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Journal articles on the topic 'Thalmus; Cerebral cortex'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Zhang, Zengli, Zhi Ma, Wangyuan Zou, et al. "The Appropriate Marker for Astrocytes: Comparing the Distribution and Expression of Three Astrocytic Markers in Different Mouse Cerebral Regions." BioMed Research International 2019 (June 24, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9605265.

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Astrocytes possess different morphological characteristics depending on the cerebral region in which they are found. However, none of the current astrocytic markers can label all subpopulations successfully. Thus, identifying the appropriate marker for a specific scientific investigation is critical. Here, we compared the distribution and protein expression of three astrocyte markers: NDRG2, GFAP, and S100β, in the cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus. NDRG2- and S100β-positive astrocytes were distributed more uniformly than GFAP-positive astrocytes throughout the whole cerebrum. NDRG2 and S100βi

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Zhang, Dongyang, Abraham Z. Snyder, Michael D. Fox, Mark W. Sansbury, Joshua S. Shimony, and Marcus E. Raichle. "Intrinsic Functional Relations Between Human Cerebral Cortex and Thalamus." Journal of Neurophysiology 100, no. 4 (2008): 1740–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90463.2008.

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The brain is active even in the absence of explicit stimuli or overt responses. This activity is highly correlated within specific networks of the cerebral cortex when assessed with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) imaging. The role of the thalamus in this intrinsic activity is unknown despite its critical role in the function of the cerebral cortex. Here we mapped correlations in resting-state activity between the human thalamus and the cerebral cortex in adult humans using fMRI BOLD imaging. Based on this functional measure of int

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Fujikawa, D. G., B. E. Dwyer, R. R. Lake, and C. G. Wasterlain. "Local cerebral glucose utilization during status epilepticus in newborn primates." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 256, no. 6 (1989): C1160—C1167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1989.256.6.c1160.

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The effect of bicuculline-induced status epilepticus (SE) on local cerebral metabolic rates for glucose (LCMRglc) was studied in 2-wk-old ketamine-anesthetized marmoset monkeys, using the 2-[14C]-deoxy-D-glucose autoradiographical technique. To estimate LCMRglc in cerebral cortex and thalamus during SE, the lumped constant (LC) for 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) and the rate constants for 2-DG and glucose were calculated for these regions. The control LC was 0.43 in frontoparietal cortex, 0.51 in temporal cortex, and 0.50 in thalamus; it increased to 1.07 in frontoparietal cortex, 1.13 in temporal c

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Hiroki, Masahiko, Takeshi Uema, Naofumi Kajimura, et al. "Cerebral white matter blood flow is constant during human non-rapid eye movement sleep: a positron emission tomographic study." Journal of Applied Physiology 98, no. 5 (2005): 1846–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00653.2004.

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This study aimed to identify brain regions with the least decreased cerebral blood flow (CBF) and their relationship to physiological parameters during human non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Using [15O]H2O positron emission tomography, CBF was measured for nine normal young adults during nighttime. As NREM sleep progressed, mean arterial blood pressure and whole brain mean CBF decreased significantly; arterial partial pressure of CO2 and, selectively, relative CBF of the cerebral white matter increased significantly. Absolute CBF remained constant in the cerebral white matter, registering

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RamaRao, G., CK Waghmare, Nalini Srivastava та BK Bhattacharya. "Regional alterations of JNK3 and CaMKIIα subunit expression in the rat brain after soman poisoning". Human & Experimental Toxicology 30, № 6 (2010): 448–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327110386814.

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Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) exert numerous and diverse functions in the brain. However, their role in nerve agent poisoning is poorly understood. In the present study, rats were exposed to soman (80 µg/kg) subcutaneously to study the changes in the protein levels of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alpha subunit (CaMKIIα) and JNK3 and activities of acetylcholinestarase (AChE) and CaMKII in the rat brain. Western blot analysis revealed that significant changes were found in both the protein kinases expression. Immunor

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Nwokolo, Munachiso, Stephanie A. Amiel, Owen O'Daly, et al. "Hypoglycemic thalamic activation in type 1 diabetes is associated with preserved symptoms despite reduced epinephrine." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 40, no. 4 (2019): 787–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0271678x19842680.

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Brain responses to low plasma glucose may be key to understanding the behaviors that prevent severe hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes. This study investigated the impact of long duration, hypoglycemia aware type 1 diabetes on cerebral blood flow responses to hypoglycemia. Three-dimensional pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 15 individuals with type 1 diabetes and 15 non-diabetic controls during a two-step hyperinsulinemic glucose clamp. Symptom, hormone, global cerebral blood flow and regional cerebral blood flow responses to hypoglycemia were me

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kakou, Medard, Fulbert Kouakou, Dominique Nâdri Oka, Alban Slim Mbende, Johann Peltier, and StÃ©phane Velut. "Microanatomy of Thalamic Radiations." International Journal of Human Anatomy 1, no. 1 (2017): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2577-2279.ijha-17-1719.

