Journal articles: 'Tetrazolium test'

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Grzybowski, Camila Ribeiro de Souza, Osvaldo de Castro Ohlson, Rosemeire Carvalho da Silva, and Maristela Panobianco. "Viability of barley seeds by the tetrazolium test." Revista Brasileira de Sementes 34, no. 1 (2012): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-31222012000100006.

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The tetrazolium test is used to control seed quality of various plant species since it allows a rapid evaluation of viability. Freshly harvested barley seeds show dormancy that can make the germination test ineffective for an immediate evaluation. Therefore, the development of more efficient methods, such as the tetrazolium test, is necessary. The objective of this research work was to study various procedures for performing the tetrazolium test on barley seeds. Five lots of cv. BRS 195 barley seeds were used and subjected to the following treatments: two different methods of seed preconditioning (direct immersion in H2O and between sheets of moistened paper towels); two types of preparation for staining (longitudinal cross-section of the seed through the embryo with immersion of one half in a 2,3,5 triphenyl tetrazolium chloride solution or placing both halves on top of filter paper moistened with the tetrazolium salt solution); two methods of staining (on top of filter paper and direct immersion in the tetrazolium salt solution). Three concentrations of the tetrazolium salt solution (0.1%, 0.5%, and 1.0%) were used. It was concluded that the tetrazolium test on barley seeds may be accomplished with preconditioning by direct immersion in H2O and staining by immersing in a 0.1% or 0.5% concentration of tetrazolium salt solution or staining on top of filter paper moistened with such solution at a 1.0% concentration.

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Carvalho, Tereza Cristina de, Francisco Carlos Krzyzanowski, Osvaldo de Castro Ohlson, and Maristela Panobianco. "Tetrazolium test adjustment for wheat seeds." Journal of Seed Science 35, no. 3 (2013): 361–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2317-15372013000300013.

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The assessment of the germination test in wheat seeds varies from 4 to 15 days, because the species normally presents dormancy in freshly harvested seeds. The tetrazolium test can characterize seed viability in less than 24 hours including lots with dormancy seeds. The objective of this study was to develop a practical and efficient procedure for evaluating the viability of wheat seeds using the tetrazolium test. Five seed lots of the BRS 208 cultivar were used, where the following were tested: a) pre-conditioning between moist paper towels or direct immersion in water for 18 hours, at 20 °C; b) longitudinal section of the embryo and the endosperm; c) coloration on paper or by immersion for 2 and 3 hours, at 30 and 40 °C; and d) concentrations of tetrazolium solution at 0.075%, 0.1%, 0.5% and 1.0%. The tetrazolium test may be efficiently used to evaluate wheat seed viability by pre-conditioning the seeds between paper towels (18 hours, at 20 °C) and adopting the following combinations of preparation and coloration: coloration of both halves of the seed on paper (2 hours, at 30 °C), in a 1.0% tetrazolium solution; or coloration of one half of the seed by immersion (3 hours, at 30 °C), in a 0.1% tetrazolium solution; or coloration of one half of the seed by immersion (2 hours, at 40 °C), in a 0.075% tetrazolium solution. This latter procedure is recommended for identifying and discarding lots with lower viability.

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Fantazzini, Tatiana Botelho, Sttela Dellyzete Veiga Franco da Rosa, Gladyston Rodrigues Carvalho, et al. "Correlation between historical data of the germination test and of the tetrazolium test in coffee seeds by GAMLSS." Seed Science and Technology 48, no. 2 (2020): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2020.48.2.05.

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In the Brazilian National System of Seeds and Seedlings, coffee seeds are evaluated by the germination or tetrazolium test. However, differences have been observed between the results of these tests in various studies, especially when the seeds have a lower level of quality. Given this situation, the aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between historical data of results of the germination test and of the tetrazolium test in samples of coffee seeds using Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale and Shape (GAMLSS). Historical data of results of the germination test and of the tetrazolium test of coffee seeds originating from different cultivars and different crop seasons were used. The zero-or-one inflated beta GAMLSS is suitable for fitting data from the germination test and from the tetrazolium test. The estimate of viability by the tetrazolium test varies according to the germination percentage class. There are greater GAMLSS correlations between the percentages of normal seedlings and of viability in the tetrazolium test for germination values above 70%, and low correlations below this value, showing that evaluation of coffee seeds based only on the tetrazolium test may not correspond to actual physiological performance.

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Carvalho, Ireni Leitzke, Géri Eduardo Meneghello, Lilian Madruga de Tunes, Caroline Costa Jácome, and Vanessa Nogueira Soares. "Methodological adjustments to the tetrazolium test in rice seeds." Journal of Seed Science 39, no. 1 (2017): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v39n1169643.

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Abstract: Reducing the execution time of the tetrazolium test is important because it is used for making decisions during the preharvest and this test takes approximately 24 h. Thus, the goal of this research was to study preconditioning and staining periods and concentration of tetrazolium salt, in order to reduce the evaluation time of rice seed viability by tetrazolium test. Three independent experiments were conducted. In the first and second experiments, six rice seed lots from the BR Irga 424 cultivar were used. In the first experiment, different concentrations of tetrazolium salt (0.1, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 %) and staining times (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 h) were evaluated. In the second one, different hydration periods (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 h) at two temperatures (35 and 40 °C) were tested. In the third one, eight seed lots from the same cultivar were used, and the effectiveness of the modified tetrazolium test in the evaluation of rice seed viability was assesed. It is possible to carried out the tetrazolium test on rice using the hydration of peeled seeds for 1 h at 40 °C and staining for 1 h with a 0.25% salt concentration.

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Santos, M. A. O., A. D. L. C. Novembre, and J. Marcos-Filho. "Tetrazolium test to assess viability and vigour of tomato seeds." Seed Science and Technology 35, no. 1 (2007): 213–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2007.35.1.19.

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Cordeiro, Luciana Nunes, Riselane de Lucena Alcântara Bruno, Lucas Kennedy Silva Lima, Albericio Pereira de Andrade, Karialane da Silva Belarmino, and Edna Ursulino Alves. "Suitability of tetrazolium test for Tamarindus indica L. seeds." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 43, no. 2 (2022): 509–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2022v43n2p509.

