Academic literature on the topic 'Textual Criticim'

For some time, scholars have been using computer-assisted methods to produce graphic representations of the relationships between witnesses within a textual tradition. ¹ The use of methods originally developed by evolutionary biologists has been called into question on account of the perceived lack of identity between two different disciplines. This view arises from a misunderstanding about how the methods work in relation to texts and how the resulting stemmata should be interpreted. This article refines textual critical terminology, particularly the distinction between textual traditions and manuscript traditions, in the context of the use of computer-assisted stemmatological methods to further our understanding of how these fit within the wider theoretical framework of textual criticism and scholarly editing, and makes explicit the way in which stemmata produced by using evolutionary biology software should be read.

This research points out the importance of textual criticism, maintaining its rules, monitoring the text to avoid forgery and alteration, presenting the daunting task of the textual criticizer, showing the qualifications and skills which the textual criticizer needs to have to textually criticize the accuracy of the context, to master language, syntax and grammar, to master punctuation, to take precautions against altering the text, to put maximum efforts in writing footnotes and annotations, and to depend on authorized copies of the text based on their importance.The book of (Odaat Al-Da’i Wa Najah Al-Sa’I / The tools of the invocator and the success of the inquirer) by Ibin Fahad Al-Hilli has been taken as a sample to show all the above mentioned points after pointing out its importance and unique style among the books of invocations that’s why a suitable textual criticism is made for.

Orientador: Carlos Eduardo Mendes de Moraes<br>Banca: Claudio Aquati<br>Banca: Marcelo Modolo<br>Banca: Sandra Aparecida Ferreira<br>Banca: Fabiano Rodrigo da Silva Santos<br>Resumo: Fruto do cotejo de três edições não póstumas do romance Innocencia, esta tese objetiva, à luz da leitura da Epistula ad Pisones, de Horácio, demonstrar e analisar o processo de reelaboração textual realizado pelo Visconde de Taunay em sua obra mais famosa. O estudo busca responder aos seguintes questionamentos: Por que e como Innocencia se transformou? O método utilizado para tal objetivo baseia-se nas orientações da crítica textual e da crítica genética, compondo uma amostragem (demonstratio) resultante do trabalho com cinco capítulos retirados da primeira, segunda e quarta edições do romance, publicadas em 1872, 1884 e 1899, respectivamente, culminando na collatio, que eliminou a terceira edição do processo por ser cópia da segunda. O recorte estipulado na eleição de cinco capítulos permite que se contemple a extensão do romance, haja vista que foram selecionados do início, meio e final da narrativa (capítulos 1,8,15, 23 e 30). O cotejo das edições revela a constante preocupação e insatisfação de Taunay com seu texto, primeiramente em virtude de sua autocrítica, alicerçada na formação intelectual e artística recebida da família; também em relação ao consciente desejo e expectativa quanto à recepção do romance pelo público e, por fim, pela aguardada aceitação e pronunciamento por parte da crítica especializada. Sustentamos a tese de que esses três aspectos tenham se coadunado para a opção pela reescrita do romance a partir da segunda edição (1884), na qual se comprova que o ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: Being the result of the collation of three non-posthumous editions of the novel Innocencia, this thesis intends to demonstrate and analyze, through the reading of Horace's Epistula ad Pisones, the rewriting process of the most famous work by the Viscount of Taunay. This study has the objective of answering the following questions: why and how Innocencia was changed? The methodology to achieve such goal was based on principles of Textual and Genetic Criticisms, with a selection (demonstratio) from five chapters from the first, second and fourth editions of the novel, published in 1872, 1884 and 1899, respectively. The collatio resulting from that eliminated the third edition from the selection, that edition being identical to the second one. The selection of five chapters allows for an assessment of the novel in its entirety, choosing samples from its beginning, middle and end (chapters 1, 8, 15, 23 and 30). The collation of the editions reveals Taunay's constant concern and dissatisfaction with his text, first by virtue of his self-criticism, grounded in the intellectual and artistic education from his family. In addition to that, it was revealed the author's expectations regarding the reception of the novel by the public and, finally, an expected acceptance by the specialized critics. We support the thesis that these three aspects were the motivation for the author to opt to rewrite the novel as of the second edition (1884), which shows a significantly modified text that is the basis for the future changes of the fourth edition (1899). The contact with the documents of the process reveals an artistic project based on rationality and guided by classic precepts of Horace's lessons in his Epistula... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Doutor

