Academic literature on the topic 'Textile chemistry. Dyes and dyeing'

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Journal articles on the topic "Textile chemistry. Dyes and dyeing"

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Gaffer, Hatem, Hamada Mashaly, Shaymaa Hassan Abdel-Rhman, and Mamdouh Hammouda. "Synthesis of novel dyes based on curcumin for the creation of antibacterial silk fabrics." Pigment & Resin Technology 46, no. 6 (November 6, 2017): 478–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-11-2016-0112.

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Purpose The study reported in this paper aims to synthesize some new curcumin containing sulphadiazine and sulphathiazole dyestuffs and study their application in dyeing silk fabrics rendering the dyed fabric antibacterial. Design/methodology/approach Simultaneous dyeing and antibacterial finishing for silk fabric using a new antibacterial acid dye having a modified chemical structure to curcumin were conducted. This modification of curcumin dye was carried out by introducing sulphonamide containing heterocyclic rings sulphadiazine and sulfathiazole through coupling with curcumin. All newly synthesized dyes were characterized by elemental analyses and spectral data (IR, 1H-NMR and MS). The dyeing characteristics of these dyestuffs were evaluated at optimum conditions. Antibacterial activities of the dyed samples at different concentrations of both dyes were studied against gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Salmonella typhimurium) bacteria. Findings The synthesized curcumin-containing sulphonamide dyes were applied on silk fabrics. The modified dyes exhibited good fastness properties compared to curcumin dye at optimum conditions. It was found that synthesized dyes exhibit good fastness and antibacterial properties efficient against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The dyed silk fabrics showed higher antibacterial efficacy after many times of washing. Originality/value Curcumin, a common natural dye used for fabric and food colouration, was used as an antimicrobial finish due to its bactericidal properties on dyed textiles. A common dyeing process could provide textiles with colour as well as antimicrobial properties. Novel antibacterial dyestuff containing curcumin moieties with sulphonamide coupler components were shown to be an interesting natural colorant for silk with high antimicrobial ability of the dyed silk fabrics. This work has afforded a new acid dye that can be used in medical textile.
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Smelcerovic, Miodrag, Dragan Djordjevic, and Mile Novakovic. "Textile dyeing by dyestuffs of natural origin." Chemical Industry 60, no. 5-6 (2006): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0606120s.

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The textile industry is one of the biggest industrial consumers of water especially dye houses which utilize synthetic dyes and other chemicals. Natural dyes are generally environmental friendly and have many advantages over synthetic dyes with respect to production and application. In recent years, there has been an interest in the application of these dyes due to their bio-degradability and higher compatibility with the environment. A review of previous work in the field of applying dyestuffs of natural source as possible textile dyes is given. From an ecological viewpoint, the substitution of chemical dyes by 'natural products' in textile dyeing may be feasible and may represent not only a strategy to reduce risks and pollutants, but also an opportunity for new markets and new businesses which can develop from the inclusion of ecology in trade policy.
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Simion Beldean-Galea, Mihail, Florina-Maria Copaciu, and Maria-Virginia Coman. "Chromatographic Analysis of Textile Dyes." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 101, no. 5 (September 1, 2018): 1353–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.18-0066.

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Abstract The textile industry uses many raw materials (natural and synthetic dyes and fibers) and different dyeing techniques that can be considered important pollutants with a negative impact on the environment (toxic working conditions, discharged wastewater, and contamination). Although synthetic dyes are intensively used, offer a wide range of colors and hues and properties of adhesion, longevity, and resistance to sunshine and chemical processes, and are cost-effective, they have begun to be restricted by many textile producers because they are nonbiodegradable and have toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic effects that generate some imbalances in plant, animal, and human life. Natural dyes of plant and animal origin exhibit very good tolerance to washing, rubbing, and light and are biodegradable and nontoxic; these properties have led to a call for the renewed use of these dyes. Modern analytical techniques (solid-phase extraction, spectrophotometry, HPLC, HPTLC, capillary electrophoresis) with different spectroscopy (UV-Vis, diode-array detection, pulsed amperometric detection) and/or MS/tandem mass spectrometry detectors have an important role in the textile industry in obtaining essential information about dyeing techniques, material origin, historical trade routes of ancient textiles, and environmental pollution. For this purpose, isolation, separation, and quantification methods of natural and synthetic textile dyes from various matrices (ancient and modern fabrics, water, biota, etc.) are presented.
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Al-Soliemy, Amerah, and Fatimah Al-Zahrani. "Synthesis of novel disperse dyes based on curcumin for the creation of antibacterial polyester fabrics." Pigment & Resin Technology 48, no. 6 (November 4, 2019): 502–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-10-2018-0112.