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Background Thalamic radiations also known as thalamocortical pathways are reciprocal myelinated nerve fibers, arranged in a fanning pattern, grouped into tracts or fasciculi; and connecting the thalamus to the cerebral cortex. Detailed in vitro study of these tracts is seldom reported in the literature. Objective We sought to describe the microanatomy of thalamic radiations by means of the fiber-dissection technique to discuss challenges in dissection techniques and anatomic nomenclature, and follow through with a literature review. Methods Twenty formalin-fixed normal human hemispheres were d

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8

McCormick, David A. "Neurotransmitter Actions in the Thalamus and Cerebral Cortex." Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology 9, no. 2 (1992): 212–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004691-199204010-00004.

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9

Swanson, Larry W., Olaf Sporns, and Joel D. Hahn. "The network organization of rat intrathalamic macroconnections and a comparison with other forebrain divisions." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 27 (2019): 13661–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1905961116.

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The thalamus is 1 of 4 major divisions of the forebrain and is usually subdivided into epithalamus, dorsal thalamus, and ventral thalamus. The 39 gray matter regions comprising the large dorsal thalamus project topographically to the cerebral cortex, whereas the much smaller epithalamus (2 regions) and ventral thalamus (5 regions) characteristically project subcortically. Before analyzing extrinsic inputs and outputs of the thalamus, here, the intrinsic connections among all 46 gray matter regions of the rat thalamus on each side of the brain were expertly collated and subjected to network ana

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10

Benzi, G., O. Pastoris, F. Marzatico, and R. F. Villa. "Cerebral Enzyme Antioxidant System. Influence of Aging and Phosphatidylcholine." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 9, no. 3 (1989): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1989.56.

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To obtain a comprehensive profile of the age-related changes of the antioxidant enzyme system in discrete brain regions (cortex, caudate-putamen, substantia nigra, thalamus), the present study involved practically the total life span of male Wistar rats (from 5 to 35 months of age). The activities of both glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase increase from 5 to 25 months of life and remain relatively constant or decrease scantily thereafter. In thalamus, the activity of total superoxide dismutase (SOD) increases from 5 to 20 months of rat life and decreases the

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Toulmin, Hilary, Christian F. Beckmann, Jonathan O'Muircheartaigh, et al. "Specialization and integration of functional thalamocortical connectivity in the human infant." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 20 (2015): 6485–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1422638112.

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Connections between the thalamus and cortex develop rapidly before birth, and aberrant cerebral maturation during this period may underlie a number of neurodevelopmental disorders. To define functional thalamocortical connectivity at the normal time of birth, we used functional MRI (fMRI) to measure blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signals in 66 infants, 47 of whom were at high risk of neurocognitive impairment because of birth before 33 wk of gestation and 19 of whom were term infants. We segmented the thalamus based on correlation with functionally defined cortical components using indepe

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Tanaka, Akira, Shinya Yoshinaga, and Masato Kimura. "Xenon-enhanced Computed Tomographic Measurement of Cerebral Blood Flow in Patients with Chronic Subdural Hematomas." Neurosurgery 27, no. 4 (1990): 554–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/00006123-199010000-00009.

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Abstract We compared clinical symptoms with extent of brain shift on computed tomographic (CT) scans and quantitative and three-dimensional measurements of cerebral blood flow (CBF) on xenon-enhanced CT scans in 10 patients with chronic subdural hematomas. Five patients had only headache and minimal or no brain shift on a CT scan. The other five had hemiparesis and/or mental disturbance in addition to headache and moderate or severe brain shift on a CT scan. The mean hemispheric CBF decreased about 7% in patients with headache and about 35% in patients with hemiparesis and/or mental disturbanc

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13

Hayward, Nick MEA, Pavel Yanev, Annakaisa Haapasalo, et al. "Chronic Hyperperfusion and Angiogenesis Follow Subacute Hypoperfusion in the Thalamus of Rats with Focal Cerebral Ischemia." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 31, no. 4 (2010): 1119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2010.202.

