Academic literature on the topic 'Text-historical aspect'

Hermeneutical aspect of reference embraces a relation to reality in itsbroadest sense. This aspect of reference explains how some conceptsemployed in scientific theories and historical and fictional text, which areconsidered as “non-existant”, transform our experience of reality. Epistemologicalaspect of reference should not be separated from ontological andhermeneutical aspects.

The article reviews the autobiographical prose of Tsvetaeva in a rhetorical aspect. Narration in Tsvetaeva’s texts is structured by the intimate feelings of the addresser: any eventuality is subjectively characterized and evaluated. Author’s strategies are determined by the character of the narrator, content of the text they produce and its implied meaning. Tsvetaeva’s works are oriented on prepared readers, on recipients, who have a system of certain cultural and philosophical images and expectations. The interaction of the author and the reader suggests having common memories, understanding of cultural and historical context, merge of the question, set by the author with an expected answer, given by the reader on reception of the text. The recipient is actively involved in the process of empathy, cognitive area of the text becomes subject to congruous interpretations. In the course of hermeneutic research the subject of perception mentally creates their own text, reflecting the depth and degree of understanding of the original, as well as the chosen angle of reading. Rhetorical aspect of impact does not only suggest deep understanding of the meaning by the recipient, but points out the changes in recipient’s consciousness, which are results of such impact. The article broadens the perceptions of cultural and historical context of the epoch and of Tsvetaeva as one of the greatest artists of the XXth century, the genre features and philosophical and ethical significance of her autobiographical prose.

AbstractThis essay focuses on the historical text as a whole. It does so by conceiving of the historical text as representation ‐ in the way the we may say of a photo or a painting that it represents the person depicted on it. It is argued that representation cannot be properly understood by modelling it on true description. So all the central questions asked since the days of Frege with regard to how the true statement relates to the world must be asked anew, if we wish to understand how a historical representation relates to what it is about. Three claims are made. In the first place, representation is not a two-place but a three-place operator: apart from a representation (say, a book on Napoleon) and what the representation represents (Napoleon himself), a representation also indicates an aspect of represented reality (an aspect of Napoleon). The second claim is that this notion of the aspect is crucial for a proper understanding of (historical) representation. Thirdly, it is argued that traditional theories of reference cannot account for the relationship between a representation and the aspect indicated by it.

The article examines linguopragmatic and linguoculturological aspects of the precedent phenomena usage in the Spanish media discourse aiming to define the pragmatic potential of the precedent in it and to partially reconstruct the Spanish picture of the world and linguistic identity by defining the linguoculturological importance of the precedent phenomena. The language is seen as an instrument for coding and translating cultural-semantic information. The definition of the notion ‘precedent’ is given and the basic theories on contemporary precedent studies are analyzed, the intertextuality theory in particular. A precedent phenomenon in the text is seen as a manifestation of a linguistic world-image, world knowledge objectification as well as a powerful tool of peoples’ minds manipulation by its implicit verbal influence on the audience. According to D. Gudkov’s classification, there are the following universal and national precedent phenomena: precedent situations, precedent names and precedent expressions. In the media text a precedent phenomenon is seen as one of the means of the implementation of the following strategies: semantic, pragmatic, conversational and rhetorical. Intertextuality is predominantly manifested in neologisms, allusions and quotations, which refer to the world and Spanish literature, the Bible, mythological sources and historical realia and Spanish internal events. The obtained results have proved the original hypothesis, according to which precedent phenomena in the media discourse reflect the cultural fund and the historical memory of the Spanish linguocultural community thus serving as a culture and language conductor. They also provide an indirect communication between the representatives of different cultures, epochs and generations.

We made an attempt to consider the poetics of the dilogy by Abdijamil Nurpeisov Last Duty in a mythological aspect, to determine the functions of mythologemes that allow one or another plot situation to be interpreted using parallels from mythology. The subject of research is the multifunctionality of myth, its semantics and structure-forming function. The main attention is paid to the interpretation of mythologemes and the meaning of the actions of the protagonist, whom we consider as a mythological hero. The methodology of the article is based on a multidimensional approach, which involves the use of a comparative historical method that allows us to consider the similarities and differences of plot situations in the text on the basis of direct contacts, historical and genetic - to identify sources of myths and structural-semantic - in order to explore the features of myths in the artistic structure of the novels.

