Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Textile industry Raw materials'

Fashion and textile upcycling is currently considered a time-consuming and labour- intensive process. Since textile waste materials are not readily available as a secondary raw material, the process of sourcing pre- and post-consumer textile waste usually requires a lot of time and effort, and often results in a high inconsistency in input materials. In consequence, upcycling operations are generally difficult to scale up. In order to address this issue, this research study aims to explore the current sourcing process of secondary raw material as well as the opportunities and challenges this sourcing process implies for a B2B trading platform of secondary raw material. In order to serve the purpose of this research study, semi-structured interviews with experienced professionals from five small and medium-sized fashion and textile upcycling companies have been conducted. The empirical data collected through the semi-structured interviews was analysed using an inductive approach of qualitative content analysis. The overall findings suggest that concerning the sourcing process of post-consumer textiles for upcycling, the identified opportunities for a B2B trading platform outweigh the challenges. However, pre-consumer textile waste is often provided in the form of an already upcycled yarn from fabric or garment suppliers which gives the impression that a B2B trading platform is less relevant in this case. Nevertheless, the empirical results might have been impacted by the small sample size and the strong focus on post-consumer textiles. Therefore, more research is necessary in order to understand how SMEs working with pre-consumer textile waste source their input materials for upcycling and which opportunities and challenges this potentially different process implies for a B2B trading platform of secondary raw material.

This thesis aims to challenge the conventional assumption about the irreversibility of the decline of the textile industry in developed countries. It is argued that the decline can be reversed if mature textile firms can break away from their traditional routines and practices and radically and continuously change their technologies, markets and organisational structure to adapt to the rapidly changing business environment. Using the European textile industry as a case study, this thesis shows that a number of European countries, including Germany and The Netherlands, have managed to bypass the maturity-trap -a phenomenon commonly found in large mature firms because of an inability to adapt to changing external conditions- through industrial reconfiguration from the 1960s onwards. The majority of the industry, however, has been in relative decline over the past decade as the market has become much more competitive and consequently made their old strategies obsolete. Under such circumstances there is an urgent need to turn the industry around. Learning from the failure of the Courtaulds (UK) and the success of Ten Cate (NL) and Freudenberg (DE), the thesis illustrates how the maturity-trap can take hold and how the process of de-maturity can be initiated at the firm level. The case study of Marzotto highlights how the danger of the maturity-trap is now no longer just a British phenomenon. This once highly successful firm is now in great danger of falling into the maturity-trap. The issue at stake is the long-term survival of the European textile industry and how rapidly its long-term competitiveness can be restored.

The objective of this thesis is to examine the extent to which the iron and steel industry in China has been a major contributor to the recent economic development and growth of the Chinese economy and whether this will continue. Key elements of China's economic development model - THE CHINESE MODEL - based on the steel industry are presented and demonstrate the impact of China taking 'great leaps forward' in its steel production capacity to become the world's leading steel producer and one of the fastest growing economies. This bold step was undertaken at times when the global steel industry was burdened with overcapacity and economic pressures. At the same time, this thesis examines the role played by the Australian iron ore industry in supporting the Chinese steel industry through its iron ore trade with China and how this role will evolve. The development of the iron and steel industry in China reflects not just the role played in the overall expansion of the Chinese economy through technical input-output relationships, but it also reflects control and historical characteristics taken from China's social and political context. Starting from the views of Sun Yat Sen, and flowing through Mao Zedong, and then into later leaders, the steel industry was always intended to be the basis for the modernisation of the Chinese economy. The Great Leap Forward of the 1950s was an ill-founded reflection of that fundamental view, but the failure in that case did not cause a shift away from that basic perspective. Instead a more comprehensive perspective was provided and this came to the fore at the start of there form process in the early 1980s.The role of the steel industry in the recent modernisation of China is traced using the policy foundations and directions that were adopted combined with empirical data on the investment and growth in the industry, as well as the role of the output of the steel industry in the expansion of other industries in China. To the extent that conditions in China may be replicated in other countries, the Chinese experience using the iron and steel industry as the key element in the industrialisation of that economy will have important lessons. At the same time, this thesis demonstrates weaknesses in a development model that has the iron and steel industry as the leading sector. One major weakness is the reliance on imported raw materials and at this point the Chinese experience with Australia as a source of raw materials becomes relevant. Australia's role as a reliable supplier and partner for the steel industry enabled the steel industry to expand in a low risk environment with respect to the price and availability of raw materials.

The objective of this thesis is to examine the extent to which the iron and steel industry in China has been a major contributor to the recent economic development and growth of the Chinese economy and whether this will continue. Key elements of China’s economic development model – THE CHINESE MODEL - based on the steel industry are presented and demonstrate the impact of China taking “great leaps forward” in its steel production capacity to become the world’s leading steel producer and one of the fastest growing economies. This bold step was undertaken at times when the global steel industry was burdened with overcapacity and economic pressures. At the same time, this thesis examines the role played by the Australian iron ore industry in supporting the Chinese steel industry through its iron ore trade with China and how this role will evolve. The development of the iron and steel industry in China reflects not just the role played in the overall expansion of the Chinese economy through technical input-output relationships, but it also reflects control and historical characteristics taken from China's social and political context. Starting from the views of Sun Yat Sen, and flowing through Mao Zedong, and then into later leaders, the steel industry was always intended to be the basis for the modernisation of the Chinese economy. The Great Leap Forward of the 1950s was an ill-founded reflection of that fundamental view, but the failure in that case did not cause a shift away from that basic perspective. Instead a more comprehensive perspective was provided and this came to the fore at the start of there form process in the early 1980s.The role of the steel industry in the recent modernisation of China is traced using the policy foundations and directions that were adopted combined with empirical data on the investment and growth in the industry, as well as the role of the output of the steel industry in the expansion of other industries in China. To the extent that conditions in China may be replicated in other countries, the Chinese experience using the iron and steel industry as the key element in the industrialisation of that economy will have important lessons. At the same time, this thesis demonstrates weaknesses in a development model that has the iron and steel industry as the leading sector. One major weakness is the reliance on imported raw materials and at this point the Chinese experience with Australia as a source of raw materials becomes relevant. Australia’s role as a reliable supplier and partner for the steel industry enabled the steel industry to expand in a low risk environment with respect to the price and availability of raw materials.

