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Journal articles on the topic 'Tetramino'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 15 July 2025

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1

Allen, K. G. D., D. C. Twedt, and H. A. Hunsaker. "Tetramine cupruretic agents: A comparison in dogs." American Journal of Veterinary Research 48, no. 1 (1987): 28–30. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1987.48.01.28.

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SUMMARY The cupruretic effects of 2 tetramine (N,N'-bis (2-aminoethyl) alkane diamine) chelators were examined in healthy dogs fed a commercial dog food containing 12.2 μg of copper/g of dry diet. Two groups of 3 dogs each were given either 300 mg of 2,2,2-tetramine tetrahydrochloride or 2,3,2-tetramine tetrahydrochloride for 23 consecutive days. Serum and 24-hour urine samples obtained before drug administration and during therapy were analyzed for copper, zinc, and iron concentrations. Both tetramines produced a significant cupruresis without significant changes in serum copper or in serum or urine zinc and iron concentrations. The 2,3,2-tetramine tetrahydrochloride produced a 4- to 9-fold greater cupruresis than did 2,2,2-tetramine tetrahydrochloride and resulted in a daily loss of more than 2 mg of copper in the urine. The dogs had no laboratory or clinical evidence of toxic side effects to either cupruretic agent during the treatment period. The results of the present study indicate that 2,3,2-tetramine should be an effective decoppering drug for use in dogs.

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2

Martins, Felipe Terra, Lauro June Queiroz Maia, Leonardo da Silva Neto, Cleiton Moreira da Silva, Ariel M. Sarotti, and Ângelo de Fátima. "Solvatomorphs of 25,26,27,28-tetrahydroxycalix[4]arene and 5,11,17,23-tetramino-25,26,27,28-tetrabutoxycalix[4]arene: quenching photoluminescence through switching the guest." CrystEngComm 19, no. 13 (2017): 1792–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ce02649d.

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3

Zhou, Tian, Yu Yuan, Luyi Xiao, Wei Ding, Yong Wang, and Li-Ping Lv. "Boosting of Redox-Active Polyimide Porous Organic Polymers with Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes towards Pseudocapacitive Energy Storage." Nanomaterials 14, no. 17 (2024): 1388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14171388.

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Redox-active porous organic polymers (POPs) demonstrate significant potential in supercapacitors. However, their intrinsic low electrical conductivity and stacking tendencies often lead to low utilization rates of redox-active sites within their structural units. Herein, polyimide POPs (donated as PMTA) are synthesized in situ on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) from tetramino-benzoquinone (TABQ) and 1,4,5,8-naphthalene tetracarboxylic dianhydride (PMDA) monomers. The strong π–π stacking interactions drive the PMTA POPs and the MWCNTs together to form a PMTA/MWCNT composite. With the assistance of MWCNTs, the stacking issue and low conductivity of PMTA POPs are well addressed, leading to the obvious activation and enhanced utilization of the redox-active groups in the PMTA POPs. PMTA/MWCNT then achieves a high capacitance of 375.2 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 as compared to the pristine PMTA POPs (5.7 F g−1) and excellent cycling stability of 89.7% after 8000 cycles at 5 A g−1. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and in situ Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) results reveal that the electrode reactions involve the reversible structural evolution of carbonyl groups, which are activated to provide rich pseudocapacitance. Asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs) assembled with PMTA/MWCNTs and activated carbon (AC) offer a high energy density of 15.4 Wh kg−1 at 980.4 W kg−1 and maintain a capacitance retention of 125% after 10,000 cycles at 5 A g−1, indicating their good potential for practical applications.

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4

Kuroki, Yoshichika, Kazuaki Ishihara, Naoyuki Hanaki, Suguru Ohara, and Hisashi Yamamoto. "Metal-Templated Macrolactamization of Triamino and Tetramino Esters. Facile Synthesis of Macrocyclic Spermidine and Spermine Alkaloids, (S)-(+)-Dihydroperiphylline, (±)-Buchnerine, (±)-Verbacine, (±)-Verbaskine, and (±)-Verbascenine." Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 71, no. 5 (1998): 1221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.71.1221.

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5

KUROKI, Y., K. ISHIHARA, N. HANAKI, S. OHARA, and H. YAMAMOTO. "ChemInform Abstract: Metal-Templated Macrolactamization of Triamino and Tetramino Esters. Facile Synthesis of Macrocyclic Spermidine and Spermine Alkaloids, (S)-(+)-Dihydroperiphylline, (.+-.)-Buchnerine, (.+-.)-Verbacine, (.+-.)-Verbaskine, and (.+-.)-Ve." ChemInform 29, no. 34 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199834256.

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6

Shiomi, Kazuo. "Tetramine in the Salivary Glands of Marine Carnivorous Snails: Analysis, Distribution, and Toxicological Aspects." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 1 (2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10010006.

