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Journal articles on the topic 'Tetraonidae'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Isaev, A. P., and Z. Z. Borisov. "Winter feeding of ptarmigan (Lacopus lacopus, Galliformes, Tetraonidae) in Yakutia." Biology Bulletin 43, no. 9 (December 2016): 1056–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1062359016090120.

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2

Yamamoto, Saori. "MECHANISMS AFFECTING REPRODUCTION AND ORNAMENT EXPRESSION IN MALE TETRAONIDAE BIRDS." Reviews in Agricultural Science 4 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.7831/ras.4.1.

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3

Исаев, А. П., and З. З. Борисов. "Зимнее питание белой куропатки (Lagopus lagopus,Galliformes, Tetraonidae) в Якутии." Зоологический журнал 95, no. 8 (2016): 955–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7868/s0044513416080055.

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4

Huang, Zuhao, and Dianhua Ke. "Organization and variation of the Tetraonidae (Aves: Galliformes) mitochondrial DNA control region." Mitochondrial DNA Part B 2, no. 2 (August 23, 2017): 568–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2017.1361345.

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5

Борщевский, В. Г. "Начало весны – критический период в годовом цикле жизни глухаря (Tetrao urogallus, Tetraonidae, Galliformes)?" Зоологический журнал 94, no. 4 (2015): 455–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7868/s0044513415040030.

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6

Saaela, S., U. Petäjä-Repo, and R. Hissa. "Monoamines, thyroid hormones and energy reserves in developing capercaillie chicks (Tetrao urogallus: tetraonidae)." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 97, no. 3 (January 1990): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(90)90623-z.

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7

Butorina, O. T., and L. L. Solovenchuk. "The Use of c-mos Nuclear Gene as a Phylogenetic Marker in Tetraonidae Birds." Russian Journal of Genetics 40, no. 10 (October 2004): 1080–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:ruge.0000044751.15446.c1.

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8

MLÍKOVSKÝ, JIŘÍ. "The correct name for the Siberian Black-billed Capercaillie is Tetrao urogalloides (Aves: Tetraonidae)." Zootaxa 3452, no. 1 (September 4, 2012): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3452.1.3.

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The Black-billed Capercaillie is a widespread species of north-eastern Asia, being almost endemic to Russia, but also occurring in northern Mongolia and northernmost China (Potapov 1985, 1987; De Juana 1994; Madge & McGowan 2002; Storch 2007). Two different names are in current use for this species in the scientific literature: Tetrao urogalloides Middendorff, 1853 (e.g. Buturlin 1901: 66, 1935: 185; Kirikov 1952: 103; Hjort 1970: 307; Walters 1980: 34; Potapov 1985: 361, 1987: 186; Haffer 1989; Klaus et al. 1989; Andreev 1991; Grant & Grant 1997: 7773; Klaus & Andreev 2001; Meserve 2005: 77; Klement'ev 2011) and Tetrao parvirostris Bonaparte, 1856 (e.g. Dresser 1903: 697; Hartert 1917: 292, 1921: 1884; Štegman 1926: 229; Peters 1934: 26; Vaurie 1965: 260; Stepanân 1990: 136; Inskipp et al. 1996: 27; Madge & McGowan 2002: 373; Dickinson 2003: 46; Zheng 2005: 47; Koblik et al. 2006: 106; Brazil 2010: 30). This situation is untenable. Thus, I restudied the nomenclatural history of this species to determine which name is correct, with the following results.

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9

MLÍKOVSKÝ, JIŘÍ. "The authorship and type localities of bird taxa (Aves) collected during the John Ross 1818 Expedition to the Baffin Bay, northwestern Atlantic Ocean." Zootaxa 3515, no. 1 (October 12, 2012): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3515.1.3.

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The 1818 expedition to the Baffin Bay, headed by Captain John Ross, resulted in the description of at least six bird speciesand four bird genera believed to be new to science. My review of publications relevant to the history of the expedition andto its ornithological outputs resulted in the correction of authorship of several of these names, as follows: The genus So-materia (Anatidae) dates from Leach (in Anonymous 1818), not from Leach (in Ross 1819c). The author of the generaClangula (Anatidae) and Xema (Laridae) is Ross (1819c), not Leach (in Ross 1819c). The species Larus sabini (Laridae)dates from J. Sabine (in Anonymous 1819a), not from J. Sabine (1819). The subspecies of Lagopus mutus (Tetraonidae)from western Greenland should be called Lagopus mutus dispar Ross, 1820c, not Lagopus mutus saturatus Salomonsen, 1950, if recognized. Other corrections consider names which are currently not used as valid.

