To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: The Adverb of Time.
Journal articles on the topic 'The Adverb of Time'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'The Adverb of Time.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Fauzi, Muhammad Ivan, Deli Nirmala, and Agus Subiyanto. "ADVERB OF TIME IN ARABIC SIMPLE SENTENCE." Language Literacy: Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and Language Teaching 4, no. 2 (December 28, 2020): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.30743/ll.v4i2.3116.
Full textAbstract:
This research aims to describe the pattern of Arabic simple sentences attached by adverb of time and the distribution of the adverb of time in Arabic simple sentences. The research data are in the form of a simple sentence, which contains adverb of time from a paper in the book Al-Arabiyah Baina Yadaik Volume 4a by Al-Fauzan, et al. (2014). The data collection was carried out using the observation method. The analysis of adverb of time in Arabic simple sentence was done by a tree diagram with the guidelines proposed by Chomsky (2002). The results showed that the adverb of time is inherent in verbs and was only found in the original verb and not a derivational verb. In addition, the sentence patterns of Arabic simple sentence attached by adverb of time consist of PS, SP, SPO, and PSO. The researchers also found the distribution of adverbs of time inside the predicate, behind the object, in front of the predicate, and behind the subject.
2
Sholikha, Amanda Ariffani, and Lilia Indriani. "Adverb of Time Analysis on Novel “After the Ending” By Lindsey Fairleigh." SALEE: Study of Applied Linguistics and English Education 2, no. 2 (July 29, 2021): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.35961/salee.v2i02.270.
Full textAbstract:
Reading is an activity that EFL students always do. They can read a textbook or even a novel in their leisure time. Reading activity read the paragraph, sentence, and text. However, as EFL students, they must understand what are they read for study and improve their knowledge about the structural grammar and the function of the words by reading kind of books like a novel. In grammar, there is a term part of speech. Part of speech is divided into five parts: Noun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, and Preposition. In this time, students can focus on Adverb, mainly Adverb of time, to know and understand about Adverb of time and function in the novel's story already read. This article is descriptive qualitative research that aims to identify Adverbs of time from the novel After the Ending by Lindsey Fairleigh. Adverbs of time may appear in several sentences in this novel. This study shows how many Adverbs of time appear in the story and the function of Adverb of time in the story.
3
Цзинь, Лянь. "Comparative-semantic analysis of the adverb of time frequency in the Chinese and Russian languages." Litera, no. 7 (July 2021): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2021.7.36030.
Full textAbstract:
This article presents a comparative research of adverbs with the meaning of time in the Russian and Chinese languages. Analysis is conducted on the adverb of time in the Russian languages; characteristic is given to macro- and micro-aspects. Macro-description is an attempt to determine and classify the adverbs of time. Micro-aspect, first and foremost, implies semantic analysis of a specific adverb of time. The subject of this research is the adverb of time ‘always’ in the Russian language in comparison with the corresponding adverb in the Chinese language. The goal of this research consists in the analysis of semantic characteristics and variables that depend on the semantics of grammatical and pragmatic characteristics of the adverb of time frequency “always” in the Russian as compared to the Chinese language. The scientific novelty lies in description of the macro- and micro- aspects, identification of semantic and compatible characteristics of the adverb of time frequency ‘always ' in the Russian languahe in comparison with the corresponding adverb in the Chinese — 总是 [zong shi]. The acquired results indicate that the use of the adverb ‘always’ with the meaning of continuity or frequency requires fulfilling certain conditions. This article can be valuable in further research on the topic, in theory and practice of translation, as well as in teaching Russian as a foreign language to the Chinese students.
4
Antika, Rindilla. "THE ABILITY OF ENGLISH DEPARTMENT STUDENTS’ IN USING ADVERB CLAUSES OF TIME." TELL-US Journal 6, no. 2 (November 2020): 101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22202/tus.2020.v6i2.3597.
Full text
5
Susilo, Putri Mustika. "ANALISA PERBANDINGAN PENGGUNAAN KATA KETERANGAN DERAJAT BAHASA MANDARIN DAN BAHASA INDONESIA." Business Economic, Communication, and Social Sciences (BECOSS) Journal 1, no. 1 (August 31, 2019): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/becossjournal.v1i1.5984.
Full textAbstract:
Both modern Chinese and Bahasa have adverbs in common. In adverb, adverb of degree plays an important role in grammar as well as to express level of degree itself. Although there are a few of them, only around a dozen are being used frequently. Main usage of Chinese degree adverb is to qualify psychological verb, adjective and also noun. Main usage of Bahasa degree adverb is to adverbial. The position of Bahasa degree adverb is so flexible that can be used in before and after subject, or in the last sentence. There are similarities and also differences in the usage from both Chinese and Bahasa. Thus, in the process of learning the adverb of degree in Chinese, foreign student or in this case Indonesian students fnd it a little hard to understand. Indonesian students who learn Chinese usually make bias or error during the learning adverb of degree. These bias and error would influence the accuracy of expression used directly. The author will analyze degree adverb’s the similarities and differences using literature collection method in this research. At the same time, for Indonesian students learning degree adverb aspect put forward more suitable teaching and studying suggestions. Based on that, the author will only focus on commonly used adverb of degree such as “very, highly, extremely, to what extent, rather, too, fully, most, more, and a little”, to minimalize the bias that the students make. There are explanations in every example for using Chinese and Bahasa degree adverb. The author hopes this research can help Indonesian students to learn Chinese adverbs of degree further
6
Jóhannsdóttir, Kristín M. "Temporal adverbs in Icelandic: adverbs of quantification vs. frequency adverbs." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 30, no. 2 (December 2007): 157–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586507001734.
Full textAbstract:
Temporal adverbs can usually be divided into groups. Amongst those are adverbs of quantification, such as often, sometimes and never, and frequency adverbs, such as constantly and regularly. This paper presents some new data that shows that the Icelandic temporal adverb alltaf ‘always’ can be both an adverb of quantification and a frequency adverb. When alltaf modifies a progressive construction its meaning shifts, depending on the aktionsart of the restrictor. When the restrictor is punctual, alltaf functions as an adverb of quantification and has a frequency meaning (X is always happening at the time Y takes place). When the restrictor is durative, alltaf does not quantify over the event, and instead gets a durative meaning, similar to that of stöðugt ‘constantly’ (X happens constantly during the time Y takes place).
7
Megasari, Jayanti. "Perbandingan Adverbia Penanda Waktu Bahasa Korea dan Bahasa Indonesia." JLA (Jurnal Lingua Applicata) 3, no. 2 (August 1, 2020): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jla.56812.
Full textAbstract:
This is a comparative study of Korean and Indonesian language. This study aims to describe the form of time markers adverbs in Korean and Indonesian and also to analyze the differences and similarities of the time markers of Korean and Indonesian language. The simple sentences in Korean are translated into Indonesian by following the Indonesian language rules that apply as objects of analysis. It is found that (1) the adverb form of time marker in Korean and Indonesian has very noticeable differences; (2) the time marker in Korean is adverb but it is not applied in Indonesian language. On the other hand, the time marker in Indonesian is adverb but in Korean, it is only suffix particles.