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Seed quality is routinely assessed by direct tests, e.g, the germination test, or indirect tests like the tetrazolium test, which has shoown to be promising in the determine viability and vigor, allowing the diagnosis of the main problems that may affect seed quality, such as mechanic damages, field deterioration and storage. In this respect, this study was conducted to develop a tetrazolium test protocol to evaluate the viability and vigor of Tamarindus indica L. seeds. Before exposing the seeds to the tetrazolium solution, seed preconditioning studies were carried out in which seven soaking times were tested. The soaking time that did not cause damage to the seed embryo and allowed the removal of the seed coat to expose the seed structures to the tetrazolium salt was selected. Then, an experiment was set up in a completely randomized design with a 2x3x3 factorial arrangement involving two seed lots, three soaking times in tetrazolium salt (6, 12 and 16 h) and three salt concentrations (0.075, 0.1 and 0.5%), totaling 18 treatments with four replicates of 25 seeds, evaluated at 40 ºC. For each treatment, the seeds were divided into three classes, namely, viable and vigorous embryos (class 1); viable embryos (class 2) and non-viable or dead embryos (class 3). For a comparison with the tetrazolium test results, the two seed lots were analyzed for water content, germination, emergence, first count, germination speed index, emergence speed index, growth and seedling dry weight. The viability and vigor of T. indica seeds can be evaluated after a soaking period of 48 h and immersion for 6h in tetrazolium salt at the concentration of 0.1%, at 40°C, with provides results similar to conventional seed viability tests. The tetrazolium test proved to be adequate to differentiate T. indica seed lots in terms of viability.

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BRITO, WASHINGTON APARECIDO DA LUZ, KLEANE TARGINO OLIVEIRA PEREIRA, NARJARA WALESSA NOGUEIRA, SALVADOR BARROS TORRES, and EMANOELA PEREIRA DE PAIVA. "EVALUATION OF VIABILITY OF Tabebuia aurea SEEDS THROUGH TETRAZOLIUM TEST." Revista Caatinga 33, no. 4 (2020): 993–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252020v33n414rc.

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ABSTRACT The viability of T. aurea seeds is evaluated through the germination test, taking 21 days, which makes it difficult to obtain quick information about the viability of its seeds. In this context, using the tetrazolium test as an evaluation method would be appropriate because it provides faster and more reliable information for several species. In view of the above, the objective of this study was to adapt the tetrazolium test methodology to evaluate the viability of T. aurea seeds. Initially, the imbibition curve was constructed to determine the appropriate hydration period for the seeds and the germination test was conducted, both for evaluating the initial quality and for comparison with the tetrazolium test results. For the tetrazolium test, the seeds were hydrated for 24 hours, then their coats were removed and the seeds were immersed in tetrazolium solutions. The concentrations used were 0.05, 0.075 and 0.1% for three staining periods 2, 4 and 6 hours, at 35 and 40 °C, in the absence of light. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 3 x 3 + 1 factorial scheme (three concentrations of tetrazolium solution x three staining periods + one control = germination test) with four replicates of 25 seeds. Tetrazolium test was adequate to evaluate the viability of T. aurea seeds using the concentration of 0.05% for four hours at 40 °C.

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Souza, Antônia Adailha Torres, Narjara Walessa Nogueira, Salvador Barros Torres, Clarisse Pereira Benedito, Maria Lilia de Souza Neta, and Emanoela Pereira de Paiva. "TETRAZOLIUM TEST TO ESTIMATE OKRA (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) MOENCH) SEED VIABILITY." Revista Caatinga 31, no. 4 (2018): 817–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252018v31n403rc.

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ABSTRACT This study aimed to establish an adequate tetrazolium test procedure to estimate okra seed viability. Initially, seeds from four okra lots were immersed in alcohol (98%) for 60 minutes, followed by an 18-h soak in distilled water at 25 °C. Then, the seeds were longitudinally sectioned, immersed in 0.025, 0.050 and 0.075% tetrazolium solutions for 60, 90 and 120 minutes and maintained in an oven at 35 and 40 °C. Subsequently, the seeds were evaluated for viability, based on tissue color (bright red, pink or dark Carmine red). Simultaneously, a germination test was conducted, and its results were used as a reference for the tetrazolium test. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, in a 3 x 3 + 1 factorial scheme (three concentrations of tetrazolium salt x three immersion periods, plus the control) in four replicates of 50 seeds for each treatment. The tetrazolium test to estimate okra seed viability should be conducted in 0.075% tetrazolium solution, for 90 minutes, at 35 °C.

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Souza, Camila Ribeiro de, Osvaldo de Castro Ohlson, Melícia Ingredi Araújo Gavazza, and Maristela Panobianco. "Tetrazolium test for evaluating triticale seed viability." Revista Brasileira de Sementes 32, no. 3 (2010): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-31222010000300018.

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Freshly harvested triticale seeds are usually dormant, making the immediate evaluation of the physiological potential of seed lots difficult. We evaluated different triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) test methods for rapidly determining the viability of four seed lots of x.Triticosecale Wittmack cultivar IPR111. The test variables were: Preconditioning, (i) placing whole seeds between moistened paper towels or (ii) directly soaking the seeds in water, both procedures being conducted at 20 ºC for 18 hours; Post-conditioning seed preparation, (i) longitudinal bisection of the seed through the embryo with one half being stained and the other discarded or (ii) longitudinal bisection with both halves being stained; Staining for three and four hours, in the dark, with 0.1%, 0.5% or 1.0% (w/v) TTC according to the preconditioning method described above, (i) both halves of each seed were placed on filter paper moistened with TTC and maintained at 40 ºC or (ii) one half of each seed was immersed in 5 mL of TTC solution in a 100 mL glass beaker at 30 ºC. The best results were obtained by preconditioning seeds between moistened paper towels at 20 ºC for 18 hours and staining on filter paper with 1.0% (w/v) TTC for three hours at 40 ºC.

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Arrowsmith, W. A. "THE NITROBLUE TETRAZOLIUM (NBT) TEST AND MENINGITIS." Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 15, no. 4 (2008): 519–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1973.tb05076.x.

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Carvalho, Tereza Cristina de, Camila Ribeiro de Souza Grzybowski, Osvaldo de Castro Ohlson, and Maristela Panobianco. "Adaptation of the tetrazolium test method for estimating the viability of sorghum seeds." Journal of Seed Science 36, no. 2 (2014): 246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v32n2713.