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Focusing on tetramine, tetramethylammonium ion, contained in the salivary glands of marine carnivorous snails, this paper gives an overview of analytical methods, distribution in marine snails, and toxicological aspects. Some Neptunea snails have often caused food poisoning in North Atlantic and Northeast Asia regions, especially in Japan. The toxin of both N. arthritica and N. antiqua was first proven to be tetramine in 1960. Subsequent research on marine snail tetramine has progressed with the development of analytical methods. Of the various methods developed, the LC/ESI-MS method is most recommended for tetramine analysis in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and versatility. Accumulated data show that tetramine is ubiquitously contained at high concentrations (usually several mg/g) in the salivary glands of Neptunea snails. Tetramine is also found in the muscle and viscera of Neptunea snails and even in the salivary gland of marine snails other than Neptunea species, although mostly at low levels (below 0.1 mg/g). Interestingly, the major toxin in the salivary glands of Fusitriton oregonensis and Hemifusus tuba is distinguishable from tetramine. In tetramine poisoning, diverse symptoms attributable to the ganglion-blocking action of tetramine, such as visual disturbance, headache, dizziness, abdominal pain, and nausea, develop within 30 min after ingestion of snails because of rapid absorption of tetramine from the gastrointestinal tract. The symptoms are generally mild and subside in a short time (within 24 at most) because of rapid excretion through the kidney. However, it should be kept in mind that tetramine poisoning can be severe in patients with kidney dysfunction, as shown by two recent case reports. Finally, given the diffusion of tetramine from the salivary gland to the muscle during boiling and thawing of snails, removal of salivary glands from live snails is essential to avoid tetramine poisoning.

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7

KIM, JI HOE, KA JEONG LEE, TOSHIYUKI SUZUKI, et al. "Identification of Tetramine, a Toxin in Whelks, as the Cause of a Poisoning Incident in Korea and the Distribution of Tetramine in Fresh and Boiled Whelk (Neptunea intersculpta)." Journal of Food Protection 72, no. 9 (2009): 1935–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-72.9.1935.

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An investigation was conducted into the clinical symptoms and causative agent associated with a whelk poisoning incident that occurred in March 2005 in Korea. The whelk consumed in the poisoning incident was identified as Neptunea intersculpta. All of the 17 patients suffered from eyeball pain, headache, dizziness, abdominal pain, and nausea but no diarrhea. The causative agent was identified as tetramine, based on results from liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Based on the tetramine concentration in the leftover whelk meat and the amount of meat consumed, the amount of tetramine ingested by the patients was estimated to be ≥10 mg. This is the first report of the identification of tetramine as the causative agent in whelk poisoning in Korea. The anatomical distribution of tetramine in fresh and boiled N. intersculpta was examined. The toxin concentration in the meat was higher in specimens boiled in the shell than in fresh specimens collected on the same date. In meat boiled separately after removing the shell, the salivary gland, and the midgut gland, the tetramine concentration was much lower than that in fresh specimens or those boiled in the shell. This result suggests that boiling the meat after removing the salivary gland is a suitable way to prevent tetramine poisoning.

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8

Mok, Jong-Soo, Kwang-Tae Son, Tae-Seek Lee, Eun-Gyoung Oh, Hye-Jin Hwang, and Ji-Hoe Kim. "Tetramine Contents of Sea Snails from the Korean Coast." Journal of the Korean Fisheries Society 40, no. 2 (2007): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5657/kfas.2007.40.2.063.

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9

Jiang, Minghua, Senhua Chen, Jing Li, and Lan Liu. "The Biological and Chemical Diversity of Tetramic Acid Compounds from Marine-Derived Microorganisms." Marine Drugs 18, no. 2 (2020): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18020114.

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Tetramic acid (pyrrolidine-2,4-dione) compounds, isolated from a variety of marine and terrestrial organisms, have attracted considerable attention for their diverse, challenging structural complexity and promising bioactivities. In the past decade, marine-derived microorganisms have become great repositories of novel tetramic acids. Here, we discuss the biological activities of 277 tetramic acids of eight classifications (simple 3-acyl tetramic acids, 3-oligoenoyltetramic acids, 3-decalinoyltetramic acid, 3-spirotetramic acids, macrocyclic tetramic acids, N-acylated tetramic acids, α-cyclopiazonic acid-type tetramic acids, and other tetramic acids) from marine-derived microbes, including fungi, actinobacteria, bacteria, and cyanobacteria, as reported in 195 research studies up to 2019.

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10

Lee, Seong You, Jang Young Lee, Won Suk Lee, Won Young Sung, and Sang Won Seo. "Two Cases of Tetramine Intoxication from Neptunea contricta." Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology 15, no. 1 (2017): 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22537/jksct.15.1.65.

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Even though Neptunea contricta appears similar to Batilus cornutus and Rapana venosa, they are different in tetramine content which inhibits the neuronal calcium channel. Therefore, mistaking Neptunea contricta for Batilus cornutus or Rapana venosa, can result in the occurrence of toxic symptoms. Three patients developed nausea, epigastric pain, chest pain, dizziness, blurred vision, dyspnea, hypertension and tachycardia after eating Neptunea contricta. Moreover, consumption of one only piece was sufficient to cause symptoms because each Neptunea contricta has 17.3 mg of tetramine. Accordingly, care should be taken when patients are consuming more than 5 pieces because toxic symptoms such as dyspnea can occur. Moreover, correct species identification is important because the quantity of tetramine varies among sea snail species. Finally, it is important to educate people to remove the salivary glands completely before consuming Neptunea contricta.

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11

Yeo, In-Hwan, and Jeong-Hoon Lim. "Critical Tetramine Poisoning after Sea Snail Ingestion in a Patient on Peritoneal Dialysis: A Case Report." Medicina 57, no. 6 (2021): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina57060564.