8
Noviana, Laurencia. "Error Analysis and Teaching Strategies of Chinese Time Adverbs “Zai” and “Cai” for Indonesian Students." Lingua Cultura 13, no. 2 (June 20, 2019): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/lc.v13i2.5390.
Full textAbstract:
This research aimed at investigating Indonesian students’ mastery of Chinese adverbs zai (再) and cai (才). Modern Chinese adverbs were a difficult point in teaching Chinese as a foreign language. The time adverb of modern Chinese, zai (再) and cai (才), was an adverbial adverb easily misused by Indonesian students because these two adverbs had the same counterpart in Indonesian language. This research conducted a questionnaire survey among 83 Indonesian students in China. The questionnaire was a test about the use of time adverbs zai (再) and cai (才). The sentences that test 10 questions all came from the BCC corpus of Beijing Language and Culture University. After investigation, it is found that Indonesian students’ errors are more obvious. The researcher hopes that it can supplement the research achievements of Indonesian students in learning Chinese adverbs, and arouse more scholars to study the characteristics of learning Chinese adverbs for Indonesian students and promote the development of Chinese language teaching in Indonesia.
9
Juliarta, I. Made. "Adverb of manner and its translations found in the novel “The Good Earth”." International journal of linguistics, literature and culture 6, no. 3 (April 16, 2020): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/ijllc.v6n3.889.
Full textAbstract:
The novel the Good Earth is one of the popular novels that tell the story about Chinese culture. Some sentences contain an adverb of manner and its translation from English into Indonesian. The text is analyzed and viewed to find the translation of the adverb of manner. The purpose of this study is to analyze the source translation and get the meaning and its sentence. As we know that an adverb is a word that changes the meaning of a verb, adjective, and a sentence. Adverbs are words like hurriedly, quickly, slowly, and instantly. It modifies a verb or verb phrase. An adverb gives information about the manner, time, place, frequency, or certainty. Adverbials are words groups in which an adverbial phrase tells us something about the verb. They could be taken in the forms of adverbs, adverb phrases, temporal noun phrases or prepositional phrases. Some classifications of adverbial are found in the novel. It is called adverbial of manner. The research aims to find out the translation of manner adverb. The theory used is Brown and Miller (1992) describing that adverb of manner indicating how the event described by the verb.
10
Ying, Yi. "A Comparation Of Chinese And Indonesian Time Adverbs." Lingua Cultura 6, no. 2 (November 30, 2012): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/lc.v6i2.400.
Full textAbstract:
Chinese time adverbs describe status of behavior, modal frequency, or that the behavior has occurred, occurred in the past, present or future. When describe a time, it usually emphasizes the meaning. Indonesian time adverbs describe an event or action occurred at a time. It indicates the status of behavior, modal or indicates whether the conduct has occurred, has not happened, will happen, repeat and describe the act or thing is not yet completed. This study attempts to shed light on why students incline to make mistake in using Chinese time adverbs. Furthermore, students face difficulty in differentiating between Chinese and Indonesian time adverbs. Chinese Indonesia have the similar meaning of time adverb, such as: gang, yijing, cengjing, zhengzai, jiang, hai, mashang but function in a sentence not exactly same.
11
Mehdi, Mohamed Farhat, and Mazen Jaradat. "Adverbs of Time in Arabic and English: Comparative Study." International Journal of Linguistics 13, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v13i1.18254.
Full textAbstract:
Adverbs are words that are used to change, modify or qualify several types of other words including adjectives, verbs, or other adverbs. There are five basic types of adverbs in the English language, namely that of Manner, Time, Place, Frequency, and Degree. In the Arabic language, there are just two adverbs namely that of Time and Place. This research aimed to prove that the adverb of time exists in both Arabic and English languages and to compare and state the similarities and differences between the two languages. Most importantly, to show which were more the similarities or the differences? The results showed that the similarities were more than the differences despite the fact that the two languages are not from the same family.
12
Jubair Kadhim, Basim, Prof Qasim Obayes Al-Azzawy, and Mahdi Abdulraheem. "Adverb Use in Iraqi Autistic Children: A Case Study." English Literature and Language Review, no. 61 (January 25, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/ellr.61.1.7.
Full textAbstract:
This study is concerned with the Iraqi autistic patients’ conceptualization of adverbs of time and place at the levels of production and recognition. To measure the mental ability of a particular category of autistic patients in terms of adverb use, a group of seven to ten years of age, in the school of Hama’im Al-Salam for Language Impaired Children have been variously tested; using spontaneous oral tests by their own teachers. A number of twenty-five patient-students are selected to be representative enough. After collecting the data and conducting a qualitative and quantitive analysis, the study has come up with certain conclusions. Chief among them is that Iraqi autistic patients fail, most of the time, to recognize time adverb more than place adverbs using the silence as a strategy to show their failure in recognition and production of adverbs. Furthermore, certain paralinguistic cures are employed as the rolling of the eyes, nodding the head and smiling.
13
손정. "The Semantic Characteristics Analysis of Chinese Time Adverbs Appearing After the Negative Adverb "bu" and "meiyou"." JOURNAL OF CHINESE STUDIES ll, no. 37 (August 2012): 45–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.26585/chlab.2012..37.003.
Full text
14
Vashchenko, Daria Yu. "Slovak Temporal Adverb zákratko in the Light of Corpus Data." Slavic World in the Third Millennium 15, no. 3-4 (2020): 127–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2412-6446.2020.15.3-4.09.
Full textAbstract:
Using material from the Slovak national corpus, this article examines the semantics of the Slovak adverb zakrátko, which belongs to a group of adverbs with the meaning “fast following”. The adverb is analyzed against the background of the other most commonly used adverbs that form a semantic group, which also include čoskoro, onedlho, and o chvíľu. In the first part of the article, the specificity of zakrátko compatibility is considered in the light of association measure indicators, three of which were selected – Minimal Sensitivity, logDice, and MI.log.f. Collocations specific only to zakrátko are singled out separately, namely those which include combinations with verbs that have a "social mark"; with verbs that denote disintegration, destruction, or, conversely, addition or filling in space; with some mental predicates; and with the negative form of the verb trvať 'last'. Then, correlations in compatibility between this adverb and čoskoro, onedlho, and o chvíľu are examined. While zakrátko has almost equal number of common correlates with čoskoro and onedlho, it is significantly less correlated with the adverb o chvíľu. In the second part of the article, cases of mutual compatibility of zakrátko and other frequency adverbs from the group are analyzed in pairs. Even in similar contexts, the use of zakrátko implies the speed and predetermination of the situation. It is shown that this adverb on one hand largely correlates with čoskoro and onedlho, while on the other it has its own specifics, which are expressed in the fact that zakrátko is more focused on specific situations that can be implemented in a deliberately short period of time.