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The tetrazolium test is part of internal programs of seed quality control because it allows a quick, reliable and accurate assessment of seed viability. The purpose of this study was to determine, among the various methodologies suggested in the literature, a practical and efficient procedure for carrying out the tetrazolium test in sorghum seeds, with a view toward a rapid estimate of their viability. Four seed lots of the simple hybrid Buster were used, testing two forms of seed pre-conditioning (direct immersion in water and between moistened paper towels); two types of preparation (longitudinal cut of the seed through the embryo with immersion of one of the halves in the tetrazolium solution or placement of the two halves on filter paper moistened with tetrazolium solution); two forms of staining (on paper and with direct immersion in the solution) and three concentrations of tetrazolium solution (0.1%, 0.5% and 1.0%). The tetrazolium test may be efficiently conducted for sorghum seeds through pre-conditioning between paper towels for 18 hours at 20 ºC, with immersion staining of one half of the seed in tetrazolium solution at 0.1% for three hours at 40 ºC.

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Gupta, A., V. Gupta, A. Goyal, A. Kak, and C. Pandey. "Standardization of the tetrazolium test in Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) Muell.-Arg." Seed Science and Technology 38, no. 2 (2010): 513–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2010.38.2.23.

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Anghinoni, Fernanda B. G., Alessandro L. Braccini, Guilherme Anghinoni, et al. "Improving Small Weed Seeds Viability Assessment Using Tetrazolium Test." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 15 (2019): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n15p209.

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Tetrazolium testing in small seeds demands difficult and longstanding procedures, such as the embryo exposure by seeds section and the seeds pre-preparation. This study aims to access the viability of small seeds using the Tetrazolium test (TZ) without seeds sectioning, resulting in quicker, cheaper and precise measurements. Non-sectioned seeds of Conyza sumatrensis, Bidens pilosa and Digitaria insularis were put in contact with the tetrazolium solution during 0, 12, 24, 48, 72, 144, 216, 288, 360, 432 and 504 h to obtain the seeds coloring percentage in each time. When possible, the seeds coloring percentages were compared to seeds viability, obtained by the literature standard tetrazolium methodology (STZ), and with seeds germination. The proposed methodology (TZM) was cheaper and less laborious than the methodologies frequently used for weed seeds viability estimation, and provided rapid and reliable seeds viability estimations for weed species with small seeds within 24 h for Digitaria insularis and Bidens pilosa, and 48 h for Conyza sumatrensis.

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Carvalho, Sara Monaliza Costa, Salvador Barros Torres, Clarisse Pereira Benedito, Narjara Walessa Nogueira, Antonia Adailha Torres Souza, and Maria Lilia de Souza Neta. "Viability of Libidibia ferrea (Mart. ex Tul.) L.P. Queiroz var. ferrea) seeds by tetrazolium test." Journal of Seed Science 39, no. 1 (2017): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v39n1163784.

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Abstract: Rapid tests have been essential to evaluate the physiological potential of seeds and the tetrazolium test is one of those which have been used by seed companies. The objective of the study was to establish the procedure for the tetrazolium test in Libidibia ferrea (Mart. Ex Tul.) L.P. Queiroz var. ferrea seeds. For this, three tetrazolium solution concentrations (0.05, 0.075 and 0.1%) and three staining periods (1, 3 and 6 hours) at temperatures of 35 to 40 °C were tested. The seeds were also evaluated by the germination test, whose result was compared with viability by the tetrazolium test. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial design 3 x 3 + 1 (three concentrations x three periods + a control = germination test) for each temperature. Viable seeds in the tetrazolium test were compared by Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), while the comparison between the viable seeds with germination test was carried out by Dunnett’s test (p ≤ 0.05). It is recommended that the tetrazolium test for L. ferrea is carried out at a concentration of 0.05% for three-hour staining under 35 °C or 40 °C.

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Rodrigues, Vitor Oliveira, Amanda Carvalho Penido, Ariadne Morbeck Santos Oliveira, Maria Alice Bento Avila, Dennis Vinicius Lopes de Sousa, and João Almir Oliveira. "Adequacy of the tetrazolium test methodology for Stylosanthes capitata Vogel seeds." Journal of Seed Science 40, no. 4 (2018): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v40n4192968.

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Abstract: The seed sector is increasingly dynamic and therefore demands rapid decision-making. The tetrazolium test is a rapid test that determines the viability of seeds, especially from species that show slow germination or dormancy. The methodology described in the Rules for Seed Testing for Stylosanthes sp. is not applied effectively to the Stylosanthes capitata Vogel species. Three seed lots of S. capitata seeds with different quality levels were used to fit the tetrazolium test methodology. In order to determine the physiological quality of seeds, the tests of germination, first count germination, emergence speed index, initial and final seedling emergence percentage, electrical conductivity, respiratory activity and seed moisture content were performed, besides the imbibition curve for the establishment of pre-imbibition periods of the seeds to perform the tetrazolium test. The pre-imbibition and staining periods of 6, 12 and 18 h, and 3, 6, 12 and 24 h at concentrations of 0.075%, 0.1% and 0.5% tetrazolium solution were tested. It was concluded that the 12-h pre-imbibition period and 6-h staining at the 0.1% tetrazolium solution is ideal for evaluating the viability of S. capitata seeds.

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Cripa, Fernanda Bernardo, Laura Cristiane Nascimento de Freitas, Andrieli Cristine Grings, and Michele Fernanda Bortolini. "Tetrazolium test for viability estimation of Eugenia involucrata DC. and Eugenia pyriformis Cambess. seeds." Journal of Seed Science 36, no. 3 (2014): 305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v36n3991.

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The study aimed to adapt the tetrazolium test methodology to assess the viability of seed of Eugenia involucrata DC. (cherry) and E. pyriformis Cambess. (uvaia) freshly harvested and stored. Three lots of seeds of both species were used, being I (freshly harvested), II (stored for 15 days) and III (stored for 30 days). Seeds (lot I) of both species were immersed in distilled water for 24 hours and submitted to four preparation methods: whole seeds without seed coat and with ¾ of seed coat; longitudinally cut with and without seed coat (immersed in 0.1% tetrazolium for 4 hours). The most suitable preparation method was applied to the remaining lots, where three tetrazolium concentrations were tested: 0.075, 0.1 and 0.5% and three immersion time periods: 2, 4 and 6 hours. The tetrazolium test results were compared to the germination results. For the conduction of the tetrazolium test in seeds of both species we recommend soaking in distilled water by 24 hours and cut lengthwise on seeds with the seed coat. For cherry, the seeds should be immersed in 0.5% tetrazolium solution for 2 hours. For uvaia seeds, additional studies are recommended.

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Rocha, Davi Marcondes, Lúcia Helena Pereira Nóbrega, Maria de Fátima Zorato, Vitor Alex Alves de Marchi, and Arlete Teresinha Beuren. "Classification and Pixel-Based Segmentation to Evaluate Soybean Seeds Submitted to Tetrazolium Test." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 13 (2019): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n13p186.

