To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: The 1980s.
Journal articles on the topic 'The 1980s'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'The 1980s.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Eero, Margit. "Reconstructing the population dynamics of sprat (Sprattus sprattus balticus) in the Baltic Sea in the 20th century." ICES Journal of Marine Science 69, no. 6 (2012): 1010–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fss051.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Eero, M. 2012. Reconstructing the population dynamics of sprat (Sprattus sprattus balticus) in the Baltic Sea in the 20th century. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 1010–1018 . Long time-series of population dynamics are increasingly needed in order to understand human impacts on marine ecosystems and support their sustainable management. In this study, the estimates of sprat (Sprattus sprattus balticus) biomass in the Baltic Sea were extended back from the beginning of ICES stock assessments in 1974 to the early 1900s. The analyses identified peaks in sprat spawner biomass in the beginning of the 1930s, 1960s, and 1970s at ∼900 kt. Only a half of that biomass was estimated for the late 1930s, for the period from the late 1940s to the mid-1950s, and for the mid-1960s. For the 1900s, fisheries landings suggest a relatively high biomass, similar to the early 1930s. The exploitation rate of sprat was low until the development of pelagic fisheries in the 1960s. Spatially resolved analyses from the 1960s onwards demonstrate changes in the distribution of sprat biomass over time. The average body weight of sprat by age in the 1950s to 1970s was higher than at present, but lower than during the 1980s to 1990s. The results of this study facilitate new analyses of the effects of climate, predation, and anthropogenic drivers on sprat, and contribute to setting long-term management strategies for the Baltic Sea.
2
Duan, J., L. Wang, L. Li, and Y. Sun. "Tree-ring inferred glacier mass balance variation in southeastern Tibetan Plateau and its linkage with climate variability." Climate of the Past Discussions 9, no. 4 (2013): 3663–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-9-3663-2013.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. A large number of glaciers in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) have experienced wastage in recent decades. And the wastage is different from region to region, even from glacier to glacier. A better understanding of long-term glacier variations and their linkage with climate variability requires extending the presently observed records. Here we present the first tree-ring-based glacier mass balance (MB) reconstruction in the TP, performed at the Hailuogou Glacier in southeastern TP during 1865–2007. The reconstructed MB is characterized mainly by ablation over the past 143 yr, and typical melting periods occurs in 1910s–1920s, 1930s–1960s, 1970s–1980s, and the last 20 yr. After the 1900s, only a few short periods (i.e., 1920s–1930s, the 1960s and the late 1980s) is characterized by accumulation. These variations can be validated by the terminus retreat velocity of the Hailuogou Glacier and the ice-core accumulation rate in Guliya and respond well to regional and Northern Hemisphere temperature anomaly. In addition, the reconstructed MB is significantly and negatively correlated with August-September all-Indian monsoon precipitation (AIR) (r1871–2008= −0.342, p < 0.0001). These results suggest that temperature variability is the dominant factor for the long-term MB variation at the Hailuogou Glacier. Indian summer monsoon precipitation doesn't affect the MB variation, yet the significant negative correlation between the MB and the AIR implies the positive effect of summer heating of the TP on Indian summer monsoon precipitation.
3
Duan, J., L. Wang, L. Li, and Y. Sun. "Tree-ring-inferred glacier mass balance variation in southeastern Tibetan Plateau and its linkage with climate variability." Climate of the Past 9, no. 6 (2013): 2451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-2451-2013.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. A large number of glaciers in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) have experienced wastage in recent decades. And the wastage is different from region to region, even from glacier to glacier. A better understanding of long-term glacier variations and their linkage with climate variability requires extending the presently observed records. Here we present the first tree-ring-based glacier mass balance (MB) reconstruction in the TP, performed at the Hailuogou Glacier in southeastern TP during 1868–2007. The reconstructed MB is characterized mainly by ablation over the past 140 yr, and typical melting periods occurred in 1910s–1920s, 1930s–1960s, 1970s–1980s, and the last 20 yr. After the 1900s, only a few short periods (i.e., 1920s–1930s, the 1960s and the late 1980s) were characterized by accumulation. These variations can be validated by the terminus retreat velocity of Hailuogou Glacier and the ice-core accumulation rate in Guliya and respond well to regional and Northern Hemisphere temperature anomaly. In addition, the reconstructed MB is significantly and negatively correlated with August–September all-India monsoon rainfall (AIR) (r1871-2008 = −0.342, p < 0.0001). These results suggest that temperature variability is the dominant factor for the long-term MB variation at the Hailuogou Glacier. Indian summer monsoon precipitation does not affect the MB variation, yet the significant negative correlation between the MB and the AIR implies the positive effect of summer heating of the TP on Indian summer monsoon precipitation.
4
Goldstein, Melvyn C. "The United States, Tibet, and the Cold War." Journal of Cold War Studies 8, no. 3 (2006): 145–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws.2006.8.3.145.
Full textAbstract:
This article examines U.S. policy toward Tibet from the end of the 1940s to the end of the 1980s, especially the 1950s and 1960s. U.S. policy during this period operated on two levels. At the strategic level, the United States consistently supported China's claim of sovereignty over Tibet. But at the tactical level, U.S. policy varied a great deal over time, ranging from the provision of military and financial aid to Tibetan guerrilla forces in the 1950s and 1960s to the almost complete lack of official attention to Tibet in the 1970s and early 1980s. The article explains why the U.S. government has never accepted Tibet's claim to independence and why the question of Tibet, after falling into obscurity in the 1970s, reemerged on the U.S. agenda in the mid- to late 1980s. The article highlights the cynicism that has often characterized tactical shifts in U.S. policy.
5
Didenko, К. "INVOLVEMENT OF THE THEORY OF SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION FOR CONSIDERATION OF ARCHITECTURAL AND CITY BUILDING PRACTICE." Municipal economy of cities 1, no. 154 (2020): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2020-1-154-185-191.
Full textAbstract:
Social aspects of the formation of architectural complexes in metropolian Kharkov have not yet been analyzed in homeland architectural theory. The study into "Kharkov constructivism", due to unfortunate historical ocurrence, is still in fact at the initial stage. Thesises of Kharkov authors illuminate this phenomenon in general or analyze some of the most significant sights. Approaches to the study of social aspects of architecture and urban development went through several stages. Architectural theory of the late 1940s- the beginning of 1950s was sharply critical of the architectural and urban planning experiments in the 1920s. The XXth century Soviet history of architecture in the 1960s and 1970s was marked by ideological rehabilitation of constructivism, including social experiments of the 1920s - early 1930s. A turn from apologetics of the 1960s - 1980s to critical analysis of the architecture and urban development of the avant-garde was indicated at the beginning of 2000s by the studies considering Soviet architectural and urban planning practice in the context of public behavior management as a tool for structuring general population to achieve political goals. Foreign studies into the Soviet avant-garde sprang up in the 1970s - early 1980s affected by Western sociology where architecture began to be viewed as a tool for managing social processes and new types of structures and models of urban planning organization- as “a transition from social to material”. Many studies highlighted the influence of Soviet architectural and urban planning programs of the 1920s and 1930s on the system and structure of public consciousness. There was established that large-scale housing, cultural and domestic construction was carried out as part of the capital's administrative and government center creation programs and the formation of an industrial complex. There were identified four conceptual approaches for housing construction, they were consistently implemented during the realization of the two above-mentioned programs: garden city, communal house, housing complex and social city. In these programs, the concepts of "garden city" and "communal houses" were practically tested and reasonably rejected, and the most productive models were residential complexes and social city. Keywords: social construction, architectural and urban concepts, soviet human, metropolian Kharkov.
