Journal articles: 'Texas state aid'

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Beverly, Marcy, Michael Lau, Kyle Stutts, and Dominick Fazarro. "Evaluation Of Customer Survey Data To Develop An Effective Marketing Plan For State Parks: A Case Study Using The Texas Parks And Wildlife Department State Park Study." Journal of Business Case Studies (JBCS) 5, no. 5 (June 24, 2011): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jbcs.v5i5.4719.

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The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) collected information from 2001-2007 from individual parks throughout Texas in an effort to gain useful marketing information from its customers. This project was the first to survey the majority of state parks in Texas in order to gain a system-wide understanding of state park visitors to help plan for state-wide and regional marketing strategies in the future. This survey project collected data from state park visitors such as demographics, whether they were overnight or day visitors, and season of visit in order to identify distinct patterns. Most visitors to the parks were white/non-Hispanic (92%) despite the fact that this category makes up only about half of the Texas population. There were 13% of park visitors from outside the state of Texas and these visitors were older than the average resident Texan visitor and had a lower household income. The data from this survey will allow TPWD to develop specific marketing strategies to increase attendance, revenue, and customer satisfaction at state parks. Specifically, the information will aid in identifying a specific target market on which TPWD should concentrate its efforts.

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Shi, Yu. "State budget shortfalls and budget balancing strategies during and after the great recession of 2008." Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management 28, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 26–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbafm-28-01-2016-b003.

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This paper investigates how state governments used budget balancing strategies to cope with budget shortfalls in the fiscal years between 2009 and 2013. Using data from the Fiscal Survey reports and Comprehensive Annual Financial Statements (CAFRs) covering all fifty states, the paper summarizes and analyzes several types of strategies such as state savings, federal aid, revenue enhancement and expenditure cutting in response to budget shortfalls during and after the Great Recession of 2008. In addition, findings from the three case studies in New York, Texas and Washington show distinct patterns in these states’ choices of balancing strategies to cope with budget shortfalls. New York adopted a more balanced approach between revenue increasing and expenditure cutting strategies, whereas Washington and Texas implemented more severe expenditure cutting strategies to address budget shortfalls.

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Fitzpatrick, Kay, Karen Kuenzer, and Torsten Lienau. "Attitudes toward Intercity Bus Travel in Texas." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1557, no. 1 (January 1996): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196155700110.

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As required by the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991, a percentage of each state's public transportation funds must be spent on intercity bus transportation development and support, unless the governor certifies intercity bus needs are being adequately met. A study was initiated to produce data necessary to define the current state of the intercity bus industry in Texas. To accomplish this objective, surveys were developed and distributed to the general population, bus riders, and bus companies in the state. A review of cities currently being served by the intercity bus industry was also made. General-population respondents indicated that they would be more likely to ride a bus if there were more express bus service, better station locations, and higher air and train fares. Bus riders indicated they would ride more often if there were improved security measures at stations and on buses, more leg room, more comfortable seats, adherence to schedules, and lower bus fares. Government-owned multimodal transportation facilities, operating subsidies for rural routes, and billboards and signs for advertising intercity service were suggested by bus companies as ways to aid the industry. The review of cities currently served by the intercity bus industry revealed that only 21 Texas cities with populations over 5,000 were further than 16.1 km (10 mi) from intercity bus service, and that most of these cities had access to transit service to an intercity bus stop.

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Springer, J. Fred, Loyd S. Wright, and George J. McCall. "Family interventions and adolescent resiliency: The Southwest Texas State High-Risk Youth Program." Journal of Community Psychology 25, no. 5 (September 1997): 435–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6629(199709)25:5<435::aid-jcop5>3.0.co;2-r.

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Postek, Michael T., Marylyn Bennett, Nestor J. Zaluzec, Thomas Wheatley, and Samuel Jones. "National Institute of Standards and Technology - Texas Instruments Industrial Collaboratory Testbed." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, S2 (July 1998): 22–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600020237.

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One of the missions of the NIST Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory (MEL) is to improve and advance length metrology in aid of U.S. Industry. This responsibility is found within the Precision Engineering Division (PED). The successful development of a “Collaboratory” for TelePresence Microscopy provides an important new tool to promote technology transfer in the area of length metrology and measurement technology. NIST and Texas Instruments, under the auspices of the National Advanced Manufacturing Testbed (NAMT) and in collaboration with the University of Illinois are developing a microscopy collaboratory testbed. This facility is designed to demonstrate the value of telepresence microscopy within a large distributed manufacturing facility such as Texas Instruments and between organizations such as NIST, Texas Instruments and Universities.Telepresence Microscopy is an application of the state-of-the-art Internet based technology to long-distance scientific endeavors.

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Swienton, A., Daniel Goldberg, Tracy Hammond, Andrew Klein, and Jennifer Horney. "Effect of Tornado Outbreaks on Morbidity and Mortality in Texas." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19001171.

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Introduction:In the United States, tornadoes are the third leading cause of fatalities from natural disasters1. To aid prevention and mitigation of tornado-related morbidity and mortality, improvement in standardizing tornado specific threat analysis terminology was assessed. The largest number of tornado-related fatalities has occurred in the state of Texas for over a hundred years. The occurrence of tornadic clusters or “outbreaks” has not been formally standardized. The concept of “tornado outbreaks” is better defined and its role in fatality mitigation is addressed in this Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved study.Aim:To understand the role of “tornado outbreaks” related clusters in Texas in relationship to morbidity and mortality.Methods:This IRB approved (IRB2017- 0507) research study utilized GIS tools and statistical analysis of historical data to examine the relationship between tornado severity (based on the Fujita Scale), the number of tornadoes, and the trends in morbidity and mortality. This study was funded in part from The National Science Foundation grant (NSF Grant #1560106) in support of the CyberHealthGIS Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU).Results:A statistically significant difference was demonstrated between the severity of a tornado and related morbidity and mortality during “tornado outbreaks” in Texas during a defined 30-year period.Discussion:Understanding the role and discerning the impacts of “tornado outbreaks” as related to tornado severity has critical implications to disaster preparedness. Applications of this conclusion may improve shelter planning/preparation, timely warning, and educating the at-risk public. Subsequently, examining the likelihood and improved descriptions of “tornado outbreaks” may aid in reducing the number of tornado-related injuries and fatalities nationally.