15
Roodsarabi, Jafar, and Mahinnaz Mirdehghan. "CONSTRAINT ADVERB IN KALILEH AND DIMNA." Malaysian Journal of Languages and Linguistics (MJLL) 7, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/mjll.vol7iss1pp33-39.
Full textAbstract:
Kalileh and Dimna is one of the most brilliant literary works of all time periods after its creation. It is a story that has written in a beautiful and impressive prose and includes stories that are expressed in the language of animals andat the heart of the stories, other stories are expressed that make sit even more beautiful and impressive. Kalileh and Dimna's text is a narrative text and to close the minds of the audience in terms of story concepts and desired eventsand describe the external and internal positions, the author was inevitably to use from a frequency of adverbs in various types and forms. Therefore, research in used adverbs and their classification can be helpful from the different ways. As an example it would be an appropriate way in Compilation of the historical order and on the other side, investigating adverb in an indicator and excellent literary work, such as Kalileh, for explaining the importance of adverb and its place in the sentence be useful and effectiveness. As a result, this showed that the frequency of adverbs and recognizing and introducing adverbs that are more used and important and indicator in Kalileh, it was well shown the techniques and extraordinary skills of possess of Persian Kkalileh and Dimna to use adverbs and adverbial phrases versus equivalent words and phrases in Arabic text.
16
Vetters, Carl. "La Localisation Temporelle." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 12, no. 2 (January 1, 1988): 337–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.12.2.06vet.
Full textAbstract:
The paper proposes a new approach to temporal clauses and temporal adverbs, which are mostly said to "localize" the main verb. In recent work of Vicenzo Lo Cascio and others, temporal clauses and adverbs are treated completely differently and independently. We want to show that they should be handled together. Therefore, we start from a different conception of temporal localization, based on non-linguistic localization, as used in f.e. geography. So, we are able to show similarities between temporal clauses and adverbs. Our conclusion is that the localizer is always the time interval which is situated at the background, although it is not necessarily expressed by the temporal clause or adverb. On the contrary, a temporal clause or adverb can also be localized by the verb of the main clause.
17
Moore, Mary Evelyn, and Judith R. Johnston. "Expressions of past time by normal and language-impaired children." Applied Psycholinguistics 14, no. 4 (October 1993): 515–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400010729.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTThis study investigated possible developmental asynchrony in children with specific language impairment (SL1). This was accomplished by comparing the development of temporal expressions of past reference in two linguistic domains. Verb tense and temporal adverbs served as representatives of the morphological and lexical domains. A cross-sectional design was used with four groups of subjects (N = 48) from 3 to 5 years old. Three groups had normal language and one group had impaired language. Results indicated that the performances of SLI children were similar to those of their 3-year-old language peers on the verb tasks and similar to the 4-year-olds on the adverb tasks. Such differential delays provide direct experimental evidence for asynchronous language development in SLI children.
18
BUCHSTALLER, ISABELLE, and ELIZABETH CLOSS TRAUGOTT. "The lady was al demonyak: historical aspects of Adverb all." English Language and Linguistics 10, no. 2 (October 18, 2006): 345–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136067430600195x.
Full textAbstract:
In this diachronic study, we shed light on the development of the functions and structural properties of Adverb all, and suggest that degree modifiers in general should be analyzed in similar terms. We show that the harmonic relationship between Adverb all and its head is best accounted for in terms of boundedness rather than gradability (see Kennedy & McNally, 2005; Paradis, 2001). The stability over a millennium of indeterminacy between bounded and unbounded readings of Adverb all + head sequences, and of the ambiguity in many contexts between Adverb and Quantifier-floated all, shows that a division of labor over time between ambiguous meanings is not necessary (Geeraerts, 1997). Despite its long history, Adverb all has been treated as conversational or an innovation (Bäcklund, 1973; Waksler, 2001). We address the question why certain items like all come to be stereotyped as ‘new’ when in fact they are not.
19
Dancygier, Barbara. "Proximal and distal deictics and the construal of narrative time." Cognitive Linguistics 30, no. 2 (May 27, 2019): 399–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2018-0044.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis paper proposes an approach to narrative deixis which offers a coherent analysis of the respective roles of proximal and distal deictic expressions (demonstratives as well as temporal and locative adverbs). The paper starts by arguing that fictional narratives require an approach to deixis which modifies a number of broadly held assumptions, especially as regards the interaction between tense and other deictic forms. It then considers the widely discussed instance of the temporal adverb now in the context of Past Tense. The second part of the paper gives special focus to demonstratives in narrative fiction, showing their role in temporal construals. It argues that both temporal and demonstrative expressions are primarily used to serve narrative viewpoint construction (which includes but is not limited to temporal viewpoint). Examples from several novels are then used to show how the proximal and distal choices of demonstratives, temporal adverbs and locative adverbs structure narrative viewpoint, including narrative representation of character experience. The paper concludes by proposing that in the context of fictional narratives the proximal/distal contrast is more relevant to meaning emergence than individual aspects of deixis, and that the construal of time can be achieved through the whole spectrum of deictic forms, not just tense and temporal adverbs such as now and then.
20
Pounder, Amanda V. "Adverb-marking in German and English." Diachronica 18, no. 2 (December 31, 2001): 301–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.18.2.05pou.
Full textAbstract:
Summary Beginning with the observations that strategies for adverb-marking are very different in English and German, and that the respective histories of adverb-marking in these two languages ran parallel for considerable time, this paper endeavours to establish the chronological and systemic points of their divergence. An additional focus of the paper is the role of language standardization in the development of the system in both languages. It is concluded that perhaps the most crucial systemic factor in the decline of lich-suffixation as an adverb-marker in German is the very broad functional domain of lich-suffixation; this situation contrasts strongly with that of ly-suffixation in English. The standardization of the adjective-inflection system leading to a substitute strategy for adverb-marking is not a direct consequence of the decline of lich-affixation in adverb derivation, but does interact with it. In English, patterns of adverb-marking in different syntactic contexts show considerable diachronic differentiation; where large-scale variation is still observable by the time that prescriptive language control makes itself felt, increasing pressure is put upon the selection of conversion in adverb-formation. Résumé Partant de l’observation que les stratégies d’indication morphologique de la fonction adverbiale sont très différentes en anglais et en allemand, alors que l’histoire de la formation adverbiale dans ces deux langues s’est pourtant déroulée longtemps en parallèle, cet article tente d’établir les points de départ chronologique et systémique des divergences de ces stratégies. Nous nous penchons aussi sur le rôle qu’a joué la standardisation dans le développement du système de formation adverbiale dans les deux langues. Nous concluons que le facteur le plus important dans le déclin de la suffixation de lich en tant que signal de la fonction adverbiale en allemand réside dans le domaine fonctionnel très large de la suffixation de lich; cette situation présente un contraste significatif avec celle de l’anglais, où le domaine productif de ly se révèle plutôt restreint. La standardisation du système flexionnel de l’adjectif en allemand, qui sert à appuyer la conversion en tant que moyen morphologique pour signaler la fonction adverbiale, n’est pas directement suivie du déclin de l’affixation de lich dans le domaine adverbial, mais y joue un rôle. En anglais, on observe que le choix entre la conversion et la suffixation dépend en partie de l’environnement syntaxique; là où se manifeste encore de la variation à l’époque de la grammaire prescriptive, on peut constater l’intensification de la pression sur la conversion en tant que procédé morphologique. Zusammenfassung Bekanntlich sind die Strategien der Adverbmarkierung im Englischen und im Deutschen sehr verschieden; interessanterweise aber liefen die jeweiligen Entwicklungen der Adverbbildung lange Zeit parallel. Der vorliegende Aufsatz stellt einen Versuch dar, die zeitlichen und systemischen Ansatzpunkte des Auseinandergehens dieser Strategien festzulegen. Darüber hinaus untersuchen wir die Rolle der Standardisierung in der Geschichte der Adverbbildung. Wir schlagen vor, daß das wichtigste Moment beim Untergang der lich-Suffigierung als Signal der Adverbialfunktion im Deutschen im sehr breiten Funktionalbereich dieses Prozesses liegt; hierdurch unterscheidet sich die Situation im Deutschen stark von der im Englischen herrschenden. Die Standardisierung des Adjektivflektionssystems, die die Konversion als Strategie der Adverbmarkierung unterstützt, folgt nicht direkt aus der Abnahme der lich-Affigierung in der Adverbbildung, ist wohl aber damit verbunden. Im Englischen ist die Wahl zwischen lich-Suffigierung und Konversion zum Teil von der syntaktischen Umgebung abhängig; dort, wo es zur Zeit der präskriptiv arbeitenden Grammatiker noch auffallend Variation gibt, wird auf die Wahl der Konversion als Adverbbildungsmittel zunehmend Druck ausgeübt.