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Tetramine in gastropods can cause poisoning symptoms with various side effects. Most of these symptoms are mild and spontaneously resolved due to the rapid excretion of tetramine through the kidneys; however, patients with kidney dysfunction can present severe symptoms. A 48-year-old woman with end-stage kidney disease due to diabetic nephropathy and undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD) visited our emergency department (ED) with complaints of general weakness, vomiting, and shortness of breath after ingesting some sea snails. On ED arrival, she was in a respiratory failure state; therefore, invasive mechanical ventilation was immediately initiated. Chest radiography showed diffuse severe pulmonary edema and her vital signs fluctuated; thus, continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) was initiated at the intensive care unit to treat tetramine intoxication and control volume status. Her condition gradually improved, and she was successfully weaned from mechanical ventilation on the 5th day of admission and moved to the general ward on the 10th day. CRRT was switched to PD. She fully recovered and was discharged on the 15th day of admission. Therefore, clinicians should explain the risk associated with gastropod ingestion to patients with kidney dysfunction and recognize that the clinical course of tetramine toxicity can be critical.

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12

Duan, Hejun, Yixing Feng, and Yumin Niu. "Trace Detection Method for Tetramine in Drinking Water by Atmospheric Pressure Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry." Asian Journal of Chemistry 35, no. 7 (2023): 1692–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2023.27905.

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This study reports a trace detection method for tetramine in drinking water using atmospheric pressure gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (APGC-MS/MS). After dilution with acetone, the drinking water samples were directly measured using APGC-MS/MS. Separation of tetramine was achieved using a DB-5MS weak polar column (30 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25 μm) and detected with APGC ionization source in positive ion mode. Cone gas and auxiliary flow rates were optimized to 250 L/h and 350 L/h, respectively. Quantitative and qualitative analysis was conducted by monitoring two molecular ions of the target compound (m/z 121.6 and m/z 92.6) under multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM). The linear relationship between tetramine and its concentration was good in the range of 5-100 ng/L, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9999. The detection limit of the method was 0.3 ng/mL and the quantification limit was 1.0 ng/mL. The recovery of the samples was approximately 80.63% to 86.84%, with an intra-day RSD of 1.2% to 3.5% and an inter-day RSD of 2.9% to 4.9%, which met the requirements for trace detection. This method is simple, fast and highly sensitive and it is suitable for the trace detection of tetramine in drinking water.

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13

Bell, AJ, E. Eadie, RW Read, BW Skelton, and AH White. "2,2',4,4',6,6'-Hexanitrobiphenyl-3,3',5,5'-Tetramine: Synthesis and Comparison of Physicochemical Properties With Those of Other Amino Nitro Biphenyls." Australian Journal of Chemistry 40, no. 1 (1987): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9870175.

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A synthesis of 2,2′,4,4′,6,6′-hexanitrobiphenyl-3,3′,5,5′-tetramine, the most highly aminated of a series of hexanitrobiphenyl explosives, is described, and its physical and spectroscopic characteristics determined. The thermal properties and impact sensitiveness of the explosive have been studied, and the substance has been found to be relatively unstable to heat and more sensitive to impact than expected by comparison with other aminated polynitroaromatic compounds. Evidence is provided which suggests that, contrary to present understanding, the introduction of amino groups into such nitroaromatics may decrease their thermal stability and lower their chemical stability sufficiently to allow partial decomposition at low impact energies. �The structure of the tetramine has been determined by X-ray crystallography, and the features likely to be responsible for the unexpected physicochemical properties of the tetramine are discussed based on this.

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14

Lee, Joo Hwan, Jin Wook Park, Seong Jun Hong, Jae-Cheon Jeon, and Sang-Chan Jin. "Respiratory Failure following Tetramine poisoning after Ingestion of Sea Snail: A Case Report." Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology 18, no. 1 (2020): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22537/jksct.18.1.42.

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Tetramine toxicity due to sea snail ingestion is generally mild and has a good prognosis. Tetramine toxicity acts on the acetylcholine receptor, affecting the neuromuscular junction and autonomic nervous system. A 78-year-old female patient visited the emergency room with vomiting and dyspnea after eating sea snails. At the time of admission, the vital signs recorded were 140/80 mmHg-105/min-24/min-36.5℃, and 90% oxygen saturation. Arterial blood test revealed hypercapnia (pCO2 58.2 mmHg) and respiratory acidosis (pH 7.213, HCO3- 22.5 mmol/L), whereas other blood tests showed no specific findings. Due to decreased consciousness and hypoxia, endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation were administered to the patient. Successful weaning was accomplished after 12 hrs, and the patient was discharged without any further complications. Although tetramine toxicity rarely results in acute respiratory failure due to paralysis of the respiratory muscle, caution is required whilst treating the patient.

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15

Twedt, D. C., H. A. Hunsaker, and K. G. D. Allen. "Use of 2,3,2-tetramine as a hepatic copper chelating agent for treatment of copper hepatotoxicosis in Bedlington Terriers." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 192, no. 1 (1988): 52–56. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.1988.192.01.52.

