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Academic literature on the topic 'Tetra alkyl ammonium iodide salts'
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Journal articles on the topic "Tetra alkyl ammonium iodide salts"
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Indu, Saxena, Archna, Devi Rikkam, Kumar Vijay, Gautam Sadhana та Tripathi Jaya. "Study of the Influence of Alkyl Chain Cation Solvent Interactions on the Slope of ϕv v/s √C Curves in 1, 3-Butanediol-DMF Solvent Mixtures by Apparent Molar Volume Measurements". Chemical Science International Journal 19, № 3 (2017): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.9734/CSIJ/2017/33860.
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The concept of Frank’s hypothesis (that is the effect of large tetra alkyl ammonium iodides on the solvent structure, especially in the ion – ion and ion – solvent interactions) was found to be not applicable when water was replaced by one of organic solvent. That is, if study involves ion- ion and ion – solvent interactions in 1, 3 – Butane diol – DMF solvent mixture. The densities of these mixture and some adding tetra alkyl ammonium iodide salts solutions at different concentrations (0.02 – 0.14 M) have been determined at 298.15 K using Magnetic Float Densitometer technique. The apparent molar volume (ϕ<sub>v</sub>) and apparent molar volumes of transfer ∆ϕ<sub>v</sub><sup>0</sup> (tr) of the electrolytes in above solvent mixtures were calculated. ϕ<sub>v</sub> vs √C curves are plotted and explained the nature of molecular interactions by using slope (S<sub>v</sub>) values. Also, the significant role of varying dielectric constants (ϵ) of the selected solvent mixtures in the ionic interaction is discussed.
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Matyushkina, Yulia I., and Alexandr A. Shabarin. "EXTRACTION OF ANIONIC CADMIUM COMPLEXES WITH ORGANIC SOLUTIONS OF QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALTS." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 63, no. 10 (2020): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20206310.6224.
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The anion-exchange extraction of thiocyanate, chloride and iodide cadmium complexes by solutions of quaternary ammonium salts chlorides in organic solvents (toluene, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl acetate, isobutyl alcohol, nitrobenzene) was studied. Extraction involves solutions of alkyl dimethylbenzylammonium chlorides (R-N+(CH3)2-CH2C6H5-Cl-) and alkyl dimethylethyl-benzylammonium (R-N+(CH3)2-CH2-CH2C6H5-Cl-), where R is a straight alkyl chain, mainly C12 - C14. The composition of the cadmium anionic complexes was established by the analysis of the calibration curves E = f (pCCd (II)) constructed from cadmium sulfate solutions against the background of various contents of thiocyanate, chloride and iodide ions (ndicator electrode - ion-selective electrode with a membrane, which based on a nitrobenzene solution of tetradecylammonium bromide). The extraction process is estimated quantitatively using a distribution coefficient (D). The value of D is calculated taking into account the cadmium concentration in the aqueous phase before and after extraction. The dependence of the distribution coefficient on the organic solvent dielectric constant, the concentration and stability of the anionic complexes of cadmium is shown. So, for the indicated cadmium acidocomplexes, the minimum D values were obtained using low-polar toluene and carbon tetrachloride, and the maximum values were obtained using highly polar isobutyl alcohol and nitrobenzene. If the concentration of cadmium (II) is reduced by a factor of 100 for the cadmium rhodanide and iodide complexes, the value of D decreases by 1.6-1.9 times, for the chloride complex, by 1.2 times in the case of polar isobutyl alcohol and nitrobenzene, and 2.9-3.5 times in the case of low-polar solvents. It was experimentally established that in the series [Cd(SCN)4]2- - [CdI4]2-- [CdCl4]2- the value of D decreases for all the studied systems. The observed regularity is related both to the stability of the corresponding cadmium (II) complexes in aqueous solutions and to their hydrophobicity.
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Yu, Tsz Tin, Rajesh Kuppusamy, Muhammad Yasir, et al. "Polyphenylglyoxamide-Based Amphiphilic Small Molecular Peptidomimetics as Antibacterial Agents with Anti-Biofilm Activity." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 14 (2021): 7344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147344.