We made an attempt to consider the poetics of the dilogy by Abdijamil Nurpeisov Last Duty in a mythological aspect, to determine the functions of mythologemes that allow one or another plot situation to be interpreted using parallels from mythology. The subject of research is the multifunctionality of myth, its semantics and structure-forming function. The main attention is paid to the interpretation of mythologemes and the meaning of the actions of the protagonist, whom we consider as a mythological hero. The methodology of the article is based on a multidimensional approach, which involves the use of a comparative historical method that allows us to consider the similarities and differences of plot situations in the text on the basis of direct contacts, historical and genetic - to identify sources of myths and structural-semantic - in order to explore the features of myths in the artistic structure of the novels.

Abstract Regardless of the approach one uses in the study of translating and translations, it remains necessary to delimit the legitimate field of concern. I.e. translations must be identified and described sui generis as the results of a text-processing activity. From the linguistic and text-theoretical perspective this objective is fulfilled by the concept of equivalence; a translation is defined as a secondary text that stands in an equivalence relation to a primary text. The range of the equivalence-oriented approach and the possibilities it offers for systematic description and explanation of translational phenomena are, however, limited. Its problems and limitations become apparent not only in the context of historical translation research, but also whenever interest focusses upon the text-productive—i.e. ultimately creative—aspect of translation, as opposed to its reproductive aspect, i.e. the linguistic-textual relationships between languages and texts as these are deduced from regularities.

The development of intercultural relations and the globalization of multicultural civilization gives rise to the need for educational study the elements found in the language of each nation, not only in the national-cultural aspect but also in comparative translation. At the present stage of translation educational study development, special attention is paid to the issues of the national and historical specifics of the original work preservation and transmission in the process of translation into the language of another culture. This article discusses the linguistic realities and their role in the national and historical identity reflection of a different culture, presented in the context of a work of art. As the result of the study, the methods of Kazakh historical reality transmission are analyzed, and the specifics of their translation into Russian is described on the basis of the works of Kazakh writer Dukenbai Doszhan (XX century). The article highlights the sign of the “dual nature” of historical realities in archaized texts of fiction, on which the choice of a translation solution depends. The main results and conclusions of the study presented in this article show that the distance in time and space separating the source text from the text of translation inevitably leads to national-cultural biases, which should be taken into account during a text translation that must be adequate to the original text.

The paper addresses different approaches to the interpretation of the notion ‘interrogativity’ in science. This notion is under constant study in different fields of knowledge, such as philosophy, logics, pedagogy, psychology, sociology, linguistics, literature studies, etc. The paper aims to study approaches to the interpretation of the notion ‘interrogativity’ in linguistics in its different aspects; therefore, the above notion is analyzed in grammar, semantics, stylistics, functional stylistics, pragmatics, theory of speech acts. The author also analyzes the notion in a historical retrospective, providing philosophical and logical background of its appearance in linguistics, where it preserves its epistemological sense. From the linguistic point of view, the semantics, functions and formal ways of representation of the above notion in language are considered in the paper. In the aspect of grammar, formal ways of representation of the above category are analyzed. In the aspect of semantics, the content and various functions are under consideration. From the stylistic point of view, the role of interrogativity in texts of various functional styles (e. g. literary text, scientific text, official documents, journalistic text) is analyzed. Numerous research works concerning the notion of linguistic interrogativity claim that it may be either explicit or implicit. Explicit interrogativity means that the semantics of interrogation is presented in the text by formal means of a question (word order, intonation, question words), while implicit interrogativity presupposes interrogative semantics in statements.