6
Lippy, William H., Leonard P. Berenholz, and John M. Burkey. "Otosclerosis in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s." Laryngoscope 109, no. 8 (1999): 1307–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005537-199908000-00022.
Full text
7
Santiago-Delefosse, Marie, and Maria del Rio Carral. "The rapid expansion of (mainstream) health psychology in France: Historical foundations." Journal of Health Psychology 23, no. 3 (2017): 372–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105317714484.
Full textAbstract:
This article traces the historical evolution of ongoing theoretical debates in psychology in France from the 1940s until today. Its aim is to show how the conjunction of certain conditions led to a rapid expansion of American-derived mainstream health psychology during the 1980s. The authors describe the French context in the post-World War II period and outline the implementation of ‘clinical psychology in health settings’ in the 1950s, under the influence of Daniel Lagache. The strong critiques of the new psychology profession in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s are examined. Our conclusion reflects upon future implications of ongoing rivalries between different approaches to psychology.
8
Uchvatov, Pavel S. "THE CHANGE OF GENERATIONS IN THE SOVIET REGIONAL ELITE (on the example of the Mordovian ASSR government in 1934–1991)." Historical Search 2, no. 2 (2021): 46–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2712-9454-2021-2-2-46-57.
Full textAbstract:
The article examines the development of the regional elite in the Soviet historical era using the example of the supreme state administration authority of a one particular autonomous republic. Several transformation stages in the elite of functionaries that was in power in Mordovia from the 1930s to 1991:
 
 1) early 1930s – mid-1937 The national elite, formed during the Mordovian statehood formation, consisted, first, of autonomy supporters who were active in the 1920s; secondly, of people who came to the system of power as a result of Soviet «localization policy» applied to the control organs. They held leading positions until mass political repressions of 1937–1938.;
 
 2) the end of the 1930s – the first half of the 1950s. There was an advancement of representatives of the so-called Stalinist control organs. Soviet «localization policy» was curtailed, and the number of the Moravians in the Soviet authorities decreased; the majority in the Council of People’s Commissars of the Mordovian ASSR was relatively young managers aged 30–40 years. Despite a frequent change of personnel, already in the second half of the 1940s there was a tendency of relative stabilization in the government composition;
 
 3) mid-1950s – late 1960s. A core of experienced leaders who were working in their positions for quite a long time formed in the Council of Ministers. Its chairman I.P. Astaykin, who held this position for more than 15 years, had a great influence on the government;
 
 4) the 1970s – late 1980s. After the change in the Republican party leadership, representatives of a new generation came to power. However, renewal of personnel was subsequently replaced by «stagnant» phenomena: a long stay in power of individual managers, gradual aging of the Council of Ministers members, the growth of the total number of managers;
 
 5) late 1980s – 1991 As a result of the union center’s initiatives, as well as attainment of the maximum age by many regional leaders, there was some renewal in the composition of the Council of Ministers. But the old party and economic nomenclature continued to maintain its position in the republic until the very end of the Soviet system.
9
Collins, David N. "Climatic warming, glacier recession and runoff from Alpine basins after the Little Ice Age maximum." Annals of Glaciology 48 (2008): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756408784700761.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractRecords of discharge of rivers draining Alpine basins with between 0 and ~70% ice cover, in the upper Aare and Rhône catchments, Switzerland, for the period 1894–2006 have been examined together with climatic data for 1866–2006, with a view to assessing the effects on runoff from glacierized basins of climatic warming coupled with glacier recession following the Little Ice Age maximum. Annual runoff from ice-free basins reflects precipitation variations, rising from minima between 1880 and 1910 to maxima between the late 1960s and early 1980s. The more highly glacierized the basin, the more runoff mimicked mean May–September air temperature during two periods of warming. Runoff increased gradually from the 1900s, rapidly in the 1940s, before decreasing to the late 1970s. Rising runoff levels during the second warming period failed to exceed those attained during the first, despite higher summer temperatures. Although temperatures continued to rise, discharge from glacierized basins declined after reaching maxima in the late 1980s to early 1990s. In the first warming period, rising specific melt rates augmented by increasing precipitation opposed the impact of declining glacier area on runoff. Although melt continued to increase in the second period, enhanced melting (even in the exceptionally warm summer of 2003) appears to have been insufficient to offset reducing glacier surface area exposed to melt, low or reducing levels of precipitation, and increasing evaporation. Thus runoff from glacierized basins peaked in the late 1940s to early 1950s.
10
Schultz, Sally M., and Roxanne T. Johnson. "INCOME TAX ALLOCATION: THE CONTINUING CONTROVERSY IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE." Accounting Historians Journal 25, no. 2 (1998): 81–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.25.2.81.
Full textAbstract:
The appropriate means of accounting for income taxes on financial statements has been among the most hotly debated and frequently recycled issues of the past 50 years. This retrospective account begins with the issuance of the first professional standards during the 1930s and 1940s, and illustrates how theoretical arguments, developed in professional and academic journals during the 1950s, were subsequently recycled and revised during later decades. The problems that led to reconsideration of the deferred tax issue by both the APB during the 1960s and the FASB during the 1980s and 1990s are discussed, as are the solutions offered by these standard setters.
11
Potter, Sarah. "“Thou Shalt Meet Thy Sexual Needs in Marriage”: Southern Baptists and Marital Sex in the Postwar Era." Church History 89, no. 1 (2020): 125–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640720000062.
Full textAbstract:
This article traces the changing sexual politics of the Southern Baptist Convention (SBC) from the 1950s through the 1980s. It argues that the moderates who led the denomination in the 1950s, 1960s, and early 1970s joined other supporters of “sexual containment” during the early Cold War to develop a theology about the salvific power of marital sex—and the personal, social, and national harm created by extramarital sex—which undergirded the sexual conservatism of the denomination's fundamentalist leadership who rose to power during the 1970s and 1980s. This analysis reframes our understanding of Southern Baptists within the broader religious right coalition as it reveals how the SBC's commitment to marital sexuality, which was forged during the early Cold War, informed its approach to later hot-button issues like abortion and homosexuality. Rather than simply reacting against the loosening sexual mores of the 1970s and 1980s or in favor of the rising visibility of other politically engaged Christians on issues of sexual morality, the SBC instead drew on longer traditions within the denomination to engage with a changing political and sexual landscape.