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Summary Five Bedlington Terriers with inherited copper (Cu) hepatotoxicosis and with hepatic Cu concentrations rangingfrom 3,000 to 11,000 μg/g of dry weight (normal, <350 μg/g of dry weight) were treated daily for up to 200 days with 2,3,2-tetramine tetrahydrochloride. During treatment, no change was made in the dietary Cu intake, which ranged from 12 to 16 μg/g of dry diet. Concentrations of hepatic and serum Cu, iron, and zinc were determined before and at the conclusion of the treatment period. In one dog, 24-hour urinary Cu concentration was measured before and during treatment. A liver biopsy specimen obtained after treatment had significantly (P<0.05) reduced hepatic Cu concentration (3,282 (μg/g of dry weight; a 54.9% reduction), compared with the pretreatment value (7,281 μg/g of dry weight). After treatment, there was an overall general lessening of the extent of hepatic morphologic damage. Cytochemical examination for Cu in rhodanine-stained biopsy specimens revealed decreased numbers of Culaden hepatic lysosomes. The mean daily urinary Cu concentration increased as much as 25-fold during 2,3,2-tetramine treatment. Hepatic iron and zinc concentrations and serum Cu concentrations remained within normal ranges after treatment. Clinical or laboratory evidence of 2,3,2-tetramine toxicosis was not detected during treatment. These findings indicated that in affected Bedlington Terriers, 2,3,2-tetramine was a safe and rapid chelating agent of hepatic Cu.

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16

Ueda, Chihiro, Kazuhiro Tateda, Manabu Horikawa, et al. "Anti-Clostridium difficile Potential of Tetramic Acid Derivatives from Pseudomonas aeruginosa Quorum-Sensing Autoinducers." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 54, no. 2 (2009): 683–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00702-09.

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ABSTRACT We have examined the potential bactericidal activities of several tetramic acids derived from Pseudomonas autoinducers against Clostridium difficile, a cause of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. Clinical isolates of C. difficile (n = 4) were incubated in broth with a chemically synthesized Pseudomonas autoinducer and its tetramic acid derivatives. The structure-activity relationship and the mechanisms of action were examined by a time-killing assay and by determination of the morphological/staining characteristics. The use of some tetramic acids derived from N-3-oxododecanoyl l-homoserine lactone resulted in more than 3-log reductions in the viability of C. difficile within 30 min at 30 μM. The outer membrane was suggested to be one of the targets for the bactericidal activity of tetramic acid, because disturbance of the bacterial outer surface was demonstrated by alteration of the Gram-staining characteristic and electron microscopy. The data for the tetramic acid derivatives demonstrate that the keto-enol structure and the length of the acyl side chain of tetramic acid may be essential for the antibacterial activity of this molecule. These results suggest the potential for tetramic acid derivatives to be novel agents with activity against C. difficile.

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17

Orive, Joseba, Roberto Fernández de Luis, Jesús Rodríguez Fernández, Estibaliz Legarra, Fernando Plazaola, and María I. Arriortua. "Fluorinated mixed valence Fe(ii)–Fe(iii) phosphites with channels templated by linear tetramine chains. Structural and magnetic implications of partial replacement of Fe(ii) by Co(ii)." CrystEngComm 16, no. 27 (2014): 6066–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ce00264d.

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18

Wu, Feng, Xingping Zhou, and Xinhai Yu. "Synthesis and characterization of novel star-branched polyimides derived from 2,2-bis[4-(2,4-diaminophenoxy)phenyl]hexafluoropropane." RSC Advances 7, no. 57 (2017): 35786–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra05643e.

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19

Schmidt, Rezső, M. Barkóczy, and P. Szakál. "The Impact of Copper Tetramine Hydroxide Treatments on Wheat Yield." Agrokémia és Talajtan 51, no. 1-2 (2002): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/agrokem.51.2002.1-2.23.

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Authors studied the effect of copper nutrition on the yield, kernel weight and raw protein content of winter wheat. Copper was applied in the form of copper tetramine hydroxide that was produced from a clean copper containing waste originating from microelectronical industry. After suitable chemical transformation this waste can be used as an excellent secondary raw material for the preparation of copper fertilizer. The foliar application of copper tetramine hydroxide complex at the phenological phase of tillering significantly increased the yield, kernel weight and raw protein content of winter wheat. The calculated copper doses that gave the maximum yield, raw protein content and kernel weight were 1.04, 1.12 and 0.77 kg ha -1 respectively.

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20

Neumann, Kerstin, Stefan Kehraus, Michael Gütschow, and Gabriele M. König. "Cytotoxic and HLE-Inhibitory Tetramic Acid Derivatives from Marine-Derived Fungi." Natural Product Communications 4, no. 3 (2009): 1934578X0900400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0900400308.

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Tetramic acid derivatives are an important class of nitrogen heterocycles with a pyrrolidine-2,4-dione core as a key structural motif. From the sponge-derived fungus Beauveria bassiana, a new equisetin-like tetramic acid derivative, beauversetin (1), was isolated. The sea weed-derived fungus Microdiplodia sp. produced the tetramic acid derivative 2 (Sch210972) which was shown to inhibit human leucocyte elastase (HLE) with an IC50 of 1.04 μg mL−1.

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21

Li, Yong, Zheng Huang, Jia Xu, et al. "Microwave-assisted efficient and facile synthesis of tetramic acid derivatives via a one-pot post-Ugi cascade reaction." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 16 (April 9, 2020): 663–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.16.63.

