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Journal articles on the topic 'The 1960s and 1970s'
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1
Eero, Margit. "Reconstructing the population dynamics of sprat (Sprattus sprattus balticus) in the Baltic Sea in the 20th century." ICES Journal of Marine Science 69, no. 6 (2012): 1010–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fss051.
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Abstract Eero, M. 2012. Reconstructing the population dynamics of sprat (Sprattus sprattus balticus) in the Baltic Sea in the 20th century. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 1010–1018 . Long time-series of population dynamics are increasingly needed in order to understand human impacts on marine ecosystems and support their sustainable management. In this study, the estimates of sprat (Sprattus sprattus balticus) biomass in the Baltic Sea were extended back from the beginning of ICES stock assessments in 1974 to the early 1900s. The analyses identified peaks in sprat spawner biomass in the beginning of the 1930s, 1960s, and 1970s at ∼900 kt. Only a half of that biomass was estimated for the late 1930s, for the period from the late 1940s to the mid-1950s, and for the mid-1960s. For the 1900s, fisheries landings suggest a relatively high biomass, similar to the early 1930s. The exploitation rate of sprat was low until the development of pelagic fisheries in the 1960s. Spatially resolved analyses from the 1960s onwards demonstrate changes in the distribution of sprat biomass over time. The average body weight of sprat by age in the 1950s to 1970s was higher than at present, but lower than during the 1980s to 1990s. The results of this study facilitate new analyses of the effects of climate, predation, and anthropogenic drivers on sprat, and contribute to setting long-term management strategies for the Baltic Sea.
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Burlutskyi, Andriy. "Scenic Speech in the «New Ukrainian Theatre»: Specificity of Functioning." Bulletin of KNUKiM. Series in Arts, no. 34 (June 5, 2016): 10–19. https://doi.org/10.31866/2410-1176.34.2016.158193.
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The paper identifies specificity of forming and functioning of scenic speech in the period of formation of the «new Ukrainian theatre», whose framework chronologically unites the «silver» era (the 1920s) and the Ukrainian soviet theatre (the political theatre of the 1930s–1950s, the theatre of war time, the theatre of aesthetic innovations of the 1950s–1960s, and the «searching» theatre of the 1970s–1980s).
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Adom Getachew Talks to Ashish Ghadiali. "World makers of the Black Atlantic." Soundings 75, no. 75 (2020): 180–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3898/soun.75.11.2020.
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In Worldmaking After Empire, Adom Getachew challenges standard histories of decolonisation, which chart the story of a simple shift from empire to independent nationhood. She shows that supporters of decolonisation have always sought to create something much more than nationalisms: they have engaged in a dynamic and rival system of revolutionary worldmaking, seeking an alternative international system that could replace the old inequitable dispensation. She charts this decolonial project from its roots in the works of Black Atlantic thinkers like W.E.B. Du Bois and C.L.R. James in the 1920s and 1930s. The key events she tracks are the challenges the project faced in the United Nations in the 1940s and 1950s; attempts at regional federation in late 1950s and 1960s; and the emergence of the New International Economic Order in the 1960s and 1970s. This a twentieth century tradition now ripe to be reclaimed and revived.
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Duan, J., L. Wang, L. Li, and Y. Sun. "Tree-ring-inferred glacier mass balance variation in southeastern Tibetan Plateau and its linkage with climate variability." Climate of the Past 9, no. 6 (2013): 2451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-2451-2013.
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Abstract. A large number of glaciers in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) have experienced wastage in recent decades. And the wastage is different from region to region, even from glacier to glacier. A better understanding of long-term glacier variations and their linkage with climate variability requires extending the presently observed records. Here we present the first tree-ring-based glacier mass balance (MB) reconstruction in the TP, performed at the Hailuogou Glacier in southeastern TP during 1868–2007. The reconstructed MB is characterized mainly by ablation over the past 140 yr, and typical melting periods occurred in 1910s–1920s, 1930s–1960s, 1970s–1980s, and the last 20 yr. After the 1900s, only a few short periods (i.e., 1920s–1930s, the 1960s and the late 1980s) were characterized by accumulation. These variations can be validated by the terminus retreat velocity of Hailuogou Glacier and the ice-core accumulation rate in Guliya and respond well to regional and Northern Hemisphere temperature anomaly. In addition, the reconstructed MB is significantly and negatively correlated with August–September all-India monsoon rainfall (AIR) (r1871-2008 = −0.342, p < 0.0001). These results suggest that temperature variability is the dominant factor for the long-term MB variation at the Hailuogou Glacier. Indian summer monsoon precipitation does not affect the MB variation, yet the significant negative correlation between the MB and the AIR implies the positive effect of summer heating of the TP on Indian summer monsoon precipitation.
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Duan, J., L. Wang, L. Li, and Y. Sun. "Tree-ring inferred glacier mass balance variation in southeastern Tibetan Plateau and its linkage with climate variability." Climate of the Past Discussions 9, no. 4 (2013): 3663–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-9-3663-2013.
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Abstract. A large number of glaciers in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) have experienced wastage in recent decades. And the wastage is different from region to region, even from glacier to glacier. A better understanding of long-term glacier variations and their linkage with climate variability requires extending the presently observed records. Here we present the first tree-ring-based glacier mass balance (MB) reconstruction in the TP, performed at the Hailuogou Glacier in southeastern TP during 1865–2007. The reconstructed MB is characterized mainly by ablation over the past 143 yr, and typical melting periods occurs in 1910s–1920s, 1930s–1960s, 1970s–1980s, and the last 20 yr. After the 1900s, only a few short periods (i.e., 1920s–1930s, the 1960s and the late 1980s) is characterized by accumulation. These variations can be validated by the terminus retreat velocity of the Hailuogou Glacier and the ice-core accumulation rate in Guliya and respond well to regional and Northern Hemisphere temperature anomaly. In addition, the reconstructed MB is significantly and negatively correlated with August-September all-Indian monsoon precipitation (AIR) (r1871–2008= −0.342, p < 0.0001). These results suggest that temperature variability is the dominant factor for the long-term MB variation at the Hailuogou Glacier. Indian summer monsoon precipitation doesn't affect the MB variation, yet the significant negative correlation between the MB and the AIR implies the positive effect of summer heating of the TP on Indian summer monsoon precipitation.
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Novaes, Allan. "“The Battle for Men’s Minds”: Subliminal Message as Conspiracy Theory in Seventh-Day Adventist Discourse." Religions 15, no. 10 (2024): 1276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel15101276.
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This article describes the presence of a subliminal thesis—with conspiratorial and apocalyptic content—in the discourse of the Seventh-day Adventist tradition based on a documentary analysis of Adventist publications from the 1900s to the 1990s. The history of the development of this thesis is classified into three periods: (1) Proto-Adventist Subliminal Thesis, from 1900s to 1940s, with a discourse of anti-spiritualist emphasis; (2) Adventist Subliminal Thesis’ First Wave, from 1950s to 1960s, with a discourse of anti-media emphasis in the context of James Vicary’s experiments in the 1950s; and (3) Adventist Subliminal Thesis’ Second Wave, from 1970s to 1990s, with a discourse of conspiratorial emphasis in the context of the satanic panic of the 1980s and 1990s. The Adventist subliminal thesis is configured in a way of thinking that considers (1) the human being as a “mass-man” and culture as “mass culture”; (2) the media as having the power of manipulation and mental control; (3) adherence to moral panic phenomena as reactions to media threats to traditional values; and (4) the cosmic narrative of the Great Controversy as a worldview for understanding media messages and products as part of a satanic conspiracy.
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Saleniece, Irēna, and Maija Grizāne. "Searching for New Identities: The Belarusian Minority in the Latvian-Belarusian Borderlands from the 1920s to the 1990s." Lithuanian Historical Studies 28, no. 1 (2024): 131–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25386565-02801005.