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Purpose This study aims to synthesize some new curcumin containing Aroyl derivatives dyestuffs and study their application in dyeing polyester fabrics, rendering to their antibacterial evaluation. Design/methodology/approach Modification of curcumin dye was carried out by introducing benzoyl rings through coupling with curcumin. All newly synthesized dyes were characterized by elemental analyses and spectral data (IR, 1 H-NMR and MS). Moreover, the optimal dyeing condition was assigned. Antibacterial activities of the dyed samples at different concentrations of both dyes were studied against gram positive (Staph aureus) and gram-negative (Salmonellatyphimurium) bacteria. Findings Synthesized curcumin containing benzoyl dyes were applied on polyester fabrics. Meanwhile, these synthesized dyes showed reasonable results towards fastness properties at optimal conditions matching the curcumin dye. In addition to their good fastness assets, synthesized dyes displayed antibacterial efficacy towards both gram positive and gram-negative bacteria. The dyed polyester fabrics showed higher antibacterial efficacy after multiple events of washing. Research limitations/implications The synthesized benzoyl containing curcumin moiety was not described before. Practical implications Disperse dyes derived from curcumin were prepared via coupling of various diazonium salts of p-aminobenzaldhyde, p-aminoacetopheneone, p-aminobenzoic acid and p-aminobenzoyl chloride with curcumin. The resulting disperse dyes were applied on polyester fabrics at optimal conditions, and antibacterial efficacy of dyed fabrics were evaluated. Originality/value Curcumin being was used in food colouration and was effective for dyeing and antimicrobial finishing on textile fabrics. Novel antibacterial dyestuff containing curcumin moieties with benzoyl amine coupling components showed interesting colourant for polyester fabrics. This work introduced innovative disperse dyes for medical textile applications.
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Shams-Nateri, A., E. Dehnavi, and E. Zahedi. "PCA-spectroscopy study of common salt effect on solubility of direct dye." Pigment & Resin Technology 46, no. 5 (September 4, 2017): 362–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-11-2015-0108.

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Purpose This work aims to explain the effect of common salt on absorbance spectra and solubility of textile direct dyes, which is important in analysing and reusing wastewater of dyeing process. Design/methodology/approach Several textile dyes such as Direct red 243, Direct yellow 86 and Direct blue 201 solutions with and without NaCl salt were used to study the effect of common salt on solubility of textile direct dyes. Several methods such as derivative spectrophotometry, principal component analysis and colorimetric techniques were used to analyse the absorbance spectra of dye solution. Findings The obtained results indicate that the effect of common salt on absorbance spectra and solubility of textile direct dye depends on the chemical structure of dyes. The NaCl salt significantly affects the solubility of Direct red 243 (red dye) and Direct yellow 86 (yellow dye) which have Azo compounds containing four SO3 functional groups. But the NaCl salt does not change the solubility of Direct blue 201 (Blue dye) which has Azo compound containing two SO3 functional groups. Also, the NaCl salt decreases the accuracy of dye concentration prediction. Practical implications During reusing wastewater of dyeing process, the amount of dyes has been evaluated via absorbance spectra of dye solution. Originality/value This work explains the effect of common salt on solubility of textile direct dyes and the accuracy of dyes concentration prediction.
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Jung, Jong Sun, and Seong Hun Kim. "Application of smectite for textile dyeing and fastness improvement." RSC Advances 9, no. 63 (2019): 36631–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra05768d.