Abstract Climate change and global warming are currently widely discussed topics, both of which potentially impact all the nations and industries. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and other green house gases (GHG) are seen as a major challenge. This doctoral dissertation aims to conduct techno-economic calculations on the possibilities of reducing the industrial use of fossil raw materials in Northern Finland. This doctoral dissertation analyses industrial CO2 emissions from five complementary perspectives: identifying significant potential industrial plants, analysing the replacement of fossil raw materials with wood biomass, considering combining different industrial sectors, the potential of biogas as industrial raw material, and estimating the economic significance of moisture in wood fuel. The study started by analysing all the relevant 262 regional environmental permits to find the significant industrial users of synthesis gas in the studied region. Processes used by each identified case were analysed carefully to identify the most potential change possibilities. Economic calculations were conducted for these cases using true production volumes. The aim was to reach solutions that were economically sound. Five industrial sites were identified as potential cases for replacing raw materials of synthesis gas or hydrogen with renewable alternatives. These sites include the Rautaruukki steel mill, Eka Chemicals’ hydrochloric acid plant, Kemira’s formic acid plant, Kemira’s hydrogen peroxide producing plant, and Talvivaara mining’s hydrogen plant. The main implications of this dissertation include providing tips for industrial managers, regional decision makers and legislators. Managers of companies with high energy consumption and/or high usage of fossil raw materials in their products can benefit from the results of this dissertation the most. Managers should conduct similar calculations, as in this study, by using exact figures relevant to their processes and raw materials. This doctoral dissertation also suggests finding new solutions for replacing fossil raw materials by combining two different industrial sectors, e.g. steel and chemical industries. Regional decision makers may utilise the calculations presented in this doctoral dissertation when developing regional strategies
Tiivistelmä Ilmaston muutos ja globaali lämpeneminen ovat tällä hetkellä laajasti keskusteltuja aiheita, ja ne vaikuttavat kaikkiin maihin ja kaikkiin teollisuuden aloihin. Hiilidioksidi (CO2) ja muut kasvihuonekaasut nähdään suurena haasteena. Tämä väitöskirja pyrkii teknistaloudellisten laskelmien avulla tutkimaan mahdollisuuksia vähentää fossiilisten raaka-aineiden käyttöä Pohjois-Suomen alueella. Tämä väitöskirja analysoi teollisia CO2-päästöjä viidestä toisiaan täydentävästä näkökulmasta: identifioimalla merkittäviä teollisia tuotantolaitoksia, analysoimalla fossiilisten raaka-aineiden korvaamista puubiomassalla, tutkimalla erilaisten teollisten tuotantolaitosten yhdistämistä, tutkimalla biokaasun käyttöä mahdollisena teollisuuden raaka-aineena ja arvioimalla kosteuden taloudellista merkitystä puupolttoaineessa. Tutkimus alkoi analysoimalla kaikki alueen identifioidut 262 ympäristölupaa, jotta merkittävät synteesikaasun käyttäjät tulisivat esille. Jokaisen löydetyn tapauksen tuotantoprosessit analysoitiin huolellisesti, jotta potentiaalisimmat muutosmahdollisuudet huomioitaisiin. Teknistaloudellisia laskelmia tehtiin näille tapauksille käyttämällä todellisia tuotantolukuja. Tarkoituksena oli löytää taloudellisesti kannattavia vaihtoehtoja. Viisi teollista tuotantolaitosta identifioitiin tapauksiksi, joissa synteesikaasun tai vedyn raaka-aine voitaisiin korvata uusiutuvilla raaka-ainevaihtoehdoilla. Nämä tuotantolaitokset olivat Rautaruukin terästehdas, Eka Chemicalsin kloorivetyhapon tuotantolaitos, Kemiran muurahaishappotehdas, Kemiran vetyperoksiditehdas ja Talvivaaran kaivoksen vedyn tuotantolaitos. Tärkeimmät implikaatiot tästä väitöskirjatyöstä sisältävät pohdittavia ajatuksia teollisille toimijoille, alueellisille päätösten tekijöille ja lainsäätäjille. Korkean energian kulutuksen ja/tai suurten fossiilisten raaka-ainekäyttöjen yhtiöissä päätöksentekijät voivat hyödyntää parhaiten tämän väitöskirjan tuloksia. Päätöksentekijät voisivat käyttää esimerkkeinä tämän väitöskirjan laskelmia tehdessään omia analyyseja, jolloin heidän tulisi käyttää tarkkoja lukuja yritystensä prosesseista ja raaka-ainekäytöistä. Tämä väitöskirja ehdottaa myös etsimään uusia ratkaisuja fossiilisten raaka-aineiden korvaamisessa yhdistämällä tuotannollisesti erilaisia teollisia sektoreita esimerkiksi teräksen ja kemian tuotteiden valmistuksen. Alueelliset päätösten tekijät voivat hyödyntää väitöskirjassa esitettyjä laskelmia alueellisten strategioiden kehitystyössä