21
Tribushinina, Elena. "Piecemeal acquisition of boundedness." Cognitive and Empirical Pragmatics 25 (December 5, 2011): 80–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.25.05tri.
Full textAbstract:
Recent semantic studies show that adjectives differ in terms of the scalar structures associated with them, which has implications for patterns of degree modification. For example, relative adjectives in Dutch are associated with unbounded (open) scales and are, therefore, incompatible with maximizing adverbs (e.g. #helemaal groot ‘completely big’, #helemaal klein ‘completely small’). This paper tests the hypothesis that children acquire the relevant distinctions in the domain of boundedness in a piecemeal fashion by storing ready-made modifier-adjective pairings from the input and later generalizing over them. The results of the longitudinal corpus study of four degree adverbs in the spontaneous speech of nine children acquiring Netherlandic Dutch are consistent with the idea that language learners start by reproducing target-like modifier-adjective combinations stored as prefabs from the input. Once a critical mass of such adverb-adjective pairings has been stored, children make generalizations over the stored instances and proceed to productive use. This phase is marked by over-generalization errors that are attested, on average, six months after the emergence of a degree adverb. Most of the over-generalization errors involved combining a degree adverb with an adjective of an incompatible scalar structure. It is concluded that the acquisition of boundedness has a more protracted time course than has been hitherto assumed on the basis of comprehension experiments.
22
Barus, Windi Sahputra, Mhd Pujiono, and Hesti Fibriasari. "CODE MIXING USED BY STUDENTS OF FRENCH STUDY PROGRAM STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN." Language Literacy: Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and Language Teaching 3, no. 1 (July 5, 2019): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30743/ll.v3i1.980.
Full textAbstract:
The communication process involving a code mixing is an alternative to avoid misunderstandings in a bilingual community, a community having the phenomenon of speaking and understanding two or more languages, referring either to individuals or the entire society. This study aims to analyze the forms of code mixing using qualitative method. The data were obtained from recording of conversational discourse. The data collection strategy used the referral method, supported by basic techniques, namely tapping and advanced techniques, the skillful in-flight listening technique (SBLC). The results show that there are code mixing with the insertion of morphological elements in forms of nouns, numerals, verbs (infinitive and conjugation), adverbs (question and time), and adjectives; the insertion of phrase in terms of noun phrases (objects and numerals), verb phrases, and adverb phrases); the insertion of clause in the forms of noun clauses, numeral clauses, verb clauses, and adverb clauses; and the insertion of idiomatic forms. Code mixing of students of French language is also found in English language.
23
Medvedieva, Liudmyla. "On the opposite directions of semantic motivation in adjective / adverb derivational pairs in russian." Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu. Serìâ: Fìlologìâ 13, no. 22 (2020): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-3055-2020-13-22-203-213.
Full textAbstract:
The paper analyses semantic relationships in adjective / adverb (ending in –о) derivational pairs in the Modern Russian language in terms of the direction of their motivation. The adverbial element in the derivational pairs is represented by adverbs describing the manner of an action. Derivational pairs such as острый – остро, быстрый – быстро refer to syntactic derivation and include words with the same lexical meaning. Thus, the direction of semantic motivation is irrelevant in this case, and adverbs are seen as derivatives on the basis of their formal compoundness. This approach prevents differentiation of derivational pairs in which the nature of semantic relationships between elements in the pair differ. However, the differentiation is possible if 1) the meanings of the related adjectives and adverbs are seen as close, but not the same; 2) in word comparison, the criterion of conformity / non-conformity of their lexical semantics with the categorial meaning of the part of speech is applied. This criterion, which is well-established in the pairs of ‘бежать – бег, острый – острота’ type in connection with the notion of folded proposition and which underlies the differentiation of isosemic and non-isosemic subclasses of nouns, is not easily extrapolated to the derivational pairs where both words have the categorial meaning of a modifier. Even so, correlating the lexical meanings of adjectives with modifying an object and the lexical meanings of adverbs with modifying an action reveals derivational pairs with opposite directions of semantic motivation. Forming adverbs from adjectives is a common direction in the pairs where the adjective describes an innate feature of the object, e.g. the shape, size, colour, etc., and the adverb describes the action not by its own characteristics, but by relating to the relevant feature of the object: острый нож → остро наточить нож meaning ‘так, что нож острый’. Forming adjectives from adverbs is a normal direction in the pairs where the adverb gives a characteristic of the action, e.g. speed or other peculiarities of the action unfolding in time, while the adjective renders a feature of an abstract action: быстро бежать → быстрый бег, meaning ‘такой, который происходит быстро’. Diachronically, derivational and semantic motivation is generated from the feature of a concrete object: быстрый конь → быстро бежит → быстрый бег, but in Modern Russian, the latter is primary, while быстрый конь comes secondary and is motivated by the meaning of the adverb. The indirect proof that in some pairs the adjective is the base, while in others it is the adverb can be given by the correlation of frequency scores of elements in the derivational pairs, i.e. in the derivational pairs of ‘острый → остро, крупный → крупно’ type, adjectives are more frequent, and in the derivational pairs of ‘быстро → быстрый, внезапно → внезапный’ type, adverbs show higher frequency. The analysis shows the need for further research of the semantic aspect of word-formation relationships between words with the categorial meaning of a modifier.
24
Maurel, Denis. "Adverbes de Date." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 14, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 31–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.14.1.03mau.