12
Zheng, Jingyun, Yingzhuo Yu, Xuezhen Zhang, and Zhixin Hao. "Variation of extreme drought and flood in North China revealed by document-based seasonal precipitation reconstruction for the past 300 years." Climate of the Past 14, no. 8 (2018): 1135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1135-2018.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Using a 17-site seasonal precipitation reconstruction from a unique historical archive, Yu-Xue-Fen-Cun, the decadal variations of extreme droughts and floods (i.e., the event with occurrence probability of less than 10 % from 1951 to 2000) in North China were investigated, by considering both the probabilities of droughts/floods occurrence in each site and spatial coverage (i.e., percentage of sites). Then, the possible linkages of extreme droughts and floods with ENSO (i.e., El Niño and La Niña) episodes and large volcanic eruptions were discussed. The results show that there were 29 extreme droughts and 28 extreme floods in North China from 1736 to 2000. For most of these extreme drought (flood) events, precipitation decreased (increased) evidently at most of the sites for the four seasons, especially for summer and autumn. But in drought years of 1902 and 1981, precipitation only decreased in summer slightly, while it decreased evidently in the other three seasons. Similarly, the precipitation anomalies for different seasons at different sites also existed in several extreme flood years, such as 1794, 1823, 1867, 1872 and 1961. Extreme droughts occurred more frequently (2 or more events) during the 1770s–1780s, 1870s, 1900s–1930s and 1980s–1990s, among which the most frequent (3 events) occurred in the 1900s and the 1920s. More frequent extreme floods occurred in the 1770s, 1790s, 1820s, 1880s, 1910s and 1950s–1960s, among which the most frequent (4 events) occurred in the 1790s and 1880s. For the total of extreme droughts and floods, they were more frequent in the 1770s, 1790s, 1870s–1880s, 1900s–1930s and 1960s, and the highest frequency (5 events) occurred in the 1790s. A higher probability of extreme drought was found when El Niño occurred in the current year or the previous year. However, no significant connections were found between the occurrences of extreme floods and ENSO episodes, or the occurrences of extreme droughts/floods and large volcanic eruptions.
13
Jost, Timothy Stoltzfus. "Eight Decades of Discouragement: The History of Health Care Cost Containment in the USA." Forum for Health Economics and Policy 15, no. 3 (2012): 53–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fhep-2012-0009.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This chapter traces the history of attempts at cost control in the United States from the origins of our modern health care financing system in the 1930s and 1940s, through health care cost regulation in the 1970s, and the deregulatory 1980s and 1990s, to the Affordable Care Act.
14
TSUGAWA, SADAYUKI. "AUTOMATED DRIVING SYSTEMS: COMMON GROUND OF AUTOMOBILES AND ROBOTS." International Journal of Humanoid Robotics 08, no. 01 (2011): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219843611002319.
Full textAbstract:
This article reviews R&D activities on automated highway systems (AHSs) since 1950s with emphasis on recent ones. AHSs in the 1950s and 1960s were featured by a cooperative system between roads and vehicles; those in the 1970s and 1980s were by autonomous systems. Intelligent transport system (ITS) projects since 1980s regarded AHS as an important system, not only a single automated vehicle but also an automated platoon were developed. In recent years, the R&D focuses on automated transit buses aiming at precision docking and driving along a narrow lane and automated truck platoons aiming at energy saving. The automated driving can be common ground of automobiles and robots.
15
Taylor, Alan M. "On the Costs of Inward-Looking Development: Price Distortions, Growth, and Divergence in Latin America." Journal of Economic History 58, no. 1 (1998): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700019860.
Full textAbstract:
From the 1930s to the 1980s, economic policies in Latin America epitomized the inward-looking model of development. The model emerged in the Depression, and was later codified in unorthodox economic theories. Even though economic performance was seen as disappointing by the 1960s, the distortions persisted and worsened into the 1970s and 1980s. This article examines the costs of distortions and explores the structural differences between growth dynamics in Latin America and elsewhere. Distortions had profound effects on many aspects of the growth process, help explain divergent development, and raise important questions about economic growth and the evolution of institutions.
16
Crawford, C. J. "Evidence for spring mountain snowpack retreat from a Landsat-derived snow cover climate data record." Cryosphere Discussions 7, no. 3 (2013): 2089–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-7-2089-2013.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. A Landsat snow cover climate data record (CDR) of visible mountain snow-covered area (SCA) across interior northwestern USA during spring was compared with ground-based snow telemetry (SNOTEL) snow-water-equivalent (SWE) measurements and mean surface temperature and total precipitation observations. Landsat spring SCA on 1 June was positively correlated with 15 May and 1 June SWE, negatively correlated with spring temperatures (April–June), and positively correlated with March precipitation. Using linear regression with predicted residual error sum-of-squares (PRESS) cross-validation, spring SCA was reconstructed (1901–2009) for the mountains of central Idaho and southwestern Montana using instrumental spring surface temperature records. The spring SCA reconstruction shows natural internal variability at interannual to decadal timescales including above average SCA in the 1900s, 1910s, 1940s-1970s, and below average SCA in the 1920s, 1930s, and since the mid 1980s. The reconstruction also reveals a~centennial trend towards decreasing spring SCA with estimated losses of −36.2 % since 1901. Based on the inferred thermal relationship between temperature and snow, strong evidence emerges for mountain snowpack retreat triggered by spring warming, a signal that includes both feedback and response mechanisms. Expanding snow cover CDRs to include additional operational satellite retrievals will add temporal SCA estimates during other snow accumulation and melt intervals for improved satellite-instrumental climate model calibration. Merging Landsat snow cover CDRs with instrumental climate records is a formidable method to monitor climate-driven changes in western US snowpack extent over 20th and 21st centuries.
17
Majumdar, Sumit. "Utilization of Different Categories of Resources in Indian Industry." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 22, no. 4 (1997): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090919970405.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, Sumit Majumdar analyses the patterns of utilization of various key resources — production staff, administrative staff, physical capital, and working capital — in the Indian indus try between the period 1950-51 and 1992-93. The ratio of optimal to actual input usage is calculated for the four key resource inputs. It is found that Indian industry was relatively efficient in the 1950s, but efficiency had plummeted in the 1960s and 1970s relative to the 1950s. The regression of industrial performance in the 1960s and 1970s was reversed in the 1980s. However, in the 1990s, the Indian industry has merely caught up with a performance level once attained in the 1950s and no dynamic progress in its performance over time is noted.
18
Maloney, Thomas N. "Higher Places in the Industrial Machinery?" Social Science History 26, no. 3 (2002): 475–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200013067.
Full textAbstract:
The economic history of African American workers since 1940 has been marked by alternating episodes of progress and stagnation. Sharp gains in relative incomes during the 1940s were followed by little change in this measure in the 1950s. Renewed progress from the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s was followed by a new period of stagnation and even decline in relative pay in the 1980s and early 1990s. The important episodes of progress were to a great degree driven by changes on the demand side of the labor market: rapid growth in labor demand—especially for blue-collar workers—during WorldWar II and the effect of new antidiscrimination policies on the demand for black labor after 1965 (Donohue and Heckman 1991; Jaynes andWilliams 1989: 294–96).
19
Quinn, Norman W. S. "Reconstructing Changes in Abundance of White-tailed Deer, Odocoileus virginianus, Moose, Alces alces, and Beaver, Castor canadensis, in Algonquin Park, Ontario, 1860-2004." Canadian Field-Naturalist 119, no. 3 (2005): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v119i3.142.