Gegenstand der Arbeit ----------------------- Was ist Text Re-use? Text Re-use beschreibt die mit unterschiedlichen Absichten mündliche und schriftliche Wiedergabe von Textinhalten. Diese können im Sinne einer Definition das Anerkennen einer Autorität aber auch das Wiedergeben einer besonders interessanten Information sein. Während der Fokus dieser Arbeit auf dem Erstellen eines Hypertextes durch eine Text Re-use Analysis liegt, sind die PageRanking-Technik oder auch bibliometrische Analysen weiterführende Anwendungen. Im Kontext derartiger Einsatzmöglichkeiten kann auf historischen Dokumenten, die dieser Arbeit zugrunde liegen, durch eine automatische Analyse eine noch nie zuvor erstellte Breite von Zitierabhängigkeiten erstellt werden, welche heutzutage Aufschluss darüber geben, was in früheren Zeiten als wichtig erachtet worden ist, auch wenn es in der Gegenwart für Sprachen, wie dem Altgriechischen oder dem Latein, keine Muttersprachler mehr gibt. Stand der Forschung ------------------- In der Plagiarismuserkennung, einer modernen Anwendung von Text Re-use, werden meist einfache Ngramm-Ansätze eingesetzt. Diese Form einer Abtastung eines Textes bietet in erster Linie den Vorteil, dass die benötigte Rechenzeit relativ klein bleibt. Ferner genügt dieser Ansatz, um ein einfaches Copy & Paste zu erkennen. Außerhalb des Plagiarismus stellt sich der Forschungsstand so dar, dass nahezu beliebig Daten und Algorithmen kombiniert werden. Die Ergebnisse geben datenspezifische Charakteristika wieder und sind somit oft nicht auf andere Daten reproduzierbar. Der Forschungsstand reflektiert somit mehr Insellösungen als eine ganzheitliche Sicht auf das Thema. Ganzheitliche Sicht auf Text Re-use ----------------------------------- In Kapitel 2 wird die derzeit vollständigste Systematisierung des Text Re-use vorgenommen. Dies umfasst zwei wesentliche Aspekte: - Es werden insgesamt 45 verschiedene Typisierungen von Textstellen, nachfolgend auch Meme im Sinne eines Gedanken oder Gedankensplitters genannt, eingeführt, welche in der Regel wiederverwendet werden. Entsprechende typisierte Meme reichen nur beispielhaft von Sprichwort, über Schlachtruf und Vers bis hin zur Legende. - Es wird eine Systematik zu verschiedenen Re-use Styles definiert, welche beschreibt, wie ein entsprechendes Meme wiederverwendet wird. Das kann zum Beispiel ein wortwörtliches Zitat aber auch eine Paraphrase oder Allusion sein. Das Ziel dieser ganzheitlichen Sicht besteht darin, grundlegende Eigenschaften der Meme sowie der Re-use Styles zu definieren. Während ein Meme, wie z. B. eine Redewendung, eher kurz und syntaktisch fest verwendet wird, ist es beim größeren Meme Legende üblich, dieses mündlich und damit wesentlich freier wiederzugeben. Während die Typisierung der verschiedenen Meme die Frage aufwirft, warum bestimmte Textinhalte wiederverwendet werden, gibt die zweite Systematik des Re-use Styles Aufschluss darüber, wie jeder persönlich andere Inhalte wiedergibt. Sowohl die Typisierung der verschiedenen Meme mit ihren unterschiedlichen Charakteristika als auch die Systematik der Re-use Styles reflektieren eine Data Diversity, welche eine Herausforderung sowohl für die Text Re-use Analysis aber auch für deren Evaluation aus ganzheitlicher Sicht bedeutet, da es keinen Gold Standard gibt, welcher sowohl alle möglichen Meme als auch die verschiedenen Re-use Styles adäquat repräsentiert. Forschungsfragen ---------------- Aus ganzheitlicher Sicht ergeben sich somit für diese Arbeit die folgenden Forschungsfragen: - Im Kontext der verschiedenen Re-use Styles muss die Frage danach gestellt werden, bis zu welchem Grad der Veränderung ein Text Re-use automatisch noch erkannt werden kann. - Wie kann eine Text Re-use Analysis so gestaltet werden, dass sie auch für unterschiedliche Meme mit verschiedenen Charakteristika gleich gut funktioniert? - Wie können Veränderungen eines wiederverwendenden Autors systematisch bestimmt und extrahiert werden? - Wie kann das Ergebnis einer Text Re-use Analysis in einer Digital Library in Anbetracht der Data Diversity ganzheitlich