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Production and use of high quality seeds are essential for the soybean crop. Thus, the quality control system in seeds industry must be reliable, precise, and fast. Tetrazolium test evaluates not only seeds viability but also their vigor, as well as provides information concerning agents that cause their quality reduction. Although this test does not use expensive devices and reagents, it requires a well-trained analyst. Its precision depends on knowledge of all techniques and required procedures. Besides, also necessary is the observer&rsquo;s subjectivity. So, this trial aimed at developing a computational tool that could minimize the implicit subjectivity in carrying out this test. It also contributes to generate a greater credibility of information and to guarantee precise answers. Algorithms of supervised classification were applied based on extraction of digital images characterization of tetrazolium test. This procedure aimed at producing pixel-based segmentation of those images, to produce a digital segmented image of tetrazolium test according to damage classes. This tool allows, based on image of tetrazolium test, to identify damage on soybean embryos, as well as its site and extension on tissues, so that the interpretation is less subjective. The applied method allowed identifying damage on images of tetrazolium tests in a straightforward way, as well as extracting safer information about those damages and carrying out management control of tetrazolium test according to a seed data file.

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Gómez-Ochoa, Pablo, Ana Lara, Guillermo Couto, et al. "The nitroblue tetrazolium reduction test in canine leishmaniosis." Veterinary Parasitology 172, no. 1-2 (2010): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.04.024.

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NAKASE, YASUHIRO, RYO TSUCHIYA, TAKATSUGU YAMADA, and KOUSAKU KOBAYASHI. "Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) Reduction Test on Canine Neutrophils." Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 42, no. 6 (1989): 391–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.12935/jvma1951.42.391.

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Bastos Garcia, Emanueli, Marizangela Rizzatti Ávila, Nelson da Silva Fonseca Júnior, and Getulio Takashi Nagashima. "Imagens digitalizadas na avaliação do teste de tetrazólio em sementes de trigo." COLLOQUIUM AGRARIAE 16, no. 6 (2020): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5747/ca.2020.v16.n6.a408.

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The tetrazolium test can be an alternative to obtain fast results of the physiological potential of wheat seeds. In this context, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of the tetrazolium test through the evaluation by analysis of digitized images in the determination of the physiological quality of wheat seeds.The experiment was carried out with 22 lots of wheat seeds, submitted to the determination of the physiological potential, including the tetrazolium test evaluated by means of digitized image analysis.For digitization, after longitudinal bisection, and staining in 0.075% tetrazolium solution, the seeds were grouped on tabletop scanner glass, stored and classified into four vigor classes. Data were submitted to analysis of variance, with means grouped by the Scott-Knott test, at 5% of significance; we also performed an analysis of the simple correlation coefficients between tetrazolium test results and other tests.The evaluation of the tetrazolium test through the analysis of digitized images grouped the lots in three levels of vigor.The method is effective in determining the vigor and viability of wheat seeds, because the possibility of expanding the images that allows precise analysis of the embryonic axis structures.

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Santos, J. F., M. F. G. Sanches, M. Barbosa, E. F. Leão, and R. D. Vieira. "Optimising tetrazolium test procedures to evaluate the physiological potential of peanut seeds." Seed Science and Technology 40, no. 2 (2012): 215–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2012.40.2.07.

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Cui, H. W., X. M. Yu, Y. X. Tian, Y. S. Chen, Y. Z. Niu, and W. G. Ma. "Improvement of the tetrazolium test for evaluating tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) seed viability." Seed Science and Technology 42, no. 1 (2014): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2014.42.1.07.

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Kak, A., C. Pandey, and V. Gupta. "Assessment of viability of Jatropha curcas L. seeds using the tetrazolium test." Seed Science and Technology 37, no. 2 (2009): 512–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2009.37.2.28.

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Flores, Mariana Faber, Camila Ribeiro de Souza Grzybowski, Kelly Pazolini, Jean Carlo Possenti, and Maristela Panobianco. "Criteria for implementation of a tetrazolium test in canola seeds." Journal of Seed Science 37, no. 4 (2015): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v37n4153255.

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Canola is an oilseed winter plant, constituting an alternative to crop rotation. It presents socioeconomic value for the production of vegetable oil for human consumption, biodiesel and animal food formulation. The evaluation of canola seed viability is routinely performed by germination test, which can be extended for up to 14 days if it is necessary to overcome dormancy. The objective of this study was to establish criteria for conducting a tetrazolium test in canola seeds, determining viability groups. Four lots of seed were used, placed between soaked paper to hydrate for 16 hours at 20 °C. In the coloration step, after preliminary tests, the following combinations of tetrazolium salt concentration, temperature and incubation period were tested: 0.5 and 1.0% at 30 °C; 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0% at 40 °C for two, four and six hours. It was concluded that the evaluation of viability of canola seeds by the tetrazolium test is effective upon hydration of the seeds between papers for 16 hours at 20 °C, coloration by immersion in 0.5% tetrazolium solution for six hours, at 40 °C and two viability groups were established and illustrated.

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Araújo, Joyce de Oliveira, Daniel Teixeira Pinheiro, Denise Cunha Fernandes dos Santos Dias, Paulo César Hilst, and André Dantas de Medeiros. "Adequacy of the tetrazolium test to evaluate the viability of Jatropha curcas L. seeds." Journal of Seed Science 41, no. 4 (2019): 470–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v41n4223299.

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Abstract: The tetrazolium test has been recommended for evaluating the viability of seeds with slow and ununiform germination, especially agroforestry species. The aim of this study was to propose a methodology to evaluate the viability of J. curcas L. seeds using the tetrazolium test and to generate visual aids to support the interpretation of the test. In the first trial, methods of seed preparation and staining were evaluated. The most promising methodologies were used to conduct the second test, which consisted of the evaluation of different concentrations (0.10 and 0.25%) and times (2 and 3 h) of immersion of the seeds in the tetrazolium solution, using five lots. The seeds were analyzed individually and classified as viable or non-viable. At the same time, germination, first count, emergence and seedling emergence speed index tests were conducted. The tetrazolium test is efficient for evaluating the viability of seeds of J. curcas L. providing results correlated with germination and seedling emergence. Pre-soaked seeds should have their integument removed and then sectioned longitudinally and medially lengthwise for immersion in 0.10% solution of 2,3,5-triphenyl chloride tetrazolium for three hours at 35 °C.

