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1

Iakovlieva, Anna, Oksana Vovk, Sergii Boichenko, Kazimierz Lejda, and Hubert Kuszewski. "Physical-Chemical Properties of Jet Fuel Blends with Components Derived from Rape Oil." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 10, no. 4 (2016): 485–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht10.04.485.

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The work is devoted to the development of alternative jet fuel blended with rapeseed oil-derived biocomponents and study of their physical-chemical properties. The modification of conventional jet fuel by rapeseed oil esters was chosen for this work among the variety of technologies for alternative jet fuels development. The main characteristics of conventional jet fuel and three kinds of biocomponents were determined and compared to the standards requirements to jet fuel of Jet A-1 grade. The most important or identifying physical-chemical properties of jet fuels were determined for the scope
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2

Lander, H. R., and H. E. Reif. "The Production of Jet Fuel From Alternative Sources." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 108, no. 4 (1986): 641–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3239959.

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The most significant potential source of aviation gas turbine fuels in the continental United States is the western oil shale located in the Rocky Mountain States of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. Nearly 600 billion barrels of recoverable oil is located in this area. This paper discusses the availability of oil shale and reviews the recovery, upgrading and refining schemes necessary to produce fuel which can be used in present-day aircraft. Other synthetic fuels are discussed with regard to the processing necessary to produce suitable fuels for today’s high-performance aircraft. Heavy oil and ta
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3

Kumar, Manish, Srinibas Karmakar, Sonu Kumar, and Saptarshi Basu. "Experimental investigation on spray characteristics of Jet A-1 and alternative aviation fuels." International Journal of Spray and Combustion Dynamics 13, no. 1-2 (2021): 54–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17568277211010140.

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Potential alternative fuels that can mitigate environmental pollution from gas turbine engines (due to steep growth in the aviation sector globally) are getting significant attention. Spray behavior plays a significant role in influencing the combustion performance of such alternative fuels. In the present study, spray characteristics of Kerosene-based fuel (Jet A-1) and alternative aviation fuels such as butyl butyrate, butanol, and their blends with Jet A-1 are investigated using an air-blast atomizer under different atomizing air-to-fuel ratios. Phase Doppler Interferometry has been employe
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4

Kurzawska, Paula, and Remigiusz Jasiński. "Overview of Sustainable Aviation Fuels with Emission Characteristic and Particles Emission of the Turbine Engine Fueled ATJ Blends with Different Percentages of ATJ Fuel." Energies 14, no. 7 (2021): 1858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14071858.

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The following article focuses on sustainable aviation fuels, which include first and second generation biofuels and other non-biomass fuels that meet most of environmental, operational and physicochemical requirements. Several of the requirements for sustainable aviation fuels are discussed in this article. The main focus was on researching the alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) alternative fuel. The tests covered the emission of harmful gaseous compounds with the Semtech DS analyzer, as well as the number and mass concentration of particles of three fuels: reference fuel Jet A-1, a mixture of Jet A-1 and 3
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5

Braun-Unkhoff, Marina, Uwe Riedel, and Claus Wahl. "About the emissions of alternative jet fuels." CEAS Aeronautical Journal 8, no. 1 (2016): 167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13272-016-0230-3.

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6

Anuar, A., V. K. Undavalli, B. Khandelwal, and S. Blakey. "Effect of fuels, aromatics and preparation methods on seal swell." Aeronautical Journal 125, no. 1291 (2021): 1542–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aer.2021.25.

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AbstractNew alternative jet fuels have provided many advantages in the aviation industry, especially in terms of economics and environment. However, fuel–seal compatibility is one of the major issues that restricts alternative fuel advancement into the market. Thus, to help understand and solve the problem, this study examines the swelling effect of prepared and non-prepared O-rings in different fuels and aromatic species. Stress relaxation experiments were carried out to evaluate seal compatibility under compression, which mimics engine operation conditions. Seals were compressed and immersed
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7

Goodger, E. M. "Jet Fuels Development and Alternatives." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 209, no. 2 (1995): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1995_209_281_02.