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of raw materials delivered by suppliers of a dairy industry based on physicochemical specifications. The development of the work consisted of literature research, followed by a case-study with descriptive approach involving variables of quantitative nature. In order to develop the analysis of data, the following statistical techniques were used: Exploratory analysis of data (used to evaluate the consistency of the collected data and to verify their behavior in relation to variability and normality), non-parametric methods (used to compare periods and collection patterns in relation to the behavior of the variables), CEP (used through the construction of control charts for attributes based on the specifications of the variables), multivariate analysis (used through the factorial analysis in the construction of indexes for the classification of suppliers). Two stages were observed in the development of the study. In the first stage, an analysis on the quality of milk based on the acidity determination was conducted. In the second stage, the analysis of the quality of raw materials was conducted using only lots with appropriate acidity values and considering the other physicochemical variables. The results obtained in the first stage were used to observe that most of the lots were produced according to quality standards established for acidity. For the comparison of the milk collection patterns, in general, pattern 1 obtained better performance in all seasons. In the second stage of the analysis, the results showed that suppliers presented lower percentage of milk lots with appropriate specifications for the percentage of water and density. Moreover, considering the comparison between the collection patterns in winter, it was possible to verify that patterns 2 and 3 had the best performance in the quality indicator. Considering the spring season, it was found that standard 1 presented the best performance. In addition, comparing the collection standards in the summer, it was found that standard 2 obtained the best performance. Through the control charts applied, it was possible to perceive that the process was out of control in the three periods mainly due to problems with the specification of the percentage of water and density. Finally, with the aid of the factorial analysis, indexes for the classification of suppliers were calculated based on physicochemical variables.
A presente pesquisa buscou avaliar a qualidade da matéria-prima entregue pelos fornecedores de uma indústria de laticínios com base nas especificações físico-químicas. O desenvolvimento do trabalho constituiu-se de pesquisa bibliográfica, seguida de estudo de caso com abordagem de cunho descritivo, envolvendo variáveis de natureza quantitativa. Para desenvolver as análises dos dados foram utilizadas as seguintes técnicas estatísticas: Análise exploratória de dados (foi utilizada para avaliar a consistência dos dados coletados e verificar seu comportamento quanto à variabilidade e normalidade); Métodos não-paramétricos (serviram para comparar períodos e rotas de coleta quanto ao comportamento das variáveis); CEP (foi utilizado através da construção de gráficos de controle para atributos com base nas especificações das variáveis); Análise multivariada (utilizada através da análise fatorial na construção do índice para classificação dos fornecedores). No desenvolvimento do estudo foram respeitadas duas etapas. Na primeira etapa foi realizada uma análise sobre a qualidade do leite com base na determinação da acidez. Na segunda etapa foi desenvolvida a análise da qualidade da matériaprima utilizando somente os lotes com medidas adequadas de acidez e considerando as demais variáveis físico-químicas. Com os resultados obtidos na primeira etapa da análise foi possível observar que a maioria dos lotes produzidos estava de acordo com os parâmetros de qualidade estabelecidos para a acidez. Em relação a comparação das rotas de coleta do leite, de modo geral, a rota 1 obteve melhor desempenho em todas as estações. Na segunda etapa da análise os resultados mostraram que os fornecedores apresentaram baixos percentuais de lotes de leite adequados às especificações para o percentual de água excedente e para a densidade. Além disso, considerando a comparação entre as rotas de coleta, no inverno, foi possível verificar que as rotas 2 e 3 tiveram melhor desempenho no indicador de qualidade. Considerando a estação da primavera, percebeu-se que a rota 1 obteve melhor desempenho. E, realizando-se a comparação das rotas de coleta no verão, verificou-se que a rota 2 obteve melhor desempenho. Pelos gráficos de controle aplicados foi possível perceber que o processo estava fora de controle nos três períodos, devido, principalmente, a problemas com as especificações do percentual de água excedente e da densidade. Por fim, com auxilio da análise fatorial, foram calculados índices para classificação dos fornecedores com base nas variáveis físico-químicas.

Esta Tese tem como questão central o processo de transformações recentes das periferias urbanas da metrópole de São Paulo, no contexto do mundo do trabalho (políticas neo-liberais pós anos 70). Com base neste questionamento, realizou-se uma pesquisa sobre a estruturação da indústria da reciclagem, enquanto objeto plenamente implicado pela questão inicialmente posta. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida a partir de três premissas. A primeira diz respeito ao processo de formação da periferia urbana, bem como de suas transformações recentes, tendo como fundamento as determinações do mundo do trabalho. A segunda premissa se refere às formas de inserção dos trabalhadores pobres urbanos no processo de industrialização-urbanização. Parte-se do pressuposto de que o urbano sempre ocupou contigentes de trabalhadores pobres não inseridos em atividades formais. Trata-se, nesta pesquisa, de compreender os termos pelos quais, no contexto da urbanização crítica (Damiani), a indústria da reciclagem se ergue arregimentando milhares de catadores, na condição de trabalhadores sobrantes. A terceira premissa se remete ao fortalecimento do Terceiro Setor, enquanto parte constitutiva do Estado em reforma, cujo fundamento se encontra no contexto das políticas neo-liberais, pós anos 70. Com base nestes fundamentos, a pesquisa foi realizada de acordo com os Níveis e Dimensões do urbano (Henri Lefebvre, 1999) correspondentes aos níveis do real. Por sua vez, privilegiou-se o Nível Misto, propriamente urbano. Enfatiza-se a (re)inserção produtiva de trabalhadores sobrantes nas atividades inscritas no urbano periférico, noção desenvolvida no escopo da Tese. Neste contexto, as periferias urbanas constituem territórios da base desta indústria, inclusive como frentes de formação de capital. Caracterizam-se, neste sentido, como territórios de expropriação, ou ainda, como território de escassez da riqueza produzida.
The central question of this thesis is the transformation process of the recent urban peripheries in the city of São Paulo, concerning to the world of work (neoliberal policies after 70s). Based on this question, was held a search on the structuring of the recycling industry, while object fully involved in the issue originally called. The research was conducted from three premises. The first concerns the formation of the urban periphery, as well as its recent changes, with the plea determinations of the world of work. The second premise refers to integration forms of poor urban workers in the process of industrialization-urbanization. It is assumed that the city always held contingent of working poor not entered into formal activities. It is, in this research, to understand the terms by which, in the context of urbanization critical (Damiani), the recycling industry is built recruit thousands of cart-pullers on the condition of spare-workers. The third premise is referring to the strengthening of the Third Sector as a constituent part of the reforming State, whose foundation is in the context of neo-liberal policies, post 70s. Based on these reasons, the search was carried out according to the Levels and Dimensions of Urban (Henri Lefebvre, 1999) corresponding to the levels of reality. In turn, the emphasis is the Mixed Level, as a proper urban. We emphasize the productive (re) integration of spare-workers in the activities shown in the peripheral urban, developed concept within the scope of the thesis. In this context, the outskirts of urban areas are underpinned this industry, including as fronts for capital formation. They are characterized, in this sense, as areas of expropriation or, as territory of the shortage of wealth.