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Andrews, Rodney J., and Kevin M. Stange. "Price Regulation, Price Discrimination, and Equality of Opportunity in Higher Education: Evidence from Texas." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 11, no. 4 (November 1, 2019): 31–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20170306.

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We assess the importance of price regulation and price discrimination to low-income students’ access to opportunities in public higher education. In 2003, Texas shifted tuition-setting authority away from the state legislature to public universities themselves. In response, most institutions raised sticker prices and many began charging more for high-earning majors, such as business and engineering. We find that poor students actually shifted toward higher earning programs following deregulation, relative to non-poor students. Deregulation facilitated more price discrimination through increased grant aid and enabled supply-side enhancements, which may have partially shielded poor students from higher sticker prices. (JEL D63, H75, I22, I23, I24, I28, I32)

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Mahafza, Zachary B., James W. Stoutenborough, and Arnold Vedlitz. "The role of proximity in problem identification: risk of water scarcity in Texas." Water Policy 19, no. 1 (August 23, 2016): 86–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2016.021.

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This project seeks to determine whether proximity to major water sources (e.g. rivers or lakes) is associated with the public's perception of water scarcity. From a theoretical perspective, this project will aid our collective understanding of problem identification. From a practical perspective, this relationship could help inform decision makers about where support or resistance to a water policy may be concentrated and allow more targeted efforts to help inform citizens about short- and long-term water policy needs. Knowing the influence of local conditions on public support for policy action is particularly important as water policies are primarily the domain of local and state governments. We utilize Geographical Information Systems to quantify the distances between survey respondents and various water sources to attempt to determine the effect individuals' proximity to water sources has on their opinions about water scarcity. The analyses reveal that proximity is a predictor of water scarcity perceptions, and the implications of these findings are discussed.

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Samuel, Asha M., and Graham A. J. Worthy. "Variability in fatty acid composition of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) blubber as a function of body site, season, and reproductive state." Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, no. 12 (December 1, 2004): 1933–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z05-001.

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Odontocete blubber has been shown to be variable in composition and can be separated into strata visually, histologically, and biochemically. The purpose of this study was to examine fatty acid composition of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus (Montagu, 1821)) blubber, and determine if differences exist between body sites, reproductive states, and (or) seasons. The influence of these variables on blubber composition could aid in the creation of a model that would use fatty acid signature analysis to evaluate diet in free-ranging populations. Blubber samples were obtained from freshly dead animals along the Texas and Louisiana coastlines. Samples from nine body sites were analyzed to investigate site variability, and from one site to evaluate differences due to season, reproductive state, and blubber layer. All body sites of animals sampled in the winter were statistically indistinguishable, indicating that biopsy samples could be obtained from any location on the animal for fatty acid analysis during this season; however, three distinct blubber layers were identifiable, and reproductive states were significantly different in terms of fatty acid composition. Seasonal differences in fatty acid composition were also highly significant for all one-site inner blubber layer samples. Ultimately, the differences in fatty acid composition could have resulted from dietary or physiological factors and need to be examined further.

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Clements, Craig B., Shiyuan Zhong, Scott Goodrick, Ju Li, Brian E. Potter, Xindi Bian, Warren E. Heilman, et al. "Observing the Dynamics of Wildland Grass Fires: FireFlux—A Field Validation Experiment." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 88, no. 9 (September 1, 2007): 1369–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-88-9-1369.

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Grass fires, although not as intense as forest fires, present a major threat to life and property during periods of drought in the Great Plains of the United States. Recently, major wildland grass fires in Texas burned nearly 1.6 million acres and destroyed over 730 homes and 1320 other buildings. The fires resulted in the death of 19 people, an estimated loss of 10,000 head of livestock, and more than $628 million in damage, making the 2005/06 fire season the worst on record for the state of Texas. As an aid to fire management, various models have been developed to describe fire behavior. However, these models strongly emphasize fuels and fail to adequately consider the role of convective dynamics within the atmosphere and its interaction with the fire due to the lack of observational data. To fill this gap, an intensive field measurement campaign called FireFlux was conducted during February 2006 near Houston, Texas. The campaign employed a variety of instrument platforms to collect turbulence data at multiple levels within and immediately downwind of a 155 acre tall-grass prairie burn unit. This paper presents some first-time observations of atmospheric turbulent structures/fluxes associated with intense grass fires and provides a basis to further our understanding of the dynamics of grass fires and their interactions with the atmosphere.

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Lineberger, R. Daniel. "Analyzing Web Server Statistics." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 588f—589. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.588f.

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The World Wide Web is regarded widely as an invaluable asset to teaching and extension programs. Data supporting this assertion can be gathered actively or passively and can be analyzed to aid decision makers in matters of personnel evaluation and resource allocation. Most Web server software applications keep a log of connections by time, location, and file size transferred. The server logs of Aggie Horticulture, the Web site of the Texas Horticulture program, are analyzed bi-weekly using WebStat 2.3.4 and the number of logins, file size transferred (total and amount per sub-site), and client domain are tabulated. The number of “hits” increased from 15,000 to 120,000 per month (mid-February to mid-March of 1995 and 1996, respectively) over the last year. The logins came from 61 Internet domains representing 56 different countries. The “net” and “com” domains exhibited the greatest increase. “Active” data acquisition through a guest register at one of the sub-sites indicated that only 9% of the visitors registered. However, the data obtained from the active registrants were useful in determining the distribution of users by state and county within Texas.

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Haukos, David, Stephanie Martinez, and Jeannie Heltzel. "Characteristics of Ponds Used by Breeding Mottled Ducks on the Chenier Plain of the Texas Gulf Coast." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 1, no. 2 (November 1, 2010): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/032010-jfwm-005.