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The research presented here is based on life stories that were collected during fieldwork in the Latvian-Belarusian borderland from 2003 to 2020 by the Oral History Centre of Daugavpils University. These oral testimonies of Belarusians disclose the circumstances that facilitated or interfered with their involvement in local society, and the changes which occurred in their sense of self-identity. The results of a comparison of three groups of Belarusians demonstrate major differences between identity, formed during the existence of the independent state, the Soviet period, and the post-Soviet period in Latvia’s history. The groups concerned are: (1) Belarusians born during the 1920s and 1930s in the territory of Latvia; (2) Belarusians born during the 1920s and 1930s who moved to the territory of Latvia in the 1940s and 1950s; and (3) Belarusians born during the 1940s and 1950s who moved to the territory of Latvia in the 1960s and 1970s. Belarusians of group 1 mostly integrated successfully into Latvian society, preserving their ethnic identity to some extent. The Soviet migrants (groups 2 and 3), influenced by communist ideology and russification, with some exceptions mostly identified with the ‘Soviet people’, ignoring ethnicity. These Belarusians integrated successfully into Soviet Latvia, but after the collapse of the USSR they had problems recognising the political changes, and needed support in finding their own place in Latvian society.
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Goldstein, Melvyn C. "The United States, Tibet, and the Cold War." Journal of Cold War Studies 8, no. 3 (2006): 145–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws.2006.8.3.145.
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This article examines U.S. policy toward Tibet from the end of the 1940s to the end of the 1980s, especially the 1950s and 1960s. U.S. policy during this period operated on two levels. At the strategic level, the United States consistently supported China's claim of sovereignty over Tibet. But at the tactical level, U.S. policy varied a great deal over time, ranging from the provision of military and financial aid to Tibetan guerrilla forces in the 1950s and 1960s to the almost complete lack of official attention to Tibet in the 1970s and early 1980s. The article explains why the U.S. government has never accepted Tibet's claim to independence and why the question of Tibet, after falling into obscurity in the 1970s, reemerged on the U.S. agenda in the mid- to late 1980s. The article highlights the cynicism that has often characterized tactical shifts in U.S. policy.
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Didenko, К. "INVOLVEMENT OF THE THEORY OF SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION FOR CONSIDERATION OF ARCHITECTURAL AND CITY BUILDING PRACTICE." Municipal economy of cities 1, no. 154 (2020): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2020-1-154-185-191.
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Social aspects of the formation of architectural complexes in metropolian Kharkov have not yet been analyzed in homeland architectural theory. The study into "Kharkov constructivism", due to unfortunate historical ocurrence, is still in fact at the initial stage. Thesises of Kharkov authors illuminate this phenomenon in general or analyze some of the most significant sights. Approaches to the study of social aspects of architecture and urban development went through several stages. Architectural theory of the late 1940s- the beginning of 1950s was sharply critical of the architectural and urban planning experiments in the 1920s. The XXth century Soviet history of architecture in the 1960s and 1970s was marked by ideological rehabilitation of constructivism, including social experiments of the 1920s - early 1930s. A turn from apologetics of the 1960s - 1980s to critical analysis of the architecture and urban development of the avant-garde was indicated at the beginning of 2000s by the studies considering Soviet architectural and urban planning practice in the context of public behavior management as a tool for structuring general population to achieve political goals. Foreign studies into the Soviet avant-garde sprang up in the 1970s - early 1980s affected by Western sociology where architecture began to be viewed as a tool for managing social processes and new types of structures and models of urban planning organization- as “a transition from social to material”. Many studies highlighted the influence of Soviet architectural and urban planning programs of the 1920s and 1930s on the system and structure of public consciousness. There was established that large-scale housing, cultural and domestic construction was carried out as part of the capital's administrative and government center creation programs and the formation of an industrial complex. There were identified four conceptual approaches for housing construction, they were consistently implemented during the realization of the two above-mentioned programs: garden city, communal house, housing complex and social city. In these programs, the concepts of "garden city" and "communal houses" were practically tested and reasonably rejected, and the most productive models were residential complexes and social city. Keywords: social construction, architectural and urban concepts, soviet human, metropolian Kharkov.
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Majumdar, Sumit. "Utilization of Different Categories of Resources in Indian Industry." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 22, no. 4 (1997): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090919970405.
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In this paper, Sumit Majumdar analyses the patterns of utilization of various key resources — production staff, administrative staff, physical capital, and working capital — in the Indian indus try between the period 1950-51 and 1992-93. The ratio of optimal to actual input usage is calculated for the four key resource inputs. It is found that Indian industry was relatively efficient in the 1950s, but efficiency had plummeted in the 1960s and 1970s relative to the 1950s. The regression of industrial performance in the 1960s and 1970s was reversed in the 1980s. However, in the 1990s, the Indian industry has merely caught up with a performance level once attained in the 1950s and no dynamic progress in its performance over time is noted.
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Krasilnikova, E. I. "Historical Past and Historical-Cultural Heritage of Buryats as Reflected in Journal ‘Sibirskie Ogni’ (1920s-1980s): Memory Politics Aspect." Nauchnyi dialog 13, no. 4 (2024): 408–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-4-408-429.
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The aim of the article is to characterize representations of the history and historicalcultural heritage of the Buryats in the pages of the Sibirskie Ogni journal from the early 1920s to the late 1980s in the context of state memory politics. The methodological framework of the study was the field of “Memory Studies.” Conclusions were drawn about the intense ideologization of the historical past of the Buryats on the pages of the Sibirskie Ogni journal at all stages of the Soviet period, as well as the journal's disregard for Buryat heritage associated with the traditions of Buddhist East. Six stages of representation were identified. In the first stage (1920s), Buryat authors freely wrote in the journal about Buryat history, expressed historical grievances against Russia, and sought recognition of the value of Buryat historical-cultural heritage. In the second stage (1930s), only articles by Russian authors about Buryat history in a critical tone were published in the journal. In the third stage (1940s-1950s), Sibirskie Ogni journal printed articles with crushing criticism of inconvenient versions of Buryat history presented in national literature. In the fourth stage (1960s-1970s), Buryat history was not discussed at all in the journal. In the fifth stage (1980s), a flourishing of Buryat culture was proclaimed under the influence of Soviet leadership. After the collapse of the USSR, much was rethought and perceived as a historical mistake. The Sibirskie Ogni journal began publishing articles again on Buryat literary traditions, epic poetry, etc.
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Torma, Franziska. "Frontiers of Visibility." Transfers 3, no. 2 (2013): 24–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2013.030203.
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This article deals with the history of underwater film and the role that increased mobility plays in the exploration of nature. Drawing on research on the exploration of the ocean, it analyzes the production of popular images of the sea. The entry of humans into the depths of the oceans in the twentieth century did not revitalize myths of mermaids but rather retold oceanic myths in a modern fashion. Three stages stand out in this evolution of diving mobility. In the 1920s and 1930s, scenes of divers walking under water were the dominant motif. From the 1940s to the 1960s, use of autonomous diving equipment led to a modern incarnation of the “mermen“ myth. From the 1950s to the 1970s, cinematic technology was able to create visions of entire oceanic ecosystems. Underwater films contributed to the period of machine-age exploration in a very particular way: they made virtual voyages of the ocean possible and thus helped to shape the current understanding of the oceans as part of Planet Earth.
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Ovchinnikov, Pavel, and Marina Leonidovna Zaitseva. "Moscow Jazz School of the 1950s and 1960s: leading soloists and collectives." PHILHARMONICA. International Music Journal, no. 2 (February 2023): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2453-613x.2023.2.40897.
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The subject of the study is the creativity of the leaders of the Moscow jazz school of the 1950s and 1960s: the variety orchestra at the Moscow State Orchestra under the direction of E. Rosner, the jazz orchestra of the Central Chamber of Artists Yu. The Saul Variety Orchestra conducted by O. Lundstrom. The article summarizes the results of the study of the domestic jazz art of the 1950s and 1960s, substantiates the trend in the development of instrumental jazz, and characterizes the repertoire policy of Moscow jazz ensembles. The hypothesis of the influence on the development of the national jazz art of the 1950s and 1960s of those innovations that were formed in American and European jazz of the 1940s and 1950s is substantiated. The characteristics of the performing styles of the leading metropolitan soloists and collectives are given, their role in the development of the Moscow jazz school is determined. The scientific novelty lies in the analysis of the performing styles of the leading Moscow jazz soloists and ensembles of the 1970s and 1980s, which allowed us to substantiate the hypothesis of the influence on the domestic jazz art of trends formed in American and European jazz of the 1940s and 1950s. They are based on the principle of dominance of small groups of participants, the desire to improve technical and expressive capabilities all instruments of the ensemble, based on the use of the artistic potential of the solo parts. The peculiarity of the Moscow jazz ensembles, which along with Leningrad and Baltic ensembles were the flagships of the national jazz art of the 1970s and 1980s, was the strengthening of experimental orientation in the field of expanding the timbre palette of ensemble sound through the use of electronic instruments and sonoristics techniques. The tendency of advancing the timbre-coloristic aspect of musical sound to the forefront of creative searches brings the sphere of jazz and academic art of the second half of the XX century closer.