evaluiert werden? Untersuchungsmethodik und Lösungsansatz --------------------------------------- Da die Data Diversity aus informationstechnischer Sicht nicht mit einem einzelnen Algorithmus bzw. einer kleinen Menge von Ansätzen abgedeckt werden kann, wird in Kapitel 3 die 7-Level-Architektur des Historical Text Re-use vorgestellt. Diese Architektur kann als ein modulares Konzept verstanden werden, um die Text Re-use Analysis auf die verschiedenen Bedürfnisse, bedingt durch spezielle Eigenschaften von Meme, unterschiedlichen Re-use Styles aber auch verschiedenen Sprachvarianten, entsprechend anzupassen. Die einzelnen Level entsprechen den sieben Unteraufgaben Segmentation, Preprocessing, Featuring, Selection, Linking, Scoring und Postprocessing. In Kapitel 3 werden zu jedem Level in einem separaten Abschnitt entsprechende Implementierungen sowohl ausführlich vorgestellt als auch systematisiert. Zur Abgabe dieser Dissertation stehen in der TRACER-Implementierung, welche die 7-Level-Architektur umsetzt, insgesamt über eine Million Kombinationsmöglichkeiten der verschiedenen Ansätze der einzelnen Level zur Verfügung. Sowohl die drei genannten Forschungsfragen als auch die aufgezeigte Data Diversity des Historical Text Re-use werden im Rahmen der Dissertation als hinreichende Motivation verstanden, den Historical Text Re-use in Shannon\'s Noisy Channel Theorem einzubetten. In diesem Kontext kann ein Original- bzw. zitierter Autor als Source und ein wiederverwendender Autor als Target verstanden werden. Der Noisy Channel stellt ein unbekanntes Modell von Modifikationen, den äußeren Einflüssen, dar. In Kapitel 4 wird das Noisy Channel Model dazu eingesetzt, ein zufälliges und rein künstliches Störsignal zum Noisy Channel hinzuzufügen, so dass eine Randomised Digital Library entsteht. Es werden insgesamt fünf Klassen von Randomisierungstechniken, die künstlichen Störsignale, im Sinne eines Turingtests vorgestellt, welche unterschiedliche Schwierigkeitsgrade einer rein quantitativen Evaluierung mit sich bringen. Für diese quantitative Evaluierung, die Noisy Channel Evaluation, wird der neuartige Score der Mining Ability eingeführt. Die Mining Ability setzt hierbei das Ergebnis einer Text Re-use Analysis auf einer Digital Library mit dem Resultat einer durch ein künstliches Störsignal veränderten Randomised Digital Library ins Verhältnis, wodurch nicht nur Parameter optimiert sondern auch verschiedene Sprachmodelle vollautomatisch und bzgl. des Ergebnisses ganzheitlich sowie ohne Gold Standard evaluiert werden können. In Kapitel 5 wird der Noisy Channel als Modell eingesetzt, um historisch paradigmatische Relationen systematisch zu bestimmen. Das ist insbesondere unter Berücksichtigung der großen Zeitfenster von geisteswissenschaftlichen Texten von Interesse, da sich semantische Beziehungen von Konzepten im Laufe der Zeit verändert haben. Ergebnisse ---------- Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit sind sehr vielschichtig und umfassen neben Ergebnissen von Evaluierungen, auch Erfahrungen innerhalb der eHumanities sowie der entsprechenden Grundlagenarbeit. Im Detail können die Ergebnisse wie folgt zusammengefasst werden: Es wird im einführenden Kapitel der Dissertation das Paradigma ACID for the eHumanities vorgestellt. ACID ist hierbei eine Abkürzung für Acceptance, Complexity, Interoperability und Diversity. Diese vier Säulen werden als Aspekte vorgestellt, denen sich die Informatik in der Zusammenarbeit mit den Geisteswissenschaften stellen muss. Der Fokus der Arbeit liegt auf der Diversity aber auch Aspekte der Acceptance und Complexity werden ausführlich verdeutlicht. In Kapitel 4 wird neben der Einführung der Noisy Channel Evaluation auch aufgezeigt, welche statistischen Probleme probabilistische Sprachmodelle begleiten. Während probabilistische Sprachmodelle das Gesetz der großen Zahlen und somit eine hinreichend große Auftretenswahrscheinlichkeit voraussetzen, folgen verschiedene Charakteristika natürlicher Sprache einem Power Law, wie dem Zipfschen Gesetz, so dass für den Long Tail dieser