Le sujet de cette thèse est d’aborder le fonctionnement économique des premières sociétés agro-pastorales dans les domaines insulaires de la façade Manche/Atlantique de la France, de la fin du Mésolithique au début de l’âge du Bronze. Les ressources des îles, à la fois limitées (surface exploitable réduite, gestion cynégétique complexe) et diversifiées (ressources terrestres et maritimes) ont-elles entraîné une adaptation des modes de vie ? Les populations ont-elles subi leur environnement ou ont-elles dépassé les contraintes grâce à un dynamisme de contacts et d’échanges ? Ces questionnements sont abordés par le biais des informations fournies par l'industrie lithique de plusieurs sites insulaires, dont les modalités d'approvisionnements en matières premières et les caractéristiques sont systématiquement comparées aux données disponibles sur les proches sites continentaux. Cette approche permet de cerner l'existence ou l'absence de particularismes insulaires, puis de mesurer le degré d'insertion des populations îliennes au sein des réseaux d'échanges à plus ou moins longue distance de matières premières. La présence de matières premières exogènes (telles que le silex du Cinglais ou encore le silex du Turonien supérieur de la région du Grand-Pressigny) sur certaines îles révèle l'existence de contacts entre communautés continentales et insulaires, ces dernières apparaissant comme ouvertes aux influx extérieurs. L'ensemble de ces informations sont remises en perspective grâce aux données fournies par d'autres productions matérielles (le mobilier céramique notamment). Il est alors possible de percevoir les interactions qui se sont maintenues du Néolithique au début de l’âge du Bronze entre les habitants de la côte et les îliens, et de mettre en valeur des disparités entre les îles
The subject of this thesis is to address the economic operation of the first agro-pastoral societies on the islands from the Channel / Atlantic coasts of France, from the late Mesolithic to the early Bronze Age. The resources of these islands, both limited (exploitable surface reduced, complex hunting gestion) and various (terrestrial and marine resources), have they resulted in an adaptation of lifestyles? Populations have they suffered their environment or have they exceeded the constraints through a dynamic of contacts and exchanges ? These questions are addressed through the information provided by the lithic industry of several island sites. The terms of supply of raw materials and characteristics of lithic industry are systematically compared with available data on nearby continental sites. The presence of exogenous materials (such as flint of "Cinglais" or the Turonian flint of the Greater Pressigny) on some islands reveals the existence of contacts between mainland and island communities, the latters appearing as open to impulses outside. This approach identifies the existence or absence of insular peculiarities, then measure the degree of integration of islands populations within trade networks of long distance raw materials. All these information are put into perspective with data provided by others materials (including ceramic artefacts). Then, it is possible to perceive the interactions that are held from the Neolithic to the beginning of the Bronze Age between the inhabitants of the coast and the islanders, and also highlight disparities between islands

Au cours du XIXe siècle, l’industrialisation de la parfumerie mondiale, et plus particulièrementfrançaise et grassoise, a pour conséquence d’augmenter les besoins en matières premières naturellesmalgré l’invention et la place de plus en plus marquée des molécules de synthèse dans lescompositions parfumées comme aromatiques. Afin de s’approvisionner en plantes à parfum,aromatiques et médicinales (ppam), de nombreux entrepreneurs français et grassois multiplient lesrelations commerciales avec des pays étrangers, comme l’Italie et la Bulgarie. Dans le même temps,l’implantation croissante des parfumeurs en Afrique, en Asie, en Amérique et dans l’Océanie répondà des stratégies diversifiées en fonction des colonies mobilisées : au Maghreb, ils étendent la culturedes ppam méditerranéennes ; en Indochine et en Guyane, ils s’approvisionnent en matières premièresspécifiques comme la badiane ou le bois de rose ; tandis que l’Afrique et l’Océanie font office delaboratoire pour de multiples acclimatations d’espèces méditerranéennes mais surtout tropicales,comme la vanille ou l’ylang-ylang. Parmi ces « colonies laboratoires », les îles de l’Océan Indien,pour lesquelles l’ylang-ylang, le géranium, le giroflier ou la vanille étaient, jusqu’au XIXe siècle,totalement inconnues, deviennent, sous l’impulsion des parfumeurs français et grassois, un desprincipaux centres de production mondiaux. L’objectif de cette thèse est de revenir sur cettetrajectoire singulière, de l’essor des premières fabriques en France jusqu’à la création d’un réseaumondial d’approvisionnement et de questionner les liens et les relations entre les différentes zonesproductrices et la métropole
During the XIXth century, the beggining of industrialisation of perfumery in the world. Specifically inFrance and in Grasse. Resulted in an augmentation in raw materials in spite of the invention and theincrease of the synthetic molecules in the perfume and aromatic composition. In order to supply itselfin raw materials, many French and Grasse society organise trade relations with foreign countries, likeItaly and Bulgaria. In the same time, the increasing establishment of the perfumers in Africa, Asia,America and Oceania, corresponds in diversified strategies according to the mobilized colonies : inthe Maghreb, they extend the culture of mediterranean raw materials ; in Indo-China and Guyana,they are supplied out of specific raw materials like the star anise or the rose wood ; while Africa andOceania, they serve as a laboratory for multiple acclimatizations of mediterranean raw material andalso tropical species, like vanilla or ylang-ylang. Among these « colonial laboratories », the islandsof the Indian Ocean, for which ylang-ylang, geranium, clove or vanilla, were, until the XIXth century,completely unknown. They became one of the principal world production centers of raw materialsunder the influence of the French and Grasse perfumers. The objective of this thesis is to considerthis singular trajectory, since the rise of the first factories in France until the creation of a worldnetwork of supply. It also questions the links and the relations between the various producing zonesand the Grasse perfumery

Ce travail a consisté à étudier dans quelle mesure la chromatographie en phase liquide permet d'extraire les composes d'arôme présents en très faible concentration dans les effluents aqueux des industries agro-alimentaires. Les rendements d'extraction accessibles par enrichissement de traces étant directement lies aux facteurs de capacité des solutés d'intérêt, l'étude proposée se ramenait à celle du partage de composes d'arôme entre une phase aqueuse et des phases stationnaires hydrophobes. La première partie détaille les divers paramètres susceptibles de modifier les rendements d'extraction par les principaux types de supports apolaires de la chromatographie en phase liquide et met en évidence le caractère indispensable d'une étude systématique préalable. Une telle étude, menée à l'aide de composes modèles d'arôme et de supports chromatographiques choisis fait l'objet de la seconde partie. L'ensemble des résultats obtenus au terme de cette études systématique est finalement teste dans le cas concret d'un effluent aqueux industriel contenant des composes d'arôme de cassis à l'état de traces.