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Abstract Mottled ducks Anas fulvigula are nonmigratory and primarily depend on habitats associated with coastal marshes of the Gulf Coast for their entire life cycle. Much of remaining available coastal marsh habitats of the Texas Gulf Coast are managed by state and federal agencies. The Texas Gulf Coast breeding population of mottled ducks has recently declined dramatically. To aid in development of management plans for breeding mottled ducks, we estimated the number of potential pair ponds available on the Texas Chenier Plain National Wildlife Refuge Complex relative to marsh type (fresh, intermediate, brackish, and saline), estimated occupancy, compared habitats of used and unused pair ponds, and evaluated pair pond selection relative to marsh type during spring 2004 and 2005. Greater than 18,000 ponds were recorded in >22,400 ha of coastal marsh with >74% of potential pair ponds in the intermediate marsh type. Average pond size of 425 randomly selected ponds across marsh types was 0.09 ha. Pond occupancy was estimated as 1.3% and 2.5% in 2004 and 2005, respectively, in 634 ponds surveyed for presence of mottled duck pairs. Mottled ducks selected for ponds in fresh marsh with short surrounding vegetation associated with recent cattle grazing, but avoided recently (<3 mo prior) burned areas. Pond area was greater with shallower water depth for used compared to unused ponds. The presence and coverage of submergent and emergent vegetation did not influence use of pair ponds by mottled ducks. Development of breeding habitat (pair ponds, nesting cover, brood habitat) in fresh marsh will benefit mottled ducks. Our results indicate development of breeding habitat on the Texas Gulf Coast, and vegetation management using cattle grazing timed for disturbance in fresh marsh during mid- to late winter and early spring will further attract breeding mottled ducks.

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Maglio, Coraggio, Himangshu Das, and Frederick Fenner. "MODAL GRAIN SIZE EVOLUTION AS IT RELATES TO THE DREDGING AND PLACEMENT PROCESS - GALVESTON ISLAND, TEXAS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36v (December 31, 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36v.papers.7.

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During the fall and winter of 2015, a beneficial-use of dredged material project taking material from the Galveston Entrance Channel and placing it on a severely eroded beach of Galveston Island was conducted. This material was estimated to have 38percent fines. This operation was conducted again in the fall of 2019 and monitored for estimation of the loss of fines, changes in compaction and color from the dredging source to the beach. The local community and state funded the incremental cost at approximately $8 a cubic yard in 2015, and $10.5 a cubic yard in 2019 to have this material pumped to the beach. The projects were closely monitored by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) and the USACE Galveston District. The data from this placement project was used to calculate and better understand the loss of fines during the dredging and placement process as well as aid in the generation of an empirical formula to estimate the loss of fine sediments during dredging and beach placement. This formula takes into account: losses due to dredging equipment operations, slope of the effluent return channel at the beach, sediment settling velocity, and sorting parameter.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/VQ36upT2iQo

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MARQUART, JAMES W., DOROTHY E. MERIANOS, and GERI DOUCET. "The health-related concerns of older prisoners: implications for policy." Ageing and Society 20, no. 1 (January 2000): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x99007618.

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This paper examines the sociodemographic characteristics, health condition, and problems in the activities of daily living of two groups of older Texas state prisoners. The research group, assigned to a geriatric facility, were primarily Anglos who had committed violent crime. Few admitted to having a drinking problem but most admitted to a daily smoking habit. Most rated their current health condition as fair or poor; many used special equipment to aid their movement and breathing. Their self-rated health condition was worse than that of a comparison group of older inmates drawn from the general population of the prison. Inmates and health-care providers agreed that separate facilities for older prisoners are desirable. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for prison management and future policy.

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Bertrand, Darrian, and Renee A. McPherson. "Future Hydrologic Extremes of the Red River Basin." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 57, no. 6 (June 2018): 1321–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-17-0346.1.

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AbstractHydrologic extremes of drought and flooding stress water resources and damage communities in the Red River basin, located in the south-central United States. For example, the summer of 2011 was the third driest summer in Oklahoma state history and the driest in Texas state history. When the long-term drought conditions ended in the spring of 2015 as El Niño brought record precipitation to the region, there were also catastrophic floods that caused loss of life and property. Hydrologic extremes such as these have occurred throughout the historical record, but decision-makers need to know how the frequency of these events is expected to vary in a changing climate so that they can mitigate these impacts and losses. Therefore, the goals of this study focus on how these hydrologic extremes impact water resources in the Red River basin, how the frequency of such events is expected to change in the future, and how this study can aid local water-resource managers and decision-makers. Heavy-precipitation events were defined at the historical 90th and 99th percentiles, and severe-drought events were identified at a threshold of the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index’s value of less than or equal to −1. The results show an increase in the frequency of severe-drought events in the western Red River basin and a rise in heavy-rainfall events in the east by the end of the century, especially under RCP 8.5. Therefore, decision-makers and water-resource managers will likely need to prepare for both hydrologic extremes depending on their location within the basin.

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Ellis, J. R., J. Vreeland, and F. Jaimes. "Community Health Screening And Education Through Laboratory Science Workshop: Participant Evaluation Of The 2018 Pilot Program In Aco, Peru." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 154, Supplement_1 (October 2020): S129—S130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqaa161.283.