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The jet engine group comprises aero turbines, ramjets and rockets, their level of performance increasing in that order, with fuel requirements showing both similarities and differences. The conventional fuel for aero turbine engines, for example, is aviation kerosine, several variants of which exist for specific applications. Aviation fuel specifications are invariably stringent, and variations with density are shown for typical properties. The dwindling availability of optimal crudes over the last 25 years has resulted in a general degradation in the quality of aviation kerosine, with adverse
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8

Vilutienė, Valentina, Gvidonas Labeckas, and Stasys Slavinskas. "THE INFLUENCE OF THE CETANE NUMBER AND LUBRICITY IMPROVING ADDITIVES ON THE QUALITY PARAMETERS OF AVIATION-TURBINE FUEL." Aviation 19, no. 2 (2015): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16487788.2015.1057994.

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In order to recommend jet fuel for powering diesel engines the quality parameters of the following fuels were determined: diesel fuel (NATO code F-54) according to standard LST EN 590: 2014, jet fuel (NATO code F-35 and F-34) according to standard ASTM D 1655 and U.S.MIL-DTL-83133E, and jet fuel was treated with additives at the Centre of Quality research laboratory located at “ORLEN Lietuva” Ltd. Basic quality parameters of alternative jet fuels were analysed and compared with the reference parameters of diesel fuel. It was determined that the use of additives in jet fuel improves its paramet
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9

Chishty, Wajid A., Tak Chan, Pervez Canteenwalla, Craig R. Davison, and Jennifer Chalmers. "Benchmarking data from the experience gained in engine performance and emissions testing on alternative fuels for aviation." Journal of the Global Power and Propulsion Society 1 (September 19, 2017): S5WGLD. http://dx.doi.org/10.22261/s5wgld.

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Abstract Alternative fuel for aviation has been the centre of serious focus for the last decade, owing mostly to the challenges posed by the price of conventional petroleum fuel, energy security and environmental concerns. The downslide in the oil prices in the recent months and the fact that energy security is not considered a major threat in commercial aviation, these factors have worked negatively for the promotion of alternative fuels. However, the continuous commitment to environmental stewardship by Governments and the industry have kept the momentum going towards the transparent integra
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10

Ji, Chungsheng, Yang L. Wang, and Fokion N. Egolfopoulos. "Flame Studies of Conventional and Alternative Jet Fuels." Journal of Propulsion and Power 27, no. 4 (2011): 856–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.b34105.

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11

Trivedi, Parthsarathi, Hakan Olcay, Mark D. Staples, Mitch R. Withers, Robert Malina, and Steven R. H. Barrett. "Energy return on investment for alternative jet fuels." Applied Energy 141 (March 2015): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.12.016.

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12

Khandelwal, B., J. Cronly, I. S. Ahmed, C. J. Wijesinghe, and C. Lewis. "The effect of alternative fuels on gaseous and particulate matter (PM) emission performance in an auxiliary power unit (APU)." Aeronautical Journal 123, no. 1263 (2019): 617–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aer.2019.16.

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ABSTRACTThere is a growing interest in the use of alternative fuels in gas turbine engines to reduce emissions. Testing of alternative fuels is expensive when done on a large-scale gas turbine engine. In this study, a re-commissioned small gas turbine auxiliary power unit (APU) has been used to test various blends of Jet A-1, synthetic paraffinic kerosene (SPK) and diesel with as well as eight other novel fuels. A detailed analysis of performance, gaseous emissions and particulate emissions has been presented in this study. It is observed that aromatic content in general as well as the particu
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13

Gawron, Bartosz, Tomasz Białecki, Anna Janicka, and Tomasz Suchocki. "Combustion and Emissions Characteristics of the Turbine Engine Fueled with HEFA Blends from Different Feedstocks." Energies 13, no. 5 (2020): 1277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051277.