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Pavlovskaya, A. Y. "Siege diary and memory of war in 1950s–1970s: stages of archiving and canonization of egodocuments in public discourse." Memoirs of NovSU, no. 6 (2023): 637–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.34680/2411-7951.2023.6(51).637-645.
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The article examines the discourse of the siege diary in the context of the cultural memory of the Great Patriotic War in the 1950s–1970s. The author shows that current understandings of the siege diary as a historical source and a symbol have its own genealogy, the roots of which are in the 1940s. Analyzing the processes of archiving and canonization of siege diaries, the author comes to the conclusion that it is possible to distinguish three stage of the discourse about the siege diary, which are based on the ideas about the value of the document and the range of its possible interpretations. The first period (1950s–early 1960s) is characterized by attention to the literary integrity of the texts, while the second (1960s–1970s) is the time of the discovery of the historical and factual value of the siege diaries. The period that began in the late 1970s with the publication of The Siege Book by D. Granin and A. Adamovich is associated with the idea of the unconditional value of the siege diary.
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Gałuszka, Agnieszka, Zdzisław M. Migaszewski, and Neil L. Rose. "A consideration of polychlorinated biphenyls as a chemostratigraphic marker of the Anthropocene." Anthropocene Review 7, no. 2 (2020): 138–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053019620916488.
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Polychlorinated biphenyls, organic pollutants of anthropogenic origin, were widely used in many industrial applications worldwide roughly from the 1930s to the 1970s. Both the use and disposal of polychlorinated biphenyls contributed to their ubiquity in different environmental compartments, and they show extremely high persistence because of their high physical and chemical stability. Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls in environmental archives located in different parts of the world usually show an initial increase in the 1940s–1950s and maxima in the 1960s–1970s followed by a sharp decline following the ban in their use. Thus, the increase in polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations would appear to be suitable as a chronostratigraphic marker in Anthropocene strata. This manuscript discusses the polychlorinated biphenyls record in different environmental archives in the context of temporal and spatial trends in production and application of these compounds as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the use of polychlorinated biphenyls in the chemostratigraphy of the Anthropocene series.
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Santiago-Delefosse, Marie, and Maria del Rio Carral. "The rapid expansion of (mainstream) health psychology in France: Historical foundations." Journal of Health Psychology 23, no. 3 (2017): 372–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105317714484.
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This article traces the historical evolution of ongoing theoretical debates in psychology in France from the 1940s until today. Its aim is to show how the conjunction of certain conditions led to a rapid expansion of American-derived mainstream health psychology during the 1980s. The authors describe the French context in the post-World War II period and outline the implementation of ‘clinical psychology in health settings’ in the 1950s, under the influence of Daniel Lagache. The strong critiques of the new psychology profession in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s are examined. Our conclusion reflects upon future implications of ongoing rivalries between different approaches to psychology.
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Zheng, Jingyun, Yingzhuo Yu, Xuezhen Zhang, and Zhixin Hao. "Variation of extreme drought and flood in North China revealed by document-based seasonal precipitation reconstruction for the past 300 years." Climate of the Past 14, no. 8 (2018): 1135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1135-2018.
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Abstract. Using a 17-site seasonal precipitation reconstruction from a unique historical archive, Yu-Xue-Fen-Cun, the decadal variations of extreme droughts and floods (i.e., the event with occurrence probability of less than 10 % from 1951 to 2000) in North China were investigated, by considering both the probabilities of droughts/floods occurrence in each site and spatial coverage (i.e., percentage of sites). Then, the possible linkages of extreme droughts and floods with ENSO (i.e., El Niño and La Niña) episodes and large volcanic eruptions were discussed. The results show that there were 29 extreme droughts and 28 extreme floods in North China from 1736 to 2000. For most of these extreme drought (flood) events, precipitation decreased (increased) evidently at most of the sites for the four seasons, especially for summer and autumn. But in drought years of 1902 and 1981, precipitation only decreased in summer slightly, while it decreased evidently in the other three seasons. Similarly, the precipitation anomalies for different seasons at different sites also existed in several extreme flood years, such as 1794, 1823, 1867, 1872 and 1961. Extreme droughts occurred more frequently (2 or more events) during the 1770s–1780s, 1870s, 1900s–1930s and 1980s–1990s, among which the most frequent (3 events) occurred in the 1900s and the 1920s. More frequent extreme floods occurred in the 1770s, 1790s, 1820s, 1880s, 1910s and 1950s–1960s, among which the most frequent (4 events) occurred in the 1790s and 1880s. For the total of extreme droughts and floods, they were more frequent in the 1770s, 1790s, 1870s–1880s, 1900s–1930s and 1960s, and the highest frequency (5 events) occurred in the 1790s. A higher probability of extreme drought was found when El Niño occurred in the current year or the previous year. However, no significant connections were found between the occurrences of extreme floods and ENSO episodes, or the occurrences of extreme droughts/floods and large volcanic eruptions.
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Booker, Vaughn. "“An Authentic Record of My Race”: Exploring the Popular Narratives of African American Religion in the Music of Duke Ellington." Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 25, no. 1 (2015): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rac.2015.25.1.1.
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AbstractEdward Kennedy “Duke” Ellington (1899–1974) emerged within the jazz profession as a prominent exponent of Harlem Renaissance racial uplift ideals about incorporating African American culture into artistic production. Formed in the early twentieth century's middle-class black Protestant culture but not a churchgoer in adulthood, Ellington conveyed a nostalgic appreciation of African American Christianity whenever hewrote music to chronicle African American history. This prominent jazz musician's religious nostalgia resulted in compositions that conveyed to a broader American audience a portrait of African American religiosity that was constantly “classical” and static—not quite primitive, but never appreciated as a modern aspect of black culture.This article examines several Ellington compositions from the late 1920s through the 1960s that exemplify his deployment of popular representations of African American religious belief and practice. Through the short filmBlack and Tanin the 1920s, the satirical popular song “Is That Religion?” in the 1930s, the long-form symphonic movementBlack, Brown and Beigein the 1940s, the lyricism of “Come Sunday” in the 1950s, and the dramatic prose of “My People” in the 1960s, Ellington attempted to capture a portrait of black religious practice without recognition of contemporaneous developments in black Protestant Christianity in the twentieth century's middle decades. Although existing Ellington scholarship has covered his “Sacred Concerts” in the 1960s and 1970s, this article engages themes and representations in Ellington's work prefiguring the religious jazz that became popular with white liberal Protestants in America and Europe. This discussion of religious narratives in Ellington's compositions affords an opportunity to reflect upon the (un)intended consequences of progressive, sympathetic cultural production, particularly on the part of prominent African American historical figures in their time. Moreover, this article attempts to locate the jazz profession as a critical site for the examination of racial and religious representation in African American religious history.
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Maloney, Thomas N. "Higher Places in the Industrial Machinery?" Social Science History 26, no. 3 (2002): 475–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200013067.
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The economic history of African American workers since 1940 has been marked by alternating episodes of progress and stagnation. Sharp gains in relative incomes during the 1940s were followed by little change in this measure in the 1950s. Renewed progress from the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s was followed by a new period of stagnation and even decline in relative pay in the 1980s and early 1990s. The important episodes of progress were to a great degree driven by changes on the demand side of the labor market: rapid growth in labor demand—especially for blue-collar workers—during WorldWar II and the effect of new antidiscrimination policies on the demand for black labor after 1965 (Donohue and Heckman 1991; Jaynes andWilliams 1989: 294–96).
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Erickson, David J. "Community Capitalism: How Housing Advocates, the Private Sector, and Government Forged New Low-Income Housing Policy, 1968–1996." Journal of Policy History 18, no. 2 (2006): 167–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jph.2006.0003.