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Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is disrupted after focal ischemia in rats. We examined long-term hemodynamic and cerebrovascular changes in the rat thalamus after focal cerebral ischemia. Cerebral blood flow quantified by arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging was decreased in the ipsilateral and contralateral thalamus 2 days after cerebral ischemia. Partial thalamic CBF recovery occurred by day 7, then the ipsilateral thalamus was chronically hyperperfused at 30 days and 3 months compared with its contralateral side. This contrasted with permanent hypoperfusion in the ipsilateral cortex.

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14

Cui, Shaoyang, Mingzhu Xu, Jianting Huang, et al. "Cerebral Responses to Acupuncture at GV24 and Bilateral GB13 in Rat Models of Alzheimer’s Disease." Behavioural Neurology 2018 (2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8740284.

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Acupuncture has been widely used in China to treat neurological diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, its mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, eighty healthy Wistar rats were divided into a normal control group (n=15) and premodel group (n=65). Forty-five rats that met the criteria for the AD model were then randomly divided into the model group (MG), the nonacupoint group (NG), and the acupoint group (AG). All rats received positron emission tomography (PET) scanning, and the images were analyzed with Statistical Parametric Mapping 8.0. MG exhibited hypometabolism

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15

Guillery, R. W. "Branching Thalamic Afferents Link Action and Perception." Journal of Neurophysiology 90, no. 2 (2003): 539–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00337.2003.

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Recent observations of single axons and review of older literature show that axons afferent to the thalamus commonly branch, sending one branch to the thalamus and another to a motor or premotor center of the brain stem. That is, the messages that the thalamus relays to the cerebral cortex can be regarded as copies of motor instructions. This pattern of axonal branching is reviewed, particularly for the somatosensory and the visual pathways. The extent to which this anatomical evidence relates to views that link action to perception is explored. Most pathways going through the thalamus to the

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Shirotani, Toshiki, Katsuji Shima, Miwako Iwata, Hideyuki Kita, and Hiroo Chigasaki. "Calcium Accumulation following Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 14, no. 5 (1994): 831–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1994.104.

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Delayed neuronal damage in the ischemic region of the rat brain following middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats was studied. The distribution of neuronal damage was determined by 45Ca autoradiography. Accumulation of 45Ca was observed in the corpus callosum and ipsilateral cerebral cortex immediately following MCA occlusion. After 3 days of occlusion, 45Ca had accumulated in the ipsilateral pyramidal tract, the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus, and the lateral portion of the striatum. Significant accumulation of 45Ca was observed in the

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Ito, Masaki, Satoshi Kuroda, Tohru Shiga, Nagara Tamaki, and Yoshinobu Iwasaki. "Motor Cortex Stimulation Improves Local Cerebral Glucose Metabolism in the Ipsilateral Thalamus in Patients With Poststroke Pain: Case Report." Neurosurgery 69, no. 2 (2011): E462—E469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/neu.0b013e318218cfa0.

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Abstract BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE: Motor cortex stimulation (MCS) is documented as an effective therapeutic option for patients with poststroke pain. However, its underlying mechanism is still unclear. This study aimed to evaluate local cerebral glucose metabolism before and after MCS in patients with poststroke pain. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: Using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (CMRGlu) was measured in 6 patients with poststroke pain before MCS. Their lesions were located in the corona radiata, internal capsule, and thalamus. An epidura

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18

Edelman, David B. "Consciousness without corticocentrism: Beating an evolutionary path." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 30, no. 1 (2007): 91–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x07000994.

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Merker's approach allows the formulation of an evolutionary view of consciousness that abandons a dependence on structural homology – in this case, the presence of a cerebral cortex – in favor of functional concordance. In contrast to Merker, though, I maintain that the emergence of complex, dynamic interactions, such as those which occur between thalamus and cortex, was central to the appearance of consciousness.

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Wünschmann, Arno, Robert Lopez-Astacio, Aníbal G. Armién, Leslie Reed, and Colin R. Parrish. "Parvovirus-induced encephalitis in a juvenile raccoon." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 33, no. 1 (2020): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638720967381.

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A juvenile raccoon was euthanized because of severe neurologic signs. At postmortem examination, no significant gross lesions were present. Histologic evaluation demonstrated nonsuppurative encephalitis in thalamus, brainstem, and hippocampus, cerebellar Purkinje cell loss, as well as poliomyelitis and demyelination of the spinal cord. Parvovirus antigen–specific immunohistochemistry revealed immunopositive neurons in the brainstem, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus. A few Purkinje cells were also immunopositive. DNA extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain tissue (thalamus, hippo

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Bucher, Stefan F., Marianne Dieterich, Klaus C. Seelos, and Thomas Brandt. "Sensorimotor cerebral activation during optokinetic nystagmus." Neurology 49, no. 5 (1997): 1370–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.49.5.1370.