Full textAbstract:
The history of White-tailed Deer, Odocoileus virginianus, Moose, Alces alces, and Beaver, Castor canadensis, in Algonquin Park since the 1860s is reviewed and placed in the context of changes to the forest, weather, and parasitic disease. Deer seem to have been abundant in the late 1800s and early 1900s whereas Moose were also common but less so than deer. Deer declined through the 1920s as Moose probably increased. Deer had recovered by the 1940s when Moose seem to have been scarce. The deer population declined again in the 1960s, suffered major mortality in the early 1970s, and has never recovered; deer are essentially absent from the present day Algonquin landscape in winter. Moose increased steadily following the decline of deer and have numbered around 3500 since the mid-1980s. Beaver were scarce in the Park in the late 1800s but recovered by 1910 and appear to have been abundant through the early 1900s and at high numbers through mid-century. The Beaver population has, however, declined sharply since the mid-1970s. These changes can best be explained by the history of change to the structure and composition of the Park's forests. After extensive fire and logging in the late 1800s and early 1900s, the forest is now in an essentially mature state. Weather and parasitic disease, however, have also played a role. These three species form the prey base of Algonquin's Wolves, Canis lycaon, and the net decline of prey, especially deer, has important implications for the future of wolves in the Park.
20
Pattantyús-Ábrahám, Margit, and Wolfgang Steinbrecht. "Temperature Trends over Germany from Homogenized Radiosonde Data." Journal of Climate 28, no. 14 (2015): 5699–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00814.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Temperature data from radiosondes over Germany have been homogenized manually. The method makes use of the different radiosonde (RS) networks existing in East and West Germany until 1990. The largest temperature adjustments, up to 2.5 K, apply to Freiberg sondes used in the east in the 1950s and 1960s. Adjustments for Graw Hamburg 1948 (H48), 1950 (H50), and Munich 1960 (M60) sondes, used in the west from the 1950s to the late 1980s, and for RKZ sondes, used in the east in the 1970s and 1980s, are also significant: 0.3–0.5 K. Small differences between Vaisala RS80 and RS92 sondes used throughout Germany since 1990 and ~2004, respectively, were not corrected for at levels from the ground to 300 hPa. Comparison of the homogenized data with other datasets—Radiosonde Innovation Composite Homogenization (RICH) and Hadley Centre Atmospheric Temperature, version 2 (HadAT2)—and with Microwave Sounding Unit satellite data shows generally good agreement. HadAT2 data exhibit a few suspicious spikes in the 1970s and 1980s and some suspicious offsets up to 1 K after 1995. Compared to RICH, the homogenized data show slightly different temperatures, by less than ~0.4 K, in the 1960s and 1970s. As reported in other studies, the troposphere over Germany has been warming by 0.2 ± 0.1 K decade−1 from ~1950 to 2013, and the stratosphere has been cooling. The stratospheric trend increases from almost no change near 230 hPa (the tropopause) to −0.4 ± 0.2 K decade−1 near 50 hPa. Trends from the homogenized data are more positive by about 0.1 K decade−1 compared to the original data, both in the troposphere and stratosphere.
21
Erickson, David J. "Community Capitalism: How Housing Advocates, the Private Sector, and Government Forged New Low-Income Housing Policy, 1968–1996." Journal of Policy History 18, no. 2 (2006): 167–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jph.2006.0003.
Full textAbstract:
The commonly accepted story about the U.S. welfare state is that it developed between the 1930s and the late 1960s and then suffered a series of policy and political setbacks during the 1970s, which triggered a political backlash. Conservative politicians from Richard Nixon to Ronald Reagan successfully harnessed white middle-class anger over government programs in order to roll back the welfare state. At first glance, the fate of federal programs that subsidize apartments for low-income tenants confirms this narrative: the federal government created housing programs during the New Deal; it added to them significantly during the 1960s. In the late 1960s and 1970s, bad press, conservative attacks, and policy mistakes triggered cutbacks in the 1980s.
22
Sanchez-Lorenzo, A., and M. Wild. "Decadal variations in estimated surface solar radiation over Switzerland since the late 19th century." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, no. 4 (2012): 10815–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-10815-2012.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Our knowledge on trends in surface solar radiation (SSR) involves uncertainties due to the scarcity of long-term time series of SSR, especially with records before the second half of the 20th century. Here we study the trends of all-sky SSR from 1885 to 2010 in Switzerland, which have been estimated using a homogenous dataset of sunshine duration series. This variable is shown to be a useful proxy data of all-sky SSR, which can help to solve some of the current open issues in the dimming/brightening phenomenon. Unlike the second half of the 20th century that is characterized also in Switzerland by a dimming from the 1950s to the 1980s and a subsequent brightening, all-sky SSR has been fairly stable with little variations in the first half of the 20th century. Cloud cover changes seem to explain the major part of the decadal variability observed in all-sky SSR, at least until the 1970s; at this point, a discrepancy in the sign of the trend is visible in the series. Finally, an attempt to estimate SSR series for clear-sky conditions, based also on sunshine duration records since the 1930s, has been made for the first time. The mean clear-sky SSR series shows no relevant changes between the 1930s to the 1950s, then a decrease from 1960s to 1970s, and ends with a strong increase from the 1980s up to the present. During the last three decades the estimated clear-sky SSR trends reported in this study are in line with previous findings over Switzerland based on direct radiative flux measurements. Equally, the clear signal of the El Chichón and Pinatubo volcanic eruption visible in the estimated clear-sky SRR records further demonstrates its potential to infer aerosol-induced radiation changes from sunshine duration observations.
23
Onyutha, C., and P. Willems. "Spatial and temporal variability of rainfall in the Nile Basin." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 5 (2015): 2227–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2227-2015.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Spatiotemporal variability in annual and seasonal rainfall totals were assessed at 37 locations of the Nile Basin in Africa using quantile perturbation method (QPM). To get insight into the spatial difference in rainfall statistics, the stations were grouped based on the pattern of the long-term mean (LTM) of monthly rainfall and that of temporal variability. To find the origin of the driving forces for the temporal variability in rainfall, correlation analyses were carried out using global monthly sea level pressure (SLP) and sea surface temperature (SST). Further investigations to support the obtained correlations were made using a total of 10 climate indices. It was possible to obtain three groups of stations; those within the equatorial region (A), Sudan and Ethiopia (B), and Egypt (C). For group A, annual rainfall was found to be below (above) the reference during the late 1940s to 1950s (1960s to mid-1980s). Conversely for groups B and C, the period from 1930s to late 1950s (1960s to 1980s) was characterized by anomalies being above (below) the reference. For group A, significant linkages were found to Niño 3, Niño 3.4, and the North Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean drivers. Correlations of annual rainfall of group A with Pacific Ocean-related climate indices were inconclusive. With respect to the main wet seasons, the June–September rainfall of group B has strong connection to the influence from the Indian Ocean. For the March–May (October–February) rainfall of group A (C), possible links to the Atlantic and Indian oceans were found.