Esta tese indica as fontes textuais de Memória Histórica da Capitania de São Paulo e analisa os procedimentos de modificação textual operados por Manuel Cardoso de Abreu na adaptação dessas fontes para a elaboração de sua obra. A Memória Histórica, de Manuel Cardoso de Abreu, oficial maior da Secretaria da Capitania de São Paulo, é um manuscrito do século XVIII preservado no Arquivo do Estado de São Paulo, composto principalmente a partir de textos dos historiadores setecentistas Pedro Taques de Almeida Paes Leme História da Capitania de São Vicente; Notícia Histórica da Expulsão dos Jesuítas do Colégio de São Paulo e Nobiliarquia Paulistana Histórica e Genealógica e Frei Gaspar da Madre de Deus Memórias para a História da Capitania de São Vicente. Apesar da comprovação da reprodução integral de muitos trechos e parágrafos de tais obras, o manuscrito não se configura como uma cópia literal de suas fontes, uma vez que Manuel Cardoso interveio intencionalmente nos textos que lhe serviram de modelo para a construção de sua Memória, operando, para tanto, uma série de alterações, que deram origem a um novo texto. No início do século XX, depois da aquisição dessa obra pelo Arquivo do Estado, historiadores como Capistrano de Abreu e, especialmente, Afonso dEscragnolle Taunay, levantaram a questão da sua autenticidade, amparados nas noções de autoria e propriedade intelectual. Assim, a Memória Histórica foi julgada como um caso de plágio, sem que, contudo, houvesse uma discussão em torno da motivação e finalidade dessa apropriação textual, da relação desse texto com os seus textos-fonte e das práticas de escrita e de cópia à época. Este trabalho, que se fundamenta nos princípios teóricos e metodológicos da Crítica de Fontes, da Filologia e da Crítica Textual, parte da pesquisa, exame e colação das fontes da Memória Histórica, com o objetivo de estabelecer a categorização dos mecanismos de filtragem de tais fontes. Desse modo, objetiva-se identificar quais as modificações, voluntárias e involuntárias, operadas por Manuel Cardoso de Abreu no processo de elaboração de sua obra.<br>This work through the establishment of the sources used on the paper titled Memória Histórica da Capitania de São Paulo, seeks to analyze the textual transformation in the passage from one text to another. The Memória Histórica, of Manuel Cardoso de Abreu, higher official of the Secretariat of the Province of São Paulo, is an eighteenth century manuscript deposited in the Archive of the State of São Paulo, composed mainly of texts of the eighteenth century texts written by historians, as Pedro Taques de Almeida Paes Leme Leme História da Capitania de São Vicente; Notícia Histórica da Expulsão dos Jesuítas do Colégio de São Paulo e Nobiliarquia Paulistana Histórica e Genealógica and Frei Gaspar da Madre de Deus Memórias para a História da Capitania de São Vicente. Despite the confirmation of the full reproduction of many sections and paragraphs of such works, the manuscript is not configured as a literal copy of his sources, since Manuel Cardoso intentionally intervened in the texts which served as a model for the construction of his Memória, implementing to this end, a series of changes that gave rise to a new text. In the early twentieth century, after the acquisition of this works by the State Archives, historians as Capistrano de Abreu and, especially, Afonso dEscragnolle Taunay, raised the question of its authenticity, supported by the notions of authorship and intellectual property. As a consequence, Memória Histórica was judged as a case of plagiarism, without, however, a discussion on the motivation and purpose of textual appropriation, the relationship of that text with their sources and without consideration for writing and copying practices during the period when they were constructed, being held. So, based essentially on theoretical and methodological principles, such as Critical Sources, Philology and Textual Criticism, this research focuses on the examination and collation of the sources from Memória Histórica, and it searches to establish the categorization of filtering mechanisms for these sources, so that it is possible to reveal which variants of Manuel Cardoso de Abreu in the writing process of his work and to what extent was his was intentional intervention.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivos: a) reproduzir o manuscrito Diario da Navegaçaõ de Theotonio Joze Juzarte (testemunho do museu paulista/Ipiranga) com as edições fac-similar e paleográfica, justalinearmente; b) apontar as variantes semântico-sintáticas e semânticolexicais da edição Uspiana Brasil 500 anos em relação ao manuscrito supracitado; e da cópia em Portugal (Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal) em relação ao documento no Brasil. Para atingir tais objetivos, orientou-se pelos preceitos teórico-metodológicos da Crítica Textual em Cambraia (2005) e Spina (1997); adentrou-se no contexto histórico; fizeram-se as análises codicológica e paleográfica, sucintamente; escanearam-se fotos; digitalizou-se todo o manuscrito, conforme as regras da edição paleográfica; fez-se o levantamento das variantes que interferem no sentido do texto manuscrito do Brasil, comentando-as. Essas variantes ocorreram, principalmente, por omissão ou por substituição de grafemas, palavras, sintagmas e frases erros de leitura do modelo (paleográficos); de memorização (retenção do texto), de ditado interior. A pesquisa revelou uma série de variantes (semântico-sintáticas e semânticolexicais) que possibilitaram uma diversidade de comentários, comprovando que ainda há dificuldades na elaboração de edições, no Brasil.<br>This research aims to: a) reproduce the manuscript Diario de navegação of Theotonio Joze Juzarte with facsimile and paleographic editions, line by line; b) point out the semanticsyntactic and semantic-lexical variants of the Uspiana Brasil 500 anos issue as related to the above manuscript, and the copy in Portugal (Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal) relative to the document in Brazil. To achieve these objectives, guided by the theoretical and methodological principles of textual criticism - in Cambraia (2005) and Spina (1997), the historical context was investigated; the codicological and paleographic analysis was briefly proceeded; pictures were scanned; the whole manuscript was scanned, according to the paleographic rules edition; the survey of the variants that affect the meaning of the text in Brazil was performed and commentated. These variants occur mostly by omission or by substitution of graphemes, words, syntagms, and phrases - model reading errors (paleographic); memorization (text retention) of prior dictation. The research revealed a number of variants (semantic, syntactic, and semantic-lexical) that enabled a variety of comments, proving that rigor is still missing in the preparation of editions in Brazil.