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The rapid emergence of drug-resistant bacteria is a major global health concern. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and peptidomimetics have arisen as a new class of antibacterial agents in recent years in an attempt to overcome antibiotic resistance. A library of phenylglyoxamide-based small molecular peptidomimetics was synthesised by incorporating an N-alkylsulfonyl hydrophobic group with varying alkyl chain lengths and a hydrophilic cationic group into a glyoxamide core appended to phenyl ring systems. The quaternary ammonium iodide salts 16d and 17c showed excellent minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 4 and 8 μM (2.9 and 5.6 μg/mL) against Staphylococcus aureus, respectively, while the guanidinium hydrochloride salt 34a showed an MIC of 16 μM (8.5 μg/mL) against Escherichia coli. Additionally, the quaternary ammonium iodide salt 17c inhibited 70% S. aureus biofilm formation at 16 μM. It also disrupted 44% of pre-established S. aureus biofilms at 32 μM and 28% of pre-established E. coli biofilms 64 μM, respectively. A cytoplasmic membrane permeability study indicated that the synthesised peptidomimetics acted via disruption and depolarisation of membranes. Moreover, the quaternary ammonium iodide salts 16d and 17c were non-toxic against human cells at their therapeutic dosages against S. aureus.
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Xu, Zhengning, Jian Gao, Zhuanghao Xu, et al. "Characterization of the planar differential mobility analyzer (DMA P5): resolving power, transmission efficiency and its application to atmospheric relevant cluster measurements." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 16, no. 24 (2023): 5995–6006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5995-2023.
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Abstract. The planar differential mobility analyzer (DMA), functioning as a particle sizer, exhibits superior transmission and selection accuracy at ambient pressure relative to its cylindrical counterparts. It also presents integration potential with atmospheric pressure interface mass spectrometry (API-MS) for enhanced cluster detection with an additional ion mobility dimension. In this study, the performance of a commercially available planar DMA (DMA P5) was evaluated. The device is capable of sizing particles below 3.9 nm, with larger sizes measurable through a sheath gas flow restrictor. The resolving power was appraised under various recirculation arrangements, including suction and counterflow modes along with different sheath flow rates, using electrosprayed tetra-alkyl ammonium salts. The peak resolving powers for tetrahexylammonium (THA+) achieved in suction and counterflow modes were 61.6 and 84.6, respectively. The DMA P5 offers a sizing resolution that is 5 to 16 times greater than that of cylindrical DMAs. Resolving power displayed a near-linear relationship with the square root of the applied voltage (VDMA) in counterflow mode. Conversely, the resolving power for THA+ ceased its linear enhancement with VDMA beyond a VDMA of 3554.3 V, entering a plateau which is ascribed to the perturbations in sample flow impacting the laminar nature of sheath flow. The DMA P5 transmission efficiency reaches 54.3 %, markedly surpassing that of conventional DMAs by nearly 1 order of magnitude. Moreover, the mobility spectrum of various electrosprayed tetra-alkyl ammonium salts and the mass-to-charge versus mobility 2D spectrum of sulfuric acid clusters were characterized using the DMA P5 MS system.
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Parada Villarroel, Walter Agustin, Urban Sajevic, Mohammad Peirow Asfia, Pavlo Nikolaienko, and Karl J. J. Mayrhofer. "Modulating the Product Distribution of the Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 on Copper at Relevant Current Densities." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 24 (2023): 1320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02241320mtgabs.
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The electrochemical reduction of CO2 (CO2RR) has the potential to be an economically-viable method to produce platform chemicals synergistically with renewable energy sources. Copper is one of the most used electro-catalysts for this purpose, as it allows carbon-carbon bond formation, crucial for broader product distribution. Despite great achievements, controlling selectivity is yet a stepping stone between R&D and an actual industrial application. Among others, a kinetic resolution could be applied to enhance the selectivity toward targeted products, for which exploiting available and inexpensive additives or co-electrolytes such as ionic liquids is a promising direction. Herein, we present an initial systematic analysis of the effect of various tetra alkyl ammonium salts on the CO2RR products distribution with the aim on ethylene, important industrial feedstock or building block. A selected ammonium salts of different alkyl chain length and number of charges provided very concise but sufficient chemical space to overview a structure-activity relationships, including changes in the reactions’ onset potentials and limiting currents. The overall experimentation progress was intensified by the employing a developed in our lab a gas diffusion electrode (GDE) cell, coupled to a mass spectrometer. This enabled to scan the selected library of salts during CO2RR under dynamic operations with detection of transients in real-time at relatively high current densities, between 10 to 400 mA/cm2, within further quantitative validation over standard long-term steady-state experiments. These results have broad implications for effectively stirring the CO2RR selectivity towards products containing either one or two carbon atoms. Key words: CO2, Electroreduction, Copper, Electrocatalysis, Modifiers, Real-time, GDE
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Sharma, Pooja, and Guijun Wang. "4,6-O-Phenylethylidene Acetal Protected D-Glucosamine Carbamate-Based Gelators and Their Applications for Multi-Component Gels." Gels 8, no. 3 (2022): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8030191.