This thesis draws on David Harvey’s concept of “accumulation by dispossession” and an international political economy (IPE) approach centred on the institutional arrangements and power structures that privilege certain actors and values, in order to critique current capitalist practices of primitive accumulation by the global corporate extractive industry. The thesis examines how accumulation by dispossession by the global extractive industry is facilitated by the “free entry” or “free mining” principle. It does so by focusing on Canada as a leader in the global extractive industry and the spread of this country’s mining laws to other countries – in other words, the transnationalisation of norms in the global extractive industry – so as to maintain a consistent and familiar operating environment for Canadian extractive companies. The transnationalisation of norms is further promoted by key international institutions such as the World Bank, which is also the world’s largest development lender and also plays a key role in shaping the regulations that govern natural resource extraction. The thesis briefly investigates some Canadian examples of resource extraction projects, in order to demonstrate the weaknesses of Canadian mining laws, particularly the lack of protection of landowners’ rights under the free entry system and the subsequent need for “free, prior and informed consent” (FPIC). The thesis also considers some of the challenges to the adoption and implementation of the right to FPIC. These challenges include embedded institutional structures like the free entry mining system, international political economy (IPE) as shaped by international institutions and powerful corporations, as well as concerns regarding ‘local’ power structures or the legitimacy of representatives of communities affected by extractive projects. The thesis concludes that in order for Canada to be truly recognized as a leader in the global extractive industry, it must establish legal norms domestically to ensure that Canadian mining companies and residents can be held accountable when there is evidence of environmental and/or human rights violations associated with the activities of Canadian mining companies abroad. The thesis also concludes that Canada needs to address underlying structural issues such as the free entry mining system and implement FPIC, in order to curb “accumulation by dispossession” by the extractive industry, both domestically and abroad.