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10

Борщевский, В. Г., and А. Б. Костин. "Сезонность и причины гибели тетерева (Lyrurus tetrix, Galliformes, Tetraonidae) в западной России по данным учета останков." Зоологический журнал 93, no. 8 (2014): 982–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7868/s004451341406004x.

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11

Andreev, A. V. "Ecological energetics of Palaearctic Tetraonidae in relation to chemical composition and digestibility of their winter diets." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): 1382–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-203.

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Parameters of digestion and energetics of free-living grouse were plotted against body mass to determine whether a general relationship exists between quantitative food intake, digestibility, and energy demands of individuals of different sizes, and to clarify the relationship between chemical composition of the diet and individual energetic demands of different species. Regression analysis showed a positive correlation between each of the parameters (except dry mass of caecal faeces) and body mass, reflecting a relationship between differences in chemical composition of the browse in the diets and its digestibility. Modelling intermediary metabolism in three grouse species revealed that about 50% of metabolizable energy originated from carbohydrate oxidation; the rest was shared among fiber (9–35%), protein (9–14%), and crude fat (12–25%). The more nitrogen in the diet, the higher were estimates of total digestibility, as well as those of fiber and fat. A generalized model of nitrogen demands of individuals is proposed and predictions from the model are compared with particular determinations based upon actual data from different species. The digestibility of natural grouse diets, and consequently available energy, is essentially dependent upon the concentration of protein in the diet. This suggests that it is necessary for grouse to exceed the minimal physiological level of nitrogen intake, not only to create reserves, but also to function effectively in the presumed need to detoxify and digest those fractions of the diet that are difficult to absorb.

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12

Delogu, Mauro, Giulia Ghetti, Alessandro Gugiatti, Claudia Cotti, Isabella Piredda, Matteo Frasnelli, and Maria A. De Marco. "Virological Investigation of Avian Influenza Virus on Postglacial Species of Phasianidae and Tetraonidae in the Italian Alps." ISRN Veterinary Science 2013 (September 17, 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/601732.

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Land-based birds, belonging to Galliformes order are considered to be potential intermediaries in the emergence of new strains of influenza A viruses (AIVs), but the viral circulation in these birds remains largely unknown. To gain insights into the circulation of AIV in the wild Galliformes populations in Italian Alps, we conducted a virological survey on rock partridge (Alectoris graeca saxatilis) belonging to Phasianidae family and on tetraonids including rock ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus helveticus) and black grouse (Tetrao tetrix tetrix). In 2003 and 2004, during the hunting seasons, 79 wild Galliformes, categorised into age and sex classes, were hunted in the Sondrio Province (Central Alps). Cloacal swabs were collected from 11 rock partridges and from 68 tetraonids including 23 alpine rock ptarmigans and 45 black grouses. We tested cloacal swabs by a high sensitive reverse transcription- (RT-) PCR detecting the matrix gene of AIV. No AIV was detected in the investigated samples, thus, suggesting the lack of AIV circulation in these relict populations in the study period. In terms of threatened species conservation, during wildlife management activities, it is very important to exclude the introduction of AIV-carrier birds in shared territories, a fact representing a health risk for these populations.

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13

Spaulding, Allen. "Rapid courtship evolution in grouse (Tetraonidae): contrasting patterns of acceleration between the Eurasian and North American polygynous clades." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1613 (February 6, 2007): 1079–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.0390.

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Sexual selection is thought to be a powerful diversifying force, based on large ornamental differences between sexually dimorphic species. This assumes that unornamented phenotypes represent evolution without sexual selection. If sexual selection is more powerful than other forms of selection, then two effects would be: rapid divergence of sexually selected traits and a correlation between these divergence rates and variance in mating success in the ornamented sex. I tested for these effects in grouse (Tetraonidae). For three species pairs, within and among polygynous clades, male courtship characters had significantly greater divergence than other characters. This was most pronounced for two species in Tympanuchus . In the Eurasian polygynous clade, relative courtship divergence gradually increased with nucleotide divergence, suggesting a less dramatic acceleration. Increase in relative courtship divergence was associated with mating systems having higher variance in male mating success. These results suggest that sexual selection has accelerated courtship evolution among grouse, although the microevolutionary details appear to vary among clades.

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14

Dimcheff, Derek E., Mallika Krishnan, and David P. Mindell. "Evolution and Characterization of Tetraonine Endogenous Retrovirus: a New Virus Related to Avian Sarcoma and Leukosis Viruses." Journal of Virology 75, no. 4 (February 15, 2001): 2002–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.75.4.2002-2009.2001.