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The self-assembly of carbohydrate-based low molecular weight gelators has led to useful advanced soft materials. The interactions of the gelators with various cations and anions are important in creating novel molecular architectures and expanding the scope of the small molecular gelators. In this study, a series of thirteen new C-2 carbamates of the 4,6-O-phenylethylidene acetal-protected D-glucosamine derivatives has been synthesized and characterized. These compounds are rationally designed from a common sugar template. All carbamates synthesized were found to be efficient gelators and three compounds are also hydrogelators. The resulting gels were characterized using optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and rheology. The gelation mechanisms were further elucidated using 1H NMR spectroscopy at different temperatures. The isopropyl carbamate hydrogelator 7 formed hydrogels at 0.2 wt% and also formed gels with several tetra alkyl ammonium salts, and showed effectiveness in the creation of gel electrolytes. The formation of metallogels using earth-abundant metal ions such as copper, nickel, iron, zinc, as well as silver and lead salts was evaluated for a few gelators. Using chemiluminescence spectroscopy, the metal–organic xerogels showed enzyme-like properties and enhanced luminescence for luminol. In addition, we also studied the applications of several gels for drug immobilizations and the gels showed sustained release of naproxen from the gel matrices. This robust sugar carbamate-derived gelator system can be used as the scaffold for the design of other functional materials with various types of applications.
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Wysocka, Monika, Krzysztof Winkler, Jay R. Stork, and Alan L. Balch. "Electrochemical Oxidation of (Ph4As)[IrCl2(CO)2] in the Presence of Tetra(alkyl)ammonium Salts. Electrocrystallization of Different Forms of Iridium-Based Linear Chain Complexes." Chemistry of Materials 16, no. 5 (2004): 771–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm035029r.
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M., L. Parmar, and S. Banyal D. "Effect of temperature on the partial molar volumes of some high valency electrolytes in water-rich region of binary aqueo-organic mixtures." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 86, Oct 2009 (2009): 1102–7. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5820577.
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Department of Chemistry, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill. Shimla-171 005,Himachal Pradesh, India <em>Manuscript received 15 December 2009, revised 28 May 2009, accepted 10 June 2009</em> Partial molar volumes of some high valency electrolytes viz. potassium ferrocyanide and potassium ferricyanide have been determined in aqueous and binary aqueo-organic mixtures of acetonitrile (ACN) and methanol (MeOH) in water-rich region [5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% by weight of ACN and MeOH] from solution density measurements at 303.15 K, and in water and 5% (w/w) ACN + H<sub>2</sub>O and MeOH + H<sub>2</sub>O at the equidistant temperatures [298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15 and 318.15 K]. The density data have been analysed by means of Masson's equation. The partial molar volumes (\(\phi_V^0\)) and slopes (\(S_V^0\)) have been interpreted in terms of ion-solvent and ion-ion interactions, respectively. The partial molar volumes vary with temperature as a power series of temperature. Structure making/breaking capacities of the high valency electrolytes have been inferred from the sign of [∂<sup>2</sup>\(\phi_V^0\)/∂<em>T</em><sup>2</sup>]<sub>p</sub> i.e. the second derivative of partial molar volumes w.r.t. temperature at constant pressure. The high valency electrolytes behave like common electrolytes in water and like symmetrical tetra-alkyl ammonium salts in binary aqueo-organic mixtures. The high valency electrolytes act as structure breakers in water and structure makers in binary aqueo-organic mixtures. The behaviour of high valency electrolytes changes on the addition of organic solvent.
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Kawabata, Keigo, Sakura Azuma, Jin Shimada, et al. "Introduction of Cyclic Structures into Phosphonium Salts As Potential Guest Substances for Ionic Clathrate Hydrates." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 57 (2024): 3815. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02573815mtgabs.
