Academic literature on the topic 'Teton women'

Since 1950, detailed records of all climbing accidents in Grand Teton National Park were maintained by rangers (and others) involved in rescue. In this paper, we present: 1) an overall summary of backcountry accidents, their locations, and causes since 1950; 2) several summaries of the accidents by decades, locations and activity levels; 3) a fatality synopsis; and 4) an in-depth overview of the current accident trend from 1994 through 1996, which includes a male and female accident profile, cause and location summary, cost analysis, and other important information. From 1950 through 1996, 609 significant backcountry accidents have occurred, resulting in an average of about 13 incidents per year. The two categories involving the greatest number of accidents include Fall on Rocks (195) and Fall on Snow (155). Most accidents occurred during the 1970's, and are currently on the decline. Accidents caused by Rockfall or Icefall were most prevalent in the 1960's, indicating that perhaps many of the popular routes were "cleaned" during this time period. From 1950 through the 1970's, the accident rate, when scaled for activity level during the decades, increased. Since the 1970's, the rate has decreased to a low in the 1990's (0.22%). The overall scaled accident rate for the period from 1950 through 1996 was 0.31%. The vast majority of climbing accidents occur in the Central and Northern climbing areas. In the Central Climbing area, the Grand Teton has the greatest number of incidents (121), followed by Disappointment Peak (39), Middle Teton (38), and Teewinot Mountain (32). In the Northern Climbing area, Symmetry Spire exhibits the greatest number of accidents (39). When examined by decades after being scaled for decade activity, a decline in the number of accident incidents for the 1990's is displayed in nearly all locations. One exception is Albright Peak in the Southern Climbing area, which shows a steady increase in incidents over the decades. Although the Grand Teton has experienced the greatest number of climbing accidents, the relative number of incidents is low when scaled for climbing activity. Interestingly, Storm Point and Symmetry Spire in the Northern Climbing area actually exhibit the greatest number of incidents when backcountry activity is taken into account. Cascade Canyon receives the greatest number of non-climbing incidents, both in actual numbers and when scaled for backcountry activity. Most fatalities in the Tetons result from unroped falls from rock that occur while ascending and descending routes. The current accident trend (1994-1996) indicates that falls on snow are the most prevalent cause of accidents, followed by falls on rock. The Grand Teton and Middle Teton experience the greatest number of climbing accidents, but when scaled for climbing activity, Storm Point and Mt. Owen experience the greatest number of accidents. Cascade Canyon has the greatest number of non­climbing accidents, but when scaled for backcountry activity, Garnet Canyon demonstrates the greatest number of accidents. Most women who experience accidents in the Tetons suffer from falls on snow, have an average age of 29.7 years, and almost always fall during the descent. Most men who experience accidents in the Tetons suffer from falls on snow and have an average age of 35.7 years. Fifty-seven percent of men who experience accidents on climbing trips fall during the descent. Two accident situations involving only men were getting stuck and falling during rappel. Most accidents are currently reported by people from other parties; however, 25% of the reports come from backcountty rangers in the field. The use of cell phones to report accidents has grown dramatically. Recently, there has been an average of 119 incidents per year involving some form of rescue response, at an average annual cost of $73,215.21.