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ABSTRACT In a previous study, we found avian sarcoma and leukosis virus (ASLV) gag genes in 19 species of birds in the order Galliformes including all grouse and ptarmigan (Tetraoninae) surveyed. Our data suggested that retroviruses had been transmitted horizontally among some host species. To further investigate these elements, we sequenced a replication-defective retrovirus, here named tetraonine endogenous retrovirus (TERV), from Bonasa umbellus (ruffed grouse). This is the first report of a complete, replication-defective ASLV provirus sequence from any bird other than the domestic chicken. We found a replication-defective proviral sequence consisting of putative Gag and Env proteins flanked by long terminal repeats. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis showed that retroviral gagsequences closely related to TERV are transcribed, supporting the hypothesis that TERV is an active endogenous retrovirus. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that TERV may have arisen via recombination between different retroviral lineages infecting birds. Southern blotting usinggag probes showed that TERV occurs in tetraonines but not in chickens or ducks, suggesting that integration occurred after the earliest phasianid divergences but prior to the radiation of tetraonine birds.

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15

Ilic, Tamara, Tamas Petrovic, and Sanda Dimitrijevic. "Significance of wildfowl populations and their parasite fauna." Veterinarski glasnik 67, no. 1-2 (2013): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl1302105i.

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Populations of wildfowl have been categorised taxonomically into five families: Phasianidae, Tetraonidae, Scolopacidae, Otidae and Anatidae. They are of particular importance for agriculture, forestry and the game economy, and certain species also have an important role in the epizootiology of parasitic infections in domestic fowl and fish. That is why it is extremely important for the process of promoting the system of animal health protection to have knowledge regarding the etiology and epizootiology of parasitic infections in wildfowl. Diseases in wildfowl caused by protozoa are histomoniasis, trichomoniasis, malaria, coccidiosis, cryptosporidiosis, sarcocystosis, toxoplasmosis, and giardiasis. The most represented helminthiases in wildfowl are singamosis, capillariasis, trichostrongyliasis, ascaridiosis, heteraciosis, nematodosis of the glandular stomach, cestodoses and trematodoses. The most significant ectoparasites in wildfowl are mites, ticks, and fleas. The reduction of populations of certain widlfowl species in nature could present a major problem, having in mind the important role of these birds in ecosystems and biocenosis. The incidence, maintaining and spreading of parasitic infections among widlfowl are just some of the factors that affect the numbers of their populations.

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16

Borchtchevski, V. G., and A. B. Kostin. "Seasonality and causes of black grouse (Lyrurus tetrix, Galliformes, Tetraonidae) death in Western Russia according to count of remains." Biology Bulletin 41, no. 8 (November 22, 2014): 657–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1062359014080032.

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17

Siegel-Causey, Douglas. "The Natural History and Ecology of Holarctic Galliformes Tetraonidae and Phasianidae of the USSR: Ecology and Morphology M. A. Kuz'mina." Condor 96, no. 2 (May 1994): 570–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1369341.

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18

Harington, C. Richard. "Vertebrates of the Last Interglaciation in Canada: A Review, with New Data." Articles 44, no. 3 (December 18, 2007): 375–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/032837ar.

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ABSTRACT Vertebrate fossils and faunas that are reasonably inferred to be of last (Sangamonian) interglacial age are considered in geographic order from east to west to north in Canada. Data on localities, vertebrate taxa, stratigraphy, geochronology, paleoenvironment and paleoclimate are considered. Information on key faunas from Toronto, Fort Qu'Appelle, Saskatoon. Medicine Hat and Old Crow River is supplemented by data on smaller faunas and, in some cases, individual specimens. New data are included for several localities. Fishes, such as whitefish (Coregonus sp.) and pike (Esox sp.). had broad distributions from eastern to northwestern Canada. Except for a turtle (Emydoidea blandingi) from lnnerkip, Ontario, amphibians and reptiles have not yet been reported from Canada during the Sangamon Interglaciation. Several species of grouse-like birds (Tetraonidae) are known from western Canada. Among the mammals. American mastodons (Mammut americanum), mammoths (Mammuthus sp.), beavers (Castor canadensis), giant beavers (Castoroides ohioensis), muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus), voles (Microtus sp.). white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), stag moose (Cervalces sp.), bison [perhaps mainly giant bison (Bison latifrons)\ and muskoxen (Ovibovini) were evidently most widespread during the last interglacial interval. The western plains had a characteristic large mammal fauna that included Columbian mammoths (Mammuthus columbi), Scott's horses (Equus scotti), small horses (Equus conversidens), western camels (Camelops hesternus). pronghorns (Antilocapridae), giant bison (Bison latifrons) and helmeted muskoxen (Sy m bos cavifrons).