Verteilung eine geringe Frequenz zugrunde liegt, woraus letztlich ein statistisches Problem resultiert. Im Detail kann so gezeigt werden, dass der eingeführte Score der Mining Ability bei zunehmender Größe einer Digital Library nach Erreichen eines Maximums wieder sinkt. Das resultiert daraus, dass mit zunehmender Größe der Digital Library vermehrt aus Rauschen als Neuem ``gelernt\'\' wird. Auch wenn Kapitel 4 das auf den Text Re-use einschränkt, so sind die Ergebnisse einfach auf andere probabilistische Sprachmodelle adaptierbar. Insbesondere wird der Widerspruch des Gesetzes der großen Zahlen, welches den auf Wahrscheinlichkeiten aufsetzenden Sprachmodellen implizit zugrunde liegt, und den oftmals sehr seltenen Ereignissen beim Umgang mit natürlichsprachlichen Texten deutlich. In Kapitel 5 wird weiterhin gezeigt, dass es kein Text Re-use Model gibt, welches in jedem Szenario optimale Ergebnisse liefert. Basierend auf sieben Bibelversionen mit unterschiedlichen Bezügen untereinander, wird verdeutlicht, dass sich nicht nur die Algorithmen der 7-Level-Architektur unterscheiden können, sondern auch entsprechende Schwellwerte. Im Rahmen der Arbeit werden zwei rein quantitative Evaluierungsgrößen, die Text Re-use Compression sowie die Noisy Channel Evaluation, eingeführt. In Kapitel 5 wird gezeigt, dass es eine signifikante Korrelation zu existierenden Evaluierungsgrößen gibt, welche jedoch einen Gold Standard oder zumindest eine Evaluierungsgrundlage benötigen. Einerseits gibt es eine nach Pearson sehr starke Korrelation zwischen dem Recall und der Text Re-use Compression. Andererseits wird auch gezeigt, dass das F-Measure sowie die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit eingeführte Noisy Channel Evaluation sehr vergleichbare Evaluierungsergebnisse erzeugen. Das wird im Rahmen einer System Evaluation in Kapitel 5 anhand der sieben Bibelversionen in insgesamt 504 verschiedenen Experimenten dargestellt. Beitrag zur Forschung --------------------- Neben den aufgezeigten Ergebnissen stellt diese Arbeit Grundlagenforschung sowohl in der Systematisierung des Text Re-use aber auch bei der Evaluierung von Ergebnissen dar. Wie eingangs zum Forschungsstand umrissen wurde, verlieren sich derzeit viele Arbeiten in der nahezu beliebigen Kombination aus Daten und Algorithmen. Mit dieser Arbeit wird ein Evaluierungsszenario vorgestellt, welches es ermöglicht, auch ohne Gold Standard das Ergebnis zu bewerten. Somit wird das Resultat nicht mehr durch unterschiedliche Überlappungsgrade zwischen Digital Library und Gold Standard verfälscht. Des Weiteren geht mit dieser Arbeit ein Paradigmenwechsel einher. Während in der Automatischen Sprachverarbeitung Text Re-use bisher aus einer ``1-Algorithmus-Sicht\'\' betrachtet wird, zeigen die Ergebnisse aus Kapitel 5 auf, dass zukünftig stärker der paarweise Vergleich zweier Werke im Forschungsvordergrund stehen sollte. Das geht damit einher, dass jeder Mensch einen eigenen Re-use Style besitzt, so dass durch das paarweise Vergleichen die menschlichen Individualitäten im Fokus der Text Re-use Analysis stehen. Deshalb wird vorgeschlagen, die Einzelergebnisse der werkweisen Vergleiche anschließend zu einem Hybrid Text Re-use Graph zusammenzusetzen. Mit der Noisy Channel Evaluation sowie der Text Re-use Compression stehen nun weiterführend auch vollautomatische Evaluierungstechniken zur Verfügung, so dass eine wesentlich präzisere Text Re-use Analysis möglich ist. Perspektive ----------- Entgegen modernen Anwendungen des Text Re-use, wie dem Plagiarismus, kann der Historical Text Re-use als ein nützliches Instrument verstanden werden, welches nicht nur Evidenzen von Transferwegen, sondern vielmehr auch einen fundamentalen Teil des sprachlich-kulturellen Erbes der Menschheit darstellt. Aus der Vielfalt des Historical Text Re-use ergeben sich für die Informatik im Rahmen der eHumanities vielschichtige Herausforderungen, die Gegenstand dieser Arbeit sind. Im Detail bedeutet das einen Paradigmenwechsel vom Pragmatismus im Vergleich von Sprachmodellen hin zur bestmöglichen Vollständigkeit.