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Kerkez, Ivona, Slavko Pavlović, Aleksandar Lučić, Jovana Devetaković, Mirjana Šijačić-Nikolić, and Vladan Popović. "Different methods for beech seed quality testing." Sustainable Forestry: Collection, no. 77-78 (2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/sustfor1877001k.

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This paper presents three different methods for beech seed quality testing. The aim of this study is to determine the correlation between the electrical conductivity test, tetrazolium test and hydrogen peroxide treatment. The seed was collected in 12 different seed stands in Serbia that are commonly used for nursery production. The seed sample used for testing was randomly taken from the total amount of the collected seed. The analysis of the obtained results included the calculation of the Pearson correlation coefficient in the statistical software package "Statistica 7". The correlation was determined between the recorded results of the seed weight and the electrical conductivity; the seed weight and the tetrazolium test; the seed weight and the hydrogen peroxide treatment; the electrical conductivity and the tetrazolium test; the electrical conductivity and the hydrogen peroxide treatment; the tetrazolium test and the hydrogen peroxide treatment. Based on the conducted researches it can be concluded that the standardization of the electrical conductivity test using the tetrazolium test and hydrogen peroxide treatment could contribute to a more quality and more comprehensive determination of the beech seed quality for commercial purposes.

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Gimenez, Juliana Iassia, Gisela Ferreira, and Claudio Cavariani. "Tetrazolium test for assessment of seed viability of atemoya (Annona cherimola Mill. x A. squamosa L.)." Journal of Seed Science 36, no. 3 (2014): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v36n31004.

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The study aimed to adapt the tetrazolium test to assess the viability of atemoya (Annona cherimola Mill. x A. squamosa L.) seeds. The experimental design was completely randomized in 3 x 3 factorial arrangement (tetrazolium salt concentrations x exposure times), totaling 9 treatments with four replicates of 25 seeds. After immersion in water for 24 hours, the seeds were longitudinally sectioned and exposed to three tetrazolium salt concentrations (0.05%, 0.5% and 1%) for three periods of time (2, 4 and 6 hours). The evaluations were performed according to pre-established criteria of tissue integrity and staining. The germination test was performed, using the GA 4+7 + N-(fenilmetil)-aminopurina regulators at concentrations of 0 and 300 mg.L-1, because dormancy is observed in species of the family Annonaceae. Tetrazolium salt at 1% yielded the highest percentage of viable seeds within the shortest time, while longer exposure times were necessary with concentrations of 0.05% and 0.5%. It can be concluded that the concentration of 1% of tetrazolium salt for two hours of exposure is more appropriate for assessing the viability of atemoya seeds.

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Socolowski, Fábio, Silvio Moure Cicero, and Daniela Cristine Mascia Vieira. "Viability of recently harvested and stored Xylopia aromatica (Lam.) Mart. (Annonaceae) seeds." Revista Brasileira de Sementes 34, no. 3 (2012): 408–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-31222012000300007.

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Xylopia aromatica is a native species from Brazil's "Cerrado", recommended for restoration ecology and also as a medicine. Its seeds have embryos with morphophysiological dormancy, making nursery propagation difficult. The objective of this study was to verify the efficiency of X-ray and tetrazolium tests for evaluating the viability of three seed lots, stored for different periods. All seeds were X-rayed (13 kV, 350 seconds) and samples used for tetrazolium and germination tests. In the tetrazolium test, seeds were submitted to six treatments at two temperatures (25 and 30 °C) with imbibition in distilled water and immersion in three concentrations of tetrazolium solution (0.5, 0.75 and 1%) at the two imbibition temperatures. Seeds for the germination test were placed for imbibition in distilled water and a 500 ppm Promalin® (6-Benzyladenine + GA4 + GA7) solution and later sown in sterilized sand. The embryo could not be observed with the X-ray test. However, those seeds observed with an undamaged endosperm did not differ in the percentages of seeds with firm and stained endosperms observed in the tetrazolium test for all the lots. The tetrazolium test is efficient for evaluating seed viability, principally if imbibed at 30 °C and immersed in a 0.5% solution at 30 °C.

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Carvalho, Sara M. C., Salvador B. Torres, Erivanessa C. Sousa, et al. "Viability of Carica papaya L. Seeds by the Tetrazolium Test." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 2 (2018): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n2p335.

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Germination test for papaya seeds demands thirty days to obtain the results, which is a long period for decision-making. Thus, rapid tests become essential tools to evaluate seed viability, and the tetrazolium test is an alternative for this purpose. Hence, this study aimed to establish the adequate procedure to apply this test, in order to reduce the time of evaluation of papaya seeds. For that, four tetrazolium solution concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1%) and three staining times (3, 6 and 9 hours) were tested at temperatures of 35 and 40 ºC. The experimental design was completely randomized in 4 × 3 + 1 factorial scheme (concentrations × staining times + one control = germination test). It was found that the tetrazolium test allows to evaluate the physiological quality of papaya seeds, thus reducing the time for decision-making. For the test, we recommend using the concentrations of 0.1% for 9 hours or 1% for 6 hours of staining, at temperature of 40 ºC.

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Carvalho, Tereza Cristina de, Francisco Carlos Krzyzanowski, Osvaldo de Castro Ohlson, and Maristela Panobianco. "Improved assessment of wheat seeds vigor." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 36, no. 6 (2012): 608–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542012000600002.

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The tetrazolium test is widely used for seed vigor assessment of various plant species. For wheat, however, there is no methodology specifically recommended. This study aimed at determining an efficient procedure to evaluate vigor of wheat seeds by this test; besides allowing the establishment of seed quality classes. Thus, four different wheat seed lots were assessed by determining the moisture content and through tests of germination, accelerated aging, and field seedling emergence. The following methodologies were assessed: 1) longitudinal bisection of seed, with subsequent placement of the two halves on filter paper moistened with a 1.0% tetrazolium solution, at 30º C, for 2 h; 2) longitudinal bisection, with subsequent immersion of one seed half into a 1.0% tetrazolium solution, at 30º C, for 3 h; and 3) longitudinal bisection, with subsequent immersion of one seed half into a 0.075% tetrazolium solution, at 40º C, for 2 h. It was concluded that the tetrazolium test is more efficient in evaluating wheat seed vigor when performed with immersion of one half of the seed into a 0.075% tetrazolium solution (40º C, for 2 h) or a 0.1% tetrazolium solution (30º C, during 3 h); allowing to sort seeds into four quality classes.