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19

Спиридонова, Л. Н., Е. Г. Лобков, С. В. Шедько, and А. П. Крюков. "Генетическая однородность подвидов каменного глухаря Tetrao parvirostris parvirostris Bonaparte, 1856 и T. p. kamtschaticus Kittlitz, 1858 ( Tetraonidae, Aves ) по митохондриальной и ядерной ДНК." Генетика 56, no. 4 (2020): 433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s001667582004013x.

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20

Chang-qing, Ding, and Zheng Guang-mei. "The regions of conservation importance for grouse, partridges and pheasants in China." Bird Conservation International 10, no. 4 (December 2000): 319–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900000289.

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China is a large country, occupying 9,600,000 km2. It lies between longitudes 73°40′E and 135° 05′E, a distance of some 5,200 km. Mountainous in the west and flat in the east, the land surface of China slopes downward from west to east in a three-step staircase and can be divided into moist, semi-moist, semi-arid and arid regions from the east coast to the inland north-west respectively. From north to south, China covers frigid, temperate, subtropical and tropical zones. All of this variation in geographical and climate conditions combine to give it a high diversity of fauna and flora.The country is rich in Galliformes. Sixty-one species of two families (Tetraonidae and Phasianidae) are found in the country (Cheng 1994), which is about 22% of the 277 Galliformes species of the world (Sibley and Monroe 1990). In recent decades, as a result of big changes in the environments and the increasing human activities, the ranges of Chinese Galliformes have decreased and the population densities have declined (Zheng and Zhang 1993). The status of the country's Galliformes was assessed in the mid 1990s as part of two global reviews: through the compilation of IUCN/World Pheasant Association (WPA) action plans for pheasants (McGowan and Garson 1995) and partridges (McGowan et al., 1995), and through the revision of BirdLife International's list of threatened bird species (Collar et al. 1994). Both assessments considered that a high proportion of the world's threatened Galliformes occurred in China.

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21

Pistone, D., M. Lindgren, P. Holmstad, N. K. Ellingsen, H. Kongshaug, F. Nilsen, and A. Skorping. "The role of chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) as intermediate hosts in the transmission of Hymenolepis microps (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea) from the willow ptarmigan Lagopus lagopus (Aves: Tetraonidae)." Journal of Helminthology 92, no. 1 (March 6, 2017): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x17000141.

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AbstractThe cestode Hymenolepis microps is an intestinal parasite of tetraonid birds, including the willow ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus). This parasite is able to maintain a high prevalence and intensity throughout the year, even in a subarctic environment in bird populations with relatively low host densities, indicating effective transmission routes. Willow ptarmigan consume mainly vegetal material and active consumption of invertebrates is confined to the first two or three weeks of life. Ptarmigan are infected by different species of ectoparasites, of which two species of feather lice, Lagopoecus affinis and Goniodes lagopi, are the most abundant. In this study, we explored the hypothesis that feather lice may be suitable intermediate hosts for H. microps. We applied histological techniques and light microscopy to investigate lice for the presence of larval cestode stages (cysticercoids). We found 12 cysticercoid-like structures inside chewing lice collected on L. lagopus hosts harbouring H. microps. In addition, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening of Ischnocera lice DNA, targeting the 18S rRNA gene of the cestode, showed positive results for two different short fragments of the 18S rRNA gene of H. microps which were sequenced from lice collected on birds. Both independent lines of evidence support the hypothesis that Ischnocera lice might be suitable intermediate hosts in the life cycle of H. microps in L. lagopus.

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22

Spiridonova, L. N., E. G. Lobkov, S. V. Shedko, and A. P. Kryukov. "Genetic Homogeneity of the Black-Billed Capercaillie Subspecies Tetrao parvirostris parvirostris Bonaparte, 1856 and T. p. kamtschaticus Kittlitz, 1858 (Tetraonidae, Aves) Based on the Mitochondrial and Nuclear DNA Data." Russian Journal of Genetics 56, no. 4 (April 2020): 454–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1022795420040134.

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23

Ranta, Esa, Jan Lindstrom, and Harto Linden. "Synchrony in Tetraonid Population Dynamics." Journal of Animal Ecology 64, no. 6 (November 1995): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/5855.

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24

Ellison, Laurence N. "Shooting and Compensatory Mortality in Tetraonids." Ornis Scandinavica 22, no. 3 (July 1991): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3676595.