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Self-motion or object motion can elicit optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), which is an integral part of dynamic spatial orientation. We used functional MR imaging during horizontal OKN to study cerebral activation patterns in sensory and ocular motor areas in 10 subjects. We found activation bilaterally in the primary visual cortex, the motion-sensitive areas in the occipitotemporal cortex (the middle temporal and medial superior temporal areas), and in areas known to control several types of saccades such as the precentral and posterior median frontal gyrus, the posterior parietal cortex, and the m

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Agarwal, Shyam Lal, Mrinalkanti Ghosh, Shadab Afroze, Anirbaan Palit, Aniruddha Ghosh, and Kaustav Nayek. "Neuroimaging evaluation of pattern of brain involvement in Japanese encephalitis and other viral encephalitis in paediatric age group." International Journal of Biomedical Research 9, no. 4 (2018): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.7439/ijbr.v9i4.4694.

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Introduction: Japanese encephalitis virus, a flavivirus is a significant cause of arboviral encephalitis worldwide. The virus is transmitted to humans via the bite of infected Culex mosquitoes especially C. tritaeniorhynchus, they prefer to bite outdoors and are extremely active and are extremely active in the evening and night. Neuroimaging reveals by MRI and CT scan of patients of Japanese encephalitis shows characteristic lesions particularly in the thalami, substantia nigra, basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, brainstem and white matter.Material & Method: A total of 50 patients

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Yin, Y., and Y. Yuan. "The Dopaminergic Polymorphisms in Psychomotor Retardation of Depression: A Pathway-based Imaging Genetics Association Study." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (2017): S145—S146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1989.

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IntroductionSeveral lines of evidence implicate dopamine is involved in the psychomotor retardation (PMR) in major depressive disorder (MDD). Besides, abnormal cerebral blood flow (CBF) of PMR was also found in the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical (CBTC) circuitry. We hypothesize that the polymorphisms of the dopaminergic pathway should be associated the abnormal CBF in the CBTC circuitry.ObjectiveTo investigate the association of the polymorphisms throughout the dopaminergic pathway with the cerebral blood flow (CBF) of PMR in MDD.MethodsThe blood sample of 63 patients (23 PMR, 40 NPMR)

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Svensson, Peter, Satoshi Minoshima, Ahmad Beydoun, Thomas J. Morrow, and Kenneth L. Casey. "Cerebral Processing of Acute Skin and Muscle Pain in Humans." Journal of Neurophysiology 78, no. 1 (1997): 450–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.78.1.450.

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Svensson, Peter, Satoshi Minoshima, Ahmad Beydoun, Thomas J. Morrow, and Kenneth L. Casey. Cerebral processing of acute skin and muscle pain in humans. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 450–460, 1997. The human cerebral processing of noxious input from skin and muscle was compared with the use of positron emission tomography with intravenous H2 15O to detect changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) as an indicator of neuronal activity. During each of eight scans, 11 normal subjects rated the intensity of stimuli delivered to the nondominant (left) forearm on a scale ranging from 0 to 100 with 70 as p

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Liu, Qi, Peihai Zhang, Junjie Pan, et al. "Cerebral Activity Changes in Different Traditional Chinese Medicine Patterns of Psychogenic Erectile Dysfunction Patients." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/503536.

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Background.Pattern differentiation is the foundation of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) treatment for erectile dysfunction (ED). This study aims to investigate the differences in cerebral activity in ED patients with different TCM patterns.Methods.27 psychogenic ED patients and 27 healthy subjects (HS) were enrolled in this study. Each participant underwent an fMRI scan in resting state. The fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) was used to detect the brain activity changes in ED patients with different patterns.Results.Compared to HS, ED patients showed an increased cer

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Hsieh, Ching-Liang, Qwang-Yuen Chang, I.-hsin Lin, et al. "The Study of Electroacupuncture on Cerebral Blood Flow in Rats With and Without Cerebral Ischemia." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 34, no. 02 (2006): 351–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x06003886.

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Electroacupuncture (EA) is widely used to treat disorders of the nervous system, such as stroke. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of EA on cerebral blood flow (CBF) in cerebral ischemic rats. We developed an animal model of cerebral ischemia (CI) by occluding the blood flow of both common carotid arteries in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats; 2 or 15 Hz EA was applied to both Zusanli acupoints. The levels of nitric oxide (NO) in the peripheral blood and amounts of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the cerebral cortex and thalamus were measured. In addition, L-N (G)-nit

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Guell, Xavier, Anila M. D’Mello, Nicholas A. Hubbard, et al. "Functional Territories of Human Dentate Nucleus." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 4 (2019): 2401–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz247.

