 6668"." Zootaxa 1893, no. 1 (October 6, 2008): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1893.1.4.

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In a recent correspondence, Bour & Ohler (2008) readdress the question of whether or not Testudo hermanni Gmelin, 1789 is the type species of the genus-group names Chersine Merrem, 1820 and Medaestia Wussow, 1916 (Reptilia: Testudines: Testudinidae). The senior author, Roger Bour, co-authored the earlier description of a new genus-group name for T. hermanni (Eurotestudo Lapparent de Broin, Bour, Parham & Perälä, 2006), a name considered as an objective junior synonym of both Chersine and Medaestia by Fritz & Bininda-Emonds (2007) and Fritz & Havaš (2007), who argued that all three names are based on the same type species, T. hermanni. Bour & Ohler (2008) disputed this conclusion. In the present paper, we wish to clarify nomenclatural issues raised by Bour & Ohler (2008).

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21

Rouag, R., N. Ziane, and S. Benyacoub. "Home Range of the Spur-Thighed Tortoise, Testudo graeca (Testudines, Testudinidae), in the National Park of El Kala, Algeria." Vestnik Zoologii 51, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/vzoo-2017-0007.

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Abstract Spur-thighed tortoise is a vulnerable species, the local declines of populations require an imperative need for conservation. Research on habitat use is essential for understanding population ecology. To investigate the home range and movement patterns we studied a population which occupies an enclosed area of 30 ha in northeastern Algeria. Studies of movement showed that home ranges were substantially smaller than in Spain. This difference was due to the high trophic availability with significant richness in plants which make part of the diet of the tortoise. The home range varied from 0.287 ha in males to 0.354 ha for females; there was no sexual difference. The males are the most active with a distance of 3.79 m/d. Females and juveniles are respectively about 2.25 m/d and 2.11 m/d. The distance moved each day do not vary significantly by sex and ages. Results from this study are important for establishing conservation strategies for this vulnerable species.

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22

Bouamer, Salah, Serge Morand, and Robert Bourgat. "OXYUROIDS OF PALEARCTIC TESTUDINIDAE—NEW DEFINITION FORALAEURISSeurat, 1918 (NEMATODA: PHARYNGODONIDAE) AND REDESCRIPTION OFALAEURIS NUMIDICA(Seurat, 1918)." Journal of Parasitology 87, no. 1 (February 2001): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[0128:ooptnd]2.0.co;2.

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23

Das, Kulendra Chandra, and Abhik Gupta. "New distribution records of tortoises (Chelonia: Testudinidae) from Barak Valley, Assam, northeastern india with notes on ecology and vernacular traditional taxonomy." Journal of Threatened Taxa 7, no. 3 (March 26, 2015): 7017–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.o3623.7017-23.

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24

Fritz, Uwe, Markus Auer, Albert Bertolero, Marc Cheylan, Tiziano Fattizzo, Anna K. Hundsdorfer, Marcos Martin Sampayo, Joan L. Pretus, Pavel ŠirokY, and Michael Wink. "A rangewide phylogeography of Hermann's tortoise, Testudo hermanni (Reptilia: Testudines: Testudinidae): implications for taxonomy." Zoologica Scripta 35, no. 5 (September 2006): 531–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00242.x.

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25

Chelazzi, Guido, and Giovanni Delfino. "A Field Test on the Use of Olfaction in Homing by Testudo hermanni (Reptilia: Testudinidae)." Journal of Herpetology 20, no. 3 (September 1986): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1564513.

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26

Perälä, Jarmo, and Jarmo Perala. "A New Species of Testudo (Testudines: Testudinidae) from the Middle East, with Implications for Conservation." Journal of Herpetology 35, no. 4 (December 2001): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1565894.

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27

Luiselli, Luca, Edoardo Politano, and Jerry Lea. "Assessment of the Vulnerable Status of Kinixys homeana (Testudines: Testudinidae) for the IUCN Red List." Chelonian Conservation and Biology 5, no. 1 (2006): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.2744/1071-8443(2006)5[130:aotvso]2.0.co;2.

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28

Fujii, Akiko, and Michael R. J. Forstner. "Genetic Variation and Population Structure of the Texas Tortoise, Gopherus berlandieri (Testudinidae), with Implications for Conservation." Chelonian Conservation and Biology 9, no. 1 (June 2010): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2744/ccb-0786.1.

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29

Lawson, Dwight P. "Morphometrics and sexual dimorphism of the hinge‐back tortoisesKinixys erosaandKinixys homeana(Reptilia: Testudinidae) in southwestern Cameroon." African Journal of Herpetology 50, no. 1 (June 2001): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21564574.2001.9635445.

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30

Takahashi, Akio, Hiroyuki Otsuka, and Ren Hirayama. "A new species of the genus Manouria (Testudines: Testudinidae) from the Upper Pleistocene of the Ryukyu Islands, Japan." Paleontological Research 7, no. 3 (September 30, 2003): 195–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.2517/prpsj.7.195.