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Shams Nateri, A., E. Dehnavi, A. Hajipour, and E. Ekrami. "Dyeing of polyamide fibre with cochineal natural dye." Pigment & Resin Technology 45, no. 4 (July 4, 2016): 252–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-05-2015-0043.

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Purpose The aim of the paper was to study the effects of mordanting methods on the absorption behaviour of cochineal natural dye on polyamide fibres. Design/methodology/approach Iron sulphate and aluminium potassium sulphate salts were used as mordanting agents, and bottom mordanting, meta-mordanting and after mordanting methods were applied in the dyeing of polyamide samples with the cochineal natural dye. Colourimetric evaluations were carried out, and the principal component analysis was used to investigate the spectrophotometric properties of the dyed samples. Fastness properties of the dyed samples were also assessed. Findings The obtained results indicate that the method of mordanting has a great effect on the obtained shades, absorption behaviour and fastness properties. Based on the results, it was concluded that polyamide fabrics could be successfully dyed with cochineal and combination of dyeing with different mordanting methods, and different mordanting agents would develop the range of obtainable shades. Originality/value The textile and apparel industries have been widely criticised for their role in polluting the environment. So, the use of synthetic dyes has been limited and the use of natural dyes has increased. The literature survey indicates that there have been relatively few works investigating the dyeing of polyamide with cochineal natural dye. This research studies the effects of mordanting methods and mordant types on colourimetric and fastness properties of cochineal-dyed polyamide samples.
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Adamek, Ewa, Wojciech Baran, Justyna Ziemiańska, and Andrzej Sobczak. "The Comparison of Photocatalytic Degradation and Decolorization Processes of Dyeing Effluents." International Journal of Photoenergy 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/578191.

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Treatment of dye effluents resulting from the industrial scale dyeing of cotton, polyacrylic fibres, leather, and flax fabrics by photocatalytic methods was investigated. Photocatalytic processes were initiated by UV-a light (λmax366 nm) and were conducted in the presence of TiO2, TiO2/FeCl3, or FeCl3as photocatalysts. It was found that the photocatalytic process carried out with TiO2and TiO2/FeCl3was the most effective method for decolorization of textile dyeing effluents and degradation of dyes, except for effluents containing very high concentrations of stable azo dyes. During the photocatalytic degradation of anionic dyes, a mixture of TiO2/FeCl3was more effective, while in the case of cationic dyes, more suitable seems to be TiO2alone.
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Tang, Songsong, Guoqiang Chen, and Gang Sun. "Computer-Assisted Design of Environmentally Friendly and Light-Stable Fluorescent Dyes for Textile Applications." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 23 (November 27, 2019): 5971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20235971.

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Five potentially environmentally friendly and light-stable hemicyanine dyes were designed based on integrated consideration of photo, environmental, and computational chemistry as well as textile applications. Two of them were synthesized and applied in dyeing polyacrylonitrile (PAN), cotton, and nylon fabrics, and demonstrated the desired properties speculated by the programs. The computer-assisted analytical processes includes estimation of the maximum absorption and emission wavelengths, aquatic environmental toxicity, affinity to fibers, and photo-stability. This procedure could effectively narrow down discovery of new potential dye structures, greatly reduce and prevent complex and expensive preparation processes, and significantly improve the development efficiency of novel environmentally friendly dyes.
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Dixit, Bharat, Hitendram Patel, and Dhirubhai Desai. "Synthesis and application of new mordent and disperse azo dyes based on 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 72, no. 2 (2007): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0702119d.

