Academic literature on the topic 'Tetracykliny'

ABSTRAKT Wstęp: Propionibacterium acnes jest patogenem współodpowiedzialnym za tworzenie się zmian chorobowych w trądziku pospolitym, najczęstszej przewlekłej chorobie skóry. Dotyka ona w większości osób w okresie dojrzewania, może występować także u noworodków oraz utrzymywać się u osób dorosłych. Zmiany chorobowe występują zwykle w okolicy gruczołów łojowych na skórze twarzy i pleców, rzadziej klatki piersiowej. Obecnie największym problemem jest narastanie oporności szczepów na antybiotyki stosowane miejscowo. Celem pracy było określenie częstości występowania P. acnes u pacjentów ze zmianami trądzikowymi w zależności od wieku i płci oraz ocena lekowrażliwości izolowanych szczepów. Materiały i metody: Przeanalizowano wyniki badań wykonanych u 470 pacjentów ambulatoryjnych w wieku 9–59 lat ze zmianami trądzikowymi. Materiał stanowiła wydzielina ropna pobrana ze zmian zapalnych na twarzy (64,3%), pleców (7,6%) oraz klatki piersiowej (28,1%). Wymazy posiewano na podłoże Schaedler Agar z dodatkiem 5% krwi baraniej i inkubowano w warunkach beztlenowych. Wrażliwość wyizolowanych szczepów na erytromycynę, klindamycynę, tetracyklinę i doksycyklinę oceniano zgodnie z wytycznymi EUCAST. Wyniki: Dodatnie wyniki posiewów w kierunku P. acnes stwierdzono u 84,0% pacjentów. Najwyższy odsetek posiewów dodatnich uzyskano w grupie wiekowej 21–30 lat (91,0%) i >50. r.ż. (88,2%), najniższy u osób w wieku 31–40 lat (78,2%). P. acnes częściej izolowano u mężczyzn (86,1%) niż u kobiet (81,7%). Wszystkie wyizolowane szczepy P. acnes były wrażliwe na doksycyklinę, jedynie 1,5% izolatów wykazało oporność na tetracyklinę. Odnotowano istotny statystycznie (p ≤ 0,05) wzrost oporności na erytromycynę i klindamycynę, z 29,6% w 2010 r. do 48,7% w 2014 r. Wnioski: Zmiany trądzikowe coraz częściej obserwuje się u osób dorosłych >21. r.ż. Zapadalność na trądzik u kobiet i mężczyzn jest porównywalna. Szczepy P. acnes wykazują dobrą wrażliwość na tetracykliny, natomiast niepokojąco narasta oporność na erytromycynę i klindamycynę.