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Hosomi, S. T., R. B. Santos, C. C. Custodio, P. T. Seaton, T. R. Marks, and N. B. Machado-Neto. "Preconditioning Cattleya seeds to improve the efficacy of the tetrazolium test for viability." Seed Science and Technology 39, no. 1 (2011): 178–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2011.39.1.15.

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Oliveira, Fabrícia Nascimento de, Salvador Barros Torres, Narjara Walessa Nogueira, and Rômulo Magno Oliveira de Freitas. "Viability of Simira gardneriana M.R. Barbosa & Peixoto seeds by the tetrazolium test." Journal of Seed Science 38, no. 1 (2016): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v38n1153565.

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Abstract: Ecoregion Caatinga presents a great diversity of species with potential for exploitation. Among them 'pereiro-vermelho' (Simira gardneriana M.R. Barbosa & Peixoto) stands out for its importance in timber and forestry activities. Its seeds germinate slowly. Therefore, the use of tetrazolium test to estimate viability becomes essential when quick answers on seeds quality are wanted. This study has aimed to establish the best concentration of tetrazolium solution and the coloration period for assessing the viability of Simira gardneriana seeds. Initially, seeds were subjected to pre-wetting between paper sheets for 144 hours at 30 °C. Subsequently, the endosperm portion containing the embryo was immersed at four concentrations of tetrazolium solution (0.075, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0%) and three coloration periods (2, 4 and 6 hours) in the dark under the temperature of 30 °C and another one at 35 °C. The percentage of viable seeds was compared with the results obtained in the germination test conducted on paper substrate at 30 °C in four replicates of 25 seeds. Tetrazolium test was efficient to estimate the viability of S. gardneriana seed and the concentration of 0.075% for six hours at 35 °C was the best condition.

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França-Neto, José de Barros, and Francisco Carlos Krzyzanowski. "Tetrazolium: an important test for physiological seed quality evaluation." Journal of Seed Science 41, no. 3 (2019): 359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v41n3223104.

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Abstract: The production of high quality seeds is linked to a good quality control system. In this system, the tetrazolium test plays an important role in the evaluation of the seed physiological quality, not only due to its relative quickness, but also because of the amount of information that the test presents, such as the indexes of viability and vigor, in addition to providing the diagnosis of possible seed quality problems, such as mechanical damage, insect damage, pre-harvest weathering and deterioration during storage. The development of the test had its beginnings at the end of the 19th century, with great evolution in its concepts and methods in the 20th century. For that, there was the dedication of dozens of professionals in several countries, such as Germany, Japan, Russia, Serbia (former Yugoslavia), United States, Argentina and Brazil. The test indirectly measures the respiration processes that occur in the mitochondria of the cells that make up the tissues of the seeds. The reducing reaction of the solution of the tetrazolium salt under the action of dehydrogenase enzymes results in triphenylformazan, which presents a red carmin coloration. By the interpretation of the resulting staining patterns, seed viability, vigor and the main problems affecting seed quality are determined.

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Lima, Cristina B., Ana C. Boaventura, and Tamiris T. Villela. "Comparing procedures for performing tetrazolium test on carrot seeds." Horticultura Brasileira 36, no. 2 (2018): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-053620180216.

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ABSTRACT The tetrazolium (TZ) test is one of the main methods to estimate vitality or viability and seed vigor. The aim of this study was to improve the methodology and reduce the execution time of tetrazolium test on carrot seeds, considering two existing references on this subject. Eight lots of ‘Brasilia’ carrot seeds were used. The hydration, during the pre-conditioning of the seeds, was done in two ways: directly in water during 18 hours and in rolls of filter paper during 2 hours. Seed color was analyzed through combinations between cutting types, concentration, period and temperature used during contact with the TZ solution. Three types of longitudinal cutting were used, before immersion in the tetrazolium solution: a) lateral and as distant as possible from the embryo distal to the embryo; b) partial, in the distal region opposite to the embryo, on about 1/3 of seed length; c) lateral and near the embryo, without reaching it. The used TZ concentrations were 0.1; 0.5 and 1.0%; periods of contact of the seeds with TZ solution were 1, 2, 6 and 24 h and temperatures were 30 and 35°C. The experimental design was completely randomized, with 5 replicates of 20 seeds per lot, per procedure. The results obtained through TZ test were compared with the results obtained in germination and seedling emergence tests. We could make hydration period shorter, from 18 to 2 hours, and staining from 24 to 2 hours. The lateral cutting as close as possible to the embryo, without reaching it, used in preparing the staining, should be emphasized for making execution and interpretation easy. The combination of higher efficiency used for hydration rolls of filter paper during 2 hours and, for staining lateral cutting as close as possible to the embryo, without reaching it, with the development of staining during 2 hours in 0.1% TZ solution at 35ºC. Thus, the reduction of the maximum tetrazolium test time, considering hydration (18 hours) and staining (24 hours), was from 42 to 4 hours and showed to be a feasible and reliable alternative.

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Valinoti, Jan M., Joseph G. Zinkl, and Nemi C. Jain. "Combined Phagocytosis-Nitroblue Tetrazolium Reduction Test in Bovine Neutrophils." Veterinary Clinical Pathology 17, no. 4 (1988): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165x.1988.tb00502.x.

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M. S. Howarth and P. C. Stanwood. "Tetrazolium Staining Viability Seed Test Using Color Image Processing." Transactions of the ASAE 36, no. 6 (1993): 1937–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.28545.

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Mercado, Seir Antonio Salazar, Jesús David Quintero Caleño, and Jhan Piero Rojas Suárez. "Optimization of the tetrazolium test in three species of orchids of the Andean forest." MAY 2020, no. 14(05):2020 (May 20, 2020): 822–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.05.p2276.

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In order to improve the cultivation and conservation of orchid species, it is important to assess the physiological quality of orchid seeds. One of the most traditional tests for analysing seed quality is the tetrazolium test, whose effectiveness is known to improve with pre-treatment of the seeds. As a result, this study compared various pre-treatments to determine how efficient they were at optimising the tetrazolium test in seeds belonging to Cyrtochilum aemulun, Elleanthus aurantiacus and Lephantes sp. The experiment was based on five different pre-treatment solutions, after which the seeds were exposed to tetrazolium at two different concentrations and for three different exposure times. First, the seeds were soaked for ten minutes in one of five pre-treatment solutions: chlorine 0.5%, chlorine 1%, deionised water, sucrose solution 10% (w/v) or a control in which no pre-treatment was applied. After pre-treatment, the seeds were soaked in the dark in a tetrazolium solution, either at 0.25% concentration or at 1.0% concentration, and for either 6, 24 or 48 hours. The control seeds exposed to no pre-treatment showed an increase in the viability of Lephantes sp. at significant difference from the pre-treated seeds. Similarly, pre-treatment with 10% sucrose produced an increase in the tetrazolium test’s effectiveness in E.aurantiacus seeds, with significant differences from the control in most treatments. Therefore, the use of sucrose as a pre-treatment is recommended, in addition to increasing the concentration and exposure time of the seeds.