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Novel mordent and disperse azo dyes were prepared by the coupling of various diazo solutions of aromatic amines with 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone. The resultant dyes were characterized by elemental analyses as well as IR and NMR spectral studies. The UV-visible spectral data have also been discussed in terms of structural property relationship. The dyeing assessment of all the dyes was evaluated on wool and polyester textile fibers. The dyeing of chrome treated (i.e., chrome mordented) wool and polyesters was also monitored. The results show that a better hue was obtained on mordented fibers. The results of the anti-bacterial properties of the chrome dyes revealed that the toxicity of these dyes against bacteria is fairly good. .
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Textile chemistry. Dyes and dyeing"

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Gilmore, Laurie Ann. "Chlorination of synthetic dyes and synthetic brighteners." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20794.

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Seckin, M. Levent. "Effect of superba heatsetting on dyeing behavior of nylon 6,6 carpet yarns." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/8268.

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Li, Shiqi. "On-line dye analysis for carpet dyeing processes." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/8596.

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Berry, Lee J. "Evaluation of novel plasticizers as carriers in dyeing aramid fabrics." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/9978.

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Von, Hoven Terri Michelle. "Comparison of image analysis systems for their ability to detect the white speck phenomenon." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/8691.

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Mmelesi, Olga Kelebogile. "Synthesis and characterization of pine cone carbon supported iron oxide catalyst for dye and phenol degradation." Thesis, Vaal University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10352/418.

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M. Tech. (Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology), Vaal University of Technology
Fenton oxidation is classified into two processes, homogeneous and heterogeneous. Homogeneous Fenton oxidation process, have been shown to be efficient in the degradation of organic pollutants. However, it was shown to have limitations which can be addressed by the heterogeneous Fenton oxidation. Despite the high efficiency of the heterogeneous Fenton oxidation process in the degradation of recalcitrant organic pollutants, the currents synthesis trends of the heterogeneous Fenton catalyst have been proven to be time and energy constraining, since it involves the multi-step were the activated carbon have to be prepared first then co-precipitate the iron oxide on the activated carbon. However, as much as the heterogeneous Fenton catalyst has been proven to have high catalytic activity towards degradation of organic pollutants, these catalysts have some limitations, such limitations include metal ions being leached from the catalyst support into the treated water causing catalyst deactivation and a secondary pollution to the treated water. In this thesis, these catalysts have been applied in the degradation of recalcitrant organic pollutants such as methylene blue and phenols. This study focuses on the single step synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles supported on activated carbon, were carbonaceous material is impregnated with iron salt then pyrolysed via microwave heating. Microwave power and the amount of iron salt were optimized. The prepared activated carbon-iron oxide composites were applied to the degradation of 2-nitrophenol (2-NP) and methylene blue (MB). Methylene blue was used as a model compound due to the fact that it is easier to monitor the degradation process with UV-Vis as compared to 2-nitrophenol . 2-nitrophenol the additional step for the adjustment of pH is required since nitrophenols are colorless in color at lower pH. The characterization showed that the microwave power and the amount of the iron precursor have an influence on the porosity and surface functional groups of the activated carbon. Further it was vi observed that microwave power and iron precursor influnces the amount of iron oxide formed on the surface of the support. It was also observed that the activated carbon-iron oxide composite have the catalytic effects on the Fenton oxidation process of MB and 2-NP. The parameters such as H2O2, pH, catalyst dose, initial concentration, temperature affect the degradation of both MB and 2-NP. Kinetics studies showed that Fenton is a surface driven reaction since the results fitted the pseudo first order model. The thermodynamics parameters also showed that the reaction is endothermic, spontaneous and is randomized. This implies that the reaction of the degradation of MB and 2-NP is feasible and the catalysts prepared have high catalytic activity. MB and 2-NP were degraded to smaller organic molecules (carboxylic acids). The stability of the catalyst observed to decrease as the number of cycles increased, this is due to the leaching of iron ions from the support material. Hence it was concluded that the activated carbon-iron oxide composite was successfully synthesized and had the high catalytic activity for the degradation of MB and 2-NP.
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Boonroeng, Supannee. "An analysis system for dye delivery on continuous dyeing ranges." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10175.

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Corner, David. "Reactive dyebath reuse systems." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/8498.

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McFarland, Elizabeth Gramling. "A new method for determining diffusion and convection mass transfer coefficients in the dyeing of textile materials." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/12416.