This book is the result of a fruitful exchange between the textual studies about Marco Polo’s Devisement dou Monde and the socio-historical research regarding Mendicant Orders. The Order of Preachers, in particular, includes the figure of the Venetian merchant as an auctoritas in the area of anthropological knowledge of Eastern traditions, through a Latin translation process contributing to evangelization in Asia. The aim of this book is to analyze the Dominican reception hybridizing philological and linguistical with historical and archival methods. The crossing of these research trajectories led to the finding of a parchment that testifies definitively the trusting relationship between Marco and the preachers of SS. Giovanni e Paolo convent. This convent is a key cultural center in the humanistic environment of Veneto, within which the Latin version Z is elaborated. This research has shed light on several fundamental moments of the P Latin version’s textual history, exploring the material aspects of manuscript witnesses as well as the textual relation with the vernacular source and Francesco Pipino’s Chronicon. Finally, an investigation is dedicated to the edifying adaptation of Marco Polo’s tales in Nicoluccio d’Ascoli’s sermons. The Dominican reception of Devisement dou Monde has relevant consequences for the text and its circulation, hopefully this book suggests a new perspective on Marco Polo and Dominican studies, stimulating further research.

Carles Riba, one of the most relevant personalities in Catalan letters, not only as a poet but also as a linguist, has been considered a difficult writer. This book aims to examine how his theoretical preparation and his ideas in linguistics influenced his work in the particular case of some early stories in which he tries “uns utilíssims exercicis de simplicitat”. Carles Riba did not present his linguistic theories in a single text in a complete and articulated way but we can evaluate them in various papers he wrote and published up until his death in 1959. The first part of this work, after an introduction which sets the author in the context of European linguistics, is a review of the ideas that can be found in the collections of essays: Escolis i altres articles (1921), Els marges (1927), Per comprendre (1937), ... més els poemes (1957), and in a few other particularly interesting papers.This part focuses also on some of the controversies in which Carles Riba is involved as a linguist during the spanish dictatorship: especially his role on the publication of the second edition of Pompeu Fabra’s dictionary in 1954 and the consequences of the prologue he wrote for the volume. Joan Coromines considers an attack on the linguist Pompeu Fabra the negative comparison Riba proposes with the honnête homme: in our research we re-evaluate this consideration and analyse the historical and semantic value of this expression belonging to 17th-century French culture.The second part of this paper is a strictly linguistic analysis of three texts, chosen among Carles Riba’s works for children. The interest of those texts is in the author’s deliberate intent of using the most simple language, which enables us to determine what he considers the basic aspects of linguistic quality. Furthermore, the existence of different editions of those texts permits a philological analysis of those versions showing Carles Riba’s ‘simple’ language in three very representative moments, from the beginning of his career as a writer to the difficult situation during the dictatorship.