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31

Bouamer, Salah, and Serge Morand. "TWO NEW HETERAKID (NEMATODA) SPECIES FROM KINIXYS EROSA (SCHWEIGGER, 1812), (CHELONII: TESTUDINIDAE) IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO." Journal of Parasitology 93, no. 3 (June 2007): 639–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/ge-988r.1.

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32

Perälä, Jarmo. "Assessment of the Threatened Status of Testudo werneri Perälä, 2001 (Testudines: Testudinidae) for the IUCN Red List." Chelonian Conservation and Biology 5, no. 1 (2006): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2744/1071-8443(2006)5[57:aottso]2.0.co;2.

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33

Bouamer, Salah, Serge Morand, and Robert Bourgat. "Oxyuroids of Palearctic Testudinidae: New Definition for Alaeuris Seurat, 1918 (Nematoda: Pharyngodonidae) and Redescription of Alaeuris numidica (Seurat, 1918)." Journal of Parasitology 87, no. 1 (February 2001): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3285187.

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34

van der Kuyl, Antoinette C., Donato L. Ph. Ballasina, John T. Dekker, Jolanda Maas, Ronald E. Willemsen, and Jaap Goudsmit. "Phylogenetic Relationships among the Species of the Genus Testudo (Testudines: Testudinidae) Inferred from Mitochondrial 12S rRNA Gene Sequences." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 22, no. 2 (February 2002): 174–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/mpev.2001.1052.

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35

Cutuli, Giulia, Stefano Cannicci, Marco Vannini, and Sara Fratini. "Influence of male courtship intensity and male-male competition on paternity distribution in Hermann's tortoise,Testudo hermanni hermanni(Chelonia: Testudinidae)." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 111, no. 3 (February 21, 2014): 656–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bij.12243.

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36

Wang, Ellen, Camila I. Donatti, Vanda L. Ferreira, Josué Raizer, and Jeffrey Himmelstein. "Food Habits and Notes on the Biology ofChelonoidis carbonaria(Spix 1824) (Testudinidae, Chelonia) in the Southern Pantanal, Brazil." South American Journal of Herpetology 6, no. 1 (April 2011): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2994/057.006.0102.

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37

Spitzweg, Cäcilia, Margaretha D. Hofmeyr, Uwe Fritz, and Melita Vamberger. "Leopard tortoises in southern Africa have greater genetic diversity in the north than in the south (Testudinidae)." Zoologica Scripta 48, no. 1 (November 28, 2018): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12328.

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38

Široký, P., M. Kamler, and D. Modrý. "LONG-TERM OCCURRENCE OF HEMOLIVIA CF. MAURITANICA (APICOMPLEXA: ADELEINA: HAEMOGREGARINIDAE) IN CAPTIVE TESTUDO MARGINATA (REPTILIA: TESTUDINIDAE): EVIDENCE FOR CYCLIC MEROGONY?" Journal of Parasitology 90, no. 6 (December 2004): 1391–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/ge-3306.

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39

Crumly, C. R., and M. R. Sánchez-Villagra. "Patterns of variation in the phalangeal formulae of land tortoises (Testudinidae): Developmental constraint, size, and phylogenetic history." Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution 302B, no. 2 (March 15, 2004): 134–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.b.20010.

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40

PEREZ, MELANIE, ROGER BOUR, JOSIE LAMBOURDIERE, SARAH SAMADI, and MARIE-CATHERINE BOISSELIER. "Isolation and characterization of eight microsatellite loci for the study of gene flow between Testudo marginata and Testudo weissingeri (Testudines: Testudinidae)." Molecular Ecology Notes 6, no. 4 (August 24, 2006): 1096–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2006.01445.x.

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41

Vargas-Ramírez, Mario, Jérôme Maran, and Uwe Fritz. "Red- and yellow-footed tortoises, Chelonoidis carbonaria and C. denticulata (Reptilia: Testudines: Testudinidae), in South American savannahs and forests: do their phylogeographies reflect distinct habitats?" Organisms Diversity & Evolution 10, no. 2 (March 30, 2010): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-010-0016-0.

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42

FRAZIER, J., and PAT MATYOT. "On the identity of Monsieur Dussumier’s Dutch tortoise and the lectotype of Testudo dussumieri Gray, 1831." Zootaxa 2665, no. 1 (November 3, 2010): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2665.1.2.

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Although it was forgotten for over a century, the binomen Testudo dussumieri Gray, 1831, is an available name, and the specimen RMNH 3231 deposited in the natural history museum of Leiden – evidently one of the two original syntypes of T. dussumieri – has been designated as the lectotype of this taxon. Recently several authors have actively promoted this as the name-bearing type for the Aldabra tortoise, escalating debates in which this chelonian has been immersed for nearly two decades. This lectotype designation is highly significant to nomenclatural and taxonomic disputes regarding tortoises (Testudinidae), living and extinct, from the western Indian Ocean; and an attempt has been made in this paper to compile all information relevant to the lectotype as well as to better understand the history of the binomen applied to it. Several critical aspects of the history are uncertain and open to speculation. The provenance of RMNH 3231 is unknown and unlikely to be Aldabra Atoll; the specimen was most likely collected in the granitic Seychelles, between 1823 and 1829. The combination of estimated date and locality of collection raises the possibility that the lectotype is not an Aldabra tortoise, but rather an extinct taxon from the granitic Seychelles. It is concluded that RMNH 3231 is not a suitable name-bearing type for the Aldabra tortoise, and the continued use of the name T. dussumieri will cause persistent nomenclatural and taxonomic confusion and unending debate.