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Abstract Introduction/Objective Public health outreach initiatives underutilize laboratory medicine students and professionals. This poster will discuss a novel bilingual community health screening and education (CHS & E) through laboratory science service-learning (SL) study abroad (SA) program that could be utilized to improve community engagement and understanding of public health issues from a lab perspective. Methods In collaboration with The Foundation for International Medical Relief of Children (FIMRC), Texas State University faculty member, Joanna Ellis, and five CLS senior-level students traveled to Huancayo, Peru in June of 2018 for a CHS & E through lab science SL-SA program. Utilizing the self-powered Lab-in-a-Suitcase from International Aid, the group conducted four CHS & E through lab science events in four different communities. We conducted hemoglobin, urinalysis, glucose, cholesterol, and STI screenings on more than 160 people. The CUY Project was the most involved activity with six interactive stations for the families to learn about anemia, parasites, and nutrition through lab tests. Parents and children learned more about their conditions through interactive lab science activities and tests. Following the workshop, parent participants were given an anonymous survey about their knowledge before and after the workshop as well as their suggestions for its improvement. Results The lab-science based activities illustrated the biological impact of their lifestyle and dietary choices in a new and impactful way. Participants self-assessed that they learned significantly more about anemia and diabetes during the workshop. Participants learned more about hygiene than they knew before the workshop; however, the increase was not statistically significant. Parent participants surveyed (100%) stated that the workshop would help them make decisions in caring for their children and would help prevent future health problems. Conclusion Although the newest iteration of the workshop is entitled Health Education Advances with Lab Science (HEALS) this poster will describe the preparation, implementation, and first stage of evaluation of the CHS & E through laboratory science workshop in Peru. This poster session is an opportunity to discuss how laboratory professionals can interact with their community and showcase the value of the field in public health education initiatives.

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Bahder, Brian W., Noemi Soto, Lidia Komondy, De-Fen Mou, Alessandra R. Humphries, and Ericka E. Helmick. "Detection and Quantification of the 16SrIV-D Phytoplasma in Leaf Tissue of Common Ornamental Palm Species in Florida using qPCR and dPCR." Plant Disease 103, no. 8 (August 2019): 1918–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-01-19-0010-re.

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Lethal bronzing disease (LBD) is a lethal decline of various palm species caused by the 16SrIV-D phytoplasma. The disease was described in Texas in 2002 but found in Florida in 2006. Since its introduction, the phytoplasma has spread throughout much of the state. Typically, sampling of infected palms involves taking trunk tissue; however, in some instances this is not possible so alternative protocols are needed. In this study, phytoplasma titers were measured in different leaf tissues of infected palm in order to provide stakeholders with more sampling options. In addition, understanding the phytoplasma distribution in the palm canopy can shed light on the pathogen’s biology and aid in vector studies. Three species of palm, Phoenix roebelinii, Sabal palmetto, and Syagrus romanzoffiana, were identified and confirmed positive for infection by qPCR analysis. Leaf tissue from these species that represented different stages of decay were sampled and tested by qPCR and dPCR. For each species, phytoplasma was only detectable in the spear leaf tissue that was connected directly to the apical meristem by both qPCR and dPCR. These data are useful by demonstrating that the 16SrIV-D phytoplasma appears to be restricted to the spear leaf so stakeholders who wish to sample palms but cannot sample trunk tissue due to palm size or lack of permission to drill into the trunk have an alternative tissue type to reliably sample. In addition, this information will help improve vector research by knowing where to collect insects that have a higher probably of possessing the phytoplasma.

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Hoffman, James V., Misty Sailors, and Elizabeth U. Patterson. "Decodable Texts for Beginning Reading Instruction: The Year 2000 Basals." Journal of Literacy Research 34, no. 3 (September 2002): 269–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15548430jlr3403_2.

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This study focuses on the features of the first grade texts included in basal readers used for beginning reading instruction in Texas during the year 2000 adoption period. The authors investigated the general features of student texts with respect to the instructional design of the text, the accessibility of the text for beginning readers, and the engaging qualities of the texts. The features of these basal readers were then compared to the programs previously adopted in Texas (1987 and 1993 adoption periods). Using a variety of analyses, findings suggest that the mandate by the state of Texas to include more “decodable” texts did in fact, heavily influence the materials presented to beginning readers. In addition, there was an apparent lock of attention to other features that support beginning readers, specifically, predictability and the engaging qualities of the texts. The findings suggest that policy mandates have a direct influence on the content and nature of reading programs placed in the hands of teachers and students.

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Hamaty, Edward, Saif Faiek, Minesh Nandi, David Stidd, Manish Trivedi, and Hari Kandukuri. "A Fatal Case of Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis from Recreational Waters." Case Reports in Critical Care 2020 (May 28, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9235794.

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Background. Naegleria Fowleri is a single-cell, thermophilic amphizoid amoeba, and a rare known causative agent for primary amoebic meningoencephalitis with >97% mortality rate. The amoeba resides in freshwater lakes and ponds but can also survive in inadequately chlorinated pools and recreational waters. The mode of infection includes activities such as diving or jumping into freshwater or submerging the head under the water. Although most commonly seen in the southern United States, it is essential to keep this clinical suspicion in mind regardless of geography, as presenting symptoms can be very similar to classic bacterial meningitis. Case Summary. We report the first-ever case in the state of New Jersey of a 29-year-old male presented after a visit to a recreational water park in Texas five days before his presentation with altered mental status. In ICU, his ICP remained refractory to multiple therapies, including antibiotics and antivirals, external ventriculostomy drain, hypertonic saline, pentobarbital-induced coma, and bilateral hemicraniectomies. The CSF analysis revealed trophozoites indicating a protozoan infection, which we diagnosed in the neurocritical unit, and the patient was then immediately started with treatment that included amphotericin B, rifampin, azithromycin, and fluconazole. This suspicion was promptly confirmed by the Center for Disease Control (CDC). Unfortunately, despite all the aggressive intervention by the multidisciplinary team, the patient did not survive. Conclusion. As per the CDC, only four people out of 143 known infected individuals in the United States from 1962 to 2017 have survived. Symptoms start with a median of 5 days after exposure to contaminated water. Given the rarity of this case and its very high mortality rate, it is crucial to diagnose primary amoebic meningoencephalitis accurately as its presentation can mimic bacterial meningitis. It is vital to obtain a careful and thorough history, as it can aid in prompt diagnosis and treatment.

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Kerwin*, Donald, and Robert Warren*. "US Foreign-Born Workers in the Global Pandemic: Essential and Marginalized." Journal on Migration and Human Security 8, no. 3 (September 2020): 282–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2331502420952752.