<strong><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"><font face="TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT"><p align="left"> </p></font></span><p align="left"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;">SAMMENDRAG</span></span></p></strong><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><p align="left">Formålet med denne studien var å beskrive antibiotikaforbruket ved Regionsykehuset i Tromsø (RiTø)</p><p align="left">og ved Aker sykehus (Aker) i perioden 1993-97. Forbruket av de ulike preparatene er presentert som</p><p align="left">Definerte Døgndoser (DDD)/1000 liggedøgn/år. Totalforbruket av antibiotika var relativt likt ved de to</p><p align="left">sykehusene, og varierte i perioden mellom 473 og 544 DDD/1000 liggedøgn/år. Den største skilnaden i</p><p align="left">forbruksprofilen mellom sykehusene var innen gruppen beta-laktamer. Beregnet som andel av DDD/</p><p align="left">1000 liggedøgn/år i 1999, utgjorde denne preparatgruppen 64,5% av det totale antibiotikaforbruket ved</p><p align="left">RiTø og 74,6% av antibiotikaforbruket ved Aker. Beta-laktamaseømfintlige penicilliner var de mest</p><p align="left">brukte preparatene ved RiTø, mens penicilliner med utvidet spekter var de mest brukte preparatene ved</p><p align="left">Aker. Forbruket av penicilliner med utvidet spekter utgjorde nesten tre ganger større andel av totalforbruket</p><p align="left">ved Aker enn ved RiTø. Ved RiTø utgjorde forbruket av cefuroksim og tredje generasjons</p><p align="left">cefalosporiner 13,0% av det totale antibiotikaforbruket i 1999. Ved Aker var tilsvarende 4,1%. RiTø</p><p align="left">reduserte forbruket av tetracykliner over perioden, men brukte likevel betydelig mer enn Aker. Begge</p><p align="left">sykehusene reduserte forbruket av aminoglykosider. Det var lavt, men økende forbruk av klindamycin</p><p align="left">ved begge sykehusene. Forbruket var høyest ved RiTø. Den store skilnaden i forbruksprofil mellom</p><p align="left">sykehusene kan ikke forklares med ulike anbefalinger i veilederne for antibiotikabruk, eller med</p><p align="left">forskjell i resistensforhold blant de vanligste patogene bakteriene.</p><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT" size="2"><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT" size="2"><p align="left">Småbrekke L.</p></font></font></span><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT" size="2"><p align="left"> </p></font></span><p align="left"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;">Large differences in the use of antibiotics between two university hospitals in<strong><font face="TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT" size="2"><font face="TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT" size="2"><p align="left">Norway.</p></font></font></strong></span><strong><font face="TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT" size="2"><p align="left"> </p></font></strong></span></strong><em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;">Nor J Epidemiol </span></span></em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">2001; </span></span><strong><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;">11 </span></span></strong><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">(1): 61-65.</span></span></p><p align="left"> </p><strong><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"><font face="TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT"><p align="left"> </p></font></span><p align="left"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;">ENGLISH SUMMARY</span></span></p></strong><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><p align="left">The aim of the study was to describe the use of antibiotics at the University Hospital of Tromsø (RiTø)</p><p align="left">and Aker University Hospital, Oslo (Aker) during 1993-99. The use of antibiotics is presented as Defined</p><p align="left">Daily Dose (DDD)/1000 bed days/year. The total use of antibiotics varied between 473 and 544</p><p align="left">DDD/1000 bed days/year for the two hospitals over the period. The greatest difference in the profile</p><p align="left">between the hospitals was in the use of beta-lactam antibiotics. At RiTø, this group represented 64.5%</p><p align="left">and at Aker 74.6% of the total use of antibiotics. At RiTø, the use of narrow spectrum penicillines</p><p align="left">declined from 128 to 93 DDD/1000 bed days/year, but was still the most used group of antibiotics. In</p><p align="left">1999 this represented 19% of the total use. At Aker, the use of aminopenicilllins varied between 164 and</p><p align="left">195 DDD/1000 bed days/year, and in 1999 this group represented 32% of the total use. At RiTø, the use</p><p align="left">of aminopenicillins varied between 49 and 67 DDD/ 1000 bed days/year, and in 1999 this represented</p><p align="left">13% of the total use. At RiTø the use of cefuroxim and third generation cephalosporines increased, and</p><p align="left">represented 13.0% of the total use in 1999. At Aker, the use of cefuroxim increased towards the end of</p><p align="left">the period, while the use of third generation cephalosporins declined. At Aker, cefu roxim and third</p><p align="left">generation cephalosporins represented 4.1% of the total use in 1999. The use of carbapenemes was low</p><p align="left">at both hospitals, but the level of use at RiTø was twice the level at Aker. At RiTø, the use of tetracyclines</p><p align="left">was reduced from 44 to 24 DDD/1000 bed days/year over the period, but was still higher than</p><p align="left">at Aker. Both hospitals reduced the consumption of aminoglycosides. The use of clindamycin was low,</p><p align="left">but there was a substantial relative change during the period. The difference in the use of antibiotics</p><p>cannot be explained by different guidelines or different spectrum of antibiotic resistance.</p></span></span>

Intrusion of pharmaceuticals into surface and drinking water is nowadays a problem, that is solved all over the world. This diploma thesis is focused on the removal of pharmaceuticals from water by coagulation. The efficiency of two coagulant agents - chitosan and ferric sulphate was compared. For comparison was used adsorption on a granular-activated-carbon. Efficiency of removal was investigated by UV-VIS spectrophotometer and HPLC.

The PhD thesis deals with determination of sulfonamides and tetracyclines in waste waters. Sulphonamides and tetracyclines are widely used in human and veterinary medicine. They are biologically active compounds and block biological processes in waste water treatment plants. These substances can influence microorganisms in the environment. Sulphonamides and tetracyclines induce resistance in low concentrations. These substances penetrate into the environment from industrial production, use in households, hospitals, veterinary clinics and fish farms. Tetracyclines and sulphonamides were determined in waste water from waste water treatment plants in Brno. Optimalization of extraction of these compounds was performed by solid phase extraction. Sulphonamides and tetracyclines were determined by liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector or coupled with mass spectrometry. Optimalized method was used for determination tetracyclines and sulphonamides in waste water from waste water treatment plants in Brno in years 2007 – 2010.

This diploma thesis focuses on optimization and validation of the method for a mixture of tetracycline antibiotics (oxytetracycline, tetracycline) determination using high performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HPLC–DAD). The aim of this thesis was to determine suitability of the system for the determination of these antibiotics in milk. The theoretical part is focused on individual groups of antibiotics and their mechanism of action, resistances and possibilities of use. Next point of this thesis is legislation, which describes permitted amounts of antibiotics in milk. In this study, the HPLC method and validation parameter is described in detail. The experimental part deals with creation and optimization of the method and its validation. Following validation parameters were verified: system suitability, linearity, method accuracy, limit of detection and quantification, robustness. The results obtained indicate mostly suitable ratio of mobile phase of 0,01 M trifluoracetic acid:methanol:acetonitrile = 80:10:10. The wavelength 355 nm was found as the most feasible for this method after evaluating the result. Determination of robustness showed that the method is robust, and the only significant effect on the robustness was observed in column changes.

This master thesis is focused on the role of horizontal gene transfer in disseminating tetracycline resistance among bacteria in farm soils. In the experimental part, plasmids carrying antibiotic resistance, were exogenously isolated in biparental matings with cattle manure and Escherichia coli K-12 CV601 gfp recipients.