Full textAbstract:
French adverbs of date: Preliminary study to their automatic treatment. This article deals with a study of French adverbs of date. The construction of these adverbs is presented in the form of automata. Paragraph two deals with time adverbs and raises the problem of generalizing the notion of adverb and of the choice of a verb classifier. The next paragraph describes the structure of adverbial complements which have the names of time as heads. Many determinants, extensions of names, co-ordinations are studied. There are also some examples of ellipsis. Paragraph four deals with adverbial complements which have names of feast as heads. A last paragraph concludes with a description of data processing application and with the part that these automata will take in a syntactic analysis, in a transfer model of translation system or in a data base.
25
Zamaleeva, Eleonora Ilsurovna. "Comparative Analysis And Criteria For Highlighting The Circumstances Of The Course Of Action In Pashto And Russian." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 03, no. 04 (April 29, 2021): 194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume03issue04-29.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the comparative, as well as the criteria for highlighting the circumstance of the mode of action in the Pashto language, approaches to the selection of the circumstance of the mode of action among other grammatical categories in Pashto and Russian. In terms of the functional features of adverbs, it is worth noting that an adverb always performs the function of a circumstance in a sentence. For example, the circumstances of time, place, degree, or mode of action in both Pashto and Russian. In the adverbialization characteristic of the Pashto language adverbs, it can be noted that this paragraph considers the process of the transition of adverbs to other parts of speech. In the Pashto language, as in the Russian language, the circumstance is divided into the following groups: place, time, degree, mode of action, and others.
26
ALTSHULER, DANIEL, and LAURA A. MICHAELIS. "By now: Change of state, epistemic modality and evidential inference." Journal of Linguistics 56, no. 3 (March 20, 2020): 515–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226720000080.
Full textAbstract:
We examine the constellation of factors – lexical, aspectual, temporal and conversational – that give rise to evidential implications from assertions. We target intensional and inferential meanings associated with a certain class of present-tense state sentences: those containing a temporal adverb headed by by, e.g. The American traveling public is pretty mature by now. We ask why present-tense sentences containing by temporal adverbs (BTAs) are improved by, and sometimes appear to require, an epistemic modal, e.g. They ??(must) live in a mansion by now. Key to our analysis is the idea that BTA sentences require the onset of a resultant state described by the complement of by now to overlap some unspecified time that precedes the time described by the adverb. The indefiniteness of the unspecified time described by BTAs leads interpreters to pragmatically construe present-tense BTA reports as conjectures, guesses or suppositions. We show how our analysis can be extended to incorporate the contribution of epistemic modals. Adopting insights from von Fintel & Gillies (2010) and Mandelkern (2016), we hypothesize the manner in which the BTA change schema is instantiated in intensional contexts and discuss the relationship between intensional and evidential contexts. We see the merging of aspectual and epistemic features in BTA sentences, and in particular present-tense sentences, as the result of a semantic reconciliation procedure: the use of an epistemic modal in a BTA predication evokes an observation or act of reasoning, prior to speech time, which permits the speaker to make her assertion, and this inference trigger is identified with the ‘onset event’ in the BTA schema.
27
Vatrican, Axelle. "Sobre la perífrasis 'soler' + estativo: una lectura genérica." Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/1.4.2.3616.
Full textAbstract:
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Abstract. This paper presents a semantic analysis of a periphrastic construction which has not been studied at this time in Spanish: <em>soler </em>+ stative (<em>Un poeta suele ser un hombre normal, “A poet usually is a normal man</em>”). Whereas the habitual construction has been largely studied (<em>Juan suele cantar “Juan usually sings”</em>), it seems that the first one does not carry the same interpretation. We will claim that we need to distinguish between two readings: the habitual reading on the one hand and the generic reading on the other hand. According to Menéndez-Benito (2013), Krifka et al. (1995) and Shubert & Pelletier (1989), among others, we will argue that <em>soler </em>contains a frequentative adverb of quantification <em>Q</em>. In the habitual reading, the <em>Q</em> adverb quantifies over an individual participating in an event at a time t (<em>Juan está cantando</em>, <em>“Juan is singing”</em>), whereas in the generic reading, <em>Q</em> adverb quantifies over a characterizing predicate (<em>un poeta es un hombre normal, “A poet is a normal man”</em>). In the habitual reading, the NP must refer to an individual and the VP to a dynamic event anchored in space and time. In the generic reading, the NP must refer to a class of objects and the VP to a stative predicate.</span></p>
28
Грачова, А. В. "Adverb as an obligatory component of the functional-semantic field of temporality." Studia Philologica, no. 10 (2018): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2311-2425.2018.10.8.
Full textAbstract:
The proposed theoretical study is a complex analysis of specialized concepts, devoted to the problem of qualification of the temporal functional-semantic field, as well as to the determination of specifics of realization of the adverbial part-of-speech component in this language association. The purpose orientation of the author of the work is to carry out a thorough scientifically weighted review of the heterogeneous differential features of such ambiguous linguistic notion as temporality. The more detailed explanation of the compositional and role aspects of figuring is subjected to such universal language institution, as functionally-semantic field of temporality. The particular attention is paid to the deep characterization of the constituent and content amount of the adverbial lexeme group, nominated as an integral figurant of the mentioned field totality. The result of a thorough analysis of the peculiarity of the functioning of the temporal adverb in the structure of the corresponding linguistic integrity is the ascertaining of several determinant facts, united by the outlined problem. In particular, there is postulated the two-component construction of the temporal functionalsemantic association, constituted by semantic fundamental principle with a clearly defined thematic specialization and by the formal means of actualization of the semantic basis. It is found that in the structure of a hierarchically arranged by the principle of nuclear-peripheral transition monocentric temporal field integrity the central structural positions are occupied by a verbal paradigmatic complex which is the medium of the general deictic time significance. In contrast to this cardinal indicator of temporal relations, lexical concretizers are localized in more distant (peripheral) fragments of the outlined linguistic association, but the underestimation of their functional-semantic status seems completely unfair. The role of lexical markers of time is qualified as “informative expansion”, namely: the detalization of the general time plan expressed by the morphological representatives. The adverbial means of indicating the time parameters of action is nominated as a specific by semantical, grammatical and functional features autonomous part-of-speech figurant of the temporal field. It is emphasized that this abstract by temporal content nuance heterogeneous wordy group is vested with the potency for clarification and tendentious modification of the natural significance of the verb form within a concrete temporal microfield. The realized work has allowed the author to demonstrate the peculiarity of conceptually diverse authors’ interpretive mechanisms focused on the analysis of the adverbial lexeme category in the functional plane of its figuring, as well as to determine the undoubted perspective of the study of adverbial issues.
29
Setiawan, Eko, and M. Fadhly Farhy Abbas. "ANALYSIS OF THE STUDENTS’ ENGLISH TENSES ERRORS." ELT-Lectura 5, no. 1 (February 20, 2018): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/elt-lectura.v5i1.762.