Since 1950, detailed records of all climbing accidents in Grand Teton National Park were maintained by rangers (and others) involved in rescue. In this paper, we present: 1) an overall summary of backcountry accidents, their locations, and causes since 1950; 2) several summaries of the accidents by decades, locations and activity levels; 3) a fatality synopsis; and 4) an in-depth overview of the current accident trend from 1994 through 1996, which includes a male and female accident profile, cause and location summary, cost analysis, and other information.From 1950 through 1996, 609 significant backcountry accidents have occurred, resulting in an average of about 13 incidents per year. The two categories involving the greatest number of accidents include Fall on Rocks (195) and Fall on Snow (155). Most accidents occurred during the 1970's, and are currently on the decline. Accidents caused by Rockfall or Icefall were most prevalent in the 1960's, indicating that perhaps many of the popular routes were "cleaned" during this time period. From 1950 through the 1970's, the accident rate, when scaled for activity level during the decades, increased. Since the 1970's, the rate has decreased to a low in the 1990's (0.22 %). The overall scaled accident rate for the period from 1950 through 1996 was 0.31%. The vast majority of climbing accidents occur in the Central and Northern climbing areas. In the Central Climbing area, the Grand Teton has the greatest number of incidents (121), followed by Disappointment Peak (39), Middle Teton (38), and Teewinot Mountain (32). In the Northern Climbing area, Symmetry Spire exhibits the greatest number of accidents (39). When examined by decades after being scaled for decade activity, a decline in the number of accident incidents for the 1990's is displayed in nearly all locations. One exception is Albright Peak in the Southern Climbing area, which shows a steady increase in incidents over the decades. Although the Grand Teton has experienced the greatest number of climbing accidents, the relative number of incidents is low when scaled for climbing level. Interestingly, Storm Point and Symmetry Spire in the Northern Climbing area actually exhibit the greatest number of incidents when backcountry activity is taken into account. Cascade Canyon receives the greatest number of non-climbing incidents, both in actual numbers and when scaled for backcountry activity. Most fatalities in the Tetons result from unroped falls from rock that occur while ascending and descending routes. The current accident trend (1994-1996) indicates that falls on snow are the most prevalent cause of accidents, followed by falls on rock. The Grand Teton and Middle Teton have the greatest number of climbing accidents, but when scaled for climbing activity, Storm Point and Mt. Owen have the greatest number of accidents. Cascade Canyon has the greatest number of non-climbing accidents, but when scaled for backcountry activity, Garnet Canyon demonstrates the greatest number of accidents. Most women who experience accidents in the Tetons suffer from falls on snow, have an average age of 29.7 years, and almost always fall during the descent. Most men who experience accidents in the Tetons suffer from falls on snow, and have an average age of 35.7. Fifty-seven percent of men who experience accidents on climbing trips also fall during the descent. Two accidents involving only men were situations associated with getting stuck and falls during rappel. Most accidents are currently reported by people from other parties; however, 25% of the reports come from backcountry rangers in the field. The use of cell phones to report accidents has grown dramatically. Recently, there has been an average of 119 incidents per year involving some form of rescue response, at an average annual cost of $73,215.21.

The DENND1A locus is associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a disorder characterized by androgen excess. Theca cells from ovaries of PCOS women have elevated levels of a DENND1A splice variant (DENND1A.V2). Forced expression of this variant in normal theca cells increases androgen biosynthesis and CYP17A1 expression, whereas knockdown of the transcript in PCOS theca cells reduced androgen production and CYP17A1 mRNA. We attempted to create a murine model of PCOS by expressing hDENND1A.V2 using standard transgenic approaches. There is no DENND1A.V2 protein equivalent in mice, and the murine Dennd1a gene is essential for viability since Dennd1a knockout mice are embryonically lethal, suggesting that Dennd1a is developmentally critical. Three different hDENND1A.V2 transgenic mice lines were created using CMV, Lhcgr, and TetOn promoters. The hDENND1A.V2 mice expressed hDENND1A.V2 transcripts. While hDENND1A.V2 protein was not detectable by Western blot analyses, appropriate hDENND1A.V2 immunohistochemical staining was observed. Corresponding Cyp17a1 mRNA levels were elevated in ovaries and adrenals of CMV transgenic mice, as were plasma steroid production by theca interstitial cells isolated from transgenic ovaries. Even though the impact of robust hDENND1A.V2 expression could not be characterized, our findings are consistent with the notion that elevated hDENND1A.V2 has a role in the hyperandrogenemia of PCOS.