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25

Kvasnes, Mikkel A. J., Torstein Storaas, Hans Chr Pedersen, Svein Bjørk, and Erlend B. Nilsen. "Spatial dynamics of Norwegian tetraonid populations." Ecological Research 25, no. 2 (December 5, 2009): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11284-009-0665-7.

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26

Benson, David P. "Low Extra-Pair Paternity in White-Tailed Ptarmigan." Condor 104, no. 1 (February 1, 2002): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/104.1.192.

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Abstract The White-tailed Ptarmigan (Lagopus leucurus) is one of the few socially monogamous species within the highly polygynous grouse subfamily (Tetraoninae). I found White-tailed Ptarmigan in Glacier National Park, Montana, to be nearly genetically monogamous. Of 58 chicks with putative fathers identified, three were the result of extra-pair copulations (5%). Three of 18 clutches (17%) contained extra-pair offspring. I suggest that White-tailed Ptarmigan males are able to guard their females effectively from extra-pair copulations because of high visibility in their habitat and their ability to forage alongside their mate. The three extra-pair offspring were sired by unknown males. Baja Paternidad Extra-Pareja en Lagopus leucurus Resumen. Lagopus leucurus es una de las pocas especies socialmente monógama dentro de la subfamilia Tetraoninae que se caracteriza por ser altamente polígina. En el “Glacier National Park,” Montana, encontré que los individuos de L. leucurus eran casi completamente monógamos en términos genéticos. De 58 polluelos con padres putativos, tres (5%) fueron el resultado de copulaciones extra-pareja. Tres de 18 nidadas (7%) presentaron hijos extra-pareja. Sugiero que los machos de L. leucurus son capaces de proteger efectivamente a sus hembras para evitar copulaciones extra-pareja debido a la alta visibilidad del hábitat en que se encuentran y a la habilidad de forrajear junto con la hembra. Los tres hijos de origen extra-pareja no fueron engendrados por machos que estaban en pareja.

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27

Lindström, Jan, Esa Ranta, Veijo Kaitala, Harto Lindén, Jan Lindstrom, and Harto Linden. "The Clockwork of Finnish Tetraonid Population Dynamics." Oikos 74, no. 2 (November 1995): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3545647.

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28

ALEIX-MATA, GAËL, FRANCISCO J. RUIZ-RUANO, JESÚS M. PÉREZ, MATHIEU SARASA, and ANTONIO SÁNCHEZ. "Complete mitochondrial genome of the Western Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus (Phasianidae, Tetraoninae)." Zootaxa 4550, no. 4 (January 29, 2019): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4550.4.9.

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The Western Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) is a galliform bird of boreal climax forests from Scandinavia to eastern Siberia, with a fragmented population in southwestern Europe. We extracted the DNA of T. urogallus aquitanicus and obtained the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequence by combining Illumina and Sanger sequencing sequence data. The mitochondrial genome of T. urogallus is 16,683 bp long and is very similar to that of Lyrurus tetrix (16,677 bp). The T. urogallus mitogenome contains the normal 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs, 2 ribosomal RNAs, and the control region. The number, order, and orientation of the mitochondrial genes are the same as in L. tetrix and in other species of the same and other bird families. The three domains of the control region contained conserved sequences (ETAS; CSBs), boxes (F, E, D, C, B, BS box), the putative origin of replication of the H-strand (OH) and bidirectional promoters of translation (LSP/HSP).

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29

Gutiérrez, R. J., George F. Barrowclough, and Jeffrey G. Groth. "A classification of the grouse (Aves: Tetraoninae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences." Wildlife Biology 6, no. 1 (January 2000): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2981/wlb.2000.017.

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30

Dimcheff, Derek E., Sergei V. Drovetski, and David P. Mindell. "Phylogeny of Tetraoninae and other galliform birds using mitochondrial 12S and ND2 genes." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 24, no. 2 (August 2002): 203–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1055-7903(02)00230-0.

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31

Thomas, V. G. "Myoglobin levels and mATPase activity in pectoral muscles of spruce and ruffed grouse (Aves: Tetraoninae)." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 81, no. 1 (January 1985): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(85)90285-3.

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32

Moss, R. "Gut size and the digestion of fibrous diets by tetraonid birds." Journal of Experimental Zoology 252, S3 (1989): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.1402520510.

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Bennett, Gordon F., and Michael A. Peirce. "The haemoproteids of the avian family Phasianidae." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 6 (June 1, 1989): 1557–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-221.