24
Onyutha, C., and P. Willems. "Spatial and temporal variability of rainfall in the Nile Basin." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, no. 10 (2014): 11945–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-11945-2014.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Spatio-temporal variability in annual and seasonal rainfall totals were assessed at 37 locations of the Nile Basin in Africa using quantile perturbation method. To get insight into the spatial difference in rainfall statistics, the stations were grouped based on the pattern of the long-term mean of monthly rainfall and that of temporal variability. To find the origin of the driving forces for the temporal variability in rainfall, correlation analyses were carried out using global monthly sea level pressure and surface temperature. Further investigations to support the obtained correlations were made using a total of 10 climate indices. It was possible to obtain 3 groups of stations; those within the equatorial region (A), Sudan and Ethiopia (B), and Egypt (C). For group A, annual rainfall was found to be below (above) the reference during the late 1940s to 1950s (1960s to mid 1980s). Conversely for groups B and C, the period 1930s to late 1950s (1960s to 1980s) was characterized by anomalies being above (below) the reference. For group A, significant linkages were found to Niño 3, Niño 3.4 and the North Atlantic and Indian Ocean drivers. Correlations of annual rainfall of group A with Pacific Ocean-related climate indices were inconclusive. With respect to the main wet seasons, the June to September rainfall of group B has strong connection to the influence from the Indian Ocean. For the March to May (October to February) rainfall of group A (C), possible links to the Atlantic and Indian Oceans were found.
25
Sanchez-Lorenzo, A., and M. Wild. "Decadal variations in estimated surface solar radiation over Switzerland since the late 19th century." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, no. 18 (2012): 8635–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-8635-2012.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Our knowledge on trends in surface solar radiation (SSR) involves uncertainties due to the scarcity of long-term time series of SSR, especially with records before the second half of the 20th century. Here we study the trends of all-sky SSR from 1885 to 2010 in Switzerland, which have been estimated using a homogenous dataset of sunshine duration series. This variable is shown to be a useful proxy data of all-sky SSR, which can help to solve some of the current open issues in the dimming/brightening phenomenon. All-sky SSR has been fairly stable with little variations in the first half of the 20th century, unlike the second half of the 20th century that is characterized also in Switzerland by a dimming from the 1950s to the 1980s and a subsequent brightening. Cloud cover changes seem to explain the major part of the decadal variability observed in all-sky SSR, at least from 1885 to the 1970s; at this point, a discrepancy in the sign of the trend is visible in the all-sky SSR and cloud cover series from the 1970s to the present. Finally, an attempt to estimate SSR series for clear-sky conditions, based also on sunshine duration records since the 1930s, has been made for the first time. The mean clear-sky SSR series shows no relevant changes between the 1930s to the 1950s, then a decrease, smaller than the observed in the all-sky SSR, from the 1960s to 1970s, and ends with a strong increase from the 1980s up to the present. During the three decades from 1981 to 2010 the estimated clear-sky SSR trends reported in this study are in line with previous findings over Switzerland based on direct radiative flux measurements. Moreover, the signal of the El Chichón and Pinatubo volcanic eruption visible in the estimated clear-sky SSR records further demonstrates the potential to infer aerosol-induced radiation changes from sunshine duration observations.
26
Adom Getachew Talks to Ashish Ghadiali. "World makers of the Black Atlantic." Soundings 75, no. 75 (2020): 180–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3898/soun.75.11.2020.
Full textAbstract:
In Worldmaking After Empire, Adom Getachew challenges standard histories of decolonisation, which chart the story of a simple shift from empire to independent nationhood. She shows that supporters of decolonisation have always sought to create something much more than nationalisms: they have engaged in a dynamic and rival system of revolutionary worldmaking, seeking an alternative international system that could replace the old inequitable dispensation. She charts this decolonial project from its roots in the works of Black Atlantic thinkers like W.E.B. Du Bois and C.L.R. James in the 1920s and 1930s. The key events she tracks are the challenges the project faced in the United Nations in the 1940s and 1950s; attempts at regional federation in late 1950s and 1960s; and the emergence of the New International Economic Order in the 1960s and 1970s. This a twentieth century tradition now ripe to be reclaimed and revived.
27
Danforth, Scot. "“Companions”." Journal of Literary & Cultural Disability Studies: Volume 15, Issue 4 15, no. 4 (2021): 401–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/jlcds.2021.32.
Full textAbstract:
The documentary Crip Camp presents a 1970s summer camp for disabled youth as a place of friendship and political dialogues that spawned the American disability rights movement. The film also represented Camp Jened as a haven of racial harmony and inclusion. Jened was not the only American micro-community of disability solidarity and political possibilities that also involved questions of racial politics. Scholars have criticized disability activists and disability studies scholars for neglecting problems of racial oppression. This historical study examines three examples of empowering disability subcultures in twentieth century America: Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s Warm Springs rehabilitation resort from the mid-1920s through the mid-1940s, the Rolling Quads at the University of California, Berkeley, in the late 1960s, and Camp Interdependence in California in the 1980s. The article interrogates the racial politics of these egalitarian communities.
28
Wu, Lawrence L., Steven P. Martin, Paula England, and Nicholas D. E. Mark. "Sexual Abstinence in the United States: Cohort Trends in Abstaining from Sex While Never Married for U.S. Women Born 1938 to 1983." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 6 (January 2020): 237802312090847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2378023120908476.
Full textAbstract:
In this data visualization, the authors document trends in abstaining from sex while never married for U.S. women born 1938–1939 to 1982–1983. Using data from the six most recent National Surveys of Family Growth, the authors’ estimates suggest that for women born in the late 1930s and early 1940s, 48 percent to 58 percent reported abstaining from sex while never married. Abstinence then declined rapidly among women born in the late 1940s through the early 1960s, leveling off at between 9 percent and 12 percent for more recent birth cohorts. Thus, for U.S. women born between the mid-1960s and the early 1980s, roughly one in nine abstained from sex while never married.
29
Kinross, Robin. "The nuts of'em." Information Design Journal 8, no. 3 (1996): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/idj.8.3.03kin.
Full textAbstract:
The typographer Anthony Froshaug worked intermittently as a teacher in Britain and Germany, from the late 1940s through to the 1980s. He was unusual in bringing the experience of typesetting and printing to design teaching, and in his wide set of intellectual interests. Froshaug's contribution was a notable if somewhat subterranean element in the development of education in typography in Britain, especially in the steps towards its modernization that were made in the 1960s and 1970s.
30
Manfrass, Klaus. "Europe: South-North or East-West Migration?" International Migration Review 26, no. 2 (1992): 388–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839202600212.
Full textAbstract:
A dualism in Europe between immigration of European and of non-European origins increasingly characterized the 1970s and the 1980s; i.e., the time span following the phase of the massive labor migration of the 1950s and 1960s after the break marked by the end of active recruitment in 1973–1974. The result was, on the one hand, the integration of a considerable number of immigrants of European origin into the society of the host country. On the other hand, it resulted in the nonintegration of immigrants of non-European origin and their social isolation as well as scenarios of conflict with this group. The consequences of the process of European integration highlighted this dualism. It was beneficial for most of the immigrants of European origin in terms of improved social and legal status and especially in terms of free movement. The dualism was likewise emphasized by increasing immigration flows from different parts of the Third World which could be observed in the 1970s and 1980s.