This qualitative research focused on the linguistic variations of the matrilineal society of Tetun ethnic background in Belu, East Nusa Tenggara. The purpose of this study is to describe differences in the use of prosodic features, lexicons, and imperative sentences between men and women. The informants were determined by using a snowball sampling technique. Data were collected by means of nonparticipatory method through recording technique and interviews. The result of this study indicates that there are differences in the linguistic variations between men and women. In terms of prosodic features, women tend to lengthen a vowel sound at the end of a word. In the lexicon level, the word he’e ‘yes’ is used by men and women in formal and informal situation whereas hi’i ‘yes’ is used only by women in informal situation. In addition, there is a difference in the use of address terms. Women use mane and bo’o for boys while men use bete and bu’i for girls in addressing their children. In the syntactic level, men use more varied types of imperative sentences. The data show that although women occupy a superordinate position in the society, they tend to use more polite imperative utterances.

KTH Agro Sumber Rejeki is one of the forest farmer groups located in the Register 40 production forest area in South Lampung Regency. This community service in the context of diversifying non-timber forest products (NTFPs), namely citronella oil. The purpose of this community service activity is to provide knowledge, technical production skills and quality requirements for citronella massage oil and telon oil, through empowering women from KTH Agro Sumber Rejeki. The method used in this PKM activity consisting of several stages, first technical guidance for making telon citronella oil and citronella sequence oil with 3 variants: natural, lemon and rose as well as counseling on herbal medicine quality requirements The effectiveness of PKM activities is evaluated by carrying out a pretest and postest. The average postest score was 83.53, an increase of 49.41 points from the pretest score with a total score of 100. The evaluation results showed that there was an increase in knowledge and technical skills in making telon citronella oil and citronella massage oil and also understanding the quality requirements of herbal medicines in women of KTH Agro Sumber Rejeki. . Keywords: Citronella, Massage Oil, Telon Oil

Napan village is located in the Indonesia-Timor Leste border region whose people speak in Dawan and Indonesian. The problem in this studyare the accommodation of Dawan speakers, what is the direction of their accommodation between languages, and how do speakers’ who accommodate at the syntactic level based on gender and age groupThis study aims to identify the level of syntax used in language accommodation and its frequency based on the characteristics of respondents in Napan Village, the Indonesia-Timor Leste border region, East Nusa Tenggara. The method of the study is the survey method with 72 respondents of Dawan speakers which are divided into 36 men and 36 women as the samples. The results show that speakers of Dawan accommodate the language because of the security, familiarity, and growing trust within the speech participants. Speakers of Dawan are very positive about their language, positive about Indonesian language and quite positive about the languages of the neighboring country, namely Tetun Portu or Tetun Dili. Speakers of the Dawan language accommodate the Tetun Portu or Tetun Dili language at the lexical level, phrases, sentences, and expressions. Based on gender, female speakers of Dawan accommodate the Tetun Portu or Tetun Dili language (9.7%) more than male speakers (8.3%). Meanwhile, male speakers of Dawan (41.7%) are less accommodative to Tetun Portu or Tetun Dili than female speakers (40.3%). Based on age, speakers of Dawan who accommodate the Tetun Portu or Tetun Dili languages dominantly come from the ages of 26--50 years old (8.3%) compared to ages less than 25 years old (5.5%) and more than 51 years old (4, 2%). In addition, speakers of Dawan who do not accommodate the Tetun Portu or Tetun Dili languages are speakers older than 51 years old (29.2%) more dominant than those aged less than 25 years (27.8%) and those aged between 26-50 years (25%). ABSTRAKDesa Napan terletak di wilayah perbatasan Indonesia-Timor Leste yang masyarakatnya bertutur dalam bahasa Dawan dan bahasa Indonesia. Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini ialah mengapa penutur bahasa Dawan berakomodasi, bagaimana arah akomodasi antarbahasa, dan bagaimana penutur yang berakomodasi pada tataran sintaksis berdasarkan jenis kelamin dan kelompok usia? Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi tataran sintaksis yang digunakan dalam akomodasi bahasa dan frekuensinya berdasarkan karakteristik responden di Desa Napan, wilayah perbatasan Indonesia-Timor Leste, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan metode survei. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 72 responden penutur bahasa Dawan, yang terdiri atas 36 pria dan 36 wanita. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penutur bahasa Dawan di Desa Napan berakomodasi karena kenyamanan, keakraban, dan untuk menumbuhkan rasa percaya mitra tutur. Penutur bahasa Dawan sangat positif terhadap daerahnya (bahasa Dawan), positif terhadap bahasa Indonesia, dan cukup positif terhadap bahasa negara tetangga, yaitu bahasa Tetun Portu atau Tetun Dili. Penutur bahasa Dawan berakomodasi terhadap bahasa Tetun Portu atau Tetun Dili pada tataran leksikal, frasa, kalimat, dan ungkapan. Berdasarkan jenis kelamin, penutur perempuan bahasa Dawan yang berakomodasi terhadap bahasa Tetun Portu atau Tetun Dili (9,7%) lebih dominan daripada laki-laki (8,3%). Sementara itu, penutur laki-laki bahasa Dawan yang tidak berakomodasi terhadap bahasa Tetun Portu atau Tetun Dili (41,7%) lebih dominan daripada perempuan (40,3%). Berdasarkan kelompok usia, penutur bahasa Dawan yang berakomodasi terhadap bahasa Tetun Portu atau Tetun Dili tampak dominan yang berusia 26—50 tahun (8,3%) dibandingkan dengan yang berusia <25 tahun (5,5%) dan > 51 tahun (4,2%). Di samping itu, penutur bahasa Dawan yang tidak berakomodasi bahasa adalah penutur yang berusia >51 tahun (29,2%) lebih dominan daripada yang berusia <25 tahun (27,8%) dan yang berusia 26—50 tahun (25%).

This 75-year-old woman had phacomorphic angle closure, dense nuclear sclerosis, deep set eye, miotic pupil and tight corneal wound during phacoemulsification. Phacoemulsification wound burn was noted at the end of surgery. Tenon was harvested from the inferior conjunctiva, placed over the gape and anchored by two radial corneoscleral 10–0 nylon. Ten days later, anterior optical coherence tomography showed good wound apposition and sutures were removed with visual recovery to 20/25 (6/7.5) without astigmatism.

Group B streptococcus (GBS) is a commensal bacterium of the human gastrointestinal and genital tracts. It is a leading cause of neonatal sepsis and meningitis, and has also been recognized as an important pathogen in pregnant women and the elderly. We investigated mechanisms of macrolide and tetracycline resistance in GBS colonizing women in Egypt. A total of 100 isolates were screened using standard antibiotic susceptibility tests. A multiplex PCR assay was used to detect macrolide- and tetracycline-resistance determinants. All isolates were uniformly susceptible to penicillin G, ampicillin, cefotaxime, vancomycin and levofloxacin. The resistance rates to erythromycin, clindamycin, azithromycin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol were 17, 14, 16, 98 and 1 %, respectively. Among the erythromycin-resistant isolates, 82.4 % had constitutive macrolide–lincosamide–streptogramin B (cMLSB) resistance, 5.9 % had inducible MLSB (iMLSB) resistance and 11.8 % had M phenotype resistance. Among the cMLSB phenotypes, 64.3 % of isolates harboured the ermB gene and 35.7 % of isolates harboured none of the investigated macrolide-resistance genes. The single strain expressing the iMLSB phenotype possessed the ermA gene. Of the two strains with the M phenotype, only one possessed the mefA/E gene. Conversely, seven macrolide-sensitive strains (MIC <0.03 µg ml−1) were ermB positive and one macrolide-sensitive strain (MIC <0.03 µg ml−1) harboured mefA/E. Tetracycline resistance was predominantly due to tetM, which was detected alone (83.7 %) or in association with tetL (12.2 %), tetK (1 %) or tetO (1 %). One strain carried tetM associated with both tetL and tetK, and another strain carried tetO alone. The tetO strains were positive for the mefA/E gene, and the tetL and tetK carrier strains harboured the ermB gene. Susceptible strains harbouring but not expressing an antibiotic-resistance gene should be regarded as potentially resistant. These results emphasize the need to monitor the epidemiology of GBS antibiotic resistance in Egypt.