The essay traces back the scientific dialogue between the author and Massimo Quaini about the contemporary usefulness of the geographer-cartographer figure, perfected during the period of the great absolute monarchies. In this path, which ranges among memories, literature, poetry, the story of the elaboration of the Charter celebrating the historical-morphological identity of the Levanto territory drawn up during the elaboration of the Levanto PUC finds space. In the text, Quaini’s fundamental contribution emerges in highlighting the historical cartographer as a mediator of knowledge, an aspect that is necessary today to recover in order to create an urban planning account capable of putting at the centre of the project the place, in its various expressive forms, and the settled community.

This chapter focuses on the ways in which symbolic codes are manipulated and deployed in the iconography and text of clothing products. It focuses in particular on the use of codes that draw on alphanumeric combinations or on historical references. Such codes are seen not only on T-shirts and other clothing products but also on tattoos, license plates, accessories, and even giant Styrofoam letters in football stadium stands. Some alphanumeric and historical codes are co-opted from other popular youth cultural scenes and then stripped of their original cultural referents. The chapter traces the game-playing aspect of the codes, by showing how young people (and commercial companies) adapt the codes and their display in order to navigate bans of particular symbols and brands. Drawing on interview data with young Germans in and around the far right scene, it also looks both at whether and how youth understand and interpret embedded far right codes, and at how they consume the clothing and products more generally.

Modern information and communication technology (ICT) systems can help us in building travel recommender systems and virtual tourism communities. Tourism ICT systems have come a long way from the early airline ticket booking systems. Travel recommender systems have emerged in recent years, facilitating the task of destination selection as well activities at the destination. A move from purely text-based recommender systems to visual recommender systems is being proposed, which can be facilitated by the use of the Web 2.0 technologies to create virtual travel communities. Delivering a good user experience is important to make these technologies widely accepted and used. This chapter presents an overview of the historical perspective of tourism ICT systems and their current state of development vis-à-vis travel recommender systems and tourism communities. User experience is an important aspect of any ICT system. How to define user experience and measure it through usability testing is also presented.

The article deals with the aspects of hermeneutic approach in the method of working on the text with middle-level students. The problem of understanding has always been Central not only in linguistics but also in philosophy, while Philology distinguishes three types of understanding: semantic, cognitive and distributive. The main thing in the method described by the authors is a test that acts not as a basis for learning, but as an object of understanding, and the language is perceived not as a system of signs, but as our cultural and historical heritage as a whole. A detailed description of the levels of understanding of the text, when the information turns into knowledge, methods of formation of the ability to design your own text based on the intended listener or reader. Alternately, students placed in different communicative position from the speaker, pereskazchika or writer to researcher, collaborator or critic.

The article is dedicated to the investigation of time-space measurements of journalistic works of Eugen Sverstiuk, a well-known Ukrainian journalist. In particular, the time-space continuum of his works is being discussed, which is characterized as comprehensive, continuous, filled with archetypical images which metaphorize the text, but at the same time structure it, and are beaded on the axis of time and documentarily located in the space. The logics of images initiated in the text is exaggerated by constant dwelling of the author in the time-space dimensions of the epoque, of which he was a contemporary, as well as precise knowledge of World and Ukrainian history and culture. Historical parallelism of journalism of E. Sverstiuk possesses double potential. On the one hand, the author provides arguments for confirmation of his own opinion, and on the other, he shows us historical collisions in the new aspect, which helps consider the past, better understand the present, and think of the future. Pages of his works is space for author’s considerations, which logics impresses by free transgression of the author in the time, and his ability to grasp the most essential, although sometimes precedent, sometimes sudden and forgotten, or even unknown historical facts in order to force them to resonate in the new historical realities, first of all to indicate the importance of national and the need for assigning to it more significance. Using retrospectives, E. Sverstiuk encourages us to return to the national sources and to seek in ourselves the reflections of nationality in order to return historical truth to our audience. This is what, according to E. Sverstiuk, was believed to be one of the most necessary conditions of existence to the independent state. Time-space continuum of E. Sverstiuk’s journalism is reproduction of comprehensive history as continuous process of the development of humanity, and of formation of comprehensive, total, and so to say epic reading and understanding of these processes via accentuation of reader’s attention on key events, phenomena, and facts.