Dissertação de mestrado em Design e Marketing (área de especialização em Têxteis de Moda)
A moda entronca numa complexa conjugação de campos de conhecimento e criatividade e, ao mesmo tempo, está ancorada a pilares da antropologia, sociologia, economia, comunicação, arquitetura e artes. Gilles Lipovestky (1989), sociólogo francês, refere que o homem muda o mundo e os movimentos de moda são imperativos em tais transformações. O consumidor, o fabricante e o designer atuam com papéis importantíssimos durante o ciclo de vida do produto e na conservação do ambiente. Cada produto consumido, se não for fabricado através de um processo ecologicamente correto, poderá deixar marcas irreparáveis no meio. A indústria têxtil transforma fibras em fios, fios em tecidos e tecidos em peças de vestuário, cama, mesa e banho e ainda têxteis técnicos para diversas aplicações. Ao analisarmos as indústrias por ramos de actuação, é evidente que a indústria têxtil, seguida por toda a cadeia do vestuário, não tem desenvolvido, proporcionalmente à sua expansão no mundo inteiro, a preocupação com os materiais e processos utilizados, causando assim, graves consequências como o lixo têxtil e a quantidade exorbitante de resíduos provenientes do processo produtivo. No momento presente, de enorme convulsão política e económica global, os governos de todo o mundo precisam compreender o impacto da produção dos têxteis no ambiente e acompanhar com o adequado enquadramento legislativo para o aumento da consciencialização já manifestado por muitos sectores da população. Além disso, se faz necessária uma mudança de procedimentos com o intuito de propôr inovações tecnológicas sustentáveis imbuídas de um novo paradigma para a produção e uso de materiais têxteis. Pela moda transcorrem conceitos tais como a ideia de ser apenas um meio para exteriorizar a criatividade de algum criador, de existir para satisfazer uma necessidade primária do ser humano ou mesmo de ser reconhecida pelo rótulo de efémera. A moda responde aos anseios do mundo em que estamos inseridos e por isso impõe-se para redefinir o seu posicionamento perante os desafios futuros. É preciso readequar processos e matérias-primas para priorizar os ciclos de vida dos produtos de maneira que esses factores não sejam mais esferas separadas, onde cada qual produz ou faz uso de determinado produto sem lhe associar a preocupação com a sustentabilidade ambiental. Espera-se que haja uma preocupação constante, plenamente consciente em aderir às alternativas mais compatíveis com um futuro mais exigente. Com ampla consciência de que a massa de consumidores é muitas vezes guiada para o objecto do seu consumo, deve ser feito pelo governo e outros poderes, bem como por todos os agentes envolvidos na concepção, desenvolvimento, produção e distribuição dos produtos, um trabalho de promoção e acção sobre os valores e desafios da sustentabilidade. O estudo do ciclo de vida dos produtos têxteis é uma ferramenta para a sustentabilidade da moda e um bom exemplo da prossecução dessa política que vai gradualmente conduzindo à emergência de conceitos de design e moda mais lentos e mais duráveis e por isso mais capazes de constituir uma resposta aos problemas que o consumo desenfreado de produtos de baixa qualidade pode trazer ao equilíbrio do planeta. Nesse caminho surgem também novos movimentos de moda que estão atraindo um número cada vez maior de consumidores que lutam por uma sociedade mais saudável e por um ambiente em sua totalidade - natureza, cultura e sociedade – capazes de propiciar maior qualidade de vida a todos. Com o surgimento de estudos, abordagens e definições sobre a sustentabilidade na moda, é clara a necessidade de alternativas e perspectivas para o melhoramento dos sistemas sustentáveis na cadeia têxtil através de dados que permitam uma avaliação integrada e sistêmica de inputs e outputs, nomeadamente através de uma análise dos problemas ao nível da produção de resíduos e da sua minimização, bem como o que tange o ciclo de vida do produto de moda. Apresentam-se algumas soluções inovadoras como contributo para o ciclo de vida do produto de moda de forma a atingir os objectivos do desenvolvimento sustentável na indústria têxtil na perspectiva da selecção das melhores práticas disponíveis, matérias-primas e design dos produtos. Os objectivos a serem explorados neste estudo estão relacionados com as possibilidades oferecidas às indústrias têxteis no sentido de uma eficiente evolução dos seus sistemas rumo ao prolongamento do ciclo de vida do produto de moda e à sustentabilidade, como contributo determinante do conceito de moda sustentável. Ao mesmo tempo, propõe-se uma abordagem à classificação dos produtos têxteis com recurso à análise do seu ciclo de vida e ênfase em parâmetros tidos como especialmente impactantes, como as matérias-primas, os processos de transformação, os resíduos gerados, os circuitos de comercialização e a durabilidade.
Fashion assembles a complex combination of knowledge and creativity fields and at the same time it anchors in pillars of anthropology, sociology, economics, communication, architecture and arts. Lipovestky Gilles (1989), french sociologist, said that the man changes the world and the fashion movements are imperative in these transformations. The consumer, the manufacturer and the designer have important roles during the product lifecycle and in the environment conservation. Each consumable product, when made using unsustainable productive processes and resources, might leave irreparable marks in the environment. The textile industry transforms fibers into yarns, yarns into fabrics and fabrics into garments and home products and also into technical textiles with diverse applications. By analysing the industries by branches of activity, it is clear that textile industry, together with the whole chain of clothing related activities, has not developed proportionally to its worldwide expansion the concerns about the materials and processes, causing serious consequences as textile garbage and the exorbitant quantity of textile wastes from the production process. In a moment of enormous political and economical global convulsion, governments around the world must understand the impact of textile production towards the environment, with appropriate legislative guidelines to increase the awareness which is already expressed by many sectors of the population. Moreover, it is necessary to change procedures in order to propose technological and sustainable innovations imbued with a new paradigm for the production and use of textiles. Through fashion, concepts elapse such as the idea of being just a mean to externalize some creativity, to satisfy the primary need of human being or even to be recognized by ephemeral label. Fashion responds to desires of the world in which we are inserted and that is the reason why it is mandatory to reset fashion status in relation to the challenges ahead. We must readjust processes and raw materials to give high priority to the life cycle of products so that these factors are no longer separate spheres where each one produces or makes use of a determinant product without any concern about the environmental sustainability. It is expected that there is a fully aware constant concern in order to adhere to more compatible alternatives with a more demanding future. Being aware that the mass of consumers is often guided to the object of consumption, for those involved in the design, development, production and distribution of products, a job promotion and action on the values and challenges of sustainability should be done by government and other powers. The study of the lifecycle of textile products is a tool to sustainable fashion and a good example of this policy pursuit that will continue and may gradually lead to the emergence of concepts of design and fashion that are slower and more durable and therefore more able to be an answer to the problems that the unbridled consumption of low quality products can bring to the balance of the planet. This way, new fashion movements will emerge, attracting an increasing number of consumers who strive for a healthier society and for an environment in its totality - nature, culture and society - capable of providing higher quality of life for everybody. With new studies, approaches and definitions of what sustainability means in the fashion industry, there is a clear need to create alternative strategies to improve the sustainable process within the textile chain. This must be achieved through detailed data evaluation that allows all inputs and outputs to be adequatly assessed such as investigations on waste production and how it can be minimized and factors that influence the lifecycle of a certain product. Some innovative solutions are presented to help implement more sustainable practices across all fields of textile industry and improve the products lifecycle, particularly by selecting the most adequate techniques, raw materials and design available. The main goal of this study is to explore new possibilities for the textile industry to evolve in a way that benefits and extends the lifecycle of all products and ensures that this is achieved in accordance with greater sustainability values. In addition, it includes a discussion on the categorization of all products based on factors such as their lifecycle and other relevant aspects such as raw materials, transformation processes, waste generation, commercialization circuits and durability.

The object of government is the welfare of the people – Theodore Roosevelt Commodity prices in the South African economy has become a topic of much debate with suppliers, consumers and government involved in a struggle to address issues of monopolies, market dominance and claims of excessive pricing. This document aims to explore to what extent commodity prices affect the gold mining industry, the theory and practicality of monopolistic supplier pricing models, the responses to such behaviour and the role that the competition authorities play in facilitating a free market. By obtaining industry information, studies of market theory and the review of competition legislation, an understanding of the issues was obtained. After discussion with industry role players (suppliers, mining companies and independent third parties) both qualitative and quantitative data was obtained to answer questions around competition and market dominance. Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted

碩士
國立高雄大學
亞太工商管理學系碩士班
106
As labor industry moves westward, textile industry in Taiwan has gradually became a declining industry. In such tough conditions, it is indeed a harsh challenge for cotton raw material suppliers to expand new business domestically. The only way to survive is to maintain relationship with existing customers in Taiwan or develop new customers internationally. This study explores the relationship between cotton raw material suppliers and customers, and explores the linkage method to gain customer trust. In cotton raw material industry, building customer trust is quite important and it definitely results in loyalty. Objectives of this study are cotton raw material suppliers. The study was conducted by in-depth interview with sales supervisors in cotton raw material industry. Through 3 layers of relationship linkage of financial, society and structure, it is clear how each cotton raw material supplier maintains relationship with customers. Key finding of this study is that for connection linkage with customers, single connection method is not able to fully gain customer trust; instead of it, gradually applying 3 layers of relationship linkage is a must. To increase stable linkage relationship and reach a win-win situation, different ratio of relationship connection needs to be given based on customers’ preferences and characteristics. Another finding in 3 layers of relationship linkage is that even though strength of competitive advantage ranking is not changed, along with the change of time and the influence in generation inheritance, ratio in society relationship linkage has gradually decreased but ratio in structure relationship linkage has slowly increased. Via information and suggestions provided, the study is expected to help cotton raw material suppliers solve problems in relationship marketing and grow business successfully.

碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
國際企業研究所
106
Since the industrial revolution and technological progress, the economy has gradually developed with the industrialized and urbanized countries. The United States has been the world's largest economy since 1894. After the U.S. subprime mortgage crisis triggered a national financial crisis in 2008, the global economic trend has been unstable, the raw material prices have fluctuated drastically and the stock markets have become much more unpredictable. The U.S. has proposed a "re-industrialization" strategy to revive the real economy. This study discusses the relationship among the U.S. industry index, raw materials prices and the U.S. stock market volatility. This study is including Vector Autoregressive Model, Impulse Response Analysis and Forecast Error Variance Decomposition. This empirical result indicates that the U.S. industry index and raw materials prices influenced on the U.S. stock market, but the U.S. industry index and raw materials prices isn’t influenced by the U.S. Stock Market.

碩士
東海大學
高階經營管理碩士在職專班
102
With trend and evolution, the needs and preferences for functional textiles vary these days. They have different orientations. In a market segment planning, effective product development process is the key to successful in garment production. Somehow, concrete product development can only be defined so long as product demands are being determined. After referring to the related literature and questionnaire, functional textiles share characters which are hard to tell difference by vision, hard to tell difference by touching and recognize the benefits only you have ever used. The research against key element of functional textile product development uses AHP (Analytic Hieraracy Process) to calculate relative weights of customer demands ensuring the accuracy and consistency of assessment weights. The main principle result says “ the performance of functional textiles-wicking and waterproof” occupies main weight of 44.7%. Further more, Design “safe, comfort, soft and good looking design” occupies relatively main weight of 14.1% in secondary principle of functional textiles demands. Those two results show there is cross point between functional textiles and comfort or between customer satisfaction coefficient and preferences. That could reflect true demands. In the analysis of key element of functional textile product development, the rain wear with waterproof and high breathability occupies weight of 46.5%.The result means demands and product design are the key to successful in garment development. Product development team can allot all resource based on survey result. With AHP survey result, The overall overcome shows the performance of functional textiles and outfit design are key elements gaining competitive position in garment industy.

This diploma thesis deals with the distribution of lithic raw materials in the Neolithic, whereas the main interest was focused on the area of Germany. The dispersion of chipped and polished stone artefacts in time and space was studied on the basis of available literature. The first part of this work presents existing knowledge about spreading specific types of lithic raw materials. The second part introduces sites from different federal states with finds of chipped and polished stone industry from which was it possible to determine the composition of lithic raw materials collections. The database is part of this work and includes catalogue of sites.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Alberta, 2010.
A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, Dept. of Political Science, University of Alberta. "Spring 2010." Title from pdf file main screen (viewed on April 27, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

Tese de mestrado, Engenharia Farmacêutica, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, 2014
O primeiro objectivo desta tese foi o desenvolvimento de um método de quantificação por espectroscopia de infravermelho próximo de modo a optimizar um processo de fabrico da OM Pharma numa fase crítica de produção: fase final da mistura. Em seguida avaliou-se a aplicabilidade do mesmo tipo de estratégia ao controlo (identificação, qualificação e quantificação) de outros pontos críticos do processo. A necessidade da implementação desta metodologia incide no facto de a este processo estar associado um volume de trabalho significativo de trabalho do Controlo de Qualidade. O modelo de quantificação desenvolvido permite a determinação do parâmetro de qualidade crítico do processo de fabrico do produto: a conformidade do teor em API na mistura; após a verificação da conformidade processo produtivo evolui para outra fase – produto final. A aplicação desta técnica desenvolvida permite, em rotina, a redução do tempo despendido em análise pelo Controlo de Qualidade. O modelo obtido foi validado de acordo com as Guidelines em vigor. Um segundo objectivo, foi o de generalizar a aprendizagem anterior e desenvolver uma biblioteca para diversas matérias-primas (princípios activos farmacêuticos) que permitisse a sua identificação e no futuro possivelmente a sua qualificação; esta necessidade surge devido à elevada quantidade de lotes de matériaprima recepcionada periodicamente na OM Pharma. A criação da biblioteca consiste no desenvolvimento de um método que permita identificar o princípio activo referido no modelo de quantificação, o que acarreta a construção de uma Biblioteca de Princípios Activos (API) obtida pela aquisição de espectros NIR de todos os API´s da OM Pharma. A biblioteca desenvolvida foi sujeita a validação interna e externa de acordo com os requisitos das Guidelines em vigor. Concluiu-se que a espectroscopia de infravermelho próximo é um método preciso e benéfico para a análise e controlo de qualidade no controlo da fase final de produção e na identificação de matérias-primas na Indústria Farmacêutica. Associada à utilização desta técnica, o aumento da produtividade através da redução do tempo de análise e, consequentemente, a redução dos custos operativos é sem dúvida um factor muito positivo.
The first goal of this thesis was the development of a near infrared quantification method in order to optimize the mixing process in OM Pharma’s production phase, followed by the application of this method in controlling other critical processes such as identification, qualification and quantification. The fact that this process is associated with a significant part in Quality Control’s work volume justified the implementation of this methodology. The developed quantification PLS model allows the determination of a product manufacturing process critical quality parameter: the compliance of the API content; after checking this production phase conformity, the process evolves into another phase - final product. The application of this technique allows the reduction of the spent time on routine analysis. The model was validated according to the guidelines. A second goal consisted in developing a library allowing to identify several raw materials (pharmaceutical active ingredients) and in the future it’s possible qualification. This need arose due to the high amount of raw material batches periodically received in OM Pharma. The library development is based on a method developed for identification of the active principle in said quantization model which leads to the construction of a library of active ingredients (API) obtained by the acquisition of NIR spectrum. The developed library was subjected to internal and external validation according to the requirements of the Guidelines in effect. The near infrared spectroscopy method proved itself as an accurate and beneficial method for the analysis and quality control in controlling the final stages of production and raw materials identification in the pharmaceutical industry. Associated to the use of this technique, increased productivity by reducing the analysis time and, consequently, the reduction of operating costs is without a doubt very positive.