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The commonly accepted story about the U.S. welfare state is that it developed between the 1930s and the late 1960s and then suffered a series of policy and political setbacks during the 1970s, which triggered a political backlash. Conservative politicians from Richard Nixon to Ronald Reagan successfully harnessed white middle-class anger over government programs in order to roll back the welfare state. At first glance, the fate of federal programs that subsidize apartments for low-income tenants confirms this narrative: the federal government created housing programs during the New Deal; it added to them significantly during the 1960s. In the late 1960s and 1970s, bad press, conservative attacks, and policy mistakes triggered cutbacks in the 1980s.
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Bashilov, V. A., and V. I. Gulyaev. "A Bibliography of Soviet Studies of the Ancient Cultures of Latin America." Latin American Antiquity 1, no. 1 (1990): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/971707.
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The study in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics of the earliest history of native Latin Americans falls into two distinct periods. The first, associated with an interest in the ancient Mexican and Peruvian civilizations, can be divided into two stages: the 1920s to the early 1940s, when Soviet scholars first acquainted themselves with antiquities from the region and used them for historical parallels; and the late 1940s and early 1950s, when Soviet historians turned to an analysis of Latin American materials. The second period went through three stages: the first, from the early 1950s to the early 1960s, mainly was dominated by Yury Knorozov, who was engaged in deciphering the language of the Maya, and Rostislav Kinzhalov, who studied their art and culture. During the second stage, the early 1960s to the mid-1970s, more scholars and research institutions undertook studies of the early cultures of Latin America. The thematic range became wider as well, covering—besides Mesoamerica and the central Andean region—the Intermediate region and the Caribbean. The third stage, which started in the late 1970s and continues to the present day, witnesses ethnographers and archaeologists pooling their efforts in studying the region. There were several conferences in which specialists engaged in various fields of Latin American studies participated. Their contacts with foreign colleagues became wider; Soviet archaeologists and ethnologists took part in fieldwork in Latin America. The primary aims today are to introduce Soviet readers to archaeological materials from a number of cultural-historical regions (such as the southern fringes of Mesoamerica, Amazonia, the southern Andes, etc.), to detail Soviet studies of cultural complexes and historical processes in ancient America, and to compare them to the processes that took place in the Old World, with the aim of establishing shared historical “laws” and patterns.
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Powell, Douglas R., and Karen E. Diamond. "Approaches to Parent-Teacher Relationships in U.S. Early Childhood Programs during the Twentieth Century." Journal of Education 177, no. 3 (1995): 71–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002205749517700306.
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The nature of parent-teacher relationships in early childhood programs, including interventions for children with disabilities, is examined within a sociopolitical context across five eras of the twentieth century. Two general approaches are discerned: practices that view parents as learners in need of expert information and advice about child rearing, prevalent through the 1950s, and strategies involving parents as partners with educators in program decision-making, which began to surface in the 1960s. Attention is given to the influence of the Parent Teacher Association in the early 1900s as a response to societal changes stemming from the Industrial Revolution; contributions of the child study movement of the 1920s to parent education activities; effects of the Great Depression on ideas and practices related to individuals with disabilities; the growth of parent advocacy on behalf of children with disabilities; and the influence of the civil rights movement of the 1960s and widespread demographic changes of the 1970s on parent-teacher relationships. Current issues in forming and sustaining parent-teacher partnerships in early childhood programs are identified.
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Quinn, Norman W. S. "Reconstructing Changes in Abundance of White-tailed Deer, Odocoileus virginianus, Moose, Alces alces, and Beaver, Castor canadensis, in Algonquin Park, Ontario, 1860-2004." Canadian Field-Naturalist 119, no. 3 (2005): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v119i3.142.
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The history of White-tailed Deer, Odocoileus virginianus, Moose, Alces alces, and Beaver, Castor canadensis, in Algonquin Park since the 1860s is reviewed and placed in the context of changes to the forest, weather, and parasitic disease. Deer seem to have been abundant in the late 1800s and early 1900s whereas Moose were also common but less so than deer. Deer declined through the 1920s as Moose probably increased. Deer had recovered by the 1940s when Moose seem to have been scarce. The deer population declined again in the 1960s, suffered major mortality in the early 1970s, and has never recovered; deer are essentially absent from the present day Algonquin landscape in winter. Moose increased steadily following the decline of deer and have numbered around 3500 since the mid-1980s. Beaver were scarce in the Park in the late 1800s but recovered by 1910 and appear to have been abundant through the early 1900s and at high numbers through mid-century. The Beaver population has, however, declined sharply since the mid-1970s. These changes can best be explained by the history of change to the structure and composition of the Park's forests. After extensive fire and logging in the late 1800s and early 1900s, the forest is now in an essentially mature state. Weather and parasitic disease, however, have also played a role. These three species form the prey base of Algonquin's Wolves, Canis lycaon, and the net decline of prey, especially deer, has important implications for the future of wolves in the Park.
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Westfahl, Gary. "“The Closely Reasoned Technological Story”: The Critical History of Hard Science Fiction." Science Fiction Studies 20, Part 2 (1993): 157. https://doi.org/10.1525/sfs.20.2.157.
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Several commentators in the 1950s visibly searched for a way to describe SF that was especially attentive to science. P. Schuyler Miller, book reviewer for Astounding/Analog, first used the term ‘‘hard science fiction’’ in November 1957 and used it more frequently in the 1960s. By the mid-1960s, other commentators were also using the term. Early references involved a relatively small number of writers who emphasized scientific accuracy and explanation, but in the 1970s and 1980s, the term expanded to include numerous writers not originally associated with hard SF. Hal Clement’s ‘‘Whirligig World’’ states that the primary goal of hard science fiction is avoiding scientific errors and suggests four strategies for doing so. Two of these—using ‘‘gobble-dygook’’ and speculating in areas where scientific knowledge is limited—are rejected; the other two lead to forms of hard SF: microcosmic hard SF, cautious predictions of near-future technology like Arthur C. Clarke’s A Fall of Moondust, and macrocosmic hard sf, extravagant visions of alien environments like Larry Niven’s Ringworld. When the characteristics of hard SF are understood, it is clear that while the principles behind hard SF were first articulated by Hugo Gernsback and John W. Campbell Jr, few if any writers before 1950 meet the standards of hard SF. Instead, hard SF should be seen as a development of the 1950s and 1960s, suggesting that versions of science-fiction history treating the 1930s and 1940s as eras of science-dominated SF may need to be rethought. Overall, examining the critical history of hard SF is valuable because it provides solid grounds for firmly and usefully establishing the parameters of hard SF. (GW)
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Collins, David N. "Climatic warming, glacier recession and runoff from Alpine basins after the Little Ice Age maximum." Annals of Glaciology 48 (2008): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756408784700761.
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AbstractRecords of discharge of rivers draining Alpine basins with between 0 and ~70% ice cover, in the upper Aare and Rhône catchments, Switzerland, for the period 1894–2006 have been examined together with climatic data for 1866–2006, with a view to assessing the effects on runoff from glacierized basins of climatic warming coupled with glacier recession following the Little Ice Age maximum. Annual runoff from ice-free basins reflects precipitation variations, rising from minima between 1880 and 1910 to maxima between the late 1960s and early 1980s. The more highly glacierized the basin, the more runoff mimicked mean May–September air temperature during two periods of warming. Runoff increased gradually from the 1900s, rapidly in the 1940s, before decreasing to the late 1970s. Rising runoff levels during the second warming period failed to exceed those attained during the first, despite higher summer temperatures. Although temperatures continued to rise, discharge from glacierized basins declined after reaching maxima in the late 1980s to early 1990s. In the first warming period, rising specific melt rates augmented by increasing precipitation opposed the impact of declining glacier area on runoff. Although melt continued to increase in the second period, enhanced melting (even in the exceptionally warm summer of 2003) appears to have been insufficient to offset reducing glacier surface area exposed to melt, low or reducing levels of precipitation, and increasing evaporation. Thus runoff from glacierized basins peaked in the late 1940s to early 1950s.
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Paliienko, Sergii. "PROBLEMS OF ETHNIC HISTORY IN THE SOVIET ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE 1940S – 1960S: DECLARED PRINCIPLES AND FORMS OF PRACTICAL REALIZATION." Journal of Ukrainian History, no. 43 (2021): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2522-4611.2021.43.6.