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Ionic clathrate hydrates (ICHs) are complex compounds formed from multiple water molecule cages and ionic guest substances. The guest substances are quaternary ammonium and phosphonium salts, among which ICHs with tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (N4444-Br) and tetra-n-butylphosphonium bromide (P4444-Br) are well known. The quaternary onium cations are encapsulated in a water network. Since ICHs also exhibit dissociation temperatures higher than 273 K and large dissociation enthalpies at atmospheric pressure, ICHs have recently been applied to phase change materials (PCMs) [1]. We have introduced various substituents into the quaternary phosphonium cations, examining the thermodynamic properties of the ICHs [2]. The substituents with appropriate branched chains were suggested to increase both the structural stability and dissociation enthalpy of ICHs. We also have investigated the ICHs with quaternary phosphonium salts having isopentyl and cyclobutylmethyl groups; however, guest substances having the other alicyclic and aromatic substituents have not been well investigated. In this paper, we discuss comparatively the thermodynamic properties of tri-n-butyl(cyclohexylmethyl)phosphonium bromide (P444(1c6)-Br) ICH and tri-n-butyl(benzyl)phosphonium chloride (P444(Bzl)-Cl) ICH (Fig 1). The guest substances were synthesized by Menschutkin reaction of tri-n-butylphosphine with alkyl halides such as (bromomethyl)cyclohexane and benzyl chloride under a nitrogen atmosphere at a maximum temperature of 363 K. The crude products were washed with hexane, and then were dried in vacuo to obtain the target products. The purified products were confirmed by 1H, 13C, 31P-NMRs. We prepared 5-50 wt% aqueous solutions of the phosphonium salts. The ICH was formed by freezing each sample at 253 K overnight. The temperature at which the ICHs completely dissociated was defined as the phase equilibrium temperature. The sample temperatures were increased at rate of 0.1 K for a minimum of 5 hours. The solid-liquid equilibria for P444(Bzl)-Cl ICH and P444(1c6)-Br ICH were examined. The highest equilibrium temperature of the P444(1c6)-Br ICH and P444(Bzl)-Cl ICH was 276.2 and 274.4 K, respectively. These ICHs showed phase equilibrium temperatures lower than that with unsubstituted P4444-Br ICH. Both cyclohexylmethyl and benzyl groups are longer than the n-butyl group, so that the guest cations are physically closer to the water molecules in the hydrate cage, resulting in the instability of the ICHs. The equilibrium temperature of the P444(Bzl)-Cl ICH was lower than of P444(1c6)-Br ICH, despite that both cyclohexylmethyl and benzyl groups have the same number of carbon atoms. This result suggests that the thermodynamic stability of P444(Bzl)-Cl ICH is lower than that of P444(1c6)-Br ICH. The influence of the ring size and steric conformation of the guest cations will be discussed. [1] T. Suginaka, et al., Fluid Phase Equilibria, 317, 25-27 (2012). [2] J. Shimada, et al., Chem. Eng. Sci., 236, 116514 (2021). [3] S. Azuma, et al., New J. Chem., 47, 231-237 (2023). Figure 1
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Li, Can, Yu Liang, Yicong Zhang, Liming Du, Jiayu Min, and Zhen Li. "Enhanced Efficiency and Stability of Wide‐Bandgap Perovskites via Br‐Rich Bulk and Surface 2D Passivation for Indoor Photovoltaics." Solar RRL, May 22, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/solr.202400231.
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Indoor photovoltaics (IPV) is a promising technology to power the rapidly developing Internet of Things (IoT) devices, offering advantages of distributed power source and reduced maintenance cost. Wide‐bandgap perovskite solar cells (PSCs), with the features of easy bandgap tuning and low‐cost solution process, hold significant potential for powering indoor IoT devices. However, the efficiency and stability of wide‐bandgap PSCs suffers from severe phase segregation and surface defects. Here we introduce a novel bromide‐rich 2D passivation strategy targeting both bulk and surface passivation of wide‐bandgap PSCs for IPV application. Ammonium salts with optimized alkyl chain length is confirmed to suppress the phase segregation in the bulk. Bromide‐rich 2D perovskite exhibit superior performance compared to their iodide counterparts, effectively suppressing nonradiative recombination and forming favourable energy band alignment with the ETL. The wide‐bandgap PSCs achieved an impressive PCE up to 41.58% under 1000 lux LED illumination. Furthermore, the wide‐bandgap perovskite module efficiently powers a Bluetooth IoT sensor at 400 lux indoor illumination, which can sense and broadcast the environmental information. This work highlights the remarkable potential of wide‐bandgap PSCs for indoor IoT devices and provides valuable insights into enhancing the efficiency and stability of PSCs for future IoT applications.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tetra alkyl ammonium iodide salts"
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Chen-HaoWu and 吳振豪. "Tetra-n-alkyl ammonium bromide salts as electron injection layers in polymer light emitting diode." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/43461697722342960634.
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Chih-YunChin and 金志昀. "Tetra-n-alkyl Ammonium Bromide salts as Electron Extraction Layers in Polymer Bulk Hetero-junction Solar Cells." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32102314560105458889.
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