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Executive Summary This article provides detailed estimates of foreign-born (immigrant) workers in the United States who are employed in “essential critical infrastructure” sectors, as defined by the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) of the US Department of Homeland Security (DHS) (DHS 2020). Building on earlier work by the Center for Migration Studies (CMS), the article offers exhaustive estimates on essential workers on a national level, by state, for large metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs), and for smaller communities that heavily rely on immigrant labor. It also reports on these workers by job sector; immigration status; eligibility for tax rebates under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act); and other characteristics. It finds that: Sixty-nine percent of all immigrants in the US labor force and 74 percent of undocumented workers are essential workers, compared to 65 percent of the native-born labor force. Seventy percent of refugees and 78 percent of Black refugees are essential workers. In all but eight US states, the foreign-born share of the essential workforce equals or exceeds that of all foreign-born workers, indicating that immigrant essential workers are disproportionately represented in the labor force. The percentage of undocumented essential workers exceeds that of native-born essential workers by nine percentage points in the 15 states with the largest labor force. In the ten largest MSAs, the percentages of undocumented and naturalized essential workers exceed the percentage of native-born essential workers by 12 and 6 percent, respectively. A total of 6.2 million essential workers are not eligible for relief payments under the CARES Act, as well as large numbers of their 3.8 million US citizen children (younger than age 17), including 1.2 million US citizen children living in households below the poverty level. The foreign-born comprise 33 percent of health care workers in New York State, 32 percent in California, 31 percent in New Jersey, 28 percent in Florida, 25 percent in Nevada and Maryland, 24 percent in Hawaii, 23 percent in Massachusetts, and 19 percent in Texas. Section I of the article describes the central policy paradox for foreign-born workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: that they are “essential” at very high rates, but many lack status and they have been marginalized by US immigration and COVID-19-related policies. Section II sets forth the article’s main findings. Section III outlines major policy recommendations.

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Henige, David. "Guidelines for Editing Africanist Texts for Publication." History in Africa 17 (January 1990): 379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361541300000280.

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The Association for the Publication of African Historical Sources (presently headquartered at the Department of History, Michigan State University) is now administering one umbrella National Endowment for the Humanities grant for editing, translating, and publishing significant African texts, and hopes to administer more in the future. In aid of this, the following guidelines, which should for the moment be considered to be in a draft stage, are offered in an effort both to bring uniformity to these editions and to stimulate thinking towards making the guidelines more thorough and enduring. Readers are urged to send suggestions for the latter to: David Henige, Memorial Library, 728 State St., Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A. If all goes well, it might be possible to publish an improved set of guidelines in next year's HA.As discussed briefly below, efficient mobilization of word processing programs should enable intending editors to achieve better results at less cost. Such word processing programs as are now available are probably not equally suitable and any readers who have used any programs extensively or who have developed variants of their own, with respect either to editing or to linguistic transcription, are also urged to submit brief statements (up to ca. 1000 words) as to their experiences, whether good or bad. These could then be published en ensemble, also (probably) in the 1991 HA.

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Boswell, Courtney. "State Education Finance and Governance Profile: Texas." Peabody Journal of Education 85, no. 1 (February 2, 2010): 101–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01619560903524001.

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Gomes, Allan. "Fraud & Abuse: Fourth Circuit Holds Eleventh Amendment Bars Qui Tam Suit Against State in Federal Court." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 27, no. 2 (June 1999): 201–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s107311050001295x.

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The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ruled, in United States u. Texus Tech University, 171 F.3d 279 (5th Cir. 1999), that the Eleventh Amendment bars a private citizen from bringing a qui tam action in federal court against a state, absent federal intervention.Intervenor Carol Foulds was a dermatology resident at the Texas Tech Health Services Center. While a resident, Foulds examined patients, made diagnoses, and prescribed treatments for patients. Foulds alleged that she and other residents performed these medical services without the supervision of staff physicians. Foulds further alleged that, after residents performed these services without physician oversight, staff physicians signed charts and Medicare and Medicaid billing forms certifying that they personally performed or supervised the administration of these services. Foulds estimates approximately 500,000 false claims occurred in a span of ten years.In 1995, Foulds filed a qui tam action with the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas. As regulated by the False Claims Act (FCA), 31 U.S.C. § 3729(b)(2) (West 1998), the complaint remained under seal.

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HOYLAND, ROBERT. "New documentary texts and the early Islamic state." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 69, no. 3 (September 19, 2006): 395–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x06000188.

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This article is intended as a contribution to the debate on the nature of the early Islamic state (especially 1–70 AH/622–690 AD), as regards both its government and its ideology. It presents and discusses new documentary evidence that sheds light on these subjects and tries to advance a little further the discussion of two questions that have been particularly hotly debated in recent years. These are: whether the Muslims merely continued the administrative practices of the Byzantines and Persians or introduced innovations, and why recognizably Islamic messages do not appear in the material record before the reign of the caliph ‘Abd al-Malik (65–85 AH/685–705 AD). Finally, this article attempts to draw attention to the relative under-use of documents, whether papyri, coins, rock inscriptions or the like, and to illustrate the different ways in which they might be deployed to enhance our knowledge of this very important topic.

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Kuhn, Beverly, and Debbie Jasek. "State Legislative Issues for Managed Lanes in Texas." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1856, no. 1 (January 2003): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1856-18.

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The managed lane concept is currently being considered on major free way projects in Texas cities. The term managed lanes encompasses a variety of facility types, including high-occupancy vehicle lanes, high-occupancy toll lanes, single-occupancy vehicle express lanes, special-use lanes, and truck lanes. The premise of the managed lanes concept is to increase freeway efficiency and provide free-flow operations for certain freeway users by packaging various operational and design strategies. The strategies deployed offer the flexibility to be adjusted to match changing corridor and regional goals. Research undertaken in Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) research project Operating Freeways with Managed Lanes, which assessed state legislative needs necessary for Texas to legally and successfully implement the various types of managed lane facilities across the state, is discussed. Texas statutes may require changes in various areas to allow the implementation of managed lanes, including defining managed lanes as an operational concept in Texas, authorizing entities to develop managed lane facilities for congestion mitigation purposes, allowing entities operational flexibility with managed lane facilities, authorizing entities to develop exclusive lane facilities for congestion mitigation purposes, authorizing TxDOT to establish lane restrictions for congestion mitigation purposes, removing the time-of-day limitation on current municipal authorization for lane restrictions, and making the unlawful violation of any managed lane facility in Texas punishable by fine.