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The background of institualization of the Soviet theoretical archaeology, which was a subdiscipline and phenomenon existing from the early 1970s till the early 1990s, is one of important topics. A study of ethnogeny and ethnic history problems on the base of archaeological data was one of the main features of the Soviet archaeology in the second half of 1940s – 1960s. That’s why it is actual to recognize which main principles were declared in this field, how they were changed and practically realized. There are no books dedicated to the history of the Soviet archaeology in the 1940s – 1960s or to the mentioned above topic but certain aspects have been studied by scholars. Sources of this research are publications from the journal “Soviet archaeology” including leading articles and documents from scientific archives of the IA NAS of Ukraine and the IHMC RAS. The Soviet archaeologists started to work under ethnogeny and ethnic history problems in the middle of the 1930s and researches were going on after the WW2. In the Soviet republics complex archaeological and ethnographic expeditions began their activity and joint sessions with ethnographers and linguists were held for the purpose of complex examination of certain ethnic nationalities Since the beginning of the 1950s an identification of archaeological cultures, determination of their interrelationship and correlation with ancient language communities were defined as the main way to study ethnic history. This approach was used in researches on almost all periods and was actual at the beginning of the 1970s. Paleoethnologic problematique was important in activity of central archaeological establishments of the USSR and the UkSSR. Archaeologists were authors of fundamental books on the history of certain folks of the USSR. But during the 1960s these problems were scarcely discussing on methodological workshops of the IA AS USSR and its Leningrad branch and there papers on this topic were almost not presented on meetings of the academic council and departments in Leningrad. That time an ethnical interpretation of archaeological cultures became an obligatory part of fundamental archaeological research that’s why there were discussions only on certain problems. But a difference in approaches of scholars and insufficient elaboration of methodological principles for ethnic history studies aroused interest to theoretical issues which was one of causes of the Soviet theoretical archaeology appearance in the early 1970s.
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Sopin, Artyom Olegovich. "The Individual and Contemporary in Yuliy Raizman's Late Work." Journal of Flm Arts and Film Studies 3, no. 3 (2011): 144–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/vgik33144-153.
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The article examines the films made in the 1960s and 1970s by the filmmakers who became popular in the 1920s and 1930s. Some particular aspects of their adaptation to the new means of artistic expressiveness and adherence to certain themes are analyzed as exemplified by the work of Yuliy Raizman who collaborated with screenwriter Ye. I. Gabrilovich, namely, by their mutual films Your Contemporary (1967), A Strange Woman (1977) and Raizman's Courtesy Call (1972).
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Llorca-Jaña, Manuel, Diego Barría Traverso, Diego del Barrio Vásquez, and Javier Rivas. "Malnutrition Rates in Chile from the Nitrate Era to the 1990s." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 24 (2021): 13112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413112.
Full textAbstract:
Following Salvatore and the WHO, in this article, we provide the first long-term estimates of malnutrition rates for Chile per birth cohort, measured through stunting rates of adult males born from the 1870s to the 1990s. We used a large sample of military records, representative of the whole Chilean population, totalling over 38 thousand individuals. Our data suggest that stunting rates were very high for those born between the last three decades of the nineteenth century and the first two decades of the twentieth century. In addition, stunting rates increased from the 1870s to the 1900s. Thereafter, there was a clear downward trend in stunting rates (despite some fluctuations), reaching low levels of malnutrition, in particular, from the 1960s (although these are high if compared to developed countries). The continuous decrease in stunting rates from the 1910s was mainly due to a combination of factors, the importance of which varied over time, namely: Improved health (i.e., sharp decline in infant mortality rates during the whole period); increased energy consumption (from the 1930s onwards, but most importantly during the 1990s); a decline in poverty rates (in particular, between the 1930s and the 1970s); and a reduction in child labour (although we are less able to quantify this).
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Notkola, Veijo, Harri Siiskonen, and Riikka Shemeikka. "The Causes of Changes in Fertility in Northern Namibia." Finnish Yearbook of Population Research 51 (April 27, 2017): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.23979/fypr.60262.
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The main aim of this study was to analyse fertility change in Ovamboland (North-Central Namibia) (1927–2010) and the Kavango region (North-East Namibia) (1935–1979) in Northern Namibia. According to the results, the fertility change was quite similar in both areas: fertility declined during the 1950s compared to the preceding period, 1935–1949. We can assume that the main reason for this early fertility decline was changes in the number of migrant workers (out-migration), which caused changes in both the marriage age and birth intervals. In both Ovamboland and in the Kavango region, fertility increased from the late 1950s into the early 1960s and the fertility transition started at the end of the 1970s. In both areas, the increase in fertility during thelate 1950s and early 1960s was probably due to the improved health situation. Fertility transition started at the end of the 1970s, but mortality had already started to decline before that. The main causes of this declining fertility at the end of the 1970s and during the 1980s were improved access to modern methods of contraception and probably also the increased level of education. As a result of the HIV epidemic, mortality increased in Ovamboland at the end of the 1990s and early 2000s. The declining fertility in the same period was probably linked to this increased mortality due to AIDS, while the increased fertility after 2008 is, in turn, probably linked to management of the HIV epidemic.
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SYANGULOV, SH N. "ACTIVITY OF BASHKIRIA'S FRIENDLY COURTS IN THE LATE 1950S - 1980S." Izvestia Ufimskogo Nauchnogo Tsentra RAN, no. 3 (September 11, 2023): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31040/2222-8349-2023-0-3-76-81.
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The article examines the activities of the Bashkir ASSR friendly courts in the late 1950s - the first half of the 1980s. A brief analysis of historiography shows that the problem is insufficiently studied. The main sources were unpublished documents of the funds of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Republic and the Bashkir Regional Council of Trade Unions - bodies that control the work of friendly courts, as well as materials of the periodical press. The growth in the number of friendly courts was characterized by instability, then increased, then decreased. The same applies to members of friendly courts. The friendly courts considered minor civil cases, including in the family and household sphere. Interference in the private life of citizens was especially characteristic of the 1950s and 1960s, after which it weakened. In the 1970s, the friendly courts considered absenteeism, violations of public order, labor discipline (appearance in a drunken state at work), petty theft and others at their meetings. The most common measures of influence used by friendly courts were public apology, warning, public censure and reprimand. However, in the 1970s the importance of fines and applications for transfer to a lower-paid job is increasing. There were many shortcomings in the work of the friendly courts: some of them were inactive for years, others exceeded their powers. In the 1970s and 1980s, friendly courts dealt with only 10 to 20 percent of offenses, which testified to the insufficient effectiveness of the institute of friendly courts. Most minor offenses went unpunished. The activities of the friendly courts were formally under the control of the party, Soviet, judicial and trade union bodies. However, this control was often insufficient, especially in the late 1950s - early 1960s. The author distinguishes two periods in the activities of friendly courts: 1) the end of the 1950s - the first half of the 1960s, marked by their greatest activity; 2) the second half of the 1960s - the mid-1980s, when the courts were increasingly "carried away" by administrative measures of influence.
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Mohan, Avinash Lalith, and Kaushik Das. "History of surgery for the correction of spinal deformity." Neurosurgical Focus 14, no. 1 (2003): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/foc.2003.14.1.2.
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During the last century the technological advances in the field of spinal surgery had a dramatic impact on the treatment of spinal deformity in children and adults. Before the advent of medications and vaccines to treat and/or prevent tuberculosis and poliomyelitis, patients suffering from these disorders often became incapacitated by the resulting kyphoscoliosis. In the early 1900s Lange began to address this problem mechanically by using foreign materials to stabilize the spine internally. In the 1950s and 1960s, owing to the efforts of Harrington and others, the process evolved to create the first generation of modern spinal instrumentation. The Harrington rod was able to correct a spinal deformity primarily through distraction. In the next wave of advances, some of the shortcomings of Harrington rods were addressed. Segmental fixation involving sublaminar wires was introduced in the 1970s by Luque. Anterior approaches and instrumentation-related techniques developed by Zielke and colleagues as well as Dywer and coworkers in the late 1960s and mid-1970s allowed for better correction of deformity with immobilization of fewer motion segments compared with posterior surgery. Transpedicular fixation of the spine was popularized by Cotrel and Dubousset in the 1980s; they used the technique to perform segmental stabilization, which better reduces the rotational aspect of a deformity. Finally, in the mid-1990s, thoracoscopic techniques were developed and are currently in use for anterior release and placement of instrumentation. The authors review the major technical developments for the surgical treatment of spinal deformity.