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Abstract Anatomical connections link the cerebellar cortex with multiple sensory, motor, association, and paralimbic cerebral areas. The majority of fibers that exit cerebellar cortex synapse in dentate nuclei (DN) before reaching extracerebellar structures such as cerebral cortex, but the functional neuroanatomy of human DN remains largely unmapped. Neuroimaging research has redefined broad categories of functional division in the human brain showing that primary processing, attentional (task positive) processing, and default-mode (task negative) processing are three central poles of neural m

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Blinkenberg, Morten, Christian Bonde, Søren Holm, et al. "Rate Dependence of Regional Cerebral Activation during Performance of a Repetitive Motor Task: A PET Study." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 16, no. 5 (1996): 794–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004647-199609000-00004.

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Using repeated positron emission tomography (PET) measures of regional cerebral counts, we investigated the regional cortical activations induced in eight normal subjects performing eight different frequencies of fingertapping (0.5–4 Hz) with the right index finger. The task was auditorially cued and the performance recorded during the scanning procedure. Performance evaluation showed increased error rates, during fingertapping, of high and low frequencies, and the best tapping performance was measured in the midrange of frequencies. Significantly activated areas ( p < 0.05) of normalized c

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Abdallah, Majd, Nicolas Farrugia, Valentine Chirokoff, and Sandra Chanraud. "Static and dynamic aspects of cerebro-cerebellar functional connectivity are associated with self-reported measures of impulsivity: A resting-state fMRI study." Network Neuroscience 4, no. 3 (2020): 891–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/netn_a_00149.

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Human and animal brain studies bring converging evidence of a possible role for the cerebellum and the cerebro-cerebellar system in impulsivity. However, the precise nature of the relation between cerebro-cerebellar coupling and impulsivity is far from understood. Characterizing functional connectivity (FC) patterns between large-scale brain networks that mediate different forms of impulsivity, and the cerebellum may improve our understanding of this relation. Here, we analyzed static and dynamic features of cerebro-cerebellar FC using a highly sampled resting-state functional magnetic resonan

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Yamamoto, Kazumi, Fumiharu Akai, Toshiki Yoshimine, and Takehiko Yanagihara. "Immunohistochemical investigation of cerebral ischemia after middle cerebral artery occlusion in gerbils." Journal of Neurosurgery 67, no. 3 (1987): 414–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1987.67.3.0414.

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✓ Progression and recovery of ischemic and postischemic damage after occlusion of the middle cerebral artery and subsequent reperfusion were investigated in the gerbil. This study was performed by immunohistochemical reaction testing for tubulin and creatine kinase BB-isoenzyme to visualize the neuronal structure and by immunohistochemical reaction testing for astroprotein (an astrocyte-specific protein) to visualize reactive astrocytes. The earliest ischemic lesion became visible in the frontoparietal cortex after 7 minutes of ischemia as a laminar loss of the reaction for tubulin involving t

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Li, Jing, Chong Peng, Dongjian Lai, et al. "Changes in cerebral glucose metabolism after acupuncture at KI3 in spontaneously hypertensive rats: a positron emission tomography study." Acupuncture in Medicine 37, no. 2 (2019): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0964528419828733.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the effect of acupuncture stimulation at KI3 on brain glucose metabolism in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Methods: Brain glucose metabolism in SHRs after acupuncture stimulation at KI3 was detected using 18F-2-fluorodeoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG-PET). SHRs were randomly divided into three groups: no treatment (SHR group); acupuncture at KI3 (KI3 group); and sham acupuncture (Sham group). Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were used as a normal blood pressure (BP) control group. Rats were subjected to 10 min of acupuncture o

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Dasdelen, Dervis, Rasim Mogulkoc, and Abdülkerim Kasim Baltaci. "Aquaporins and Roles in Brain Health and Brain Injury." Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 20, no. 6 (2020): 498–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389557519666191018142007.

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In the literature screening, aquaporins were found in the cerebral structures including the pia mater, choroid plexus, ependyma, piriform cortex, hippocampus, dorsal thalamus, supraoptic and suprachiasmatic nuclei, white matter and subcortical organ. Among these, the most common are AQP1, AQP4, and AQP9. The roles of aquaporins have been demonstrated in several diseases such as cerebral edema, various central nervous system tumors, Alzheimer’s Disease and epilepsy. In this review, the relationship between brain/brain-injury and aquaporin, has been reviewed.