Scopo di questa tesi è di fornire una proposta di edizione critica di Odi e Inni di Giovanni Pascoli. L’edizione tuttora considerata canonica, e quindi stampata e divulgata, è la mondadoriana del 1958, curata da Augusto Vicinelli. Trattandosi di una pubblicazione fortemente rimaneggiata dal critico e dalla sorella del poeta, Maria, e accresciuta di otto componimenti, non può essere assunta come testo di riferimento per Odi e Inni in quanto non rispetta le ultime volontà dell’autore. Così come per le edizioni critiche di Myricae, Canti di Castelvecchio e Poemetti, si è preferito utilizzare l’ultima versione pubblicata in vita da Pascoli stesso, che nella fattispecie è la seconda edizione zanichelliana datata 1907. Prendendo come riferimento questa pubblicazione, si è proceduto a ricostruirne la storia nel complesso e quella di ciascuna sua lirica, suggerendone le probabili date di composizione. La seconda parte della tesi consta della descrizione di tutti i testimoni reperiti riguardanti la silloge, siano essi a stampa o manoscritti, editi o inediti. La terza parte prevede la ricostruzione del testo critico. Sono accluse in Appendice, infine, le trascrizioni di tutti gli abbozzi, raggruppate per componimento e precedute da una breve introduzione di carattere storico ed ecdotico. Lo studio accurato degli autografi della silloge, ideata da Pascoli negli anni della fama e della maturità, ha permesso anche di delineare il modus scribendi dell’autore a cavallo tra i due secoli, dalle prime ispirazioni poetiche, derivanti spesso da fatti di cronaca, alle scelte metrico-strutturali delle liriche, agli orientamenti stilistico-linguistici; un processo creativo, questo, che si conclude spesso con la divulgazione su periodico dei componimenti finiti. Attraverso la ricerca e l’analisi di tutti i testimoni e delle fonti che hanno influenzato il poeta, è possibile indicare questa tesi di ricerca come il lavoro più esaustivo mai fatto prima d’ora su Odi e Inni. The objective of this doctoral thesis is to provide the critical edition of Giovanni Pascoli’s last poetry collection, Odi e Inni. The copy-text currently in use is the 1958 edition by Mondadori. This edition has been posthumously manipulated by both critic Augusto Vicinelli and the poet’s sister Maria and therefore cannot be considered the most authoritative version of the work. This thesis proves how Pascoli’s intended best text is the 1907 edition of the collection published by Zanichelli, the last version edited by the author himself. In Part I of the dissertation the 1907 edition is established as the copy-text of Odi e Inni. In this section the history of the collection as a whole and that of each individual poem has been reconstructed. Particular attention has been paid to the identification of the composition dates of the verses. Part II presents the description of all witnesses (manuscripts, drafts, proofs etc.) found in archives and libraries related to Odi e Inni. Part III consists of the annotated copy text, while the Appendix comprises the transcriptions of all manuscripts, grouped by poem, and preceded by brief historical-philological introductions. The thorough investigation of all manuscripts has also allowed establishing Pascoli’s modus scribendi in between two centuries: from the choice of the topics, to the endorsement of a particular metre, and up to the selection of stylistic and linguistic devices. Through the new adoption of the 1907 edition as the ultimate copy text, the extensive analysis of the unpublished witnesses, and the review of the historical and literary sources that inspired Pascoli, this thesis is set to be the most comprehensive study ever attempted of Odi e Inni, the last work created by one of the most highly regarded author of Modern Italy.

So far only a limited number of biblical books in Church Slavonic has been studied and edited, and the book of Ecclesiastes does not feature among these. Ecclesiastes is not a mainstream book such as the Gospels and the Psalter but rather a peripheral biblical text never used in Eastern Orthodox liturgical services. Its late date and small number of witnesses, which also reflect its marginal status, are additional reasons why this particular book has not attracted much scholarly attention in the past. This thesis is intended to contribute to studies in the history of the Church Slavonic Bible by editing the unpublished text of Ecclesiastes including its catenary versions and discussing its textual tradition. Ecclesiastes surfaces as a complete text relatively late: the earliest extant Cyrillic manuscripts are from the 15th century. Such a late date may be an indication that there was no pressing need for translating the non-liturgical book of Ecclesiastes. Two Church Slavonic translations of Ecclesiastes are extant: one, attested in Cyrillic manuscripts, survives in three distinct types: a continuous version of the text (32 manuscripts of the 15th-17th centuries), a fragmentary commentated version (1 manuscript of the 16th century), a fragmentary commentated insertion (8 manuscripts of the 15th-16th centuries). The other translation is a Croatian Church Slavonic version in Glagolitic breviaries (17 manuscripts of the 13th-16th centuries). The structure of the thesis is determined by the nature of the subject, which deals with textual criticism. The chapters are organised into a series of sections which all have headings. This somewhat 'atomistic' approach is necessitated by the fact that we are faced with fragmentary and incomplete evidence of manuscript sources, and therefore only detailed examination and comparison of various manuscripts and versions of the text will enable us to solve, at least in part, the textual history of the book in question. The limitations of the present study are the scarcity of manuscripts and the lateness of the tradition. These, however, are familiar 'obstacles' recognised by Slavists working on similar subjects. The thesis consists of an introduction, which presents a brief historical outline of the Church Slavonic biblical translations, 4 chapters, conclusion, bibliography and 2 appendices: the first of these contains a variorum edition of the continuous text of Ecclesiastes; the second, the parallel texts from continuous, commentated and interpolated versions. Chapter 1 gives a list of all the extant manuscripts of Ecclesiastes with short descriptions including dating (on palaeographical grounds), and investigates the textual relationships between various groups of manuscripts using the classical method of textual criticism and stemmatics. This leads on to a discussion of the type of edition to be used. At the end of the chapter a stemma codicum is constructed. Analysis of the language is carried out in an attempt to date the translation on linguistic grounds. Chapter 2 provides an overview of the Greek and Slavonic catena and explores some of the key issues arising out of the existence of several versions and early fragments of Ecclesiastes. It deals with problems concerning the date and place of the translation of Ecclesiastes. Detailed analysis sheds some light on the textual peculiarities of the three versions: commentated, interpolated and continuous. The complex interrelationship between these three versions is investigated further and a comparison with the earlier extant fragments of the catena is also carried out. Chapter 3 deals with the quotations from Ecclesiastes in early translated texts and in original Old Russian literature. Quotations found in medieval Slavonic texts, both translated and original, appear to be independent of the translation of continuous Ecclesiastes known from manuscripts of around the 15th century. However, the quotations prove that parts of Ecclesiastes were known in some form of exegetical compilations. Chapter 4 investigates the translation of Ecclesiastes in the Croatian Church Slavonic breviary tradition. It examines claims made by scholars in the past and present with regards to its authorship and to the language of the source from which this text was translated. The conclusion is drawn that the text was translated purely from Latin. This conclusion is based on a number of findings: errors of translation, divergences in wording and grammatical forms between the Croat Glagolitic and Cyrillic Church Slavonic texts, and certain syntactical constructions such as periphrastic expressions for the future, which point unambiguously to a Latin original. In addition the date of the translation is placed roughly between the 12th and the 13th centuries. The conclusions summarize the findings of the study: textual analysis of the continuous text of Ecclesiastes indicates that all the extant Cyrillic manuscripts come from a single translation; this translation was made at some time between the 10th century and the beginning of the 15th century. Commmentated and interpolated versions should be treated as redactions deriving from a fuller catena. This fuller catena may have given rise to the continuous text through the removal of the commentary. Alternatively, the orginal plain text may have been added to the newly translated commentary to produce a commentated version. Bearing in mind that it is hard to decide conclusively between these possibilities, the difficulties of reconstructing archetypes of the plain text and the commentary are shown. The investigation of the text in the Croatian tradition demonstrates that the translation in the breviaries was made from Latin, and thereby eliminates the hypothesis that Methodius was the translator of this version. GB is chosen as a base text for the edition in Appendix 1. The main reason for doing so is pragmatic, for it offers as complete a text as is available to us. Besides, the availability of information on the cultural and historical circumstances surrounding the production of GB, in addition to its importance for the history of the East Slavonic biblical tradition makes it more worthwhile. By publishing the text from manuscript Sinodal'nyj 915 (GB) with a critical apparatus, supplying variants from other manuscripts, the editorial 'control' which the compilers of GB exercised while working with the text translated from Greek is illustrated. They appear to have compared their exemplar with another Slavonic witness to fill a lacuna in the middle of the text, and they shortened the interpolation by removing the commentary. It seems that they deliberately left the biblical verses in the interpolation intact. The textual evidence does not support the supposition that the compilers of GB collated their text of Ecclesiastes with any Greek or Latin sources. The choice of GB for the edition constitutes a significant step towards wider research into and eventual publication of the Gennadian Bible, which has received little attention hitherto, despite its significance as the first complete Church Slavonic Bible. In appendix 2 three versions of Ecclesiastes are presented in a tabular form: the continuous version is taken from the manuscript Sinodal'nyj 915 (GB), the commentated version from the manuscript Undol'skij 13, and the interpolated version from the manuscript Pogodinskij 1 with variant readings from the manuscripts of group 1. In the thesis several new findings are presented. These are: the absence of any link between the versions of Ecclesiastes in the Cyrillic and in the Glagolitic manuscripts, and the implausibility of a Methodian origin for the Croatian Church Slavonic text.