31
Kiselev, Mikhail. "Carl Schmitt in the USSR." Sotsiologicheskoe Obozrenie / Russian Sociological Review 19, no. 2 (2020): 276–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1728-192x-2020-2-276-309.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the problem of the perception in the USSR of C. Schmitt and his works. It is shown that the Russian Empire paid attention to and criticized Schmitt’s 1912 work Law and Judgment. Soviet readers in the 1920s–1940s were already acquainted with the content of Schmitt’s key works such as Political Romanticism, Dictatorship, The Historical and Spiritual State of Modern Parliamentarism, Political Theology, The Concept of Political, The Age of Neutralizations and Depoliticizations, and On the Three Types of Juristic Thought, and a discussion of these works was a part of the intellectual life of the USSR in the 1920s–1940s. Moreover, Soviet Marxist-theorists of law, while criticizing Schmitt’s ideas, agreed with some of his ideas regarding the criticism of the bourgeois state and law until 1933. However, after 1933, Schmitt’s works in the USSR turned into an object of harsh criticism, and he himself was proclaimed a key fascist theoretician of state and law. Since the late 1940s, because of the so-called struggle with “cosmopolitanism”, Schmitt’s works received less attention. In the 1950s–1970s, Schmitt’s works appeared only in some critical statements, and the works of Soviet authors of the 1920s-1940s about Schmitt actually fell into oblivion. A new wave of interest in Schmitt began only in the second half of the 1980s, and his works can already be considered in the context of the intellectual history of modern Russia.
32
Ramsey, Justin, and Tara S. Ramsey. "Ecological studies of polyploidy in the 100 years following its discovery." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1648 (2014): 20130352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0352.
Full textAbstract:
Polyploidy is a mutation with profound phenotypic consequences and thus hypothesized to have transformative effects in plant ecology. This is most often considered in the context of geographical and environmental distributions—as achieved from divergence of physiological and life-history traits—but may also include species interactions and biological invasion. This paper presents a historical overview of hypotheses and empirical data regarding the ecology of polyploids. Early researchers of polyploidy (1910s–1930s) were geneticists by training but nonetheless savvy to its phenotypic effects, and speculated on the importance of genome duplication to adaptation and crop improvement. Cytogenetic studies in the 1930s–1950s indicated that polyploids are larger (sturdier foliage, thicker stems and taller stature) than diploids while cytogeographic surveys suggested that polyploids and diploids have allopatric or parapatric distributions. Although autopolyploidy was initially regarded as common, influential writings by North American botanists in the 1940s and 1950s argued for the principle role of allopolyploidy; according to this view, genome duplication was significant for providing a broader canvas for hybridization rather than for its phenotypic effects per se . The emphasis on allopolyploidy had a chilling effect on nascent ecological work, in part due to taxonomic challenges posed by interspecific hybridization. Nonetheless, biosystematic efforts over the next few decades (1950s–1970s) laid the foundation for ecological research by documenting cytotype distributions and identifying phenotypic correlates of polyploidy. Rigorous investigation of polyploid ecology was achieved in the 1980s and 1990s by population biologists who leveraged flow cytometry for comparative work in autopolyploid complexes. These efforts revealed multi-faceted ecological and phenotypic differences, some of which may be direct consequences of genome duplication. Several classical hypotheses about the ecology of polyploids remain untested, however, and allopolyploidy—regarded by most botanists as the primary mode of genome duplication—is largely unstudied in an ecological context.
33
Madenjian, Charles P., Gary L. Fahnenstiel, Thomas H. Johengen, et al. "Dynamics of the Lake Michigan food web, 19702000." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59, no. 4 (2002): 736–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f02-044.
Full textAbstract:
Herein, we document changes in the Lake Michigan food web between 1970 and 2000 and identify the factors responsible for these changes. Control of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) and alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) populations in Lake Michigan, beginning in the 1950s and 1960s, had profound effects on the food web. Recoveries of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) and burbot (Lota lota) populations, as well as the buildup of salmonine populations, were attributable, at least in part, to sea lamprey control. Based on our analyses, predation by salmonines was primarily responsible for the reduction in alewife abundance during the 1970s and early 1980s. In turn, the decrease in alewife abundance likely contributed to recoveries of deepwater sculpin (Myoxocephalus thompsoni), yellow perch (Perca flavescens), and burbot populations during the 1970s and 1980s. Decrease in the abundance of all three dominant benthic macroinvertebrate groups, including Diporeia, oligochaetes, and sphaeriids, during the 1980s in nearshore waters ([Formula: see text]50 m deep) of Lake Michigan, was attributable to a decrease in primary production linked to a decline in phosphorus loadings. Continued decrease in Diporeia abundance during the 1990s was associated with the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) invasion, but specific mechanisms for zebra mussels affecting Diporeia abundance remain unidentified.
34
Stock, Carl W. "Stromatoporoidea, 1926–2000." Journal of Paleontology 75, no. 6 (2001): 1079–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000017145.
Full textAbstract:
The history of research on the “true” stromatoporoids, a presumably monophyletic group of sponges that occurred from the Ordovician through the Devonian, is examined in detail. Stromatoporoid published research is summarized in five categories: quantity of publication; biological affinities; systematics; skeletal microstructure; and paleoecology. Quantity of publication is measured from each of the 75 years. Moderate levels of publication in the late 1920s and 1930s declined in the early 1940s, and were reduced to zero for four years due to the impact of World War II. Levels similar to that of the 1930s returned in the 1950s, after which there was an overall increase until the mid-1980s, when levels began a decrease that persists today. The proportion of research on paleoecology has increased as research on systematics decreased through time. Post-Devonian forms assigned to the stromatoporoids are a polyphyletic grouping of several apparently unrelated taxa, possibly representing both Porifera and Cnidaria. Publications on the post-Devonian “stromatoporoids” amount to less than one-third that on the true stromatoporoids during the same 75 years.
35
Weiner, Nathaniel. "Resistance through realism: Youth subculture films in 1970s (and 1980s) Britain." European Journal of Cultural Studies 21, no. 2 (2015): 165–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367549415603376.
Full textAbstract:
Film scholars have argued that the British social realist films of the late 1950s and early 1960s reflect the concerns articulated by British cultural studies during the same period. This article looks at how the social realist films of the 1970s and early 1980s similarly reflect the concerns of British cultural studies scholarship produced by the University of Birmingham’s Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies during the 1970s. It argues that the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies’ approach to stylised working-class youth subcultures is echoed in the portrayal of youth subcultures in the social realist films Pressure (1976), Bloody Kids (1979), Babylon (1980) and Made in Britain (1982). This article explores the ways in which these films show us both the strengths and weaknesses of the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies’ work on subcultures.
36
Smith, Sara R. "Queers are Workers, Workers are Queer, Workers' Rights are Hot! The Emerging Field of Queer Labor History." International Labor and Working-Class History 89 (2016): 184–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014754791500040x.