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43

Austin, Jeremy J., E. Nicholas Arnold, and Roger Bour. "Was there a second adaptive radiation of giant tortoises in the Indian Ocean? Using mitochondrial DNA to investigate speciation and biogeography of Aldabrachelys (Reptilia, Testudinidae)." Molecular Ecology 12, no. 6 (May 16, 2003): 1415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01842.x.

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44

Hailey, Adrian. "Digestive efficiency and gut morphology of omnivorous and herbivorous African tortoises." Canadian Journal of Zoology 75, no. 5 (May 1, 1997): 787–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-100.

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Most of the 42 living species of tortoise (Testudinidae) are herbivorous, feeding largely on vascular plants, with the exception of the genus Kinixys, which is omnivorous. A comparison of Kinixys spekii and Geochelone pardalis showed the following significant differences. The large intestine was shorter in K. spekii (86% of plastron length and 1.8% of body mass) than in G. pardalis (246 and 2.5%) and held a smaller proportion of the total gut contents (44 and 62%, respectively). The apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of organic matter was lower in K. spekii (77%) than in G. pardalis (82%) fed kale; the ADC of holocellulose was higher and did not differ between the two species. Kinixys spekii did not readily consume grass, which is more difficult to digest than kale; the ADC of organic matter was 64% in G. pardalis. The time to first excretion (t0) was lower in K. spekii (2.2 days) than in G. pardalis (3.8 days). Other measures of retention time (t50, tmax, and [Formula: see text]) did not differ between the species, or between the two diets in G. pardalis. Analysis of published data on chelonians fed foliage shows that the ratio of large intestine to small intestine lengths is significantly related to gut retention time (r = 0.88) but not to the ADC (r = −0.28). Thus, although the short large intestine of K. spekii slightly reduces the gut retention time and digestibility of dicotyledonous leaves, the most important effect is a low ability to process grass and other coarse vegetation.

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45

Murphy, Robert, Kristin Berry, Taylor Edwards, Alan Leviton, Amy Lathrop, and J. Daren Riedle. "The dazed and confused identity of Agassiz’s land tortoise, Gopherus agassizii (Testudines: Testudinidae) with the description of a new species and its consequences for conservation." ZooKeys 113 (June 28, 2011): 39–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.113.1353.

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46

Hichami, Nawal, Mohammed Znari, Mohamed Naimi, and Salwa Namous. "Clutch, egg and hatchling characteristics in the Souss Valley tortoises,Testudo graeca soussensisPieh, 2001 (Testudines: Testudinidae) from an arid steppe-land of west-central Morocco." African Journal of Herpetology 65, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21564574.2015.1136701.

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Zacarías, Gerardo Gabriel, Marcelo Saúl de la Fuente, Marta Susana Fernández, and Alfredo Eduardo Zurita. "Nueva Especie de Tortuga Terrestre Gigante del Género Chelonoidis Fitzinger, 1835 (Cryptodira: Testudinidae), del Miembro Inferior de la Formación Toropí/ Yupoí (Pleistoceno Tardío/ Lujanense), Bella Vista, Corrientes, Argentina." Ameghiniana 50, no. 3 (June 1, 2013): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.5710/amgh.05.03.2013.549.

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48

Zhao, Zhongning, Neil Heideman, Paul Grobler, Adriaan Jordaan, Phillip Bester, and Margaretha D. Hofmeyr. "Unraveling the diversification and systematic puzzle of the highly polymorphic Psammobates tentorius (Bell, 1828) complex (Reptilia: Testudinidae) through phylogenetic analyses and species delimitation approaches." Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 58, no. 1 (December 3, 2019): 308–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jzs.12338.

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49

Danilov, Igor G., and Alexander O. Averianov. "New Data on the Turtles from the Early Eocene of Kirghizia." Russian Journal of Herpetology 4, no. 1 (October 15, 2011): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.30906/1026-2296-1997-4-1-40-45.

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Based on new material from the Andarak 2 locality in southern Kirghizia (early Eocene, late Ypresian), the testudinid Ergilemys vialovi Ckhikvadze, 1984, is assigned to the subgenus Hadrianus Cope, 1872, of the genus Manouria Gray, 1852. Part of the humerus of the oldest known cheloniine sea turtle is described from the same locality. The cheloniine sea turtles might have evolved during the Ypresian, an interval during which Cenozoic sea turtles were exceptionally diverse.

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Pérez-García, Adán, Francisco Ortega, and Emiliano Jiménez Fuentes. "Taxonomy, systematics, and diversity of the European oldest testudinids." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 177, no. 3 (June 13, 2016): 648–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12381.

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