ABSTRACTBackground: Leucorrhea is a problem that is often experienced by women. Female adolescents have inadequate knowledge about handling and preventing leucorrhea. This inadequate knowledge has an impact on the perception that leucorrhea will not affect their health. But in reality, for the last 3 (three) years from 2014 to 2016, there was an increase in complaints according to the screening results by Puskesmas Temon 2 (Community Health Center). Because of this reason, interventions are needed regarding the knowledge about leucorrhea prevention applying the Health Belief Model (HBM) theory, including perceptions of seriousness, vulnerability, benefits, obstacles, and impulse to act that can be measured by a perceptual score.Objectives: This study aimed to determine the effect of reproductive health counseling on the perceptual score of seriousness, vulnerability, benefits, obstacles, and impulse to act involving female students’ perceptions in leucorrhea prevention behavior of SMAN 1 Temon (Senior High School) before and after health counseling. The score was measured by the HBM.Methods: The research was a quasi-experimental study with a time series design. The population of this research was the female students of class X and XI SMAN 1 Temon. The sample consisted of 55 female students who had fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria by using simple random sampling technique. Data were analyzed using eepeated ANOVA test with significance level (α) of 0.05.Results: The results of this study indicated that there were significant differences in perception scores (p = 0.000) before counseling and after counseling in perceptions of seriousness in prevention, vulnerability to leucorrhea, benefits in prevention, barriers to preventive action, encouragement to act and total HBM score. Conclusions: Reproductive health counseling about leucorrhea based on the Health Belief Model theory is effective to improve female adolescent students' perception in taking action to prevent leucorrhea, especially in perception scores of seriousness, vulnerability, benefits, obstacles, and impulse to act in leucorrhea prevention behavior of female students in SMAN 1 Temon.

In 2018, KPAI noted that 84% of students in Indonesia had experienced violence at school. The research conducted by Jannah (2018) on early adolescents at Surabaya A Junior High School revealed that 76% of students had hit, 66% had fought, 46% had damaged items when angry, 90% had been hostile, 84% were angry and indicated adolescents tend to be prone to aggressive behavior. Adolescents who are male have a tendency to behave aggressively higher when compared to women (Santrock, 2007). The development of impulsive aggression involves emotional processes (Teten et al, 2008). Emotional states during adolescence are characterized by unstable and turbulent emotions, so that the mood can change quickly. Teenagers are said to have reached emotional maturity if they do not "blow up" their emotions in front of other people but wait for a more appropriate time and place to express their emotions in ways that are more acceptable. Adolescents whose emotions mature provide stable emotional reactions, do not change from one emotion or mood to another. The difficulty of reacting to emotions is called alexithymia. According to Sadock & Virginia (2010), alexithymia is a person's inability to describe or have difficulty describing or being aware of his emotions or mood. Goleman (2017) states that emotional blindness will cause several disadvantages including aggressive behavior. Research shows that high alexithymia levels are associated with high aggressive behavior and impulsive behavior (Teten et al, 2008). Salminen et al. (1998) stated that men were more likely to be not expressive in conveying emotions so that the possibility of alexithymia occurring in men was more than women. Based on the theoretical study above, there is an association between alexithymia and aggressive behavior in male adolescents.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Gestão e Políticas Públicas