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The haemoproteids of the avian family Phasianidae are reviewed. Haemoproteus lophortyx O'Roke, 1929 and H. rileyi Malkani, 1936 of the Phasianinae and H. pratasi Tendeiro, 1947 of the Numidinae are redescribed. Four species of haemoproteids from the Phasianinae (H. chukari Tartakovskii, 1913, H. coturnix Musaev &Zeiniev, 1977, H. perdix Musaev &Zeiniev, 1977, and H. gallinarum Yakunin &Zhazyltaev, 1977) are considered nomina nuda; H. santosdiasi Son, 1960, H. chapini van den Berghe et al., 1958, H. bambusicolae Manwell et al., 1976, and H. ammoperdix Subkhonov, 1980 are considered synonyms of H. rileyi. Haemoproteus silvai Son, 1960 is considered a synonym of H. pratasi of the Numidinae while H. balfouri Sambon, 1909 is designated a nomen nudum. Haemoproteus canachites Fallis &Bennett, 1960 and H. rotundus Oliger, 1956 are considered synonyms of H. mansoni Castellani &Chalmers, 1910, while H. stableri White &Bennett, 1979 is the other valid haemoproteid of the Tetraoninae. Haemoproteus meleagridis Levine, 1961 is the only species described from the Meleagridinae. The 18 species of haemoproteids of four subfamilies of the Phasianidae are now reduced to 6 species.

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34

Schreiber, Arnd, Thomas Weitzel, and Egbert Strauß. "Allozyme variability in Black Grouse (Tetrao tetrix), a tetraonid with lek behaviour." Journal für Ornithologie 139, no. 1 (January 1998): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01651316.

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Marcstrom, V., R. E. Kenward, and E. Engren. "The Impact of Predation on Boreal Tetraonids During Vole Cycles: An Experimental Study." Journal of Animal Ecology 57, no. 3 (October 1988): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/5097.

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Boag, D. A., and J. Rolstad. "Workshop Summary: Aims and Methods of Managing Forests for the Conservation of Tetraonids." Ornis Scandinavica 22, no. 3 (July 1991): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3676594.

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Holmstad, Per R., Peter J. Hudson, Vigdis Vandvik, and Arne Skorping. "Can parasites synchronise the population fluctuations of sympatric tetraonids? -examining some minimum conditions." Oikos 109, no. 3 (June 2005): 429–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13702.x.

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38

Dimcheff, Derek E., Sergei V. Drovetski, Mallika Krishnan, and David P. Mindell. "Cospeciation and Horizontal Transmission of Avian Sarcoma and Leukosis Virus gag Genes in Galliform Birds." Journal of Virology 74, no. 9 (May 1, 2000): 3984–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.74.9.3984-3995.2000.

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ABSTRACT In a study of the evolution and distribution of avian retroviruses, we found avian sarcoma and leukosis virus (ASLV) gag genes in 26 species of galliform birds from North America, Central America, eastern Europe, Asia, and Africa. Nineteen of the 26 host species from whom ASLVs were sequenced were not previously known to contain ASLVs. We assessed congruence between ASLV phylogenies based on a total of 110gag gene sequences and ASLV-host phylogenies based on mitochondrial 12S ribosomal DNA and ND2 sequences to infer coevolutionary history for ASLVs and their hosts. Widespread distribution of ASLVs among diverse, endemic galliform host species suggests an ancient association. Congruent ASLV and host phylogenies for two species of Perdix, two species ofGallus, and Lagopus lagopus and L. mutus also indicate an old association with vertical transmission and cospeciation for these ASLVs and hosts. An inference of horizontal transmission of ASLVs among some members of the Tetraoninae subfamily (grouse and ptarmigan) is supported by ASLV monophyletic groups reflecting geographic distribution and proximity of hosts rather than host species phylogeny. We provide a preliminary phylogenetic taxonomy for the new ASLVs, in which named taxa denote monophyletic groups.

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39

Martínez-Padilla, Jesús, François Mougeot, Lorenzo Pérez-Rodríguez, and Gary R. Bortolotti. "Nematode parasites reduce carotenoid-based signalling in male red grouse." Biology Letters 3, no. 2 (January 30, 2007): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0593.

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Carotenoids determine the yellow–red colours of many ornaments, which often function as signals of quality. Carotenoid-based signalling may reliably advertise health and should be particularly sensitive to parasite infections. Nematodes are among the commonest parasites of vertebrates, with well-documented negative effects on their hosts. However, to date, little is known about the effects that these parasites may have on carotenoid-based signalling. Tetraonid birds (grouse) exhibit supra-orbital combs, which are bright integumentary ornaments pigmented by carotenoids. We tested the effect of the nematode parasite Trichostrongylus tenuis on signalling in free-living male red grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus . We show that experimentally reduced nematode infection increases plasma carotenoid concentration and comb redness, demonstrating for the first time that nematodes can influence carotenoid-based signals.