Full textAbstract:
Gay male stewards performing drag shows on large passenger ships in the 1930s. Male hustlers selling sex to men for money and then going home to their girlfriends in the 1950s. Lesbian bus drivers organizing in the 1970s to include “sexual orientation” in their union contract's antidiscrimination clause. Gay male flight attendants fired from their jobs for being HIV-positive in the 1980s. These are some of the stories told in the four books under review, each about the queer labor history of the United States.
37
CREPAZ, MARKUS M. L. "Corporatism in Decline?" Comparative Political Studies 25, no. 2 (1992): 139–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414092025002001.
Full textAbstract:
During the 1970s and early 1980s most studies on corporatism indicated that corporatist policies led to lower unemployment and inflation and higher economic growth rates. In the mid- and late 1980s, however, voices claiming that corporatism is in “decline” became more and more frequent although hardly any empirical examinations were undertaken. The purpose of this study is to estimate empirically the influence of corporatist arrangements on macroeconomic performance and industrial disputes in the 1980s as compared with the 1970s and 1960s. This pooled time-series/cross-sectional analysis provides evidence that corporatist policies have not lost their capacity to achieve the desired macroeconomic goals in the 1980s; in addition, corporatism significantly reduces the number of working days lost. However, no evidence was found that corporatism leads to increased economic growth. There is evidence that economic growth is adversely affected by government outlays.
38
Weesjes, Elke. "'By being out and outspoken, I contributed to the normalisation of homosexuality in the Netherlands': an interview with Evelien Eshuis, Dutch communist MP 1982-1986." Twentieth Century Communism 20, no. 20 (2021): 136–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3898/175864321832926382.
Full textAbstract:
The 1970s and 1980s are often characterised as sober and gloomy, a prolonged anti-climax to the swinging 1960s. The oil crisis of 1973 led to widespread unemployment in most industrialised countries, which was only exacerbated in the early 1980s by a worldwide economic crisis. In the Netherlands, people – especially youth – struggled to find employment, and class antagonisms, which had been largely absent in the 1960s, resurfaced. Despite these growing social tensions, the Dutch communist movement began to embrace single issues that were not necessarily rooted in class struggle. This new course, while condemned by some hardliners, opened up space for closer links between the Communistische Partij van Nederland ('Communist Party of the Netherlands'; CPN) and anti-racist, feminist and gay politics. In a parallel development, membership demographics changed significantly. Among new CPN members in the early 1970s there were just as many workers as there were artists, students and unemployed. In this interview, Eshuis looks back on her life and, in particular, her experiences in the CPN in the 1970s and 1980s.
39
Cheffins, Brian R. "Corporate Governance since the Managerial Capitalism Era." Business History Review 89, no. 4 (2015): 717–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680515000690.
Full textAbstract:
Executives of today's public companies face a considerably different set of opportunities and constraints than did their counterparts in the managerial capitalism era, which reached its apex in the 1950s and 1960s. The growing importance of corporate governance featured prominently as circumstances changed for those running public companies. This article explores these developments, taking into account high-profile corporate scandals occurring in the first half of the 1970s and the early 2000s, the 1980s “Deal Decade,” the “imperial” chief executive phenomenon, and changes to the roles played by directors and shareholders of public companies.
40
Vakhtin, Nikolai. "Two approaches to reversing language shift and the Soviet publication program for indigenous minorities." Études/Inuit/Studies 29, no. 1-2 (2006): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/013936ar.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe present paper discusses the interplay between the Soviet state policy towards indigenous languages of "Northern Minorities" and the attitudes of the indigenous communities to their languages and to language endangerment. The author uses statistics on the Soviet state program of publishing books (primarily school books) in indigenous languages that was launched in the late 1920s and underwent considerable changes in the course of the decades to follow. It is argued that the publishing policy for all languages of indigenous minorities of the Far North followed the same consistent pattern that included several phases: "a glorious beginning" in the 1930s interrupted by the war, then a strong continuation in the 1950s, then a drop in the 1960-70s, and a resurrection in the 1980s, interrupted by the economic crisis of the early 1990s. The most interesting and the least clear period is the two and a half decades between mid-1950s and late 1970s where changes of the state policy may be connected with changes in community attitudes towards their native languages. A successful policy of language preservation and revitalization is possible only if it is supported simultaneously by the state and the indigenous community.
41
Hanagan, Michael P. "Labor History and the New Migration History: A Review Essay." International Labor and Working-Class History 54 (1998): 57–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547900006219.
Full textAbstract:
Debates over the significance of immigration and demands for its restriction in industrialized nations have been a major feature of political life in the 1980s and 1990s. There are several reasons for this heightened concern. In Western Europe, the 1990s have been a decade of slower growth, particularly compared with the halcyon decades of the 1950s and 1960s when mass migration, severely restricted during the interwar years, again became a routine aspect of European life.Even more persistent and troubling has been the declining position of less skilled workers in the economies of industrial nations. The International Monetary Fund notes that, beginning in the 1970s or the early 1980s, “labor markets in the advanced economies have been characterized by marked increases in wage inequality in some countries between the more skilled and less skilled, and in other countriesby rises in unemployment among the less skilled.” Many less skilled workers believe that migrants are responsible for their declining wages and unemployment.
42
Eero, Margit, Friedrich W. Köster, Maris Plikshs, and Fritz Thurow. "Eastern Baltic cod (Gadus morhua callarias) stock dynamics: extending the analytical assessment back to the mid-1940s." ICES Journal of Marine Science 64, no. 6 (2007): 1257–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsm114.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Eero, M., Köster, F. W., Plikshs, M., and Thurow, F. 2007. Eastern Baltic cod (Gadus morhua callarias) stock dynamics: extending the analytical assessment back to the mid-1940s. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 1257–1271. The status of the eastern Baltic cod (Gadus morhua callarias) stock has been assessed annually by ICES since 1966. To understand better the causes of stock fluctuations and to evaluate human impact on the stock relative to natural variability, longer time-series than currently available are needed. To achieve this, data back to the mid-1940s were compiled to extend the analytical assessment. Estimates are provided of stock development and its exploitation for a 20-year period before the start of the current assessment. The quality of the data and the credibility of the historical estimates are discussed. Considerable fluctuations in cod biomass and recruitment in the pre-assessment years were identified. Stock size was estimated to be relatively low after the Second World War, then increased during the first half of the 1950s, but did not reach the high levels of abundance subsequently observed in the early 1980s, and then declined towards the mid-1960s. Fishing mortality was low after the Second World War but increased rapidly in the second half of the 1950s, reaching the high levels observed since the 1980s.
43
CLEGG, E. J. "PROBABILITIES OF MARRIAGE IN TWO OUTER HEBRIDEAN ISLANDS, 1861–1990." Journal of Biosocial Science 31, no. 2 (1999): 167–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932099001674.