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A facile microwave-assisted method for the synthesis of tetramic acid derivatives has been developed through an Ugi/Dieckmann cyclization strategy with DBU. This two-step one-pot procedure afforded the targeted tetramic acid analogues in good yields. With commercially available Ugi starting materials, microwave irradiation, a simple operation, excellent yields, and a broad scope, this reaction has the potential to produce a large number of tetramic acid analogues, which cannot be easily accessed by the classic synthetic methods.

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22

Drandarov, Konstantin. "The Synthesis and Identification of Isomeric Products of Enzymatic O-Demethylation of the Sympathomimetic Tetraminol - trans-3(2-Hydroxyethylamino)-5,8-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-naphthol." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 57, no. 5 (1992): 1111–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19921111.

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The structure of the positional isomers of mono-O-demethylated metabolites (V and VI) of Tetraminol - trans-3-(2-hydroxyethylamino)-5,8-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-naphthol (XIX) - and the pairs of related derivatives was determined.

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23

Scaps, Patrick, Christian Retière, Gaston Desrosiers, and Gilles Miron. "Effets de la ration alimentaire, de la densité intraspécifique et des relations entre individus sur la croissance des juvéniles de l'espèce Nereis diversicolor (Annelida: Polychaeta)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, no. 2 (1993): 424–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z93-059.

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We studied the effects of food intake, intraspecific density, and interactions between individuals on the growth of laboratory-raised juveniles of Nereis diversicolor fed different quantities of Tetramin. A daily intake of 3.33 mg of Tetramin per individual resulted in an optimal mean mass gain. At densities above 3000 individuals/m2, not only was the growth rate reduced, but biomass and survival rates were also diminished. Frequent handling and the thermodifferential shock that ensured created a stress that had the same negative effects. Variations in responses to aggregation or isolation were high, as revealed by groups of juveniles captured in winter or in spring reacting differently: growth was not affected by the breeding conditions in the winter-caught worms but was faster in spring-caught individuals kept in isolation.

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24

Wu, Yuane, Chen Feng, Jiping Yang, and Gong Chen. "High thermally stable thermosetting polyimides derived from a carborane-containing tetramine." High Performance Polymers 31, no. 5 (2018): 548–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008318779429.

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In this study, we report the preparation of thermosetting polyimides (PIs) based on carborane-containing tetramine and their characterizations. The novel tetramine 1,2-bis(4-(3,5-diaminobenzoic acid phenyl ester))carborane (CBNH) was synthesized and characterized firstly. Then, it was used in the preparation of two kinds of branched imide oligomers via the method of thermal imidization. The cure behavior of the obtained phenylethynyl-terminated oligomers was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. The effect of carborane substituent on the thermal properties of PIs was studied by comparing with a similar structure without the carborane group. The thermal properties of PIs and carbon fiber/PI composites were investigated by thermal gravimetric analysis and dynamic mechanical analysis, respectively. Because of the introduction of high steric hindrance of carborane structure, the resulting thermosets and carbon fiber/PI composites had excellent thermal property with a high char yield at 800°C (>66.5%) and a high glass transition temperature (up to 500°C), respectively.

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25

Oyadomari, Yasumoto, Yasuyuki Goto, Keisuke Suganuma, et al. "Aurantoside L, a New Tetramic Acid Glycoside with Anti-Leishmanial Activity Isolated from the Marine Sponge Siliquariaspongia japonica." Marine Drugs 22, no. 4 (2024): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md22040171.

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A new tetramic acid glycoside, aurantoside L (1), was isolated from the sponge Siliquariaspongia japonica collected at Tsushima Is., Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. The structure of aurantoside L (1) composed of a tetramic acid bearing a chlorinated polyene system and a trisaccharide part was elucidated using spectral analysis. Aurantoside L (1) showed anti-parasitic activity against L. amazonensis with an IC50 value of 0.74 µM.

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26

Oleary, TK, and RW Read. "Synthesis of Sugar-Derived Nitrogen Heterocycles." Australian Journal of Chemistry 49, no. 3 (1996): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9960285.

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The synthesis of nitrogen heterocycles through condensation of stereoisomeric butane-1,2,3,4-tetramines with aldehydes, and their structure elucidation through spectroscopic methods are described. Significant differences in the products from each of the amines were observed due to differences in the relative stereochemistry of the amines. Molecular mechanics energy calculations when carried out on all possible products from the condensation of both the threo and erythro tetramines with acetaldehyde revealed minimum energy structures that were consistent with those found experimentally. The products were therefore probably the result of thermodynamic control.

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27

Rosche, Fred, Gernot Heckmann, Frank Weller та Ekkehard Fluck. "Ein neuer Heterocyclus, 2λ3,4λ5-[1,2,4]-Oxadiphosphinin (2), als Ligand eines zweikernigen Eisenkomplexes / A New Heterocycle, 2λ3, 4λ5 -[1,2,4]-Oxadiphosphinine (2), as Ligand of a Binuclear Iron Complex". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 51, № 12 (1996): 1725–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1996-1209.

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Preparation and properties of a coordination compound are described, in which a carbonyl group in bis[(dicarbonyl)(μ5-cyclopentadienyl)iron] is substituted by hitherto unknown octa- N-methyl-2λ3,4λ5-[1,2,4]-oxadiphosphinine-2,4,4,6-tetramine (2). The 1H , 31P, and 13C NMR spectra are recorded and discussed in detail. The molecular structure of the iron complex 4 is described and interpreted.