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ZHURKOVA, DARIA A. "Reflecting on “Red Laughter”: English-Language Studies of Soviet Comedy." Art and Science of Television 18, no. 4 (2022): 13–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30628/1994-9529-2022-18.4-13-40.
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In this article, I address foreign English-language works on Soviet film comedy, tracing the waves of researchers’ interest to it, and identifying the time periods as well as film directors attracting scholars most often. The first surge of interest in Soviet film comedy came in the first half of the 1990s and was largely associated with the fall of the Iron Curtain. The major subject of research during those years were Soviet avant-garde cinema of the 1920s, musical comedies of the 1930s, and films of the Perestroika period. The second wave came in the 2010s with the emigration of a large number of Russian scholars who had personally witnessed the Soviet Union. Thanks to them, the range of the studied material has significantly expanded through the analysis of film comedies of the 1960s and 1970s. The main thematic directions and topics in the study of the comedy genre are structured in accordance with the history of film timeline. Soviet comedies of the 1920s–1930s are of specific interest to foreign researchers in terms of the ideological regulation of art, as well as in terms of how the mythology of the new socialist society was formed, and how Soviet filmmakers adapted or rejected Western standards. In the comedies of the 1960s and 1970s, scholars analyze the discordance between declared and unspoken humor and study the Aesopian language of famous comedy film directors (Ryazanov and Gaidai above all). Finally, in late-Soviet films, researchers note the growth of absurdist motifs as a sign of a complete and no longer hidden disillusionment with communist ideals.
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Schultz, Sally M., and Roxanne T. Johnson. "INCOME TAX ALLOCATION: THE CONTINUING CONTROVERSY IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE." Accounting Historians Journal 25, no. 2 (1998): 81–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.25.2.81.
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The appropriate means of accounting for income taxes on financial statements has been among the most hotly debated and frequently recycled issues of the past 50 years. This retrospective account begins with the issuance of the first professional standards during the 1930s and 1940s, and illustrates how theoretical arguments, developed in professional and academic journals during the 1950s, were subsequently recycled and revised during later decades. The problems that led to reconsideration of the deferred tax issue by both the APB during the 1960s and the FASB during the 1980s and 1990s are discussed, as are the solutions offered by these standard setters.
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Horáček, Martin. "Czy to zawsze kwestia stylu? Problem właściwej terminologii architektonicznej w renowacjach zamków w Czechach i na Morawach od lat 90-tych XIX wieku do lat 20-tych XX wieku." Protection of Cultural Heritage, no. 18 (December 30, 2023): 35–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/odk.3447.
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This study addresses castle renovations from the turn of the twentieth century up until the present, focusing on their stylistic aspect. Although castles (both ruined and inhabited) have been considered prominent subjects of heritage conservation since the beginning of the conservation movement, they require architectural additions to further their integration into contemporary life, even if a strictly conservationist approach is applied. In contrast to nineteenth-century European attitude to conservation, the twentieth- and twenty-first-century conservation professionals mostly recommend that the new elements comply with the preserved composition or scale, leaving the question of their style (i.e. a coherent architectural vocabulary) open. The study examines selected Czech examples that feature a substantial newly-added layer (Gothic in Bouzov, the 1890s–1900s; Art Nouveau and Art Deco in Nové Město nad Metují, the 1910s–1920s; Classical in Prague Castle, the 1920s–1950s; Technocratic in Lipnice, the 1970s–1980s; Romantic in Častolovice, the 1990s; Minimalist in Helfštýn, the 2010s). Drawing on these examples, the analysis raises the following questions: how should new additions relate to the authenticity and integrity of the renovated monuments and what variables influence this relationship? Should conservation authorities regulate the vocabulary of modern interventions?
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Moore, Peter J. "Historical records of yellow-eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes) in southern New Zealand." Notornis 48, no. 3 (2001): 145. https://doi.org/10.63172/730313crdgxo.
Full textAbstract:
The yellow-eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes) on the South Island of New Zealand was believed to have suffered a population decline that continued into the 1980s. Unpublished census results from L. Richdale (1930s-1950s) and S. Sharpe (1950s-1960s) for Otago Peninsula show that there were only 44 nests in 1940, but the number increased in the 1940s-1960s. Numbers peaked at 276 nests in the mid-1980s. Subsequent decreases and a crash to 79 nests in 1990 led to concerns for the viability of the population, but years of good survival and breeding allowed a recovery. The fluctuations were probably driven by interplays of human impacts and environmental variation. Reservation of breeding areas, revegetation, and predator control have reduced the deleterious human impacts and given the species a chance to increase numbers and withstand adverse fluctuations in the cnvironment.
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Uchvatov, Pavel S. "THE CHANGE OF GENERATIONS IN THE SOVIET REGIONAL ELITE (on the example of the Mordovian ASSR government in 1934–1991)." Historical Search 2, no. 2 (2021): 46–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2712-9454-2021-2-2-46-57.
Full textAbstract:
The article examines the development of the regional elite in the Soviet historical era using the example of the supreme state administration authority of a one particular autonomous republic. Several transformation stages in the elite of functionaries that was in power in Mordovia from the 1930s to 1991:
 
 1) early 1930s – mid-1937 The national elite, formed during the Mordovian statehood formation, consisted, first, of autonomy supporters who were active in the 1920s; secondly, of people who came to the system of power as a result of Soviet «localization policy» applied to the control organs. They held leading positions until mass political repressions of 1937–1938.;
 
 2) the end of the 1930s – the first half of the 1950s. There was an advancement of representatives of the so-called Stalinist control organs. Soviet «localization policy» was curtailed, and the number of the Moravians in the Soviet authorities decreased; the majority in the Council of People’s Commissars of the Mordovian ASSR was relatively young managers aged 30–40 years. Despite a frequent change of personnel, already in the second half of the 1940s there was a tendency of relative stabilization in the government composition;
 
 3) mid-1950s – late 1960s. A core of experienced leaders who were working in their positions for quite a long time formed in the Council of Ministers. Its chairman I.P. Astaykin, who held this position for more than 15 years, had a great influence on the government;
 
 4) the 1970s – late 1980s. After the change in the Republican party leadership, representatives of a new generation came to power. However, renewal of personnel was subsequently replaced by «stagnant» phenomena: a long stay in power of individual managers, gradual aging of the Council of Ministers members, the growth of the total number of managers;
 
 5) late 1980s – 1991 As a result of the union center’s initiatives, as well as attainment of the maximum age by many regional leaders, there was some renewal in the composition of the Council of Ministers. But the old party and economic nomenclature continued to maintain its position in the republic until the very end of the Soviet system.
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Vesić, Ivana, and Vesna Peno. "The structural transformation of the sphere of musical amateurism in socialist Yugoslavia: A case study of the Beogradski madrigalisti choir." New Sound, no. 51 (2018): 43–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/newso1851043v.
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In this paper we focused on investigating how the sphere of musical amateurism functioned in Yugoslavia in the decades following the end of WWII. Observing through changes in the role and significance of amateur music ensembles, specifically choirs, in Yugoslav society from the late 1940s until the late 1960s/early 1970s that were manifest in their de-massification, gradual professionalisation and extensive use in cultural diplomacy, we sought to explain that this involved multiple factors - above all, the shifts in Yugoslav international policy after the confrontation with the Soviet Union in 1948, and, consequently, the revisions of its cultural policies. Their influence was observed through a detailed examination of the activities of the Beogradski madrigalisti choir, from its foundation in 1951 until the late 1960s/early 1970s. Although it was unique among Yugoslav choirs in many respects, the early history of this ensemble clearly reflected the demand for excellence in the sphere of amateur performance from the 1950s onwards, one of the most prominent indicators of its deep structural transformation.
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Pope, Rachel. "Processual archaeology and gender politics. The loss of innocence." Archaeological Dialogues 18, no. 1 (2011): 59–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203811000134.