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Sveinsdóttir, Máney, and Kristinn Pétur Magnússon. "Complete mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic analysis of willow ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus) and rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta) (Galliformes: Phasianidae: Tetraoninae)." Mitochondrial DNA Part B 2, no. 2 (July 11, 2017): 400–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2017.1347834.

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41

Porkert, Jan. "Hoarfrost Deposits as a Factor Contributing to the Extinction of Tetraonids in the Eastern Sudetes." Ornis Scandinavica 22, no. 3 (July 1991): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3676607.

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BRUMMER-KORVENKONTIO, M., O. VAPALAHTI, P. KUUSISTO, P. SAIKKU, T. MANNI, P. KOSKELA, T. NYGREN, H. BRUMMER-KORVENKONTIO, and A. VAHERI. "Epidemiology of Sindbis virus infections in Finland 1981–96: possible factors explaining a peculiar disease pattern." Epidemiology and Infection 129, no. 2 (October 2002): 335–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268802007409.

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Pogosta disease (PD), an epidemic rash-arthritis occurring in late summer is caused by Sindbis virus (SINV) and is transmitted to humans by mosquitoes. Altogether 2183 PD cases were serologically confirmed 1981–96 in Finland, with an annual incidence of 2.7/100000 (18 in the most endemic area of Northern Karelia). The annual average was 136 (varying from 1 to 1282) with epidemics occurring in August–September with a 7-year interval. Studies on 6320 patients with suspected rubella (1973–89) revealed 107 PD cases. The depth of snow cover and the temperature in May–July seemed to predict the number of cases. The morbidity was highest in 45- to 65-year-old females and lowest in children. Subclinical SINV infections were 17 times more common than the clinical ones. The SINV-antibody prevalence in fertile-age females was 0.6% in 1992; the estimated seroprevalence in Finland is about 2%. Among game animals the tetraonids (black grouse and capercaillie) had the highest seroprevalence (65%) in the epidemic year of 1981.

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Thingstad, Per Gustav. "Predicting autumn population sizes of tetraonid game birds from reproduction data of pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca." Biological Conservation 87, no. 1 (January 1999): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3207(98)00023-8.

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Siitari, Heli, Jussi Viitala, and Matti Hovi. "Behavioural evidence for ultraviolet vision in a tetraonid species - foraging experiment with black grouse Tetrao tetrix." Journal of Avian Biology 33, no. 2 (June 2002): 199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-048x.2002.330212.x.

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Bevanger, K. "Estimates and Population Consequences of Tetraonid Mortality Caused by Collisions with High Tension Power Lines in Norway." Journal of Applied Ecology 32, no. 4 (November 1995): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2404814.

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Solonen, Tapio, Heikki Lokki, and Seppo Sulkava. "Diet and brood size in rural and urban Northern Goshawks Accipiter gentilis in southern Finland." Avian Biology Research 12, no. 1 (February 2019): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1758155919826754.

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The brood size in the Finnish Northern Goshawks seems to be associated with the breeding habitat and the availability of suitable prey. In this study, we examined these relationships in three study areas of different landscape structure in southern Finland, including a recently colonized urban area. The most abundant prey categories found in the food remains of the goshawk included corvids, turdids, columbids, gallinaceous birds, and squirrels. Corvids dominated in the diet samples of all the study areas. The number of turdids and columbids in the samples was significantly higher in both the rural and the urban habitats than in the wilderness area. The number of gallinaceous birds was significantly higher in the wilderness area than in other habitats. Gallinaceous birds, particularly tetraonids, the traditional staple food of the Northern Goshawk in Finland, seemed to be largely compensated by corvids in the wilderness area and by corvids and columbids in the rural and urban areas. The amount of corvids in prey showed a positive relationship with brood size, suggesting some particular importance of this prey in the goshawk diet. In all, diet seemed to explain partly between-landscape variations in the brood size of the goshawk. The brood size was significantly higher in the urban landscape than elsewhere.

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Helle, Pekka, Katja Ikonen, and Anu Kantola. "Wildlife monitoring in Finland: online information for game administration, hunters, and the wider public." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 46, no. 12 (December 2016): 1491–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2015-0454.