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Leer, Donald, Byungik Chang, Gerald Chen, David Carr, Kenneth Starcher, and Roy Issa. "Windtane contour map of the state of Texas." Renewable Energy 58 (October 2013): 140–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2013.03.002.

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Guinasso, Norman L., John N. Walpert, Linwood L. Lee, Steven F. DiMarco, and Steven Buschang. "TEXAS AUTOMATED BUOY SYSTEM PROVIDES SITUATIONAL AWARENESS OF WINDS AND CURRENTS ON THE COAST OF TEXAS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 300175. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014-1-300175.1.

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Texas has established an operational system that provides observations of wind and currents to the State On-Scene Coordinator. The Texas Automated Buoy System (TABS) began in 1994 with five current meter buoys. Buoys measure current velocity 2m below the surface and transmit data on a regular schedule via satellite communications. Most buoys measure winds using acoustic wind sensors and some buoys are configured with profiling current meters. Larger buoys use solid-state accelerometers to measure waves. Buoys use solar panels to charge lead-acid batteries and can operate unattended for periods up to a year with the limitation being summertime biological fouling. TABS makes use of six different types of buoys with each filling its own particular niche to support trajectory modeling. These include TABS I, II, 2.25m and 3m buoys. A new coastal monitoring buoy (CMB) is a 1.4m solar charged buoy designed for extended operation in shallow water to measure current profiles, waves and MET data. The TABS Responder is a small, lightweight, rechargeable buoy designed for short deployments from any vessel of opportunity at the site of an oil spill. Designed for shallow water (<40m), the buoy measures waves, current profiles and meteorological data. GERG has a fleet of four Responder buoys that will be capable of deployment with short notice in the event of an emergency. Data from the buoys are transmitted to computers at College station TX where they undergo automated quality control before posting on a dedicated web page. Data are disseminated via the internet to the state and federal governments. Public presentation of the data takes place in three different time frames. Data are available in near real time on a web page that displays data for the past four days. A Real Time Analysis program process the data every 24 hours and presents a series of data products including stick plots, current and wind roses, and distribution tables. A monthly Hindcast Analysis looks at the previous month's data, performs additional quality control, and prepares final plots. Finally a monthly Climatology program produces climatological summaries of the all data by month and year.

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Young, Keith. "The Shumards in Texas." Earth Sciences History 13, no. 2 (January 1, 1994): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.13.2.3202402042v0qv31.

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Benjamin Franklin Shumard was appointed State Geologist of Texas in 1858. His brother, George Getz Shumard, served as his Assistant State Geologist; both were experienced field geologists. Benjamin Shumard had served in federally sponsored surveys of Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa conducted by Dale David Owen, in Oregon and Washington by John Evans, and in the Missouri Geological Survey. George Shumard had accompanied Captain Randolph B. Marcy into Texas on two of his federally sponsored expeditions of exploration (the Pacific Railroad Survey along the 32nd parallel) to drill wells exploring for water east of the Guadalupe Mountains. George Shumard gave most of the fossils he collected to his brother for description and publication. Although the Geological and Agricultural Survey of Texas ended with the Civil War, the Shumards made three principal contributions to the geology of Texas: 1. They advanced the knowledge of the State's Cretaceous rocks, even though they did not recognize the Balcones Fault Zone and arranged part of the section erroneously; 2. They determined that not all mountains in the Southwest were formed around granite cores; and 3. They discovered the marine Permian in Texas.

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Bourgeois, Eugene, Paul Cohen, Julio Dix, and Chinna Natesan. "Faculty-Determined Allocation Formula at Southwest Texas State University." Collection Management 23, no. 1-2 (August 19, 1998): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j105v23n01_05.

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Kafle, Ram C., Doo Young Kim, Martin E. Malandro, and Melinda Miller Holt. "Modeling COVID-19 positivity rates and hospitalizations in Texas." Model Assisted Statistics and Applications 16, no. 1 (March 25, 2021): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/mas-210514.

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The aim of this study was to jointly model COVID-19 test positivity rates and hospitalizations in Texas using Bayesian joinpoint regression. The data for both test positivity rates and hospitalizations were obtained from the Texas Department of State Health Services between April 5 and October 19, 2020. The stage 1 model identifies four significant shifts in test positivity rates, three of which occur roughly 9 days after documented policy or behavioral changes statewide. Estimated positivity rates from the first model were then used to predict hospitalization rates and to estimate lag time between changes in positivity and hospitalization. The resulting lag time is 9.056 days (± 3.808). Both models are valuable to policy makers and public health officials as they study the impact of behavioral patterns on disease prevalence and resulting hospitalizations.

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Halbert, Natalie D., Terje Raudsepp, Bhanu P. Chowdhary, and James N. Derr. "CONSERVATION GENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE TEXAS STATE BISON HERD." Journal of Mammalogy 85, no. 5 (October 2004): 924–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/ber-029.

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32

Price, Donald I., and E. Shawn Novak. "The Income Redistribution Effects of Texas State Lottery Games." Public Finance Review 28, no. 1 (January 2000): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109114210002800105.

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McCandless, Peter, and Sarah C. Sitton. "Life at the Texas State Lunatic Asylum, 1857-1997." Journal of American History 87, no. 1 (June 2000): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2567961.

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Pinjari, Omar F., Luis A. Fernandez, Elizabeth Newlin, and Salih Selek. "Use of Electroconvulsive Therapy in Adolescents in Texas State." Journal of Affective Disorders 254 (July 2019): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.10.351.

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Hendrickson, Brett. "Competing Polities of Church and State in Mexican Texas." Journal of Church and State 62, no. 4 (October 18, 2019): 671–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcs/csz084.