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Unten, Yufu, Masatoshi Murai, Katsuyuki Sakai, et al. "Natural tetramic acids elicit multiple inhibitory actions against mitochondrial machineries presiding over oxidative phosphorylation." Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 85, no. 12 (2021): 2368–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bbb/zbab176.

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ABSTRACT The mitochondrial machineries presiding over ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation are promising druggable targets. Fusaramin, a 3-acyl tetramic acid isolated from Fusarium concentricum FKI-7550, is an inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondria, although its target has yet to be identified. Fusaramin significantly interfered with [3H]ADP uptake by yeast mitochondria at the concentration range inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. A photoreactive fusaramin derivative (pFS-5) specifically labeled voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1), which facilitates trafficking of ADP/ATP across the outer mitochondrial membrane. These results strongly suggest that the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation by fusaramin is predominantly attributable to the impairment of VDAC1 functions. Fusaramin also inhibited FoF1-ATP synthase and ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (complex III) at concentrations higher than those required for the VDAC inhibition. Considering that other tetramic acid derivatives are reported to inhibit FoF1-ATP synthase and complex III, natural tetramic acids were found to elicit multiple inhibitory actions against mitochondrial machineries.

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Petdee, Theerawat, Thanwit Naemsai, Ekkawit Pianhanuruk, Worapong Boonchouytan, and Chatree Homkhiew. "Effects of blowing agents and curing temperatures on physical and mechanical properties of natural rubber foam for laminated floor tiles." Polymers and Polymer Composites 30 (January 2022): 096739112211066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09673911221106684.

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Falling on the floor has been one of the most common causes of breaking a bone. Falls in senior homes and care facilities can lead to immobility symptoms and treatments. Rubber flooring is a great alternative for fall protection. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of organic blowing agents (dinitroso pentamethylene tetramine and azodicarbonamide) on the physical and mechanical properties of natural rubber foam used for laminated floor tiles. The curing temperatures were also examined in the range of 140–160 oC. From the experimental results, the blowing agent was an important component added to the rubber foam layer at various contents and temperatures. The compression set increased when curing temperatures and adding blowing agent increased. With an increase in the curing temperature, the elongation at break decreased. The findings indicated that the mechanical properties of natural rubber foam were significantly affected by the kind of blowing agent and the curing temperature. Finally, an optimal energy absorption was found in the dinitroso pentamethylene tetramine condition with 3 phr and the curing temperature of 160°C, which offers the maximum energy absorption value of 110 J.

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Liu, Xiangyun, Honglei Ling, Jiangzhou Luo, Xueping Zong, and Song Xue. "Tetramine-Based Hyperbranched Polyimide Membranes with Rigid Crosslinker for Improved Gas Permeability and Stability." Polymers 15, no. 14 (2023): 3017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15143017.

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Triamine-based HBPI membranes are known for high gas separation selectivity and physical stability, but their permeabilities are still very low. In this study, we utilized a tetramine monomer called TPDA (N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)-1,4-benzenediamine) as a crosslinking center and incorporated an additional diamine comonomer called DAM (2,4,6-trimethyl-1,3-diaminobenzene) to enhance gas separation performance, especially gas permeability. The findings demonstrated that the resultant 6FDA−DAM/TPDA membranes based on tetramine TPDA exhibited a greater amount of free volume compared to the triamine-based HBPI membranes, resulting in significantly higher gas permeabilities. Furthermore, the higher concentration of DAM component led to the generation of more fractional free volumes (FFV). Consequently, the gas permeabilities of the 6FDA−DAM/TPDA membranes increased with an increase in DAM content, with a minimal compromise on selectivity. The enhanced gas permeabilities of the 6FDA−DAM/TPDA membranes enabled them to minimize the footprint required for membrane installations in real-world applications. Moreover, the 6FDA−DAM/TPDA membranes exhibited remarkable durability against physical aging and plasticization, thanks to the incorporation of a hyperbranched network structure.

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Sochaczewski, Łukasz, Anna Filiks, and Marzena Fiszer. "Development of ICP-OES Method for Determination Copper Tetramibi Tetrafluoroborate Active Substance Content in a Kit for Radiopharmaceutical Preparation." Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica - Drug Research 81, no. 6 (2025): 949–57. https://doi.org/10.32383/appdr/201435.

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The aim of this study was to develop a fast, quantitative method for the determination of copper tetramibi tetrafluoroborate active substance content in the POLATOM’s PoltechMIBI kit before radiolabeling, using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Copper tetramibi is a key complex that after radiolabeling with sodium pertechnetate [99mTc], forms technetium [99mTc] sestamibi used primarily for detection of myocardial perfusion abnormalities. Indirect method that determines Cu content was developed and validated according to ICH guidelines and European Pharmacopoeia validation requirements, showing good linearity, accuracy, precision and intermediate precision between two different ICP-OES systems, making it suitable and adequate for routine analysis.

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32

Kungsuwan, Attaya, Tamao Noguchi, Sekio Kano, and Kanehisa Hashimoto. "Assay method for tetramine in carnivorous gastropods." NIPPON SUISAN GAKKAISHI 52, no. 5 (1986): 881–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2331/suisan.52.881.