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Kaiser, Daiana Karoline, Laura Cristiane Nascimento de Freitas, Rubia Priscila Biron, Simone Cristina Simonato, and Michele Fernanda Bortolini. "Adjustment of the methodology of the tetrazolium test for estimating viability of Eugenia uniflora L. seeds during storage." Journal of Seed Science 36, no. 3 (2014): 344–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v36n31022.

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The study aimed to adjust the methodology of the tetrazolium test to estimate seed viability of Eugenia uniflora L. (Surinam Cherry). Seeds were collected in September 2012 and divided into four lots: freshly harvested (Lot I); stored in plastic bags in a refrigerator at 10 °C for: 15 days (Lot II); 30 days (Lot III); and 45 days (Lot IV). The freshly harvested seeds were preconditioned with direct immersion in water and wet paper towel, followed or not by longitudinal cutting. The seeds were immersed in a 0.1% tetrazolium solution for 4 hours at 30 °C. Appropriate soaking and preparation methods were applied to the seeds lots using three tetrazolium concentrations: 0.1; 0.5; and 1.0%; and four preconditioning periods (2, 4, 6 and 8 hours) at 30 °C. The viability results obtained by the tetrazolium test were compared with those of the germination test. Direct immersion of seeds in water for 24 hours at 25 °C, followed by a longitudinal cut was efficient for preconditioning the seeds. Seed staining with tetrazolium solution at a concentration of 0.5% for 2 hours at 30 °C can be used to estimate the viability of freshly harvested and stored Surinam Cherry seeds.

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USUI, RYOICHI. "Nitroblue Tetrazolium Dye Test in Bovine and Porcine Infectious Diseases." Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 38, no. 2 (1985): 115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.12935/jvma1951.38.115.

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Paraíso, Humberto Alencar, Delacyr da Silva Brandão Junior, Ramon Ivo Soares Avelar, Candido Alves da Costa, Luan Souza de Paula Gomes, and Warley Marcos Nascimento. "Adjustments in the tetrazolium test methodology for assessing the physiological quality of chickpea seeds." Journal of Seed Science 41, no. 1 (2019): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v41n1187777.

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Abstract: Quick tests are essential tools to evaluate seed quality. The objective of this study was to adapt the methodology of tetrazolium test, by identifying the most suitable pre-conditioning parameters of imbibition temperature and duration, and tetrazolium solution concentrations, in order to assess the physiological quality of chickpea seeds. Also, this work proposed the separation of lots in classes, according to the viability and vigor of the seeds. Three lots of chickpeas (lot 1 - BRS Aleppo C1, lot 2 - BRS Aleppo basic, and lot 3 - Cicero) were evaluated. They were analyzed according to three combinations of imbibition temperature and duration (41 °C for 4 hours, 41 ºC for 6 hours, and 30 ºC for 18 hours) and two tetrazolium concentrations (0.1% and 0.5%). The imbibition at 41 °C for 4 or 6 hours, and at 30 ºC for 18 hours allowed clear visualization of injuries in the seeds after immersion in 0.1% tetrazolium solution. The intense coloration formed by the 0.5% solution of this salt prevented the differentiation of the types of damage. In addition, it was possible to separate the seeds into four classes: class I (viable and vigorous, without damages), class II (viable and vigorous, with superficial injuries), class III (viable and non-vigorous), and class IV (non-viable).

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KUSUMAWARDANA, ADITYA, BAMBANG PUJIASMANTO, and PARDONO PARDONO. "Short Communication: Tetrazolium test for evaluating viability of Capsicum annum seeds." Nusantara Bioscience 10, no. 3 (2018): 142–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/nusbiosci/n100302.

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Kusumawardana A, Pujiasmanto B, Pardono. 2018. Tetrazolium test for evaluating viability of Capsicum annum seeds. Nusantara Bioscience 10: 142-145. Seed quality is important in seeds production. This research was conducted to obtain information of topographical tetrazolium staining pattern of pepper (Capsicum annum) seeds. Tetrazolium test was conducted to determine the seed viability and plant growth vigor. Laboratory test for standard germination and field performances were performed on four lots (A, B, C, D) of pepper seeds. The viability categories pattern were determined by Root Mean Square (RMS), regression, and correlation analyses. Nine topographical patterns were recognized. The laboratory test results and field performances were compared with the topographical pattern. Combination of patterns 1,2 (embryonic axis and cotyledon completely stained) selected as viable category as it gave the least RMS value, the highest determination (R²) and correlation (r) coefficient with standard germination (RMS = 4, 06; R² = 0,761; r = 0,872). Combination of patterns 1,2 also gave the highest determination (R²) and correlation (r) coefficient with field stand (R² = 0,921; r = 0,959). The combination of patterns 1,2 is recommended for estimating plant growth performance in the field.

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Ruf, M., and I. Brunner. "Vitality of tree fine roots: reevaluation of the tetrazolium test." Tree Physiology 23, no. 4 (2003): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/23.4.257.

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Koren, Erez, Ron Kohen, and Isaac Ginsburg. "A Cobalt-Based Tetrazolium Salts Reduction Test To Assay Polyphenols." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 57, no. 17 (2009): 7644–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf9006449.

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Nery, Marcela Carlota, Fernanda Carlota Nery, and Raquel Maria de Oliveira Pires. "Tetrazolium test to evaluate the viability of oil radish seeds." Bioscience Journal 31, no. 3 (2015): 663–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/bj-v31n3a2015-22527.

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Björkstén, Bengt, Kurt Nyström, and Bengt Lindqvist. "The Nitroblue Tetrazolium (NBT) Test in Endemic Benign (Epidemic) Nephropathy." Acta Medica Scandinavica 199, no. 1-6 (2009): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0954-6820.1976.tb06708.x.

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Afifah, Nurul, Eny Widajati, and Endah Retno Palupi. "Development of Tetrazolium Test as Vigor Analysis Method of True Seed of Shallot." Jurnal Hortikultura Indonesia 11, no. 2 (2020): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jhi.11.2.120-130.