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Yoshimine, Toshiki, Kazuyoshi Morimoto, Joan M. Brengman, Henry A. Homburger, Heitaro Mogami, and Takehiko Yanagihara. "Immunohistochemical investigation of cerebral ischemia during recirculation." Journal of Neurosurgery 63, no. 6 (1985): 922–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1985.63.6.0922.

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✓ Immunohistochemical methods for the determination of tubulin, creatine kinase BB-isoenzyme, and astroprotein-glial fibrillary acidic protein were used to investigate recovery of the ischemic lesion after temporary occlusion of a common carotid artery in the gerbil and the evolution of the postischemic lesion following reperfusion. One group of gerbils was followed from 15 minutes to one month after an ischemic period of 30 minutes, and another group was examined after 7 days following an ischemic period of 5 to 30 minutes. It was found that the postischemic lesion, visualized as loss of the

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Hofbauer, Robert K., Pierre Fiset, Gilles Plourde, Steven B. Backman, and M. Catherine Bushnell. "Dose-dependent Effects of Propofol on the Central Processing of Thermal Pain." Anesthesiology 100, no. 2 (2004): 386–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200402000-00031.

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Background Anatomic and physiologic data show that multiple regions of the forebrain are activated by pain. However, the effect of anesthetic level on nociceptive input to these regions is not well understood. Methods The authors used positron emission tomography to measure the effect of various concentrations of propofol on pain-evoked changes in regional cerebral blood flow. Fifteen volunteers were scanned while warm and painful heat stimuli were presented to the volar forearm using a contact thermode during administration of target propofol concentrations of 0.0 microg/ml (alert control), 0

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McGuire, P. K., C. J. Bench, C. D. Frith, I. M. Marks, R. S. J. Frackowiak, and R. J. Dolan. "Functional Anatomy of Obsessive–Compulsive Phenomena." British Journal of Psychiatry 164, no. 4 (1994): 459–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.164.4.459.

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Regional cerebral blood flow was measured with H215O positron emission tomography in four patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder. Patients were scanned on 12 occasions in the same session, with each scan paired with brief exposure to one of a hierarchy of contaminants that elicited increasingly intense urges to ritualise. The relationship between symptom intensity and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF; an index of neural activity) was subsequently examined in the group and in individual patients. The group showed significant positive correlations between symptom intensity and blood flow

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Ross, Douglas T., and David I. Graham. "Selective Loss and Selective Sparing of Neurons in the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus following Human Cardiac Arrest." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 13, no. 4 (1993): 558–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1993.73.

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Neurons in the portion of the human thalamic reticular nucleus (RT) associated with the prefrontal cortex and mediodorsal thalamic nuclei were found to be selectively vulnerable to ischemic neuronal damage following relatively short (≤5-min) duration cardiac arrest. In contrast, selective sparing of these RT neurons occurred in cases with longer (>10-min) duration of arrest that was sufficient to produce extensive ischemic neuronal damage throughout the cerebral cortex and thalamic relay nuclei. The selective degeneration of RT neurons appears to require the sustained activity of corticotha

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Perani, Daniela, Cristina Colombo, Sergio Bressi, et al. "[18F]FDG PET Study in Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 166, no. 2 (1995): 244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.166.2.244.

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BackgroundWe used [18F]FDG and PET in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) to evaluate cerebral metabolic involvement before and after treatment with serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors.MethodIn 11 untreated, drug-free adults, regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (rCMRglu) was compared with that of 15 age-matched normal controls.ResultsrCMRglu values were significantly increased in the cingulate cortex, thalamus and pallidum/putamen complex. After treatment a significant improvement in obsessive–compulsive symptoms on the Y-BOC scale (t = 3.59, P < 0.01) was associat

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Limsoontarakul, Sunsern, Meghan C. Campbell, and Kevin J. Black. "A Perfusion MRI Study of Emotional Valence and Arousal in Parkinson’s Disease." Parkinson's Disease 2011 (2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/742907.

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Background. Brain regions subserving emotion have mostly been studied using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during emotion provocation procedures in healthy participants.Objective. To identify neuroanatomical regions associated with spontaneous changes in emotional state over time.Methods. Self-rated emotional valence and arousal scores, and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) measured by perfusion MRI, were measured 4 or 8 times spanning at least 2 weeks in each of 21 subjects with Parkinson’s disease (PD). A random-effects SPM analysis, corrected for multiple comparisons, identi

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Guirado, Salvador. "The dorsal thalamic connection in the origin of the isocortex." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 26, no. 5 (2003): 557–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x03270126.