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SAITO, HIROSHI, KOUICHI WATANABE, MASAKI SAHARA, RURIKO MOCHIZUKI, KIYOTO EDO, and YOSHIHARU OHYAMA. "Triethylene-Tetramine(Trien) Therapy for Wilson's Disease." Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine 164, no. 1 (1991): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1620/tjem.164.29.

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34

Lee, Sangki, Heesun Chung, Jaeook Kim, Ho-Sun Lee, and Heesang Lee. "Characterizations of Death by the Tetramine Poisoning." Korean Journal of Forensic Science 23, no. 2 (2022): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.53051/ksfs.2022.23.2.11.

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35

Anthoni, Uffe, Lars Bohlin, Charles Larsen, Per Nielsen, Niels H. Nielsen, and Carsten Christophersen. "Tetramine: Occurrence in marine organisms and pharmacology." Toxicon 27, no. 7 (1989): 707–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(89)90037-8.

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36

Stachel, Hans-Dietrich, and Josef Schachtner. "Synthese von Heteroanaloga der Penicillsäure / Synthesis of Hetero Analogues of Penicillic Acid." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 51, no. 9 (1996): 1334–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1996-0919.

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37

Matiadis, Dimitris. "Metal-Catalyzed and Metal-Mediated Approaches to the Synthesis and Functionalization of Tetramic Acids." Catalysts 9, no. 1 (2019): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9010050.

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The heterocyclic ring of tetramic acids is found in naturally occurred biologically active products isolated from fungi, bacteria, molds, and sponges. Thus, these molecules have attracted significant attention as synthetic targets, and various synthetic paths have been developed. Over recent years, a growing number of catalytic approaches toward functionalized products have been established in order to overcome the limitations of the conventional methods. The present review describes the strategies for the metal-catalyzed and metal-promoted synthesis and further derivatization of tetramic acids, with emphasis on recent examples from the literature.

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38

Grunwald, Alyssa L., Fabrice Berrué, David P. Overy, and Russell G. Kerr. "Isolation of iqalisetins A and B from a Tolypocladium sp. isolated from marine sediment from Frobisher Bay in Canada’s arctic." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 94, no. 4 (2016): 444–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2015-0439.

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Two new decalin-tetramic acid compounds, iqalisetin A (1) and iqalisetin B (2), were identified from a Tolypocladium sp. isolated from a marine sediment sample collected from Frobisher Bay, Nunavut, in Canada’s arctic. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by NMR experiments. The relative stereochemistry of the decalin skeleton was determined by NOESY experiments and confirmed that 1 and 2 contained a trans-decalin ring system. The absolute stereochemistry of the tetramic acid was determined using Marfey’s method. Compounds 1 and 2 did not exhibit any significant antimicrobial or cytotoxic activity.

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Kato, Naoki, Kana Ebihara, Toshihiko Nogawa, et al. "cis-Decalin-containing tetramic acids as inhibitors of insect steroidogenic glutathione S-transferase Noppera-bo." PLOS ONE 18, no. 8 (2023): e0290851. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0290851.

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Decalin-containing tetramic acid is a bioactive scaffold primarily produced by filamentous fungi. The structural diversity of this group of compounds is generated by characteristic enzymes of fungal biosynthetic pathways, including polyketide synthase/nonribosomal peptide synthetase hybrid enzymes and decalin synthase, which are responsible for the construction of a linear polyenoyl tetramic acid structure and stereoselective decalin formation via the intramolecular Diels–Alder reaction, respectively. Compounds that differed only in the decalin configuration were collected from genetically engineered mutants derived from decalin-containing tetramic acid-producing fungi and used for a structure-activity relationship study. Our evaluation of biological activities, such as cytotoxicity against several cancer cell lines and antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, and mitochondrial inhibitory activities, demonstrated that the activity for each assay varies depending on the decalin configurations. In addition to these known biological activities, we revealed that the compounds showed inhibitory activity against the insect steroidogenic glutathione S-transferase Noppera-bo. Engineering the decalin configurations would be useful not only to find derivatives with better biological activities but also to discover overlooked biological activities.

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40

Basavaraja, K. M., V. P. Vaidya, and C. Chandrashekhar. "Synthesis of Benzofuro[3,2-e]-1,4-diazepines of Pharmacological Interest." E-Journal of Chemistry 5, no. 3 (2008): 567–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/920926.

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The title compounds (4a,b) were prepared by chloroacetylation of 2-acyl-3-aminobenzofuran(1a,b) and subsequent treatment with hexamethylene tetramine in ethanolviathe complex salts (3a,b). Similar reaction with ethyl 3-aminobenzofuran-2 carboxylate (5) produced 3H-benzofuro[3,2-e]-1,4-diazepin2,5(1H,4H)-dione (7) in good yield. All the newly synthesized compounds are characterized by elemental analysis and spectral studies, and evaluated for antimicrobial and anticonvulsant activities.

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41

Feng, You Li, and Li Jing Yu. "Researching on Synthesis of Epoxy/Montmorillonite Composite Material and Dielectric Property." Applied Mechanics and Materials 88-89 (August 2011): 317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.88-89.317.

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Epoxy/montmorillonite composite material was synthetized through intercalated and triethylene tetramine EPIKURETM 3234 was curing agent. A series of nanometer composite material with different amount of montmorillonite were synthetized at certain technology. The dielectric property of composite material was studied. The results show that the dielectric constant increasing with the amount of montmorillonite below 7%; it reaches maximum at 7% montmorillonite, after that, the dielectric constant decreases with the montmorillonite amount increasing.