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Uji tetrazolium (TZ) merupakan salah satu metode untuk mengestimasi viabilitas dan vigor benih. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperbaiki metode analisis vigor pada benih botani bawang merah. Pada penelitian ini digunakan dua varietas benih bawang merah, yaitu Trisula dan Tuk-tuk. Pre-treatment dalam uji tetrazolium benih bawang merah dilakukan dengan perendaman benih dalam air selama 18 jam. Sebelum pewarnaan benih disiapkan dengan menggores sisi lurus secara longitudinal sebagai satu-satunya irisan tipis, dan sisi cembung benih ditusuk dengan scalpel. Benih diwarnai selama 18 jam dalam larutan tetrazolium pada suhu 1% suhu 30 oC dalam kondisi gelap. Pola pewarnaan benih diklasifikasikan dalam empat kategori yaitu empat pola normal kuat sebagai kriteria benih vigor, lima pola normal lemah, tujuh pola abnormal, dan empat pola benih mati. Parameter fisiologis viabilitas dan vigor berkorelasi erat dengan hasil pola vigor/ normal kuat. Pola normal kuat memiliki koefisien korelasi (r) yang tinggi dengan parameter uji fisiologis di laboratorium termasuk indeks vigor (r= 0.882), bobot kering kecambah normal (r= 0.899), dan kecepatan tumbuh (r= 0.875). Hal ini mengindikasikan pola pewarnaan vigor dapat memprediksi vigor benih.

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Melo, Luan Danilo Ferreira de Andrade, João Luciano de Andrade Melo Junior, Vilma Marques Ferreira, and João Correia de Araújo Neto. "Viability Mimosa bimucronata (DC.) O. Kuntze. seeds by the tetrazolium test and oil content." Diversitas Journal 5, no. 3 (2020): 1575–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17648/diversitas-journal-v5i3-846.

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Maricá (Mimosa bimucronata (D.C.) O. Kuntze.) is a species that presents great importance in reforestation programs, in the recovery of permanent preservation areas, landscaping projects and is considered soil improver, being recommended for erosion and for planting on flooded land. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the viability of the seeds of M. bimucronata by the tetrazolium test and to determine the crude oil content and the percentage composition of fatty acids. The experiments were conducted at the Plant Propagation Laboratory of the Agricultural Sciences Center (CECA) of the Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), located in the municipality of Rio Largo, Alagoas, Brazil. The obtained data submitted to the analysis of variance and the comparison between the means of viable seeds for each of the combinations in the tetrazolium test were performed by the Dunnett test at 5%. The concentration of 0.075% tetrazolium salt for two hours at 35 °C is an efficient combination for evaluating the viability of M. bimucronata seeds. The oil content was 2.75%, with unsaturated fatty acids prevailing (63.8%).

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Clemente, Aline da Consolação Sampaio, Maria Laene Moreira de Carvalho, and Renato Mendes Guimarães. "Suitability of the tetrazolium test methodology for recently harvested and stored coffee seeds." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 36, no. 4 (2012): 415–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542012000400005.

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Germination of coffee seeds occurs in a slow and non-uniform manner and the tetrazolium test (TZ) may be a quick alternative for assessment of viability, as long as the preparation and imbibition of the seeds is established. This study was performed in two stages: in the first, recently harvested seeds from three coffee cultivars were submitted to four methodologies for removal of the parchment: manual extraction or use of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO at 5%) and two periods of imbibition of the seeds in water (36 and 48 hours) for removal of the embryos. In the second phase, manual removal and the use of NaClO were compared for elimination of the parchment of stored seeds for monthly performance of the tetrazolium test for six months. Sodium hypochlorite is not efficient in total extraction of the parchment and has a negative effect on the results of the TZ test on low moisture coffee seeds. An imbibition time of 48 hours facilitates extraction of embryos and does not affect test results. The tetrazolium test on coffee seeds with different moisture and deterioration levels must be undertaken with manual removal of the parchments.

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Donald, William W. "A Method of Validating the Tetrazolium Assay for Testing Viability of Dormant Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindricalSeed." Weed Science 42, no. 3 (1994): 502–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500076839.

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Rapid biochemical tests developed for measuring viability of nondormant crop seed have been used for measuring dormant weed seed viability. The objective of this experiment was to propose and test a new method for validating one of these assays, the tetrazolium assay, for determining dormant weed seed viability. Subsamples of partially dormant jointed goatgrass seed from the same seed source were periodically subjected to sequential germination and tetrazolium assays as they afterripened until seed were completely nondormant. Changes in percent germinated, percent tetrazolium positive (presumably dormant), and percent tetrazolium negative (presumably dead) seed were graphed versus time, and compared with models of valid and invalid cases. The validation method showed that the tetrazolium assay accurately determined the viability of seed remaining after a 3-wk germination period for jointed goatgrass seed removed from joints at the start, but underestimated the viability for seed afterripened and germinated in joints. The validation method showed that additional research is needed to refine the tetrazolium assay for this latter purpose.

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Lamarca, Edmir Vicente, and Claudio José Barbedo. "Methodology of the tetrazolium test for assessing the viability of seeds of Eugenia brasiliensis Lam., Eugenia uniflora L. and Eugenia pyriformis Cambess." Journal of Seed Science 36, no. 4 (2014): 427–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v36n41029.

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Eugenia brasiliensis Lam. ("grumixameira"), Eugenia uniflora L. ("pitangueira") and Eugenia pyriformis Cambess. ("uvaieira") are forest and fruit species of pharmacological and gastronomic potential and have desiccation-sensitive seeds. The development of quick viability tests for the assessment of physiological quality of these seeds is needed. The tetrazolium test is an important method providing fast assessment of the seed physiological quality. Thus, this work aimed to develop a method for the tetrazolium test for determining viability of "grumixameira," "pitangueira" and "uvaieira" seeds. Initially the seeds of these species were soaked in water for 3 h at 25 ºC. Three concentrations of tetrazolium solutions were analyzed (0.100 %, 0.125 % and 0.250 %) for seed staining using three incubation periods (2, 3 and 6 h) at 35 ºC in the dark. After staining, seed viability was determined. Then, the seeds were subjected to different levels of controlled drying and were analyzed for their physiological quality by germination and electrical conductivity tests. The tetrazolium test is a suitable tool for determining viability after staining the seeds at 35 ºC using a 0.250 % concentration solution for 3 hours for "grumixameira" seeds, 0.125 % for 3 hours for "pitangueira" seeds and 0.100 % for 2 hours for "uvaieira" seeds.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Tetrazolium test'

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