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36

Kenny, Steven. "Malformed: Forgotten Brains of the Texas State Mental Hospital." Journal of Visual Communication in Medicine 38, no. 1-2 (April 3, 2015): 127–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/17453054.2015.1038509.

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37

Ogren, J. "Ecological Restoration in Texas--A Big Private Land State." Ecological Restoration 20, no. 3 (September 1, 2002): 203–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/er.20.3.203.

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Fitzsimons, Dennis. "Cartography/Geographic Information Systems at Southwest Texas State University." Cartography and Geographic Information Systems 18, no. 3 (January 1991): 176–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1559/152304091783786934.

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39

Hilliard, Cora L. "Management Development at Work in Texas." Public Personnel Management 15, no. 4 (December 1986): 377–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009102608601500405.

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The State of Texas' management development effort begins with the strong commitment of and collaboration between the Office of the Governor, the State's agencies and departments, and the private sector—all of which realize the dynamic nature of the population and economy and the subsequent impact on the demand for public services. In order to ensure the development of effective management strategies in Texas state government, a system was designed to develop and strengthen the skills of all management levels. The unique aspect of this effort has been its pervasive nature and the utilization of a multiplicity of management development strategies.

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Fesenmaier, Daniel R., Lonnie Jones, Seoho Um, and Teofilo Ozuna. "Assessing the Economic Impact of Outdoor Recreation Travel to the Texas Gulf Coast." Journal of Travel Research 28, no. 1 (July 1989): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004728758902800104.

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The purpose of this study was to estimate the economic impacts of outdoor recreation activity (specifically, sport fishing, hunting, picnicking, swimming, camping, pleasure boating and sightseeing) on the economies of the Texas Gulf Coast region and the state of Texas in the form of output, employment, income, and state and local tax revenues. The statewide Texas Gulf Coast economic impacts were estimated using the statewide expenditure data for the entire Texas Gulf Coast collected for this study and the 1986 Texas Input-Output Model developed for this study. The results of this analysis indicated that the total output impact during 1986 amounted to $1.19 billion for the Texas Gulf Coast and $1.91 billion for the state. The results also show that 59% of these impacts resulted from fishing-related travel to this area.

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41

Dixon, Richard W., and Todd W. Moore. "Tornado Vulnerability in Texas." Weather, Climate, and Society 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-11-00004.1.

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Abstract Tornado vulnerability depends on the incidence of and societal exposure to tornadoes for a particular location. This study assesses the vulnerability of Texas counties to tornadoes using tornado incidence and societal exposure composite scores. Three different assessment methods are used to quantify tornado vulnerability and a geographical information system is used for visualization. Using multiple assessment methods facilitates different ways of viewing tornado vulnerability. Even though the three tornado vulnerability maps produced in this study are spatially diverse, some counties were repeatedly identified as highly vulnerable. The most highly vulnerable counties were located within the northern and northeastern portions of the state, specifically in the northeastern corner within the Shreveport, Louisiana, county warning area.

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42

Beckham, Jessica L., and Samuel Atkinson. "An updated understanding of Texas bumble bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) species presence and potential distributions in Texas, USA." PeerJ 5 (August 10, 2017): e3612. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3612.

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Texas is the second largest state in the United States of America, and the largest state in the contiguous USA at nearly 700,000 sq. km. Several Texas bumble bee species have shown evidence of declines in portions of their continental ranges, and conservation initiatives targeting these species will be most effective if species distributions are well established. To date, statewide bumble bee distributions for Texas have been inferred primarily from specimen records housed in natural history collections. To improve upon these maps, and help inform conservation decisions, this research aimed to (1) update existing Texas bumble bee presence databases to include recent (2007–2016) data from citizen science repositories and targeted field studies, (2) model statewide species distributions of the most common bumble bee species in Texas using MaxEnt, and (3) identify conservation target areas for the state that are most likely to contain habitat suitable for multiple declining species. The resulting Texas bumble bee database is comprised of 3,580 records, to include previously compiled museum records dating from 1897, recent field survey data, and vetted records from citizen science repositories. These data yielded an updated state species list that includes 11 species, as well as species distribution models (SDMs) for the most common Texas bumble bee species, including two that have shown evidence of range-wide declines: B. fraternus (Smith, 1854) and B. pensylvanicus (DeGeer, 1773). Based on analyses of these models, we have identified conservation priority areas within the Texas Cross Timbers, Texas Blackland Prairies, and East Central Texas Plains ecoregions where suitable habitat for both B. fraternus and B. pensylvanicus are highly likely to co-occur.

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Majumdar, Sarmistha R. "Varied Responses to Human-Induced Seismicity in the City of Azle, Texas." Case Studies in the Environment 3, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cse.2019.002196.

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Fracking has helped to usher in an era of energy abundance in the United States. This advanced drilling procedure has helped the nation to attain the status of the largest producer of crude oil and natural gas in the world, but some of its negative externalities, such as human-induced seismicity, can no longer be ignored. The occurrence of earthquakes in communities located at proximity to disposal wells with no prior history of seismicity has shocked residents and have caused damages to properties. It has evoked individuals’ resentment against the practice of injection of fracking’s wastewater under pressure into underground disposal wells. Though the oil and gas companies have denied the existence of a link between such a practice and earthquakes and the local and state governments have delayed their responses to the unforeseen seismic events, the issue has gained in prominence among researchers, affected community residents, and the media. This case study has offered a glimpse into the varied responses of stakeholders to human-induced seismicity in a small city in the state of Texas. It is evident from this case study that although individuals’ complaints and protests from a small community may not be successful in bringing about statewide changes in regulatory policies on disposal of fracking’s wastewater, they can add to the public pressure on the state government to do something to address the problem in a state that supports fracking.

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Dossey, Terry, Mauricio Ruiz, and B. Frank Mccullough. "Development of Jointed Concrete Pavement Database for State of Texas." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1525, no. 1 (January 1996): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196152500111.