The aims ofthis thesis are to apply the two main goals of textual criticism as practiced with the New Testament to the text of the Qur'an: 1) to discern the earliest possible form of the text, and 2) to illumine the history of the text. A selection was made of small porti()ns of text of similar genre and length in both books (Acts 7:1-8 and Surah 14:35-41). The texts ofthese portions from twenty manuscripts from. each tradition are collated including the very oldest manuscripts available. The variants observed are intensively analysed, categories oftype are established and then used as the basis of comparison. The similarities and differences in kinds of variants are thoroughly explored, taking into account the differences in kinds of script, the effects of oral tradition on written transmission, and the role ofcentralised ideological control on the texts. These comparisons are then examined in regard to recovering the earliest possible forms of the texts of both traditions and illuminating the histories ofthe development ofthese texts into standardised text-forms. Intentional variants in both traditions are given special attention. The thesis concludes that whereas there is the strong possibility of recovering reliable versions ofthe earliest autographic forms of the New Testament books, there is not the possibility of recovering the earliest authoritative forms of the Qur'an. The current version is sho~ to be the result of a long and complex development to create a precise f~fin of the text supporting Islamic dogma, instead of a version preserving the earliest authoritative forms of the text. Also, it is shown that the oral tradition of the Qur'an was not strong enough to prevent alternative interpretive text-forms and was often dependent on reforms to the written text.

This thesis aims to ‘apply’, as it were, some of Jacques Derrida’s conclusions regarding the age-old distinction between ideal and material to an understanding of animality and how it emerges in texts. I propose the paleonym “arche-animality” to understand the workings of animality in texts. In the field of Literary Animal Studies, some challenging questions concerning animals in texts seem to mirror Derrida’s topics in his early works. On the one hand, we can conceptualise animals as radically different from humans due to their embodiment, but, on the other hand, we can take them to be only differently embodied subjectivities, not unlike the human’s as it is thought to be housed in the body. Both positions are fraught with problems and are, in fact, entangled with the relationship between materiality and ideality. These challenging questions – especially concerning animal embodiment – must be approached with an eye towards paleonymy, the procedure by means of which Derrida was able to propose arche-writing as the origin of both vulgar writing and speech. To demonstrate the appropriateness of paleonymy, I uncover the arche-animal in different texts of different genres and varying degrees of ‘animal presence’: a ‘theoretical’ text (Sigmund Freud’s Totem and Taboo), a film (Darren Arofnosky’s Black Swan), a novel (Clarice Lispector’s The Apple in the Dark), and a poem (Ted Hughes’ ‘The Thought-Fox’).

Abstract Outside the field of Hebrew Bible, there is little doubt concerning the purpose of textual criticism. Maas states unequivocally, “The business of textual criticism is to produce a text as close as possible to the original (constitutio textus)” (1958: 1). The current article in the Encyclopaedia Britannica begins, “The technique of restoring texts as nearly as possible to their original form is called textual criticism” (Kenney 1992: 614). The production of critical texts by means of the analysis of manuscripts, the adjudication among variant readings, and, when necessary, the reconstruction or conjecture of better or original readings is the purpose of textual criticism. Aside from this goal, there is little justification for the labors of the textual critic.

Abstract A range of parameters must be considered carefully when modelling AC corrosion. Prediction of induced AC voltage profiles along pipelines due to shared right-of-way with high-voltage power lines has been practiced for decades. Modelling of the cathodic protection level on a pipeline resulting from types, position, and current output from CP sources, pipeline dimensions, coating conditions, soil conditions, isolation, etc., has also been implemented during several years. Computer aided prediction of corrosion rates caused by induced AC as a function of AC and DC current densities, coating fault geometry and thickness, soil resistivity, etc. has been attempted only in recent years. The complexity of the AC corrosion process calls for careful and critical evaluation of the computed results, and their practical applicability. The present paper presents and discusses the various components contained in an electrical equivalent circuit describing the AC corrosion process from a computer modelling perspective. The effect of the coating defect size and geometry on spread resistance and resulting AC current density, the effect of the kinetics of electrochemical reactions relevant for the corrosion process, the effect of diffusion and diffusion coefficients for active chemical species, as well as the impact of the capacitive effect of the electrochemical double layer as a short circuit of the electrochemical processes, soil chemistry, texture and soil resistivity are all aspects that influences the AC corrosion process and therefore the reliability of a computer model. These aspects will be discussed together with the sensibility of a model and the risk of generating inaccurate results due to missing or erroneous inputs. In addition, different model approaches will be discussed and sustained through examples.