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Alvares, A. Brenda C. "Ozone pretreatment to improve the biodegradation of recalcitrant textile azo dyes during wastewater treatment." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391572.

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Books on the topic "Textile chemistry. Dyes and dyeing"

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Th, Roelofs W. G., and Bommel Maarten R. van, eds. The colourful past: Origins, chemistry and identification of natural dyestuffs. Riggisberg, Switzerland: Abegg-Stiftung, 2004.

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International Conference on Eco-Dyeing, Finishing and Green Chemistry (2011 Hangzhou, China). Eco-Dyeing, Finishing and Green Chemistry: Selected, peer reviewed papers from the 2011 International Conference on Eco-Dyeing, Finishing, and Green Chemistry (EDFGC 2011), June 8-12, 2011, Hangzhou, China. Durnten-Zurich, Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications, 2012.

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Textile coloration and finishing. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 1996.

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International Conference on Advances in Chemical Processing of Textiles with Special Reference to Eco-Textiles (1995 Bombay Textile Research Association). International Conference on Advances in Chemical Processing of Textiles with Special Reference to Eco-Textiles, November 10 & 11, 1995: Book of papers. Bombay: Bombay Textile Research Association, 1995.

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Sharma, Sanjay K. Green chemistry for dyes removal from wastewater: Research trends and applications. Hoboken, New Jersey: Scrivener Publishing/Wiley, 2015.

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Nevin, Enez, Kwon Charllotte, and Karadağ Recep, eds. Koekboya: Natural dyes and textiles : a colour journey from Turkey to India and beyond. Ganderkesee, Germany: REMHÖB-Verlag Dr. Harald Böhmer, 2002.

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Chakraborty, J. N. Fundamentals and practices in colouration of textiles. New Delhi: Woodhead Pub. India, 2010.

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Giavini, Luigi. Il colore dell'aurora: La rivoluzione cromatica della chimica moderna = The colour of dawn : chromatic revolution in modern chemistry. Busto Arsizio: Nomos, 2010.

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American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists. International Conference & Exhibition. Book of papers: 1993 International Conference & Exhibition, October 3-6, 1993, the Queen Elizabeth Hotel, Montreal, Quebec, Canada : host, Quebec Section, Canadian Association of Textile Colourists and Chemists. Research Triangle Park, N.C: American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, 1993.

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Fundamentals and practices in colouration of textiles. New Delhi: Woodhead Pub. India, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Textile chemistry. Dyes and dyeing"

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Tran, Thi Thu Huong, Ngoc Toan Vu, Thanh Nga Pham, and Xuan Tong Nguyen. "Ability to Remove Azo Dye from Textile Dyeing Wastewaters of Carbonaceous Materials Produced from Bamboo Leaves." In Sustainable Textiles: Production, Processing, Manufacturing & Chemistry, 185–208. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2892-4_8.

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Bide, Martin. "Sustainable Dyeing with Synthetic Dyes." In Textile Science and Clothing Technology, 81–107. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-065-0_3.

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Periyasamy, Aravin Prince, and Jiri Militky. "Sustainability in Textile Dyeing: Recent Developments." In Sustainable Textiles: Production, Processing, Manufacturing & Chemistry, 37–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38545-3_2.

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Wellia, Diana V., Yuly Kusumawati, Lina J. Diguna, Nurul Pratiwi, Reza A. Putri, and Muhamad I. Amal. "Mesoporous Materials for Degradation of Textile Dyes." In Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World, 255–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16427-0_10.

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Saxena, Sujata, and A. S. M. Raja. "Natural Dyes: Sources, Chemistry, Application and Sustainability Issues." In Textile Science and Clothing Technology, 37–80. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-065-0_2.

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Pandey, S., H. Patel, and R. Johri. "Potential Reuse of Chemical Sludge from Textile Dyeing Processes." In The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, 183–205. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/698_2011_102.