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A jointed concrete pavement database was developed as part of a pavement information management system for Texas. Topics discussed include the identification of variables, a statewide selection of pavement projects using an experimental factorial design, and the collection of performance information through a visual condition survey. A preliminary distress index for jointed pavements is also presented. In this analysis, the distress variables collected in the field are reduced to a single performance value and related statistically to the various design variables of the pavement projects investigated.

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Goolsby, John A., Robert S. Pfannenstiel, and Gregory A. Evans. "New State Record for the Silverleaf Whitefly ParasitoidEncarsia sophia1in Texas." Southwestern Entomologist 34, no. 3 (September 2009): 327–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3958/059.034.0313.

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46

Anderson, Robert S., and Michael S. Caterino. "A revision of the genus Eurhoptus LeConte, 1876 (Curculionidae, Cryptorhynchinae) of America north of Mexico." ZooKeys 787 (October 2, 2018): 37–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.787.26948.

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The genus Eurhoptus LeConte, 1876 is revised for America north of Mexico. Eight species are recognized including E.pyriformis LeConte, 1876, E.sordidus (LeConte, 1876), E.curtus (Hamilton, 1893), resurrected name, and five new species as follows: E.rileyi new species (type locality, Texas, Hidalgo County, Bentsen Rio Grande State Park), E.imbricatus new species (type locality, Texas, Bandera County, Lost Maples State Natural Area), E.cariniventris new species (type locality, Texas, Bandera County, Lost Maples State Natural Area), E.occidentalis new species (type locality, Texas, Brewster County, Big Bend National Park), and E.aenigmaticus new species (type locality, Alabama, Winston County, Bankhead National Forest). Descriptions or redescriptions, and images of taxonomically important structures are presented for all species. A key to the eight species is included.

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47

Kash, Bita A., Paul Ogden, Elizabeth Popp, Melissa Shaffer, and Jane Bolin. "Exploring future models of primary care for Texas." International Journal of Innovation Science 9, no. 4 (December 4, 2017): 435–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijis-01-2017-0005.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to identify best practices for innovative primary care models and to describe a potential future primary care (PC) model for Texas to address the burden of chronic disease in a population-based approach. Design/methodology/approach A systematic literature review was conducted and identified 1,880 published records through PubMed using 26 search terms. After abstract and full-text review, 70 articles remained as potential models. Findings Although there is already a severe shortage of physicians in Texas, emerging practice patterns and choices among physicians are likely to erode access to primary care services in the state. Health-care leaders are encouraged to consider models such as complex adaptive systems for team-based care, pharmacist hypertension care management program and combined nurse-led care management with group visit structure. Research limitations/implications As with any study, this research has its limitations; for example, models that might work in one state, or under a unique state-funded academic medical center, might not be “do-able” in another state within the nuances of a different funding mechanism. Practical implications Results of this research provide a model for implementing IPCM for the state of Texas first and will guide IPCM planning and implementation in other states. Originality/value This study is “land grant-centric” and focused on carrying out the mission of a major, top-tier research university with an emerging college of medicine at an academic medical center.

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Bishop, J., G. V. Rogachev, E. Aboud, S. Ahn, M. Assunção, M. Barbui, A. Bosh, et al. "State of the art measurements with TexAT." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1308 (August 2019): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1308/1/012006.

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Foster, J. R. "Do Texas groundwater conservation districts matter?" Water Policy 11, no. 3 (June 1, 2009): 379–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2009.015.

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Texas faces a number of issues in an attempt to balance the water needs of a growing population while at the same time trying to conserve its water resources. Some of these issues include infrastructure improvements and provision of new supplies, changing patterns of use, water marketing and aquifer depletion. With aquifers providing 60% of all the water used in Texas, protecting and keeping these sources viable in the future is a key priority in addressing the state's water issues. With the state's emphasis on local control and the existence of between 80 and 90 groundwater districts state-wide, this research seeks to answer the question “Do groundwater districts in the State of Texas make a difference in groundwater depletion?” We use panel data from a set of 8,110 observations in a fixed effects regression to help us answer this question. We find evidence to suggest that groundwater districts do make a difference. After taking into consideration a couple of potential threats to validity, we run our model on a per district basis and by groundwater management areas. We also run it on a per aquifer basis and compare results with recommendations in the 2007 Texas Water Plan as a reality check. If we successfully answer the question that districts do in fact matter, the next logical step is to investigate what it is that districts do that makes a difference.

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Ghebreyesus, Dawit, and Hatim O. Sharif. "Time Series Analysis of Monthly and Annual Precipitation in The State of Texas Using High-Resolution Radar Products." Water 13, no. 7 (April 2, 2021): 982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13070982.

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Precipitation is the main source for replenishing groundwater stored in aquifers for a myriad of beneficial purposes, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. A significant portion of the municipal and agricultural water demand is satisfied through groundwater withdrawals in Texas. These withdrawals have to be monitored and regulated to be in balance with the recharge amount from precipitation in order to ensure water security. The main goal of this study is to understand the spatio-temporal variability of precipitation in the 21st century using high spatial resolution stage-IV radar data over the state of Texas and examine some climatic controls behind this variability. The results will shed light on the trends of precipitation and hence will contribute to improving water resources management strategies and policies. Pettit’s test and Standard Normal Homogeneity Test (SNHT), tools for detecting change-point in the monthly precipitation, suggested change-points have occurred across the state around the years 2013 and 2014. The test for the homogeneity of the data before and after 2013 revealed that, in over 64% of the state, the precipitation means were significantly different. The Panhandle region (northern part) is the only part of the state that did not show a significant difference in the mean precipitation before and after 2013. Theil-Sen’s slope test, Correlated Seasonal Mann-Kendall Test, and Cox and Stuart Trend Test all indicated that there were no significant trends in the monthly precipitation after 2013 in over 98% of the area of the state. Texas precipitation was found to be influenced significantly by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). A significant correlation in more than 82% and 60% of the state was found with ENSO at two-month and with PDO at four-month lag, respectively.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Texas state aid'

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