Full textAbstract:
A study has been made of the probabilities of marriage of females and males aged 15–49 (either as a whole or in 5-year age groups) in two Outer Hebridean islands, Harris and Barra. The results were compared with ages of marriage and with the frequencies of permanent celibacy. The marriages took place between 1861 and 1990.Median ages of marriage rose to maxima in the 1930s and 1940s, then fell steeply, levelling out latterly. Permanent celibacy was consistently high among females, but rose from much lower levels in males to maxima in the 1970s and 1980s. It is concluded that in these populations age at marriage and the extent of permanent celibacy are largely independent of one another.In both islands the overall probabilities of females marrying fell until the 1920s, and then rose. The last decades showed stability (Barra) and a fall (Harris). Males showed only slight falls to about 1910; data were absent for between 1911 and 1960, but subsequently there was little rise in probability.These overall changes seemed to be associated with reciprocal variations in probabilities in the younger and older age groups. Declining overall probabilities were associated with declines in younger and increases in older age-group probabilities, and vice versa.Non-parametric correlations between median ages of marriage and probability of marriage were negative and generally significant for the 15–19 age group. Among the older age groups coefficients were generally positive.There was some evidence of an association between probability of marriage and sex ratio in any group of potential mates. The effect appeared more marked among 15- to 19-year-old females.Local factors which might explain at least part of the decline in nuptiality for the greater part of the period under study include the decline in the fishing industry and the ‘land hunger’ which existed until the late 1920s. This decline is interpreted as a ‘Malthusian’ response to economic and social conditions, but it coexisted with a ‘neo-Malthusian’ strategy, in the shape of declining marital fertility. The ‘Malthusian’strategy seems to have been largely abandoned around the 1950s, but it may have reappeared during the 1980s.
44
English, Robert. "The Sociology of New Thinking: Elites, Identity Change, and the End of the Cold War." Journal of Cold War Studies 7, no. 2 (2005): 43–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/1520397053630628.
Full textAbstract:
This article recounts the origins of Soviet “new thinking” as a case study of how Soviet intellectuals sought to redefine national identity in response to the West. It demonstrates that new thinking was fundamentally normative, not instrumental, insofar as it was developed in a period (1950s–1960s) when “socialism” was thought to be materially outperforming capitalism. It also demonstrates that new thinking decisively affected Soviet policy in the second half of the 1980s. Putting forth a socialization argument to show how newthinking ideas originated in the post-Stalin period within a community of intellectuals, the article charts the growing influence of these intellectuals through the 1970s and 1980s. In the mid-1980s, when Gorbachev became general secretary of the Communist Party and empowered many of the new thinkers as advisers, their liberal, Westernizing ideas played an indispensable role in shaping his reforms. The analysis focuses on mechanisms of identity change at two levels: that of the community of reformist intellectuals, and that of the Soviet Union itself. The analysis challenges realist and rationalist views that new thinking was largely instrumental. Until the Gorbachev era, Soviet reformers advocated new-thinking ideas often at the risk of their personal, professional, and institutional interests.
45
Goto-Azuma, Kumiko, Shiro Kohshima, Takao Kameda, et al. "An ice-core chemistry record from Snøfjellafonna, northwestern Spitsbergen." Annals of Glaciology 21 (1995): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500015846.
Full textAbstract:
A 2.2 m deep pit and the top 42.5 m of an ice core recovered at Snøfjellafonna, northwestern Spitsbergen, were continuously analyzed for Na+, Cl−, NO3 −, SO4 2− and pH. Seasonal variations in ionic concentrations seem to have remained in the pit and the core, in spite of the relatively severe summer melting. We dated the core by counting annual peaks of Na+ and made an adjustment with the use of a tritium peak in 1963 as a reference horizon. It turned out that the depth of 42.5 m went back to the early 1930s or late 1920s. The 60–70 year record of snow chemistry showed that the concentrations of both NO3 − and SO4 2− had increased in the 1950s and had decreased in the late 1970s and the 1980s. The increase would be explained in terms of anthropogenic inputs from the industrial areas. The later decrease of the same ions may have been caused by a combination of the reduction of the atmospheric precursors due to pollution controls and the meltwater-associated processes.
46
Goto-Azuma, Kumiko, Shiro Kohshima, Takao Kameda, et al. "An ice-core chemistry record from Snøfjellafonna, northwestern Spitsbergen." Annals of Glaciology 21 (1995): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500015846.
Full textAbstract:
A 2.2 m deep pit and the top 42.5 m of an ice core recovered at Snøfjellafonna, northwestern Spitsbergen, were continuously analyzed for Na+, Cl−, NO3−, SO42− and pH. Seasonal variations in ionic concentrations seem to have remained in the pit and the core, in spite of the relatively severe summer melting. We dated the core by counting annual peaks of Na+ and made an adjustment with the use of a tritium peak in 1963 as a reference horizon. It turned out that the depth of 42.5 m went back to the early 1930s or late 1920s. The 60–70 year record of snow chemistry showed that the concentrations of both NO3− and SO42− had increased in the 1950s and had decreased in the late 1970s and the 1980s. The increase would be explained in terms of anthropogenic inputs from the industrial areas. The later decrease of the same ions may have been caused by a combination of the reduction of the atmospheric precursors due to pollution controls and the meltwater-associated processes.
47
KOCHAN, THOMAS A. "Adaptability of the U.S. Industrial Relations System." Science 240, no. 4850 (1988): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.240.4850.287.
Full textAbstract:
An industrial relations system describes the basic values, laws, institutions, and organizational practices that govern employment relationships. To be effective, an industrial relations system must be well matched to its economic and social environment and able to meet the strategic needs of employers, the workforce, and the larger society. The current state of American industrial relations is assessed against these criteria. The general proposition advanced is that the U.S. system of industrial relations that grew out of the New Deal labor legislation of the 1930s performed effectively from the 1940s through the 1960s. Pressures for change on the system began to build through the 1970s because of changes in the economic and technological environment and in the strategic behavior and needs of the parties. These pressures erupted in the early 1980s to produce a period of experimentation and fundamental change in union-management relations. The critical question in industrial relations today is whether the process of adaptation will be sustained and expanded to cover a broader range of employment relationships.
48
Harveson, Robert M., Howard F. Schwartz, Carlos A. Urrea, and C. Dean Yonts. "Bacterial Wilt of Dry-Edible Beans in the Central High Plains of the U.S.: Past, Present, and Future." Plant Disease 99, no. 12 (2015): 1665–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-15-0299-fe.
Full textAbstract:
Bacterial wilt, caused by Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens, was first recognized and described as a new dry bean disease near Redfield, SD after the 1921 growing season on the farm of the Office of Forage Investigations. Between the late 1930s and the early 1950s it became one of the more problematic bacterial diseases of dry beans. It became an endemic problem in dry bean production throughout western Nebraska and other areas of the central high plains during the 1960s and early 1970s. By the early 1980s, the disease had virtually disappeared with the implementation of cultural practices. The disease was rediscovered in two fields in Nebraska late in the 2003 season. It was assumed to be an isolated incident. However, the next season the pathogen was widespread throughout western Nebraska production fields. Our research suggests that the return of bean wilt throughout the central high plains over the last decade is not due to a single factor but a combination of new changes in cultural practices, environmental stresses, and unfamiliarity with the pathogen and its past history.
49
Ness, Norman F. "Pioneering the swinging 1960s into the 1970s and 1980s." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 101, A5 (1996): 10497–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96ja00138.
Full text
50
Thompson, Katherine F., and Elaine R. Homestead. "Middle School Organization through the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s." Middle School Journal 35, no. 3 (2004): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00940771.2004.11461433.
Full text