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AbstractProviding a younger woman's perspective, and born out of the 2006 Cambridge Personal Histories event on 1960s archaeology, this paper struggles to reconcile the panel's characterization of a ‘democratization’ of the field with an apparent absence of women, despite their relative visibility in 1920s–1940s archaeology. Focusing on Cambridge, as the birthplace of processualism, the paper tackles the question ‘where were the women?’ in 1950s–1960s archaeology. A sociohistorical perspective considers the impact of traditional societal views regarding the social role of women; the active gendering of science education; the slow increase of university places for young women; and the ‘marriage bars’ of post-war Britain, crucially restricting women's access to the professions in the era of professionalization, leading to decades of positive discrimination in favour of men. Pointing to the science of male and female archaeologists in 1920s–1930s Cambridge, it challenges ideas of scientific archaeology as a peculiarly post-war (and male) endeavour. The paper concludes that processual archaeology did not seek to democratize the field for women archaeologists.
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Потеров, Румен. "Bulgarian accordion folklore art: generations of performers, traditions and modern directions of development." Музыкальное искусство Евразии. Традиции и современность, no. 1(2) (February 25, 2021): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26176/maetam.2021.2.1.003.
Full textAbstract:
В статье рассматриваются вопросы трансформации фольклорного наследия в исполнительском искусстве болгарских аккордеонистов. Четыре поколения музыкантов определяют основные направления трансформации и модернизации фольклорного наследия. Первое поколение - основатели (1930 -1940 годы); второе - виртуозные преемники (1950 - 1960 годы); третье - свадебные импровизаторы (1970 - 1980 годы) и четвертое - экспериментаторы (с начала 1990-х годов). Выявлен вклад наиболее ярких представителей в каждом из поколений, характерные особенности их исполнительского стиля и их вклад в развитие болгарского народного исполнительского искусства: Бориса Карлова, Ибро Лолова, Нешко Нешева, Петра Ральчева и Мартина Любенова. Обозначены основные тенденции трансформации болгарского музыкально- фольклорного наследия и их исполнительского стиля, включение фольклора в различные транснациональные музыкальные течения после 1990-х годов The article is dedicated to the transformations of folklore in performing activity of Bulgarian accordeonists. In this direction the author have written four generations of accordeonists, which define the mainstream for the transformation and modernization of the folklore heritage. First direction - the founders classics (1930s and 1940s ); second generation - the virtuosos heirs (1950s and 1960s); third generation - “wedding virtuosos” (1960s and 1970s) and fourth generation - experimenters virtuosos (since the beginning of the 1990s). The contribution of the most prominent representatives of generations is clarified, features of their performance style and their contribution to the development of Bulgarian folk performing art - Boris Karlov, Ibro Lolov, Neshko Neshev, Petar Ralchev and Martin Lyubenov. The author pays attention to the main transformation features of Bulgarian folklore in their performance style and the inclusion of folklore in different transnational musical events at the beginning of the 1990s
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Кукулин [Kukulin], Илья [Ilya]. "Приватизация бунта: “вторая жизнь” раннесоветского монтажа [Privatization of a riot: “Second life” of the early Soviet montage]". Sign Systems Studies 41, № 2/3 (2013): 266–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sss.2013.41.2-3.08.
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Privatization of a riot: “Second life” of the early Soviet montage. This paper deals with montage in the broad sense of the term: it is discussed not as a principle of film editing, but as an aesthetic method based on the contrasting combination of elements; in the case of literary narrative, montage can be defined as a contrasting parataxis. Being understood in that sense, montage became an international “grand style” of the post-WWI epoch. In the Soviet Union this new method had many ideological connotations. It represented history (the historical process as such) as creative and cruel violence. Otherwise, art montage was a method of designing the utopian vision. The following development of montage in Russian culture could be defined as a change of its semantic. It was expelled from the Socialist Realism mainstream (excluding poster graphics), but survived in unofficial art of the 1940s and became postutopian. During the “Thaw” period (the late 1950s to the early 1960s) montage methods could indicate the connection of an author with the Soviet or Western European avant-garde of the 1920s. The reconsideration of those methods followed two different ways: imitation of the “resurrection of revolutionary impulses” or deconstruction of Soviet historical and social imagination – also with the tools of montage. This very intensive dialogue with the aesthetic tradition of the 1920s came to an end at the beginning of the 1970s. The authors of uncensored art and literature in that period polemicized not with the 1920s, but with the 1960s. The “living” translation of the early Soviet montage aesthetics has been settled.
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Winstead, Mike. ""A Person Like Me": Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Gender, and Racial Immunity in the Twentieth-Century United States." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 98, no. 1 (2024): 122–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2024.a929786.
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abstract: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder that affects mostly women and disproportionately Black women. Until the 1940s, SLE was rarely diagnosed in Black Americans, reflecting racist medical beliefs about Black immunity. In the 1940s and 1950s, SLE and its treatment were part of a patriarchal narrative of American industrialization. By the 1960s, newer diagnostic techniques increased recognition of SLE, especially among Black women; medical thinking about SLE shifted from external causes like infection or allergy to autoimmunity, which emphasized biological, genetically determined racial difference. In the 1970s and 1980s, an advocacy structure crystalized around memoirs by women with SLE, which emphasized the experiences of able-bodied, economically privileged white women, while Black feminist health discourse and SLE narratives by Black authors grappled with SLE's more complicated intersections. Throughout the twentieth century, SLE embodied immunity as a gendered, racialized, and culturally invested process.
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Neatby, H. Blair. "Presidential Address: Visions and Revisions: The View from the Presidents’ Offices of Ontario Universities Since the Second World War." Historical Papers 23, no. 1 (2006): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/030978ar.
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Abstract Ontario universities have been transformed since the 1940s. University presidents have played a crucial role in shaping these changes. In the 1950s they defended the concept of the liberal arts college, partly because other options seemed too risky. In the 1960s the government provided the finances and the presidents, separately and jointly, responded to the diverse demands of governments, faculties, and students. By the 1970s, the institutions had adapted to expansion, to a shift in balance between teaching and research, and to an emerging provincial system without any major crises or characters. Since the 1970s the government's policy of financial constraint has dominated discussions, with related debates on accessibility and private sector research. The university presidents have not yet defined new goals which the government considers realistic.
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Decker, Todd. "Fancy Meeting You Here: Pioneers of the Concept Album." Daedalus 142, no. 4 (2013): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00233.
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The introduction of the long-playing record in 1948 was the most aesthetically significant technological change in the century of the recorded music disc. The new format challenged record producers and recording artists of the 1950s to group sets of songs into marketable wholes and led to a first generation of concept albums that predate more celebrated examples by rock bands from the 1960s. Two strategies used to unify concept albums in the 1950s stand out. The first brought together performers unlikely to collaborate in the world of live music making. The second strategy featured well-known singers in songwriter-or performer-centered albums of songs from the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s recorded in contemporary musical styles. Recording artists discussed include Fred Astaire, Ella Fitzgerald, and Rosemary Clooney, among others.
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Rohlf, Greg. "Women as State-Builders in Qinghai Province: Evidence from the 2000 Census." China Quarterly 190 (June 2007): 466–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741007001294.
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AbstractDuring the Qing dynasty, the expansion of the Chinese empire was led by male-dominated institutions. This pattern continued into the first decades of the People's Republic of China. Qinghai province was on the receiving end of largely male population transfers beginning in the 1950s. In the 1960s and 1970s, in-migration continued at lower levels but the gender balance of in- and out-migration shifted. Official population figures show that the population of Han women grew faster than Han men in the 1960s and 1970s despite ongoing male resettlement and sex ratios at birth that favoured males. The faster rate of growth for Han women is therefore most likely to be the result of population transfers to Qinghai, rather than births or deaths. One can also see evidence of population transfers of women in the 1960s and 1970s in two middle-aged cohorts of Qinghai's urban population in 2000 that are dominated by females. It is likely that this bulge in the numbers of middle-aged women in Qinghai's municipalities has been produced by population transfers and that it reflects a state policy to adjust the imbalanced gender ratios it had created in the 1950s.
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Vdovychenko, Heorhii. "SOVIET UKRAINE PHILOSOPHY OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY IN THE ASSESSMENTS OF WESTERN PHILOSOPHERS OF THE TIME: IMAGE OF THE KYIV PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOL OF THE 1950S – FIRST HALF OF THE 1960S." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Philosophy 2, no. 5 (2021): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2523-4064.2021/5-1/8.