Abstract The anodic reaction of the carbonic acid corrosion process controls the outcome of the degradation of the material. This is because it might produce an FeCO3 scale. In turn, the quality of this crystal will influence the corrosion rate. At the interphase, a colloid of iron carbonate forms. This is fed by Fe+2 coming from the metal dissolution and reacting with the HCO3− coming from the solution. In the colloid, different aggregates of iron carbonate molecules occur. This is until a critical nucleus of the siderite phase occurs, thus forming a siderite crystal. All parameters that normally affect corrosion rate, will affect directly the nucleation, growth and quality of this crystal. Particularly, the metal surface texture and pH of the solution. The nucleation of siderite was studied with anodic chronoamperometry at different surface textures and pH values. It was found that the surface texture is determinant on the law governing siderite nucleation and therefore its scale. FeCO3 formation is required but not sufficient to produce a protective siderite scale. Even after producing such scale, it needs to grow to a certain thickness to offer any protection. Higher pH and rougher surfaces help to achieve good protection. Weight loss corrosion rates measured in autoclave experiments, is controlled by the siderite nucleation phenomena occurring at the interphase.

Abstract Assessment of subsurface heterogeneity in carbonate reservoirs is critical for optimizing core sampling locations for reliable calibration of core- and reservoir-scale petrophysical models. The objectives of this paper are (a) extracting NMR-based pore-size distribution (PSD) parameters (i.e., parameters defining the best multi-modal Gaussian function to PSD) to derive pore-scale heterogeneity (HTIpore), (b) extracting image-based textural features from image logs that capture the spatial distribution of rock components to estimate rock textural heterogeneity (HTItextural), and (c) proposing a workflow that honors pore- to log-scale information to quantify depth-by-depth petrophysical heterogeneity index (HTI). To achieve these objectives, we quantify parameters describing PSD through fitting multimodal Gaussian functions to NMR T2 distribution data quantitatively via an automatic inversion method. We use extracted PSD parameters to compute depth-by-depth pore-scale characteristic features (i.e., pore-scale characteristic values and weight factors) to derive a depth-by-depth variability index. Then, we develop an analytical model using the calculated variability index values to assess depth-by-depth pore-scale heterogeneity. Next, extract textural features using image logs (i.e., acoustic image logs in this paper) by employing the gray-scale cooccurrence matrix (GLCM) algorithm at various moving window sizes throughout the images. This step enables quantifying rock texture across multiple scales. We conduct principal component analysis (PCA) on the extracted features to obtain rock textural characteristic values (RTCVs) that capture maximum spatial variance in rock texture. RTCVs are used to estimate depth-by-depth textural heterogeneity. Finally, we introduce a new analytical index for depth-by-depth petrophysical heterogeneity, called HTI, through integrating pore-scale and log-scale textural heterogeneities. We successfully applied the proposed method to a field dataset from a well drilled in a Brazilian pre-salt carbonate sequence. The extracted textural features from image logs were used to obtain image-based rock classes. We identified five image-based rock classes corresponding to lacustrine carbonates including varying degrees of mud and spherulites (spherulitic shrub stone, shrub stone with calcite inclusion, cemented packstone, cemented packstone with shrub fragments, and shrub stone). Results demonstrated variations in extracted well-log-scale rock textural and pore-scale characterizing features capturing variations in compositional/petrophysical rock properties within each rock class at multiple scales. This enabled the comparison of the degree of heterogeneity in the pore structure and the rock texture associated with different scales of investigation within the formation. We detected quadrimodal Gaussian distribution characterizing the pore-size distribution ranging from 0.03 to 850 µm. The introduced HTI ranked rock classes based on local heterogeneity and located depth interval having the highest heterogeneity within the rock class, which was in agreement with the textural content of the images. HTI results showed that rock classes corresponding to shrub stone having calcite inclusion and cemented packstone have the highest and lowest local heterogeneity, respectively. When making decisions on core sampling, more core samples were detected to be required to be analyzed from the depth interval with higher HTI. The proposed workflow integrates information from multiple measurement scales (from pore- to well-log-scale) to quantify depth-by-depth spatial heterogeneity. The method proposed in this paper enables honoring quantitative rock textural features and the impact of measurement scale in quantifying heterogeneity. It also potentially enables making real-time decisions on the optimum locations of core samples for laboratory measurements to enhance reliable petrophysical evaluation and reservoir characterization at optimum cost.

Human labeling of data can be very time-consuming and expensive, yet, in many cases it is critical for the success of the learning process. In order to minimize human labeling efforts, we propose a novel active learning solution that does not rely on existing sources of unlabeled data. It uses a small amount of labeled data as the core set for the synthesis of useful membership queries (MQs) — unlabeled instances generated by an algorithm for human labeling. Our solution uses modification operators, functions that modify instances to some extent. We apply the operators on a small set of instances (core set), creating a set of new membership queries. Using this framework, we look at the instance space as a search space and apply search algorithms in order to generate new examples highly relevant to the learner. We implement this framework in the textual domain and test it on several text classification tasks and show improved classifier performance as more MQs are labeled and incorporated into the training set. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work on membership queries in the textual domain.

The article examines the situation in the textual criticism of the latest Russian poetry. The methods used in traditional textual studies do not quite work in relation to new literature, especially avant-garde and underground. On the one hand, in the era of modernity and avantgarde and after, many authors deform their text, abandon normative spelling, punctuation, grammar, and this requires the attention of the publisher. At the same time, many authors do not think of the text as final, creating all new versions. On the other hand, in conditions of censorship, many authors exist outside of printed publications, distributing their texts in self-publishing or not making them public at all. In this situation, the issue of the last author’s edition or the final text becomes problematic. The fate of archives is often difficult, and manuscripts are lost. The transition of many authors from paper to digital documents creates additional textual problems. Genetic editing can serve as a possible help in solving a number of such problems.