Full textAbstract:
At The First Semester of English Students’ Department at Faculty of Teacher Training andEducation LancangKuning University, the researcher found that the students had a problem inhad grammar error in writing. That was why researcher conducted this research that aimedtoanalyze the English errors faced by the first semester of English Students Department atFaculty of Teachers Training and EducationLancangKuning University.This research wasDescriptive Quantitative Research. The participants of the research were 36 students. Incollecting the data in this research, the researcher used test and interview as the instrument. Theresult of data showed that the students had 176 errors in verb tenses, 8 errors in to be, 5 errors incorrect sentence and 9 in adverb of time with the percentage were 31,38 % in true or falsequestion and 27,5 % in multiple choice test. In conclusion, The students had a lot of errors inapplied verb tense, adverb of time, correct sentence, and to be.
30
Rini, Elizabeth Ika Hesti Aprilia Nindia. "PERBANDINGAN PENGUNGKAPAN KALA DALAM BAHASA JEPANG DAN BAHASA INDONESIA." KIRYOKU 2, no. 3 (December 3, 2018): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/kiryoku.v2i3.25-33.
Full textAbstract:
(Contrastive study between tenses in Japanese and Indonesian Languages) Expressing time in sentences is universal in any language, although it's marked differently in each language. This research objective is to know the differences in tenses marker between Japanese and Indonesian languages. The method used is the descriptive method. As a result of the research findings, it was found that in the Japanese language tenses are marked by morphemic forms were characterized by bound morphemes, whereas Indonesian tenses are marked as lexical by the adverb. Attendance adjunct in Japanese is optional, in Indonesian adjunct explain the position, activity, state of theft with the time of speech.Keywords: tense, bentuk -ru, bentuk -ta, adverbia kala
31
Homeidi, Moheiddin A. "Syntactic Competence as a Prerequisite for Translation." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 46, no. 3 (December 31, 2000): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.46.3.03hom.
Full textAbstract:
Two main points are discussed in this paper: first, a syntactic analysis of some of the verb complements in Arabic in the Government and Binding framework, henceforth GB. These include the following: the object , the absolute object, the causative object or the object of result, the comitative object, the locative object (adverb of place) and the temporal object (adverb of time). Second how such structures might be translated into English. Do they keep their syntactic categories as in Arabic or should they take some different syntactic forms but with the same meaning. The analysis shows quite clearly that syntactic categories cannot be kept through the process of translation although the meanings can be rendered quite properly.
32
Maldonado, Ricardo, and Rocío Guzmán. "Apenas." Review of Cognitive Linguistics 12, no. 2 (October 31, 2014): 443–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rcl.12.2.07mal.
Full textAbstract:
This paper explores both the polysemy and the development of the adverb apenas ‘barely hardly’ into a discourse marker of temporal proximity ‘just/recently’. In contrast to well-known expected tendencies in grammaticalization, apenas runs against the cannon. The subjective adverb apenas, that designates events carried out “with effort/difficulty”, changed into an objective connector signaling immediacy among events or proximity to the time of speech. The polysemy of apenas is accounted for both synchronically and diachronically, as the interaction between the force-dynamics configuration of the marker (Talmy, 1985, 1988) and the aspectual configuration of the verb. It is proposed that aspect determines the degree of subjectivity of the event where telicity triggers objective representations and these, in turn, led the way for the emergence of a discourse marker of temporal proximity.
33
Casas, Bernardino, Neus Català, Ramon Ferrer-i-Cancho, Antoni Hernández-Fernández, and Jaume Baixeries. "The polysemy of the words that children learn over time." Interaction Studies 19, no. 3 (December 31, 2018): 389–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.16036.cas.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Here we study polysemy as a potential learning bias in vocabulary learning in children. Words of low polysemy could be preferred as they reduce the disambiguation effort for the listener. However, such preference could be a side-effect of another bias: the preference of children for nouns in combination with the lower polysemy of nouns with respect to other part-of-speech categories. Our results show that mean polysemy in children increases over time in two phases, i.e. a fast growth till the 31st month followed by a slower tendency towards adult speech. In contrast, this evolution is not found in adults interacting with children. This suggests that children have a preference for non-polysemous words in their early stages of vocabulary acquisition. Interestingly, the evolutionary pattern described above weakens when controlling for syntactic category (noun, verb, adjective or adverb) but it does not disappear completely, suggesting that it could result from a combination of a standalone bias for low polysemy and a preference for nouns.
34
Septevany, Elvira. "The Comparison Of Mandarin Aspects and Indonesian Aspects." ELS Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities 1, no. 3 (September 25, 2018): 366–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.34050/els-jish.v1i3.4491.
Full textAbstract:
For the foreigner students, Time aspects (usually can be referred as aspects) in Mandarin is a difficult grammar to be grasped. Indonesian student is no exception. There is only a little bit of similarities exist between Mandarin and Indonesian time aspects. For the example from the semantics point of view: Mandarin “le” and Indonesian “sudah” both of them can modify verbs to indicate an action that have been finished. Mandarin “zhe” and Indonesian “sedang” both of them also modify verbs indicating action that still happen. Mandarin “guo” and Indonesian “pernah” both of them also can modify verbs indicating action that had been happened, etc. Except these similarities, Mandarin and Indonesian time aspects have a lot of differences. For the example, in Mandarin time aspects are usually placed after the verbs, while in Indonesian time aspects placed before the verbs. Mandarin time aspects can only modify verb, while Indonesian can modify verb and adjective. For example, in Mandarin the action is already happened, it can’t use the adverb of frequency “chang-chang”. Eg “ta chang-chang shang xue chi dao le”. We can’t write it like this. But In Indonesian “sudah” can use adverb of frequency “sering” in sentences, eg : “dia sudah sering terlambat”. This sentences in Indonesian is correct. So, this paper will be analyzed the grammar of Mandarin aspect “le, zhe, guo” with Indonesian aspect “sudah, sedang, pernah”, compared both of them, and find the differences between both of them.
35
THORNTON, ROSALIND, and GRACIELA TESAN. "Sentential negation in early child English." Journal of Linguistics 49, no. 2 (December 17, 2012): 367–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226712000382.
Full textAbstract:
Starting with the seminal work of Klima & Bellugi (1966) and Bellugi (1967), young English-speaking children have been observed to pass through a stage at which their negative utterances differ from those of adults. Children initially use not or no, whereas adults use negative auxiliary verbs (don't, can't, etc.). To explain the observed mismatches between child and adult language, the present study adopts Zeijlstra's (2004, 2007, 2008a, b) Negative Concord Parameter, which divides languages according to whether they interpret negation directly in the semantics with an adverb, or license it in the syntactic component, in which case the negative marker is a head and the language is a negative concord language. Our proposal is that children first hypothesize that negation is expressed with an adverb, in keeping with the more economical parameter value. Because English is exceptional in having both an adverb and a head form of negation, children must also add a negative head (i.e. n't) to their grammar. This takes considerable time as the positive input that triggers syntactic negation and negative concord is absent in the input for standard English, and children must find alternative evidence. The Negative Concord Parameter accounts for an intricate longitudinal pattern of development in child English, as non-adult structures are eliminated and a new range of structures are licensed by the grammar.