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42

Chadim, Martin, Miloš Buděšínský, Jana Hodačová, and Jiří Závada. "A Covalently Bound Template in the Regioselective Synthesis of Bis(tetraazacrown)s." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 65, no. 1 (2000): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20000099.

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The two-carbon core in the tricyclic bis(aminal)s arising by condensation of linear tetramines with biacetyl serves as a template in the regioselective alkylation with 1,2,4,5-tetrakis(bromomethyl)benzene.

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43

Lutfullin, Minsagit Hayrullovich, Danil Nailevich Mingaleev, Ramis Razyapovich Gizzatullin, Razaliya Rustamovna Timerbayeva, and Rafkat Iskandarovich Shangarayev. "Study of comparative antiparasitic efficacy of C-18 compound in cattle nematodirosis and eymeriosis." BIO Web of Conferences 17 (2020): 00024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20201700024.

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The comparative antiparasitic efficacy of the compound “C-18, “ tetramisol granutate, albendazole, diacox, and toltarox in nematodirosis and eymeriosis of cattle has been studied. Studies were carried out on forty calves of 6 months of age naturally infected with nematodiruses and on the same number of animals invaded by eimerias. The preparations were administered individually by mouth. The first group of calves was given a 1% introduction solution of 10% tetramisol granulate, the second group a 10% suspension of albendazole. The preparations were given according to the guidelines for their use. Animals in the third group received a 1% solution of C-18 on sunflower oil at a dose of 2 mg/kg. Group four served as controls. Fecal samples were taken and examined before as well as 7, 15 and 30 days after administration of the preparations. 30 days after dehelmintisation, the intencity and extensity of efficacy of the C-18 compound was found to be 95.0 and 90.0%, versus 82.9 and 60.0% for tetramisol granulate and 90.4 and 80.0% for albendazole. Studies have shown that in cattle nematodirosis, the compound “C-18” is more effective than the known preparations tetramisol granulate and albendazole. A similar pattern is established in the examination of animal feces samples 7 and 15 days after deworming. In the second series of experiments, animals of the first group naturally infected with eimerias were fed diacox by group method at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg, the second 10% toltarox suspension was administered individually orally at a dose of 0.3 ml/kg, the third 1% solution of compound “C-18” on salt oil individually orally at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg. Studies have shown that in the case of eymeriosis of cattle, intensity of efficacy in diacox 15 days after treatment was 84.0, toltarox 88.9, and compounds “C-18” 88.6%, extensity of efficacy 50.0 and 83.3%, respectively.

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Myrtle, J. D., A. M. Beekman, and R. A. Barrow. "Ravynic acid, an antibiotic polyeneyne tetramic acid from Penicillium sp. elucidated through synthesis." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 14, no. 35 (2016): 8253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ob00938g.

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45

Li, Ming Yu, Zhi Hao Li, Qing Xuan Zeng, and Zhan Qiang Cao. "Polyamine Type IEF’s Adsorption Efficiency to Cyanide and Copper." Advanced Materials Research 1004-1005 (August 2014): 996–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1004-1005.996.

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The adsorption capacity of two kinds of Ion exchange fiber (IEF) was compared to treat the wastewater contained CNT and Cu, then adsorption efficiency of Poly Acrylo-amidino Triethylene tetramine Fiber (PATAF) was studied under different pH (7.5-9.0) and flow rate (80.4-160.8 BV⋅h-1). The concentration of cyanide and complex ion were measured at pH=8, flow rate=126.0 BV⋅h-1, and the desorption conditions were studied under different concentration and flow rate.

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46

ETO, SHUICHI, KENJI ISSHIKI, YUKO MOMOZONO, TATSUAKI YANO, TADAMICHI SAKUMA, and AKIO MIYAZAKI. "Measurement of tetramine contents in shellfish, Neptunea cumingii." Eisei kagaku 35, no. 6 (1989): 476–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/jhs1956.35.476.

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Klüfers, P., and P. Mayer. "A Star-Shaped Heptanuclear Tetramine Cadmium(II) Complex." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 54, no. 6 (1998): 722–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270197019355.

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48

Kodama, Hiroko, Yoshiko Murata, Taketoshi Iitsuka, and Toshiaki Abe. "Metabolism of administered triethylene tetramine dihydrochloride in humans." Life Sciences 61, no. 9 (1997): 899–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0024-3205(97)00592-4.

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49

Zeng, Lizhen, Yibo Chen, Xiaotong Deng, et al. "Novel triphenylamine-based polyimides as promising organic cathode for lithium/sodium-ion batteries." RSC Advances 15, no. 10 (2025): 7750–57. https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ra08855g.

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A novel poly(4-aminotriphenylamine-3,3′,4,4′-benzophenone tetramide) (PTNBI) organic cathode for lithium/sodium-ion batteries has been synthesized, which can effectively reduce dissolution in organic electrolytes and improve the discharge platform.

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Trost, Barry M., Ehesan U. Sharif, and James J. Cregg. "Ru-catalyzed sequence for the synthesis of cyclic amido-ethers." Chemical Science 8, no. 1 (2017): 770–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6sc02849g.

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