Risk classification plays a critical role in domains such as finance, insurance, and healthcare. However, identifying risks can be a challenging task when dealing with different types of data. In this paper, we present a novel approach using the Multimodal Transformer for risk classification, and we investigate the use of data augmentation for risk data through automated retrieval of news articles. We achieved this through keyword extraction based on the title and descriptions of risks and using various selection metrics. We evaluate our approach using a real-world dataset containing numerical, categorical, and textual data. Our results demonstrate that the use of the Multimodal Transformer for risk classification outperforms other models that only utilize textual data. We show that the inclusion of numerical and categorical data improves the performance of the model, particularly for risks that are difficult to classify based on textual data alone. Additionally, our research indicates that the utilization of data augmentation techniques yields enhanced performance outcomes in models. This methodology presents a promising avenue for enterprises to effectively mitigate risks and make well-informed decisions.

Text critical study of the early printed Cyrillic Tetraevangelions made it possible to divide these Gospel books into several textological groups. One of them, to which eleven Middle-Bulgarian and Serbian editions from XVIth c. belong, was also divided into two textual subgroups: Gospel of hieromonk Macarie (1512) and Gospel of deacon Coresi (1562). The goal of presentation is text critic analysis of the Church-Slavonic translation of the Gospel preserved in Slavonic-Romanian Early printed Tetraevangelion issued 1551–53 by Philip the Moldavian in Brașov. In the study, based on the three fragments from the Gos-pel of Matthew (3,17 – 8,21,13,44 – 15,11 and 26,1 – 27,61), all early printed Cyrillic Tetraevangelions issued Middle-Bulgarian, Serbian and East-Slavonic redactions from XVIthc. will be explored.

Construction inspection is a critical component of INDOT’s quality assurance (QA) program. Upon receiving an inspection notice/assignment, INDOT inspectors review the plans and specifications to identify the construction quality requirements and conduct their inspections accordingly. This manual approach to gathering inspection requirements from textual documents is time-consuming, subjective, and error-prone. This project addresses this critical issue by developing an inspection requirements database along with a set of tools to automatically gather the inspection requirements and provide field crews with customized construction checklists during the inspection with the specifics of what to check, when to check, and how to check, as well as the risks and the actions to take when noncompliance is encountered. This newly developed toolset eliminates the manual effort required to acquire construction requirements, which will enhance the efficiency of the construction inspection process at INDOT. It also enables the incorporation of field-collected data to automate future compliance checking and facilitate construction documentation.

In the 21st century, business engagements are becoming increasingly global, and global teams are now an established form of organising work in multinational organisations. As a result, managing cultural diver-sity within a global team has become an essential part of ensuring motivation, creativity, innovation and efficiency in today’s business world.Global teams are typically composed of a diversity of experiences, frames of references, competencies, information and, not least, cultural backgrounds. As such, they hold a unique potential for delivering high performance in terms of innovative and creative approaches to global management tasks; however, in-stead of focusing on the potentials of cultural diversity, practitioners and studies of global teams tend to approach cultural diversity as a barrier to team success. This study explores some of the barriers that cultural diversity poses but also discusses its potential to leverage high performance in a global context.Our study highlights the importance of how team leaders and team members perceive ‘culture’ as both a concept and a social practice. We take issue with a notion of culture as a relatively fixed and homogeneous set of values, norms and attitudes shared by people of national communities; it is such a notion of culture that tends to underlie understandings that highlight the irreconcilability of cultural differences.Applying a more dynamic and context-dependent approach to culture as a meaning system that people negotiate and use to interpret the world, this study explores how global leadership teams can best reap the benefits of cultural diversity in relation to specific challenging areas of intercultural team work, such as leadership style, decision making, relationship building, strategy process, and communication styles. Based on a close textual interpretation of 31 semi-structured interviews with members of global leader-ship teams in eight Danish-owned global companies, our study identified different discourses and per-ceptions of culture and cultural diversity. For leaders of the global leadership teams (Danish/European) and other European team members, three understandings of cultural diversity in their global teams were prominent:1)Cultural diversity was not an issue2)Cultural diversity was acknowledged as mainly a liability. Diversities were expressed through adifference in national cultures and could typically be subsumed under a relatively fixed numberof invariable and distinct characteristics.3)Cultural diversity was an asset and expressions of culture had to be observed in the situationand could not simply be derived from prior understandings of cultural differences.A clear result of our study was that those leaders of global teams who drew on discourses of the Asian ‘Other’ adherred to the first two understandings of cultural diversity and preferred leadership styles that were either patriarchal or self-defined as ‘Scandinavian’. Whereas those leaders who drew on discourses of culture as dynamic and negotiated social practices adhered to the third understanding of cultural di-versity and preferred a differentiated and analytical approach to leading their teams.We also focused on the perceptions of team members with a background in the country in which the global teams were co-located. These ‘local’ team members expressed a nuanced and multifaceted perspective on their own cultural background, the national culture of the company, and their own position within the team, which enabled them to easily navigate between essentialist perceptions of culture while maintain-ing a critical stance on the existing cultural hegemonies. They recognised the value of their local knowledge and language proficiency, but, for those local members in teams with a negative or essentialist view of cultural diversity, it was difficult to obtain recognition of their cultural styles and specific, non-local competences. 3Our study suggeststhat the way global team members perceive culture, based on dominant societal dis-courses of culture, significantly affects the understandings of roles and positions in global leadership teams. We found that discourses on culture were used to explain differences and similarities between team members, which profoundly affected the social practicesand dynamics of the global team. We con-clude that only global teams with team leaders who are highly aware of the multiple perspectives at play in different contexts within the team hold the capacity to be alert to cultural diversity and to demonstrate agility in leveraging differences and similarities into inclusive and dynamic team practices.