36
Altshuler, Daniel Gordon. "Toward a more fine-grained theory of temporal adverbials." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 21 (September 3, 2011): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v21i0.2622.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper I propose that a core property of adverbial meaning is the ability (or the lack thereof) of an adverbial to introduce a new time discourse referent. The core data comes from 'that same day' in narrative discourse. I argue that unlike other previously studied temporal adverbials—which introduce a new time discourse referent and relate it to the speech time or a previously mentioned time—'that same' retrieves two salient times from the input context, i.e. it is "twice-anaphoric", without introducing one of its own. Moreover, I argue that the adverb 'currently' is like 'that same day' in not introducing a new time discourse referent; it constrains the temporal location of a described eventuality relative to a salient time previously introduced into the discourse context. The analysis that I propose is implemented within Compositional Discourse Representation Theory. It illustrates how adverbial meaning can be integrated within a more general theory of temporal interpretation.
37
RISSANEN, MATTI. "From ‘quickly’ to ‘fairly’: on the history ofrather." English Language and Linguistics 12, no. 2 (July 2008): 345–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674308002657.
Full textAbstract:
In this article I describe the semantic and syntactic development of the moderatorratherfrom Old to Present-day English using a variationist approach.Ratheroriginates in an Old English comparative adverb indicating speed, and hence time, but the loss of the indication of speed and movement can already be traced in the Old English period. In Middle English the ‘preferential’ senses ofrather(e.g. the type ‘I would rather do X than Y’) become more common than the temporal senses. This contrastive meaning constitutes the unmarked use ofratherin Early Modern English, but it gradually weakens in the course of the Modern English period. The moderator use becomes popular in the second half of the eighteenth century. The semantic development outlined above goes hand in hand with a syntactic development from an original adjunct into a subjunct and conjunct, and finally into a modifier of adjectives and adverbs.
38
Boulin, Myriam. "Now and xianzai." Languages in Contrast 17, no. 1 (February 14, 2017): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.17.1.01bou.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The present study looks at the deictic adverbs now and 現在 (xianzai) and examines their respective roles in English and Chinese. Now and xianzai are commonly considered to be semantically equivalent. Their primary value is temporal: both now and xianzai refer to the time of utterance, or more generally to a temporal interval which includes the time of utterance. By examining a parallel corpus of Taiwanese and English novels, this paper aims to show that apart from this present-reference value, now and xianzai have little in common. The analysis of aligned texts reveals that: (1) now is more frequent than xianzai; (2) there is an asymmetry in the temporal use of both markers. Following Wang (2001), I argue that now has a wider semantic range than xianzai: whereas now might be used pragmatically (Now, why on earth did she leave at such a time?), xianzai is limited to strict temporal reference. It appears that even in its temporal use, now is more complex than xianzai; now is quasi-systematically contrastive, whereas xianzai tends to be purely deictic. We conclude that now is closer in function to the Chinese particle le than to the adverb xianzai.
39
Østergaard, Svend. "Adverbs of time." Tidsskrift for Sprogforskning 1, no. 1 (May 1, 2003): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/tfs.v1i1.41.
Full text
40
Supardi, Supardi. "PENERJEMAHAN KALA BAHASA ARAB DALAM BAHASA INDONESIA." Adabiyyāt: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 10, no. 2 (December 31, 2011): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/ajbs.2011.10206.
Full textAbstract:
This article examines the translation of Arabic tenses expression into Indonesian. This library research employs a descriptive analysis method based on Catford’s theoretical translation framework. This study finds that, firstly, from the extension of translation perspective, the tense expression in Arabic can be translated fully into Indonesian, in which all of the Arabic tense expression has the Indonesian equivalence. Linguistically speaking, in certain cases the translation of Arabic verbs both mādī (perfect) and mudāri’ (imperfect) has to be added with an Indonesian temporal adverb. The auxiliary verb kāna, which usually combined with mudāri’ verb in Arabic past tense is translated into Indonesian adverb of time: “dulu”, “dahulu”, or “tadi”. Secondly, the expression of Arabic future tense, which constitutes mudāri’ verb, prefix “sa_” or particle “saufa,” is also translated into “akan”. The mādī (perfect) verb, which is used in the context of wishing, is translated into Indonesian equivalence verb - “semoga”. Thirdly, In translating Arabic into Indonesian, context (siyāq) comes into play, not all Arabic verbs denotes definite tense in a sentence
41
Méndez Dosuna, Julián. "Fusion, Fission, and Relevance in Language Change." Studies in Language 21, no. 3 (January 1, 1997): 577–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.21.3.05men.
Full textAbstract:
In Early Greek, ana and ek(s) were still largely independent adverbs. In time, following the normal trend to univerbation ('Today's syntax is tomorrow's morphology'), they became prepositions and -what matters here- preverbs capable of modifying the meaning of a verbal root. As a rule, what took place is univerbation into an unanalyzable verb (fusion). There are, however, some interesting exceptions. The preverb eks- assumed a new shape kse- which preserved morphological transparency, and the conglomerate ksana-(< eks- + ana-) regained independence (fission) as a free adverb: Yesterday's morphology is today's syntax! My paper tries to explain these developments (with parallels in other languages) and to investigate the interplay between form and meaning (constructional diagram-maticity). It is argued that conceptual distance to the semantics of the verb is a determining factor in the behaviour of Greek preverbs. De-univerbation proves to be a very effective means in opposing opacity.
42
Tse, Shek Kam, Hui Li, and Shing On Leung. "Tense and temporality." Chinese Language and Discourse 3, no. 1 (June 11, 2012): 35–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cld.3.1.03tse.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigated how a representative sample of 492 Cantonese-speaking children aged 36, 48 and 60 months expressed time during naturalistic conversations with peers. Spontaneous utterances produced by dyads of children in a 30-minute role-play context were collected, transcribed and analyzed. A productive repertoire of 62 nouns, 69 adverbs and 9 aspects was identified and classified into an appropriate typology. An age-related increase in types of temporal noun and adverb and repertoire size was found. It was also discovered that three-year-olds might already possess knowledge of aspect markers even though they might not be able to produce temporal nouns about “season” and “week” before 4 or 5 years of age. Some instances of double aspectual marking and misplacing aspects were found in the expressions. Linguistic, cognitive and conversational influences presumed to shape performance are discussed together with the implications of the findings for early childhood language education.
43
Demirezen, Mehmet. "Evaluation of the Production of the Intonation of Adverb Clauses with Time by Turkish English Teachers: A Demonstration by Computer Application." Anthropologist 22, no. 2 (November 2015): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2015.11891866.