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The origin of the isocortex may be seen as a series of gradual changes (each one with an adaptive value) from a reptilian-like cerebral cortex, as proposed by Aboitiz et al., or as a new dorsal pallium derivative in mammals which undergoes a surface expansion concomitant with the expansion of the dorsal tier of the dorsal thalamus.

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Jones, Edward G. "Synchrony in the Interconnected Circuitry of the Thalamus and Cerebral Cortex." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1157, no. 1 (2009): 10–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04534.x.

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Bonhomme, V., P. Fiset, P. Meuret, et al. "Propofol Anesthesia and Cerebral Blood Flow Changes Elicited by Vibrotactile Stimulation: A Positron Emission Tomography Study." Journal of Neurophysiology 85, no. 3 (2001): 1299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.85.3.1299.

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We investigated the effects of the general anesthetic agent propofol on cerebral structures involved in the processing of vibrotactile information. Using positron emission tomography (PET) and the H2 15O bolus technique, we measured regional distribution of cerebral blood flow (CBF) in eight healthy human volunteers. They were scanned under five different levels of propofol anesthesia. Using a computer-controlled infusion, the following plasma levels of propofol were targeted: Level W (Waking, 0 μg/ml), Level 1 (0.5 μg/ml), Level 2 (1.5 μg/ml), Level 3 (3.5 μg/ml), and Level R (Recovery). At e

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Takano, Harumasa, Nobutaka Motohashi, Takeshi Uema, et al. "Changes in regional cerebral blood flow during acute electroconvulsive therapy in patients with depression." British Journal of Psychiatry 190, no. 1 (2007): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.106.023036.

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BackgroundAlthough electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is widely used to treat psychiatric disorders such as depression, its precise neural mechanisms remain unknown.AimsTo investigate the time course of changes in cerebral blood flow during acute ECT.MethodCerebral blood flow was quantified serially prior to, during and after acute ECT in six patients with depression under anaesthesia using [15O]H2O positron emission tomography (PET).ResultsCerebral blood flow during ECT increased particularly in the basal ganglia, brain-stem, diencephalon, amygdala, vermis and the frontal, temporal and parietal

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Kita, Hideyuki, Katsuji Shima, Miwako Tatsumi, and Hiroo Chigasaki. "Cerebral Blood Flow and Glucose Metabolism of the Ischemic Rim in Spontaneously Hypertensive Stroke-Prone Rats with Occlusion of the Middle Cerebral Artery." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 15, no. 2 (1995): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1995.29.

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To determine acute postischemic metabolic changes of the ischemic rim under conditions of poor collateral circulation, we examined cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism in the area of the brain around the ischemic tissue in 36 male spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats (SHRSP) in the acute stage of focal ischemia. The right middle cerebral artery (MCA) was occluded dorsal to the rhinal fissure. Four hours after occlusion, local cerebral blood flow (LCBF), glucose content (LCGC), and glucose utilization (LCGU) were measured by quantitative autoradiographic techniques. The lumped con

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Paschen, Wulf, Joachim Hallmayer, Günter Mies, and Gabriele Röhn. "Ornithine Decarboxylase Activity and Putrescine Levels in Reversible Cerebral Ischemia of Mongolian Gerbils: Effect of Barbiturate." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 10, no. 2 (1990): 236–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1990.40.

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Reversible cerebral ischemia was produced in anesthetized Mongolian gerbils by occluding both common carotid arteries. After 5 min of ischemia, brains were recirculated for 8 or 24 h. Treated animals received a single intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbitol (50 mg/kg) immediately after the anuerysm clips were removed. At the end of the experiments, animals were reanesthetized and their brains frozen in situ. Tissue samples were taken from the cerebral cortex, lateral striatum, CA1 subfield of the hippocampus, thalamus, and cerebellum for measuring ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and

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Hyodo, Fuminori, Kai-Hsiang Chuang, Artem G. Goloshevsky, et al. "Brain Redox Imaging Using Blood—Brain Barrier-Permeable Nitroxide MRI Contrast Agent." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 28, no. 6 (2008): 1165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2008.5.

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and compromised antioxidant defense may contribute to brain disorders such as stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, etc. Nitroxides are redox-sensitive paramagnetic contrast agents and antioxidants. The ability of a blood—brain barrier (BBB)-permeable nitroxide, methoxycarbonyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine-1-oxyl (MC-P), as a magnetic resonance-imaging (MRI) contrast agent for brain tissue redox imaging was tested. MC-P relaxation in rodent brain was quantified by MRI using a fast Look-Locker T1-mapping sequence. In the cerebral cortex and thalamus, the MRI sig

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Lockwood, Alan H., Eddy W. H. Yap, Howard M. Rhoades, and Wai-Hoi Wong. "Altered Cerebral Blood Flow and Glucose Metabolism in Patients with Liver Disease and Minimal Encephalopathy." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 11, no. 2 (1991): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1991.66.