Esta dissertação resulta de estudo de caso que teve como objetivo conhecer as estratégias das dirigentes do Fundo Nacional de Desenvolvimento da Educação para romper o Teto de Vidro. Realizou-se o levantamento e análise de legislação aplicável e demais fontes documentais e foram entrevistadas sete dirigentes do sexo feminino dirigentes naquela organização pública. Os resultados permitem perceber a informalidade do recrutamento e seleção dos dirigentes, baseando-se na confiança política, e que a presença feminina vai diminuindo à medida que os cargos de direção são de nível hierárquico mais elevado. Os resultados revelaram também que as servidoras da carreira própria da organização ocuparam a maioria dos cargos de menor hierarquia, mas são o grupo menos representado nos cargos mais elevados, nos quais também é significativo o percentual de ocupantes sem dependentes - filhou ou pais idosos -, notadamente entre dirigentes mulheres. Para alcance dessas posições, as entrevistadas referiram que se (auto) formaram como dirigente ao longo do percurso profissional e ocupação de cargos de menor hierarquia; realçaram a longa permanência em uma mesma área/instituição com forma de obter expertise técnica. A escassa presença feminina nos cargos mais elevados, contudo, aliada a outros fatores, demanda que as profissionais adotem posturas e comportamentos para manter-se nos cargos de direção, como apresentação de desempenho superior aos pares masculinos, e de superarem as exigências do cargo direção. Estas pressões sentidas pelas dirigentes entrevistadas contribuem para a sua progressão na carreira, mas acarretam prejuízos como a necessidade abrir mão da vida privada e de projetos familiares. No final são destacados quais os contributos para o estudo da segregação vertical e sugeremse medidas que favoreçam o derrube dos obstáculos que as mulheres sentem no acesso a cargos de direção superior para que a organização aumente o nível de diversidade nos cargos de gestão.
This research project focused on brazilian female senior civil servant’s strategies to break Glass Ceiling (vertical) segregation. To achieve this purpose a Case Study was conducted in Fundo Nacional de Desenvolvimento da Educação. National legislation that was applicable and internal documents were analysed. Interviews were also conducted to seven female senior civil servants from that public organization. Results allow us to realize how informal is the recruitment and selection process, for which political confidence is central, and the decrease of female presence in the higher management positions. The results also indicated that the career public servants of the organization occupied most of the lowest positions, but they are the least represented group in the highest positions, in which the percentage of occupants without dependents - children or elderly parents - is also significant, notably among female leaders. In order to climb the ladder, the female senior civil servants mentioned in the interviews that they learned all by themselves how to be a leader, along their professional career; those women emphasized that staying in the same area / institution for a long time allowed them to acquire technical experience. The scarce presence of women in the highest management positions, furthermore, among other factors, demands from female civil servant certain attitudes and behaviours in order to remain in management positions. In the interviews female top civil servants mentioned that they felt pressure to perform better than their male peers, and also to surpass the requirements of the management position. These pressures were relevant for these women to succeed in their career, besides caused losses such as the need to give up their private life and family projects. Finally, contributions to the study of vertical segregation due to gender are highlighted, and measures are suggested to remove obstacles that women feel in accessing senior civil servant positions and also for the organization to increase the level of diversity in management positions.