Executive Summary This report describes a series of experiments carried out by PRICE Lab, a research programme at the Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI) jointly funded by the Central Bank of Ireland, the Commission for Energy Regulation, the Competition and Consumer Protection Commission and the Commission for Communications Regulation. The experiments were conducted with samples of Irish consumers aged 18-70 years and were designed to answer the following general research question: At what point do products become too complex for consumers to choose accurately between the good ones and the bad ones? BACKGROUND AND METHODS PRICE Lab represents a departure from traditional methods employed for economic research in Ireland. It belongs to the rapidly expanding area of ‘behavioural economics’, which is the application of psychological insights to economic analysis. In recent years, behavioural economics has developed novel methods and generated many new findings, especially in relation to the choices made by consumers. These scientific advances have implications both for economics and for policy. They suggest that consumers often do not make decisions in the way that economists have traditionally assumed. The findings show that consumers have limited capacity for attending to and processing information and that they are prone to systematic biases, all of which may lead to disadvantageous choices. In short, consumers may make costly mistakes. Research has indeed documented that in several key consumer markets, including financial services, utilities and telecommunications, many consumers struggle to choose the best products for themselves. It is often argued that these markets involve ‘complex’ products. The obvious question that arises is whether consumer policy can be used to help them to make better choices when faced with complex products. Policies are more likely to be successful where they are informed by an accurate understanding of how real consumers make decisions between products. To provide evidence for consumer policy, PRICE Lab has developed a method for measuring the accuracy with which consumers make choices, using techniques adapted from the scientific study of human perception. The method allows researchers to measure how reliably consumers can distinguish a good deal from a bad one. A good deal is defined here as one where the product is more valuable than the price paid. In other words, it offers good value for money or, in the jargon of economics, offers the consumer a ‘surplus’. Conversely, a bad deal offers poor value for money, providing no (or a negative) surplus. PRICE Lab’s main experimental method, which we call the ‘Surplus Identification’ (S-ID) task, allows researchers to measure how accurately consumers can spot a surplus and whether they are prone to systematic biases. Most importantly, the S-ID task can be used to study how the accuracy of consumers’ decisions changes as the type of product changes. For the experiments we report here, samples of consumers arrived at the ESRI one at a time and spent approximately one hour doing the S-ID task with different kinds of products, which were displayed on a computer screen. They had to learn to judge the value of one or more products against prices and were then tested for accuracy. As well as people’s intrinsic motivation to do well when their performance on a task like this is tested, we provided an incentive: one in every ten consumers who attended PRICE Lab won a prize, based on their performance. Across a series of these experiments, we were able to test how the accuracy of consumers’ decisions was affected by the number and nature of the product’s characteristics, or ‘attributes’, which they had to take into account in order to distinguish good deals from bad ones. In other words, we were able to study what exactly makes for a ‘complex’ product, in the sense that consumers find it difficult to choose good deals. FINDINGS Overall, across all ten experiments described in this report, we found that consumers’ judgements of the value of products against prices were surprisingly inaccurate. Even when the product was simple, meaning that it consisted of just one clearly perceptible attribute (e.g. the product was worth more when it was larger), consumers required a surplus of around 16-26 per cent of the total price range in order to be able to judge accurately that a deal was a good one rather than a bad one. Put another way, when most people have to map a characteristic of a product onto a range of prices, they are able to distinguish at best between five and seven levels of value (e.g. five levels might be thought of as equivalent to ‘very bad’, ‘bad’, ‘average’, ‘good’, ‘very good’). Furthermore, we found that judgements of products against prices were not only imprecise, but systematically biased. Consumers generally overestimated what products at the top end of the range were worth and underestimated what products at the bottom end of the range were worth, typically by as much as 10-15 per cent and sometimes more. We then systematically increased the complexity of the products, first by adding more attributes, so that the consumers had to take into account, two, three, then four different characteristics of the product simultaneously. One product might be good on attribute A, not so good on attribute B and available at just above the xii | PRICE Lab: An Investigation of Consumers’ Capabilities with Complex Products average price; another might be very good on A, middling on B, but relatively expensive. Each time the consumer’s task was to judge whether the deal was good or bad. We would then add complexity by introducing attribute C, then attribute D, and so on. Thus, consumers had to negotiate multiple trade-offs. Performance deteriorated quite rapidly once multiple attributes were in play. Even the best performers could not integrate all of the product information efficiently – they became substantially more likely to make mistakes. Once people had to consider four product characteristics simultaneously, all of which contributed equally to the monetary value of the product, a surplus of more than half the price range was required for them to identify a good deal reliably. This was a fundamental finding of the present experiments: once consumers had to take into account more than two or three different factors simultaneously their ability to distinguish good and bad deals became strikingly imprecise. This finding therefore offered a clear answer to our primary research question: a product might be considered ‘complex’ once consumers must take into account more than two or three factors simultaneously in order to judge whether a deal is good or bad. Most of the experiments conducted after we obtained these strong initial findings were designed to test whether consumers could improve on this level of performance, perhaps for certain types of products or with sufficient practice, or whether the performance limits uncovered were likely to apply across many different types of product. An examination of individual differences revealed that some people were significantly better than others at judging good deals from bad ones. However the differences were not large in comparison to the overall effects recorded; everyone tested struggled once there were more than two or three product attributes to contend with. People with high levels of numeracy and educational attainment performed slightly better than those without, but the improvement was small. We also found that both the high level of imprecision and systematic bias were not reduced substantially by giving people substantial practice and opportunities to learn – any improvements were slow and incremental. A series of experiments was also designed to test whether consumers’ capability was different depending on the type of product attribute. In our initial experiments the characteristics of the products were all visual (e.g., size, fineness of texture, etc.). We then performed similar experiments where the relevant product information was supplied as numbers (e.g., percentages, amounts) or in categories (e.g., Type A, Rating D, Brand X), to see whether performance might improve. This question is important, as most financial and contractual information is supplied to consumers in a numeric or categorical form. The results showed clearly that the type of product information did not matter for the level of imprecision and bias in consumers’ decisions – the results were essentially the same whether the product attributes were visual, numeric or categorical. What continued to drive performance was how many characteristics the consumer had to judge simultaneously. Thus, our