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We measured CBF and the CMRglc in normal controls and in patients with severe liver disease and evidence for minimal hepatic encephalopathy using positron emission tomography. Regions were defined in frontal, temporal, parietal, and visual cortex; the thalamus; the caudate; the cerebellum; and the white matter along with a whole-slice value obtained at the level of the thalamus. There was no difference in whole-slice CBF and CMRglc values. Individual regional values were normalized to the whole-slice value and subjected to a two-way repeated measures analysis of variance. When normalized CBF a

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Honkaniemi, Jari, Bradley A. States, Philip R. Weinstein, Jose Espinoza, and Frank R. Sharp. "Expression of Zinc Finger Immediate Early Genes in Rat Brain After Permanent Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 17, no. 6 (1997): 636–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004647-199706000-00005.

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The prolonged expression of the leucine zipper fos/jun immediate early genes (IEG) has been correlated with neuronal death after cerebral ischemia. In this study, the expression of six zinc finger IEG was examined using in situ hybridization in adult rats after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with the suture model. NGFI-A, NGFI-B, NGFI-C, egr-2, egr-3, and Nurr1 mRNA were all induced throughout the ipsilateral cortex at 1 hour to 12 hours after MCAO. The cortical induction for most of the genes was greatest in the anterior cingulate and the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and middle cer

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Lowe, Mark J., Joseph T. Lurito, Vincent P. Mathews, Micheal D. Phillips, and Gary D. Hutchins. "Quantitative Comparison of Functional Contrast from BOLD-Weighted Spin-Echo and Gradient-Echo Echoplanar Imaging at 1.5 Tesla and H215O PET in the Whole Brain." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 20, no. 9 (2000): 1331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004647-200009000-00008.

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Spin-echo and gradient-echo echoplanar functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies at 1.5 Tesla (T) were used to obtain blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast images of the whole brain in seven strongly right-handed women during execution of a complex motor task. Five subjects underwent subsequent H215O positron emission tomography (PET) studies while performing the same task. Group-averaged results for changes in the MRI relaxation rates R2* and R2 at 1.5T in response to neuronal activation in nine cortical, subcortical, and cerebellar motor regions are reported. Results f

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Sheldrick, A., S. Camara, M. Ilieva, P. Riederer, and T. M. Michel. "Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin 3 (NT3) levels in post-mortem brain tissue from patients with depression compared to healthy individuals – a proof of concept study." European Psychiatry 46 (October 2017): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.06.009.

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AbstractThe neurotrophic factors (NTF) hypothesis of depression was postulated nearly a decade ago and is nowadays widely acknowledged. Previous reports suggest that cerebral concentrations of NTF may be reduced in suicide victims who received minimal or no antidepressant pharmacotherapy. Recent evidence suggests that antidepressant treatment may improve or normalise cerebral concentrations of neurotrophic factors. Therefore, we examined the concentration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin 3 (NT3) in different brain regions (cortex, cingulate gyrus, thalamus, hippocam

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Murphy, K., D. R. Corfield, A. Guz, et al. "Cerebral areas associated with motor control of speech in humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 83, no. 5 (1997): 1438–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.83.5.1438.

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Murphy, K., D. R. Corfield, A. Guz, G. R. Fink, R. J. S. Wise, J. Harrison, and L. Adams. Cerebral areas associated with motor control of speech in humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(5): 1438–1447, 1997.—We have defined areas in the brain activated during speaking, utilizing positron emission tomography. Six normal subjects continuously repeated the phrase “Buy Bobby a poppy” (requiring minimal language processing) in four ways: A) spoken aloud, B) mouthed silently, C) without articulation, and D) thought silently. Statistical comparison of images from conditions Awith C and B with D highlighted are

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Zarrinpar, Amir, and Edward M. Callaway. "Local Connections to Specific Types of Layer 6 Neurons in the Rat Visual Cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 95, no. 3 (2006): 1751–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00974.2005.

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Because layer 6 of the cerebral cortex receives direct thalamic input and provides projections back to the thalamus, it is in a unique position to influence thalamocortical interactions. Different types of layer 6 pyramidal neurons provide output to different thalamic nuclei, and it is therefore of interest to understand the sources of functional input to these neurons. We studied the morphologies and local excitatory input to individual layer 6 neurons in rat visual cortex by combining intracellular labeling and recording with laser-scanning photostimulation. As in previous photostimulation s

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