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Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo explorar os sentidos que a mulher gerente intermediária atribui a si própria e ao trabalho nesta posição hierárquica. Nos Estudos Organizacionais, existe uma ampla literatura que investiga a mulher, tratando das desigualdades, discriminações e desafios enfrentados por ela no contexto da empresa; existe também a bibliografia que trata da gerência intermediária e das particularidades desta posição na organização. No entanto, são poucos os estudos que tratam da mulher na gerência intermediária. Utilizamos a perspectiva teórica do construcionismo social, que nos permite dar voz ativa a essa mulher, para que ela descreva, explique e atribua sentido ao mundo em que ela vive e também a ela própria. O construcionismo pressupõe que a realidade é um processo de construção social que está contextualizado historicamente e culturalmente e, desta forma, o tempo histórico é fundamental para a compreensão do fenômeno estudado. Nesta pesquisa, consideramos três contextos relevantes: as questões que se apresentam à sociedade contemporânea, referentes à saturação social e à fragilidade da identidade; a história da mulher no contexto social e de trabalho, desde o início da industrialização e principalmente após meados do século XX; e os aportes do movimento feminista, que provocaram profundas transformações na vida da mulher e nos arranjos sociais, após a década de 1970. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas em profundidade com 42 profissionais que atuavam como gerentes intermediárias em organizações nacionais e multinacionais localizadas na cidade de São Paulo. A pesquisa revelou que as mulheres nesta posição hierárquica estão diante de um contexto de desaparecimento simbólico: desaparecem da esfera da casa, ao negarem este espaço que um dia lhes colocou em situação de desigualdade e lhes conferiu identidade e desaparecem da organização na gerência intermediária ao estarem imersas em um contexto do masculino, paradoxalmente, reforçando-o. Soma-se a isso um cotidiano de saturação, tanto no trabalho como na vida pessoal, ditado pelo ritmo intenso do trabalho. Neste cenário, essas profissionais parecem atuar em todos os lugares, mas, simultaneamente, parecem não estar em lugar algum. Mais que dizer que a mulher divide-se entre as tarefas da profissional que trabalha, da mãe, da esposa, da responsável pela casa, nossa pesquisa revelou que a mulher não está em nenhum desses lugares: na organização, ela desaparece como mulher; na casa, há o seu desaparecimento pela negação deste espaço que lhe conferiu identidade no passado; como esposa, ela não está com o seu marido; como mãe, ela fica pouco com os filhos e ainda não tem tempo para ela própria. Assim, diante desta multiplicidade de selves, a fragilidade da identidade parece ser o aspecto marcante da vida desta mulher na posição da gerência intermediária. Como forma de lidar com estas questões, essa mulher estabelece limites à sua trajetória profissional, buscando movimentações laterais e, mesmo, carreiras alternativas ao invés de crescer na hierarquia, evitando, assim, ainda mais comprometimento de seu escasso tempo. Nossa pesquisa, desta forma, traz outra perspectiva para se compreender o fenômeno do teto de vidro nas organizações.
This research aimed at exploring the meanings that women middle managers placed on themselves and on their work in this particular hierarchical position. In the Organizational Studies field, there is a vast literature that investigates sex segregation in organizations, looking for explanations why it continues to exist. There is also another set of bibliography that documents middle management particularities and how work is experienced by those in this position. However, there are few studies which focus on women as middle managers. The research was based on the social constructionist approach that is concerned with explaining the processes by which people come to describe and explain the world in which they live, including themselves. According to these ideas, reality is a process of social construction that is historically and culturally located; therefore, this research has considered relevant three historical contexts: contemporary society and its matters of social saturation as well as multiple and fragile identities; a brief history of women in society and work since the beginning of industrialization and mainly after the second half of the twenty century; and finally, the feminist movement issues which accounted for deep transformations in social arrangements after the 1970´s. The data was collected by interviewing 42 women middle managers who worked at national and multinational organizations based in São Paulo. The results revealed that women middle managers face a symbolic disappearance. They disappear from the private sphere of home when they wish to stay away from this place that means inequality although gave them a sense of identity in the past. They also disappear from the organization as a public sphere since it is a place where masculinities predominate and, paradoxically, are reinforced by women themselves. Adding to that, their daily lives are characterized by saturation, both at work and in personal life, dictated by the fast pace of work. In this context, this woman is everywhere, but at the same time seems to be nowhere. Although she is a manager, a mother, a wife, and she is responsible for the house, this research showed that she is not fully present in any of these places: in addition to her disappearance from home and from the public sphere of the organization, as a wife, she is not with her husband, as a mother, she is not with her kids and as a being has no time for herself. Thus, in view of this multiplicity of selves, the fragility of identity seems to be the outstanding feature of this woman´s life. As a way of dealing with these issues, this woman middle manager sets boundaries to her professional career, avoiding promotions to higher hierarchies and even setting plans for alternative careers as ways of managing her time constrains. These findings offer another view to understand the glass ceiling phenomenon in organizations.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito apresentada à Faculdade de Direito