Full text
44
Idami, Zahratul. "AN ERROR ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSFORMATION FROM DIRECT TO INDIRECT SPEECH." JL3T ( Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Language Teaching) 3, no. 1 (January 16, 2018): 82–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.32505/jl3t.v3i1.335.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of the study is to reveal the types of errors made by students in transforming direct to indirect speech in the form of statements. Furthermore, it attempts to find out the kind of errors that the students do most. To achieve the objectives of the study, the writer conducted a field research in which a test of grammar was administered. Then she did the library research in order to find some books and references that were related to error analysis and grammar. The subjects of the study were the second grade students of SMA Negeri 2 Peusangan. There were 295 students from which 34 students were taken as the sample. With the intention of drawing representative sample, simple random sampling was applied. The data were in the form of students’ scores on the tests. The data shows that the students made errors on the selection of appropriate tenses, pronouns, and adverb of time. The most errors they made were in changing pronoun. In line with the result of the research, the writer suggested that to improve the students’ ability in transforming direct to indirect speech, students have to learn more about pronoun, tenses, and adverb of time in turning direct to indirect speech. Additionally, it is essential to the teacher to know that choosing the appropriate pronoun is still hard for the students, so that they have to find a new way to improve it.
45
Sagarra, Nuria, and Nick C. Ellis. "FROM SEEING ADVERBS TO SEEING VERBAL MORPHOLOGY." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 35, no. 2 (June 2013): 261–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263112000885.
Full textAbstract:
Adult learners have persistent difficulty processing second language (L2) inflectional morphology. We investigate associative learning explanations that involve the blocking of later experienced cues by earlier learned ones in the first language (L1; i.e., transfer) and the L2 (i.e., proficiency). Sagarra (2008) and Ellis and Sagarra (2010b) found that, unlike Spanish monolinguals, intermediate English-Spanish learners rely more on salient adverbs than on less salient verb inflections, but it is not clear whether this preference is a result of a default or a L1-based strategy. To address this question, 120 English (poor morphology) and Romanian (rich morphology) learners of Spanish (rich morphology) and 98 English, Romanian, and Spanish monolinguals read sentences in L2 Spanish (or their L1 in the case of the monolinguals) containing adverb-verb and verb-adverb congruencies or incongruencies and chose one of four pictures after each sentence (i.e., two that competed for meaning and two for form). Eye-tracking data revealed significant effects for (a) sensitivity (all participants were sensitive to tense incongruencies), (b) cue location in the sentence (participants spent more time at their preferred cue, regardless of its position), (c) L1 experience (morphologically rich L1 learners and monolinguals looked longer at verbs than morphologically poor L1 learners and monolinguals), and (d) L2 experience (low-proficiency learners read more slowly and regressed longer than high-proficiency learners). We conclude that intermediate and advanced learners are sensitive to tense incongruencies and—like native speakers—tend to rely more heavily on verbs if their L1 is morphologically rich. These findings reinforce theories that support transfer effects such as the unified competition model and the associative learning model but do not contradict Clahsen and Felser’s (2006a) shallow structure hypothesis because the target structure was morphological agreement rather than syntactic agreement.
46
Braga, Maria Luiza. "Aí e então em expressões cristalizadas." Cadernos de Estudos Lingüísticos 44 (August 24, 2011): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/cel.v44i0.8637073.
Full textAbstract:
In this article I examine the forms “aí” and “então” according to the hypothesis of “Retention of Earlier Meaning” which advocates that certain more specific semantic nuances of the source construction can be retained in certain contexts long after grammaticalization has begun (Bybee et alii 1993: 17). I show that “então” maintains the time nuance in all its uses, regardless of their stage of grammaticalization; “aï” also presents a nuance of time in its unmarked uses, which seems to contradict the abovementioned hypothesis since this form is originally an adverb of space. The analysis of some crystalized expressions envolving “aí” shows however that the original space meaning can be retrieved in some specific contexts.
47
Vetters, Carl. "Grammaticalité au Passé Récent." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 13, no. 2 (January 1, 1989): 369–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.13.2.09vet.
Full textAbstract:
There are many misunderstandings concerning the French periphrasis venir de + infinitif, mostly called passé récent. Certain aspects of its use like the combination with time adverbials hardly have been examined. The use of the periphrasis is restricted in several ways: it can't be used in the compound tenses and in the passé simple, it also doesn't take state verbs as complement and it can hardly be accompanied by a negation. Time adverbials can specify whether the event point (E), whether the reference point (R). Time adverbials specifying E have to situate E at a small distance of R. The maximal quantity of this temporal distance is imposed by pragmatic rules. So, the adverb récemment (recently) is not always "recent" enough to be used in combination with the passé récent.
48
TONG, Yu-Guang, Qi ZHANG, and Li-Fang ZHANG. "Effects of Verb’s Trait of Continuance and Adverb of Instantaneous Time about Representation of Events of Temporal Shifts in Chinese Text Readin." Acta Psychologica Sinica 42, no. 6 (July 19, 2010): 663–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1041.2010.00663.
Full text
49
Suseno, Bambang, and Kasiyarno . "JAVANESE CIRCUMFIX {SA- + -É}: A MORPHOLOGICAL, SYNTACTICAL AND SEMANTICAL APPROACH." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 7, no. 3 (April 30, 2019): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7351.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose: The purpose of this Article is to show that the Javanese circumfix {sa- + -é} is one of the Javanese affixes that can be attached to more than one part of speech, namely adjective, adverb and noun. It has a relatively high frequency in terms of its usage. The analysis of this article focuses on the use of circumfix {sa- + -é} in terms of morphology, syntax, and semantics.
Methodology: Javanese circumfix found in Javanese culture was analyzed according to morphological, syntactical and semantical approach
Results: In Javanese, the circumfix {sa- + -é} is added partly on the left and partly on the right of the base morpheme. Such a kind of morphological process is known as confixation, or simulfixation, or circumfixation.
Implications: Thus, the entire analysis describes what the circumfix {sa- + -é} can do to the base morphemes particularly in the Javanese language. Many of the derivatives formed by the attachment of the circumfix may function as the opener of the subordinate clause expressing adverbs of time.
50
Wardana, Wisnu Putra. "DURATION IN HARRY POTTER AND THE DEATHLY HALLOWS." Apollo Project: Jurnal Ilmiah Program Studi Sastra Inggris 7, no. 2 (August 14, 2018): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.34010/apollo.v7i2.2102.
Full textAbstract:
This research is regarding narrative in Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows. Narrative has many ways to develop the narrative. One of them is duration. There are five possibilities, which suggest themselves. They are summary, ellipsis, scene, stretch and pause. In each possibility, they have different use of time. Qualitative method and descriptive analysis are used to analyze the data. The data are taken from Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows. The theory used in this research is from Seymour Chatman (1978). Summary occurs when the time is cut short in story-time, complemented with durative verb and adverb. Ellipsis is happened when the discourse in the story is stopped yet the story-time keeps on going, abridging the story-time to the period which is already determined. Scene happens when the story-time and discourse-time run together using dialogue and overt physical actions of relatively short duration. Stretch is happened when discourse-time runs longer than story-time, using imagination to cut short the story-time and enter the discourse time. Pause is occurred when the story-time stops completely and discourse-time takes over, describing the event or characters.