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Ab Kadir, M. I., W. Y. Wan Ahmad, M. R. Ahmad, H. Abdul Jabbar, K. Ngalib, and A. Ismail. "Dyeing Properties and Absorption Study of Natural Dyes from Seaweeds, Kappaphycus alvarezii." In Proceedings of the International Colloquium in Textile Engineering, Fashion, Apparel and Design 2014 (ICTEFAD 2014), 99–105. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-011-7_18.

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Chowdhury, Shamik, Rajasekhar Balasubramanian, and Papita Das. "Novel Carbon-Based Nanoadsorbents for Removal of Synthetic Textile Dyes from Wastewaters." In Green Chemistry for Dyes Removal from Wastewater, 35–82. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118721001.ch2.

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Ince, Nilsun H., and Asu Ziylan. "Single and Hybrid Applications of Ultrasound for Decolorization and Degradation of Textile Dye Residuals in Water." In Green Chemistry for Dyes Removal from Wastewater, 261–93. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118721001.ch7.

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Karim, A. Bennani, H. Tounsadi, Y. Gaga, M. Taleb, Z. Rais, and N. Barka. "Current Treatment of Textile Dyes Using Potential Adsorbents: Mechanism and Comparative Approaches." In Sustainable Textiles: Production, Processing, Manufacturing & Chemistry, 159–84. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2892-4_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Textile chemistry. Dyes and dyeing"

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Kusumawati, Nita, Samik Samik, Agus Budi Santoso, and Asri Wijiastuti. "Development of Textile Natural Dyeing using Hybrid Dyes from Mango Leaves Turmeric." In Seminar Nasional Kimia - National Seminar on Chemistry (SNK 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/snk-18.2018.11.

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Kerkez, Đurđa, Milena Bečelić-Tomin, Gordana Pucar Milidrag, Vesna Gvoić, Aleksandra Kulić Mandić, Anita Leovac Maćerak, and Dragana Tomašević Pilipović. "Treatment of wastewater containing printing dyes: summary and perspectives." In 10th International Symposium on Graphic Engineering and Design. University of Novi Sad, Faculty of technical sciences, Department of graphic engineering and design,, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/grid-2020-p31.

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Synthetic dyes are widely used in textile, printing, leather tanning, cosmetic, drug and food processing industries. The printing and dyeing industry is considered as one of the most polluting industrial sectors. The printing process is very versatile and includes printing on paper as well as printing on textile, plastic and other materials. After the printing process is completed, various chemicals such as ethers, alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, benzene, and esters are used in the cleaning procedure. Resulting wastewater often contains a variety of solvents, surfactants, dyes, and other chemicals, thus greatly increasing the difficulty of wastewater treatment. Improper discharge of printing and dyeing wastewater into water bodies will have several effect, beginning with aesthetical issues followed by destruction of the aqueous ecosystem due to light attenuation, oxygen consumption and toxicity effects. Therefore, it is very important to find out and optimize printing and dying wastewater treatment techniques. Processes for dye removal from wastewater can be physical, chemical, biological and more recently hybrid treatments. Physical processes such as adsorption, based on mass transfer mechanism, are commonly used method mainly due to ease of operation and high efficiency. Chemical processes including coagulation and flocculation, advanced oxidation processes and electrochemical treatment are usually more expensive due t chemicals use, equipment requirements and electrical energy consumption. However, these techniques are destructive and may lead to total mineralization of dye molecules and accompanying pollutants. Biological treatment is a low-cost and environmentally friendly process that produces less sludge. This method has significant advantages but dye molecules are less prone to this kind of treatment as they are made to be stable and reluctant. So, the adjustment and optimization of biological treatment, for dye removal, is an ongoing field of research. In recent studies hybrid processes are gaining more attention, combining different techniques. Integrating treatments, as a cost-saving and time-saving process, can represent optimal solution for printing wastewater treatment.
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Zainah and Nelson Saksono. "Degradation of textile dyes Remazol Brilliant Blue using plasma electrolysis method with the addition of microbubble and Fe2+ ion." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2017. Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5011885.

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