O presente trabalho de pesquisa tem por objeto razoar sobre como a economia da discriminação desenvolve-se no mercado laboral e a representação de mulheres nos órgãos de administração das empresas. O primeiro capítulo apresenta os principais conceitos teóricos acerca da economia da discriminação, de modo a determinar um parâmetro de análise e compreensão sobre como o preconceito opera no mercado de trabalho. O segundo capítulo analisa o fenómeno designado teto de vidro, cujo reflexo deriva das desigualdades de género existentes em âmbito laboral. O terceiro capítulo analisa a representação de mulheres nos órgãos de administração das empresas, bem como as medidas adotadas pelos Estados, nomeadamente à instituição de quotas com o intuito de proporcionar o equilíbrio de género na composição dos órgãos sociais relevantes em sede societária.O presente trabalho de pesquisa tem por objeto razoar sobre como a economia da discriminação desenvolve-se no mercado laboral e a representação de mulheres nos órgãos de administração das empresas. O primeiro capítulo apresenta os principais conceitos teóricos acerca da economia da discriminação, de modo a determinar um parâmetro de análise e compreensão sobre como o preconceito opera no mercado de trabalho. O segundo capítulo analisa o fenómeno designado teto de vidro, cujo reflexo deriva das desigualdades de género existentes em âmbito laboral. O terceiro capítulo analisa a representação de mulheres nos órgãos de administração das empresas, bem como as medidas adotadas pelos Estados, nomeadamente à instituição de quotas com o intuito de proporcionar o equilíbrio de género na composição dos órgãos sociais relevantes em sede societária.O presente trabalho de pesquisa tem por objeto razoar sobre como a economia da discriminação desenvolve-se no mercado laboral e a representação de mulheres nos órgãos de administração das empresas. O primeiro capítulo apresenta os principais conceitos teóricos acerca da economia da discriminação, de modo a determinar um parâmetro de análise e compreensão sobre como o preconceito opera no mercado de trabalho. O segundo capítulo analisa o fenómeno designado teto de vidro, cujo reflexo deriva das desigualdades de género existentes em âmbito laboral. O terceiro capítulo analisa a representação de mulheres nos órgãos de administração das empresas, bem como as medidas adotadas pelos Estados, nomeadamente à instituição de quotas com o intuito de proporcionar o equilíbrio de género na composição dos órgãos sociais relevantes em sede societária.
The present work aims to discuss about the economy of discrimination that develops in the job market and the representation of women in the business management bodies. The first chapter shows the main theoretical concepts regarding the economy of discrimination, in order to determine pattern of analysis and comprehension on how prejudice works in the labor market. The second chapter analyzes the phenomenon named "glass ceiling" which reflex comes from gender differences existing in the labor sphere. The third chapter examines the representation of women in the business management bodies, as well as the procedures adopted by the Government, particularly the institution of quotas intentionally aiming the balance of the gender in the formation of social bodies relevant at a corporate headquarter.The present work aims to discuss about the economy of discrimination that develops in the job market and the representation of women in the business management bodies. The first chapter shows the main theoretical concepts regarding the economy of discrimination, in order to determine pattern of analysis and comprehension on how prejudice works in the labor market. The second chapter analyzes the phenomenon named "glass ceiling" which reflex comes from gender differences existing in the labor sphere. The third chapter examines the representation of women in the business management bodies, as well as the procedures adopted by the Government, particularly the institution of quotas intentionally aiming the balance of the gender in the formation of social bodies relevant at a corporate headquarter.The present work aims to discuss about the economy of discrimination that develops in the job market and the representation of women in the business management bodies. The first chapter shows the main theoretical concepts regarding the economy of discrimination, in order to determine pattern of analysis and comprehension on how prejudice works in the labor market. The second chapter analyzes the phenomenon named "glass ceiling" which reflex comes from gender differences existing in the labor sphere. The third chapter examines the representation of women in the business management bodies, as well as the procedures adopted by the Government, particularly the institution of quotas intentionally aiming the balance of the gender in the formation of social bodies relevant at a corporate headquarter.