This work gives an overview of up to date knowledge of the Final Pleistocene in Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia, within the period known in archaeology as Late Palaeolithic. Apart from the review of results of previous research, six Late Palaeolithic chipped stone assemblages have been analyzed on techno-typological level. These assemblages have been put in context with contemporaneous sites in given region to create a map of Late Palaeolithic settlement. Quantification of most raw materials used in different sites made it possible to distinguish three to five raw material provinces, i.e. areas supplied with a concrete raw material type. These areas are probably identical with hunting territories of Late Palaeolithic hunters of Bohemian, Moravian and Silesian territory. Keywords: Late Palaeolithic, chipped stone industry, raw materials, operational sequences, Bohemia, Moravia 2

In der Zusammenfassung der Tagung werden die behandelten Themen sowie wichtige Sprecher kurz vorgestellt. Themen sind Innovation im Bergbau, Nachhaltigkeit im Bergbau (New Climate Economy), Aufarbeitung von Halden und Tailings und Industrie 4.0 im chilenischen Bergbau sowie technologische Neuerungen. Wesentliche Kooperationsprojekte werden genannt. Das Deutsch-Chilenische Rohstoffforum wurde durch das „Kompetenzzentrum Bergbau und Rohstoffe“ der Deutsch-Chilenischen Industrie- und Handelskammer inhaltlich vorbereitet
In the summary the topics of the meeting and important speakers are listed and shortly presented. Topics are the efficency of resources, environmental aspects, secondary mining and human resources in the mining industry of Chile. Technological innovations of the mining industry are also in the focus of the meeting. Some projects for cooperation are introduced. The German-Chilean Raw Materials Forum was organized by the „Kompetenzzentrum Bergbau und Rohstoffe“ of the Deutsch-Chilenische Industrie- und Handelskammer

In der Zusammenfassung der Tagung werden die behandelten Themen sowie wichtige Sprecher kurz vorgestellt. Themen sind Innovation im Bergbau, Nachhaltigkeit im Bergbau (New Climate Economy), Aufarbeitung von Halden und Tailings und Industrie 4.0 im chilenischen Bergbau sowie technologische Neuerungen. Wesentliche Kooperationsprojekte werden genannt. Das Deutsch-Chilenische Rohstoffforum wurde durch das „Kompetenzzentrum Bergbau und Rohstoffe“ der Deutsch-Chilenischen Industrie- und Handelskammer inhaltlich vorbereitet
In the summary the topics of the meeting and important speakers are listed and shortly presented. Topics are the efficency of resources, environmental aspects, secondary mining and human resources in the mining industry of Chile. Technological innovations of the mining industry are also in the focus of the meeting. Some projects for cooperation are introduced. The German-Chilean Raw Materials Forum was organized by the „Kompetenzzentrum Bergbau und Rohstoffe“ of the Deutsch-Chilenische Industrie- und Handelskammer

In der Zusammenfassung der Tagung werden die behandelten Themen sowie wichtige Sprecher kurz vorgestellt. Themen sind Innovation im Bergbau, Nachhaltigkeit im Bergbau (New Climate Economy), Aufarbeitung von Halden und Tailings und Industrie 4.0 im chilenischen Bergbau sowie technologische Neuerungen. Wesentliche Kooperationsprojekte werden genannt. Das Deutsch-Chilenische Rohstoffforum wurde durch das „Kompetenzzentrum Bergbau und Rohstoffe“ der Deutsch-Chilenischen Industrie- und Handelskammer inhaltlich vorbereitet
In the summary the topics of the meeting and important speakers are listed and shortly presented. Topics are the efficency of resources, environmental aspects, secondary mining and human resources in the mining industry of Chile. Technological innovations of the mining industry are also in the focus of the meeting. Some projects for cooperation are introduced. The German-Chilean Raw Materials Forum was organized by the „Kompetenzzentrum Bergbau und Rohstoffe“ of the Deutsch-Chilenische Industrie- und Handelskammer

In der Zusammenfassung der Tagung werden die behandelten Themen sowie wichtige Sprecher kurz vorgestellt. Themen sind Innovation im Bergbau, Nachhaltigkeit im Bergbau (New Climate Economy), Aufarbeitung von Halden und Tailings und Industrie 4.0 im chilenischen Bergbau sowie technologische Neuerungen. Wesentliche Kooperationsprojekte werden genannt. Das Deutsch-Chilenische Rohstoffforum wurde durch das „Kompetenzzentrum Bergbau und Rohstoffe“ der Deutsch-Chilenischen Industrie- und Handelskammer inhaltlich vorbereitet.
In the summary the topics of the meeting and important speakers are listed and shortly presented. Topics are the efficency of resources, environmental aspects, secondary mining and human resources in the mining industry of Chile. Technological innovations of the mining industry are also in the focus of the meeting. Some projects for cooperation are introduced. The German-Chilean Raw Materials Forum was organized by the „Kompetenzzentrum Bergbau und Rohstoffe“ of the Deutsch-Chilenische Industrie- und Handelskammer.

In der Zusammenfassung der Tagung werden die behandelten Themen sowie wichtige Sprecher kurz vorgestellt. Themen sind Innovation im Bergbau, Nachhaltigkeit im Bergbau (New Climate Economy), Aufarbeitung von Halden und Tailings und Industrie 4.0 im chilenischen Bergbau sowie technologische Neuerungen. Wesentliche Kooperationsprojekte werden genannt. Das Deutsch-Chilenische Rohstoffforum wurde durch das „Kompetenzzentrum Bergbau und Rohstoffe“ der Deutsch-Chilenischen Industrie- und Handelskammer inhaltlich vorbereitet
In the summary the topics of the meeting and important speakers are listed and shortly presented. Topics are the efficency of resources, environmental aspects, secondary mining and human resources in the mining industry of Chile. Technological innovations of the mining industry are also in the focus of the meeting. Some projects for cooperation are introduced. The German-Chilean Raw Materials Forum was organized by the „Kompetenzzentrum Bergbau und Rohstoffe“ of the Deutsch-Chilenische Industrie- und Handelskammer