The article clarifies of gender identity stereotypes in modern media. The main gender stereotypes covered in modern mass media are analyzed and refuted. The model of gender relations in the media is reflected mainly in the stereotypical images of men and woman. The features of the use of gender concepts in modern periodicals for women and men were determined. The most frequently used derivatives of these macroconcepts were identified and analyzed in detail. It has been found that publications for women and men are full of various gender concepts that are used in different contexts. Ingeneral, theanalysisofthe concept-maximums and concept-minimum gender and their characteristics is carried out in the context of gender stereotypes that have been forme dand function in the society, system atizing the a ctual presentations. The study of the gender concept is relevant because it reveals new trends and features of modern gender images. Taking into account the special features of gender-labeled periodicals in general and the practical absence of comprehensive scientific studies of the gender concept in particular, there is a need to supplement Ukrainian science with this topic. Gender psychology, which is served by methods of various sciences, primarily sociological, pedagogical, linguistic, psychological, socio-psychological. Let us pay attention to linguistic and psycholinguistic methods in gender studies. Linguistic methods complement intelligence research tasks, associated with speech, word and text. Psycholinguistic methods used in gender psychology (semantic differential, semantic integral, semantic analysis of words and texts), aimed at studying speech messages, specific mechanisms of origin and perception, functions of speech activity in society, studying the relationship between speech messages and gender properties participants in the communication, to analyze the linguistic development in connection with the general development of the individual. Nowhere in gender practice there is the whole arsenal of psychological methods that allow you to explore psychological peculiarities of a person like observation, experiments, questionnaires, interviews, testing, modeling, etc. The methods of psychological self-diagnostics include: the gender aspect of the own socio-psychological portrait, a gender biography as a variant of the biographical method, aimed at the reconstruction of individual social experience. In the process of writing a gender autobiography, a person can understand the characteristics of his gender identity, as well as ways and means of their formation. Socio-psychological methods of studying gender include the study of socially constructed women’s and men’s roles, relationships and identities, sexual characteristics, psychological characteristics, etc. The use of gender indicators and gender approaches as a means of socio-psychological and sociological analysis broadens the subject boundaries of these disciplines and makes them the subject of study within these disciplines. And also, in the article a combination of concrete-historical, structural-typological, system-functional methods is implemented. Descriptive and comparative methods, method of typology, modeling are used. Also used is a method of content analysis for the study of gender content of modern gender-stamped journals. It was he who allowed quantitatively to identify and explore the features of the gender concept in the pages of periodicals for women and men. A combination of historical, structural-typological, system-functional methods is also implemented in the article. Descriptive and comparative methods, method of typology, modeling are used. A method of content analysis for the study of gender content of modern gender-labeled journals is also used. It allowed to identify and explore the features of the gender concept quantitatively in the periodicals for women and men. The conceptual perception and interpretation of the gender concept «woman», which is highlighted in the modern gender-labeled press in Ukraine, requires the elaboration of the polyfunctionality of gender interpretations, the comprehension of the metaphorical perception of this image and its role and purpose in society. A gendered approach to researching the gender content of contemporary periodicals for women and men. Conceptual analysis of contemporary gender-stamped publications within the gender conceptual sphere allows to identify and correlate the meta-gender and gender concepts that appear in society.