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Annual, nationwide monitoring of the grouse (hunted tetraonid birds) began in Finland at the beginning of the 1960s followed by systematic counts of mammal snow tracks in the late 1980s. The wildlife triangle scheme, started in 1989, gathers game monitoring data throughout the country. The system is based on a large network of triangles made up of 4 km transects (totaling 12 km per triangle) covering the entire country. The program involves an astonishing amount of fieldwork: about 10 000 km of transect line (about half of the established transects) is studied during every summer and winter count. The riistakolmiot.fi internet service was launched for the 2014 late-summer count. Via the internet, trained hunters can record their observations in a database and follow the progress of the count during the fieldwork period. In the public section of the website, anyone can view the results of ongoing counts. The internet service speeds up the collection of observations, simplifies the storing of data, and assists in preparing and sending the summary reports. Data provided by the wildlife triangle scheme are utilized by the European Union, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, and other game administrative organizations, as well as hunting clubs and the general public. Annual results of the late-summer monitoring procedure are used immediately when deciding on the restrictions to the forthcoming grouse hunting season, which is due to begin just a few weeks later.

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48

Zwickel, Fred C., Mark A. Degner, Donald T. McKinnon, and David A. Boag. "Sexual and subspecific variation in the numbers of rectrices of blue grouse." Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-020.

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We examined numbers of rectrices of all subspecies of blue grouse (Dendragapus obscurus), determined from our own studies and reported in the literature. Approximately 8% of all birds had an uneven number of rectrices, with no difference between males and females. More birds from a presumed subspecific "hybrid" population had uneven numbers of rectrices than those from "nonhybrid" samples. Of North American tetraonines, sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) and blue grouse appear most variable in this character. Within subspecies, males and females had the same modal numbers of rectrices. The sexes differed, however, in the overall distribution of numbers of rectrices; most birds with submodal numbers were females and most birds with supermodal numbers, males. Males and females in one hybrid population differed in modal numbers of rectrices: males 20, and females 18. Eighty per cent of all coastal blue grouse had 18 rectrices, with no differences among subspecies. In contrast, all interior subspecies differed from each other. The two northern interior subspecies, D. o. pallidus and D. o. richardsonii, had modes of 20 rectrices, with that for pallidus weaker than that for richardsonii (70 and 81% modal, respectively). Dendragapus obscurus obscurus had a mode of 18 rectrices, not different from that for coastal birds. A small sample of D. o. oreinus was equally divided between birds with 18 and 20 rectrices, suggesting relationships with D. o. pallidus to the north and D. o. obscurus to the east. Northern interior blue grouse emerge as a distinct group with respect to modal number of rectrices, which parallels the pattern for the presence or absence of tail bands. Based on these two characteristics, coastal blue grouse appear more closely related to southern interior than to northern interior subspecies. The blue grouse is the only tetraonine with clear evidence of subspecific variation in numbers of rectrices.

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Ramey, Rob R., Joseph L. Thorley, and Alexander S. Ivey. "Local and population-level responses of Greater sage-grouse to oil and gas development and climatic variation in Wyoming." PeerJ 6 (August 14, 2018): e5417. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5417.

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Background Spatial scale is important when studying ecological processes. The Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) is a large sexually dimorphic tetraonid that is endemic to the sagebrush biome of western North America. The impacts of oil and gas (OAG) development at individual leks has been well-documented. However, no previous studies have quantified the population-level response. Methods Hierarchical models were used to estimate the effects of the areal disturbance due to well pads as well as climatic variation on individual lek counts and Greater sage-grouse populations (management units) over 32 years. The lek counts were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models while the management units were analyzed using Gompertz population dynamic models. The models were fitted using frequentist and Bayesian methods. An information-theoretic approach was used to identify the most important spatial scale and time lags. The relative importance of OAG and climate at the local and population-level scales was assessed using information-theoretic (Akaike’s weights) and estimation (effect size) statistics. Results At the local scale, OAG was an important negative predictor of the lek count. At the population scale, there was only weak support for OAG as a predictor of density changes but the estimated impacts on the long-term carrying capacity were consistent with summation of the local impacts. Regional climatic variation, as indexed by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, was an important positive predictor of density changes at both the local and population level (particularly in the most recent part of the time series). Conclusions Additional studies to reduce the uncertainty in the range of possible effects of OAG at the population scale are required. Wildlife agencies need to account for the effects of regional climatic variation when managing sage-grouse populations.

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Minter, D. W. "Coprotus duplus. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 224 (August 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20210033621.

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Abstract A description is provided for Coprotus duplus, a dung-inhabiting fungus associated with Capra aegagrus subsp. hircus, Cervidae, Hystricognathi, Oryctolagus cuniculus, Mephitidae, Phasianidae and Tetraonidae. Some information on its morphology, habitats, economic impacts, dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Canada (Ontario, Quebec), Iraq, Portugal (Madeira), Estonia, Spain and UK).

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