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The article deals with the problem of the rise in the 1950s – first half of the 1960s, in the context of the formation of the idea of the Soviet Ukraine philosophy in the Western world, of the image of the Kyiv philosophical school as a prominent participant in the international scientific process of the Cold War era. This school emerged during Khrushchev’s “thaw” or stage of metamorphosis of the USSR from Stalinism to neo-Stalinist stagnation, namely between the XX (1956) and XXIV (1971) Congresses of the CPSU. It was the leading ideological and organizational center of the philosophical life of the Ukrainian SSR during the geopolitical struggle of the Eastern and Western military-political blocs under the leadership of the USSR and the USA. The Kyiv philosophical school was the main representative of Soviet Ukraine in its dialogue with world philosophical thought established in the mid-1960s. This school, mainly its Ukrainian historical and philosophical achievements of the 1950s – 1970s, became the central object of study of the Soviet philosophy by philosophers and scientific institutions of the USA, Western Germany and other countries of the Western bloc in the second half of the XX century. This study can be divided into three conditional stages: 1. the preparatory one during the transition from Stalinism to Khrushchev’s “thaw”(late 1940s – early 1960s); 2. of scientific international interaction in the conditions of ideological confrontation during the transition from “thaw” to neo-Stalinist “stagnation” (early 1960s – early 1970s); 3. of intensification of the ideological struggle during the transition from “stagnation” to Gorbachev’s “perestroika” (early 1970s – second half of the 1980s). During the first and beginning of the second of these stages, the philosophers of the diaspora P. Fedenko and D. Solovey began a critical analysis of the Shevchenko work of the director of the Institute of Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR D. Ostryanin. They carried it out in the context of active participation in Soviet philosophical studies together with their colleagues W. Barka, S. Galamay, B. Kravciv, M. Kushnir and, also, already well-known scientists A. Kultschytzkyj, I. Mirtschuk and W. Janiw. No less important evidence of the nature of the perception of the Soviet philosophical thought by professors of universities in Western Europe and the United States in the first half of the 1960s are memories of foreign meetings with them of the founders of the Kyiv philosophical school, first of all the director of the mentioned institute P. Kopnin and his deputy M. Honcharenko.
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Nudeshima, Jiro, and Takaomi Taira. "A brief note on the history of psychosurgery in Japan." Neurosurgical Focus 43, no. 3 (2017): E13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2017.6.focus17255.
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In Japan, there has been no neurosurgical treatment for psychiatric disorders since the 1970s. Even deep brain stimulation (DBS) has not been studied or used for psychiatric disorders. Neurosurgery for psychiatric disorders has been thwarted by social taboos for many years, and psychiatrists today seem to simply ignore modern developments and therapies offered by neurosurgery such as DBS. As a result, most patients and their families do not know such “last-resort” options exist.Historically, as in other countries, frontal lobotomies were widely performed in Japan in the 1940s and 1950s, and some Japanese neurosurgeons used stereotactic methods for the treatment of psychiatric disorders until the 1960s. However, in the 1960s and 1970s such surgical treatments began to receive condemnation based on political judgment, rather than on medical and scientific evaluation. Protest campaigns at the time hinged on the prevailing political beliefs, forming a part of the new “left” movement against leading authorities across a wide range of societal institutions including medical schools. Finally, the Japanese Society for Psychiatry and Neurology banned the surgical treatment for psychiatric disorders in 1975. Even today, Japan’s dark history continues to exert an enormous negative influence on neurosurgery for psychiatric disorders.
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Potter, Sarah. "“Thou Shalt Meet Thy Sexual Needs in Marriage”: Southern Baptists and Marital Sex in the Postwar Era." Church History 89, no. 1 (2020): 125–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640720000062.
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This article traces the changing sexual politics of the Southern Baptist Convention (SBC) from the 1950s through the 1980s. It argues that the moderates who led the denomination in the 1950s, 1960s, and early 1970s joined other supporters of “sexual containment” during the early Cold War to develop a theology about the salvific power of marital sex—and the personal, social, and national harm created by extramarital sex—which undergirded the sexual conservatism of the denomination's fundamentalist leadership who rose to power during the 1970s and 1980s. This analysis reframes our understanding of Southern Baptists within the broader religious right coalition as it reveals how the SBC's commitment to marital sexuality, which was forged during the early Cold War, informed its approach to later hot-button issues like abortion and homosexuality. Rather than simply reacting against the loosening sexual mores of the 1970s and 1980s or in favor of the rising visibility of other politically engaged Christians on issues of sexual morality, the SBC instead drew on longer traditions within the denomination to engage with a changing political and sexual landscape.
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Feldman, Andrea, and Marijana Kardum. "Karijera, kuhinja, konferencija: žene u hrvatskom društvu šezdesetih." Radovi Zavoda za hrvatsku povijest Filozofskoga fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu 54, no. 2 (2022): 159–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17234/radovizhp.54.14.
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Based on an analysis of Communist Party (i.e., League of Communists of Croatia/Yugoslavia) documents, as well as the women’s, academic, student and youth press, this article explores the status of women in Croatian society during the 1960s. It opens perspectives for the study of “the role and status” of women in communism, with emphasis on the under-researched 1960s, in comparison to scholarship on the Antifascist Front of Women (Antifašistička fronta žena, AFŽ) of the 1940s and 1950s and the second wave of feminism (neo-feminism) of the 1970s and 1980s. The 1960s saw a marked rise in women’s education and employment, which was not accompanied by an increase in their “visibility” in society nor in their political representation (in the period after the abolition of the AFŽ in 1953). Similarly, there was no reformulation of the “women’s question” prior to emergence of the first feminist demands in the form of criticism of or dissent against the state in the 1970s. The first part of the paper defines the problem of the declarative “solution” of the women’s question with the introduction of legal gender equality. Alongside demands for reform, the 1960s witnessed evidence of political, societal and economic crisis during which women, regardless of their ever-growing level of education and qualifications, could not find an unobstructed path to leading positions. Subordinating the women’s question under the class question hindered genuine change in the social status of women, because the place of women in society was an indicator of the failure of the state monopoly over issues pertaining to women. The second part of the article analyzes women’s participation in the student movements of 1968 and 1971, but also their involvement in the emerging civic initiatives of the same period. Criticism of the invisibility of women as active participants in student, youth and academic endeavours correlates to examples of misogynist attitudes that permeated society during the 1960s.
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Bergh, Bruce G. Vanden, Nora J. Rifon, and Molly Catherine Ziske. "What's Bad in an Ad: Thirty Years of Opinion from Ad Age's “Ads-We-Can-Do-Without” Letters." Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 72, no. 4 (1995): 948–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769909507200417.
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Advertising practitioners' criticism of ad content was studied through the lens of Advertising Age's ads-we-can-do-without letters for a thirty-year period from 1962 to 1992. A content analysis of 404 complaint letters and accompanying ads found significant changes in practitioner criticism as we movefrom the 1960s to the 1970s. The 1960s produced significantly more complaints about executional errors while the 1970s was a time of heightened concern about the negative social impact of sex, violence, and vulgarity in ads. Concern about sexually- related content and vulgarity continued through the 1980s but appeared to drop off significantly in the 1990s.
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Győri, Róbert. "Communist Geography Instead of Nationalist Geography: The New Cadres and the Case of Sándor Radó." Hungarian Cultural Studies 8 (January 22, 2016): 124–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ahea.2015.222.
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This article provides an introduction to the scholarly career of Sándor Radó (1899-1981), one of the leading Hungarian geographers and cartographers of the 1960s and 1970s. Belonging to a generation of newcomers who took control of every aspect of Hungarian scholarly life in the 1950s after the ousting of the old elite, Radó’s scholarly path was not unique. The complete transformation of Hungarian geography was deeply embedded within this broader process, as its nature, approaches, conduct, and institutional organization was rearranged along Marxist-Leninist ideological lines. A critical examination of Radó’s career and his scientific work, therefore, helps us to understand how Hungarian science functioned during the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, and provides insight into the practice of career and institution building, and thus reveals the atmosphere within which scientific results were achieved.