findings were not the result of people failing to perceive or take in information accurately. Rather, the limiting factor in consumers’ capability was how many different factors they had to weigh against each other at the same time. In most of our experiments the characteristics of the product and its monetary value were related by a one-to-one mapping; each extra unit of an attribute added the same amount of monetary value. In other words, the relationships were all linear. Because other findings in behavioural economics suggest that consumers might struggle more with non-linear relationships, we designed experiments to test them. For example, the monetary value of a product might increase more when the amount of one attribute moves from very low to low, than when it moves from high to very high. We found that this made no difference to either the imprecision or bias in consumers’ decisions provided that the relationship was monotonic (i.e. the direction of the relationship was consistent, so that more or less of the attribute always meant more or less monetary value respectively). When the relationship involved a turning point (i.e. more of the attribute meant higher monetary value but only up to a certain point, after which more of the attribute meant less value) consumers’ judgements were more imprecise still. Finally, we tested whether familiarity with the type of product improved performance. In most of the experiments we intentionally used products that were new to the experimental participants. This was done to ensure experimental control and so that we could monitor learning. In the final experiment reported here, we used two familiar products (Dublin houses and residential broadband packages) and tested whether consumers could distinguish good deals from bad deals any better among these familiar products than they could among products that they had never seen before, but which had the same number and type of attributes and price range. We found that consumers’ performance was the same for these familiar products as for unfamiliar ones. Again, what primarily determined the amount of imprecision and bias in consumers’ judgments was the number of attributes that they had to balance against each other, regardless of whether these were familiar or novel. POLICY IMPLICATIONS There is a menu of consumer polices designed to assist consumers in negotiating complex products. A review, including international examples, is given in the main body of the report. The primary aim is often to simplify the consumer’s task. Potential policies, versions of which already exist in various forms and which cover a spectrum of interventionist strength, might include: the provision and endorsement of independent, transparent price comparison websites and other choice engines (e.g. mobile applications, decision software); the provision of high quality independent consumer advice; ‘mandated simplification’, whereby regulations stipulate that providers must present product information in a simplified and standardised format specifically determined by regulation; and more strident interventions such as devising and enforcing prescriptive rules and regulations in relation to permissible product descriptions, product features or price structures. The present findings have implications for such policies. However, while the experimental findings have implications for policy, it needs to be borne in mind that the evidence supplied here is only one factor in determining whether any given intervention in markets is likely to be beneficial. The findings imply that consumers are likely to struggle to choose well in markets with products consisting of multiple important attributes that must all be factored in when making a choice. Interventions that reduce this kind of complexity for consumers may therefore be beneficial, but nothing in the present research addresses the potential costs of such interventions, or how providers are likely to respond to them. The findings are also general in nature and are intended to give insights into consumer choices across markets. There are likely to be additional factors specific to certain markets that need to be considered in any analysis of the costs and benefits of a potential policy change. Most importantly, the policy implications discussed here are not specific to Ireland or to any particular product market. Furthermore, they should not be read as criticisms of existing regulatory regimes, which already go to some lengths in assisting consumers to deal with complex products. Ireland currently has extensive regulations designed to protect consumers, both in general and in specific markets, descriptions of which can be found in Section 9.1 of the main report. Nevertheless, the experiments described here do offer relevant guidance for future policy designs. For instance, they imply that while policies that make it easier for consumers to switch providers may be necessary to encourage active consumers, they may not be sufficient, especially in markets where products are complex. In order for consumers to benefit, policies that help them to identify better deals reliably may also be required, given the scale of inaccuracy in consumers’ decisions that we record in this report when products have multiple important attributes. Where policies are designed to assist consumer decisions, the present findings imply quite severe limits in relation to the volume of information consumers can simultaneously take into account. Good impartial Executive Summary | xv consumer advice may limit the volume of information and focus on ensuring that the most important product attributes are recognised by consumers. The findings also have implications for the role of competition. While consumers may obtain substantial potential benefits from competition, their capabilities when faced with more complex products are likely to reduce such benefits. Pressure from competition requires sufficient numbers of consumers to spot and exploit better value offerings. Given our results, providers with larger market shares may face incentives to increase the complexity of products in an effort to dampen competitive pressure and generate more market power. Where marketing or pricing practices result in prices or attributes with multiple components, our findings imply that consumer choices are likely to become less accurate. Policymakers must of course be careful in determining whether such practices amount to legitimate innovations with potential consumer benefit. Yet there is a genuine danger that spurious complexity can be generated that confuses consumers and protects market power. The results described here provide backing for the promotion and/or provision by policymakers of high-quality independent choice engines, including but not limited to price comparison sites, especially in circumstances where the number of relevant product attributes is high. A longer discussion of the potential benefits and caveats associated with such policies is contained in the main body of the report. Mandated simplification policies are gaining in popularity internationally. Examples include limiting the number of tariffs a single energy company can offer or standardising health insurance products, both of which are designed to simplify the comparisons between prices and/or product attributes. The present research has some implications for what might make a good mandate. Consumer decisions are likely to be improved where a mandate brings to the consumer’s attention the most important product attributes at the point of decision. The present results offer guidance with respect to how many key attributes consumers are able simultaneously to trade off, with implications for the design of standardised disclosures. While bearing in mind the potential for imposing costs, the results also suggest benefits to compulsory ‘meta-attributes’ (such as APRs, energy ratings, total costs, etc.), which may help consumers to integrate otherwise separate sources of information. FUTURE RESEARCH The experiments described here were designed to produce findings that generalise across multiple product markets. However, in addition to the results outlined in this report, the work has resulted in new experimental methods that can be applied to more specific consumer policy issues. This is possible because the methods generate experimental measures of the accuracy of consumers’ decision-making. As such, they can be adapted to assess the quality of consumers’ decisions in relation to specific products, pricing and marketing practices. Work is underway in PRICE Lab that applies these methods to issues in specific markets, including those for personal loans, energy and mobile phones.