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In the next decade, due to the desire for significant reduction in the carbon footprint left by the aviation sector and the development of a sustainable alternatives to petroleum, fuel from renewable sources will play an increasing role as a propellant for turbine aircraft engines. Currently, apart from five types of jet fuel containing synthesized hydrocarbons that are certified by the ASTM D7566 standard, there is yet another synthetic blending component that is at the stage of testing and certification. Hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids enable the production of a synthetic component for
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14

Saldana, D. A., B. Creton, P. Mougin, N. Jeuland, B. Rousseau, and L. Starck. "Rational Formulation of Alternative Fuels using QSPR Methods: Application to Jet Fuels." Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles 68, no. 4 (2013): 651–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2012034.

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15

Lejda, Kazimierz, Anna Yakovlieva, and Sergii Boichenko. "Evaluation of jet engine operation parameters using conventional and alternative jet fuels." International Journal of Sustainable Aviation 5, no. 3 (2019): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsa.2019.10025187.

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16

Yakovlieva, Anna, Sergii Boichenko, and Kazimierz Lejda. "Evaluation of jet engine operation parameters using conventional and alternative jet fuels." International Journal of Sustainable Aviation 5, no. 3 (2019): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsa.2019.103504.

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17

Andoga, Rudolf, Ladislav Főző, Martin Schrötter, and Stanislav Szabo. "The Use of Ethanol as an Alternative Fuel for Small Turbojet Engines." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (2021): 2541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052541.

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The use of alternative fuels to traditional kerosene-based ones in turbo-jet engines is currently being widely explored and researched. However, the application of alternative fuels in the area of small turbojet engines with thrust ratings up to 2 kilo-newtons, which are used as auxiliary power units or to propel small aircraft or drones, is not as well researched. This paper explores the use of ethanol as a sustainable fuel and its effects on the operation of a small turbojet engine under laboratory conditions. Several concentrations of ethanol and JET A-1 mixtures are explored to study the e
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18

Rojo, C., X. Vancassel, P. Mirabel, J. L. Ponche, and F. Garnier. "Impact of alternative jet fuels on aircraft-induced aerosols." Fuel 144 (March 2015): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.12.021.

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19

Simons, Emerald, and Valentin Soloiu. "Reduction of Aircraft Gas Turbine Noise with New Synthetic Fuels and Sound Insulation Materials." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2603, no. 1 (2017): 50–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2603-06.

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The need to reduce the sound and vibration characteristics in the aerospace industry is continuously increasing because of the need to meet FAA regulations, to reduce noise pollution, and to improve customer satisfaction. To improve customer satisfaction, aircraft and engine manufacturers must work to control sound and vibration levels so that passengers do not experience discomfort during a flight. Sound and vibration characteristics of a fixed-wing aircraft with jet engines are composed of complex-frequency contents that challenge engineers in the development of quiet engine designs, aerodyn
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20

Ribeiro, Daniela F. S., André R. R. Silva, and Miguel R. O. Panão. "Insights into Single Droplet Impact Models upon Liquid Films Using Alternative Fuels for Aero-Engines." Applied Sciences 10, no. 19 (2020): 6698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10196698.

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In aero-engines, the introduction of biofuels is among the best alternatives to fossil fuels, and this change is likely to affect the impact of droplets on interposed surfaces. Under this framework, this work reviews the main morphological hydrodynamic structures occurring upon the impact of a liquid droplet on a wetted surface, using jet fuel and biofuel mixtures as alternative fuels. The experiments performed allow investigating the effect of the liquid film thickness on the dynamic behavior of single drop impact, considering the relevancy of these phenomena to the optimization of engine ope
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21

Reksowardojo, Iman K., Long H. Duong, Rais Zain, et al. "Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a Gas-Turbine Engine Fueled with Biojet/Jet A-1 Blends for the Development of Aviation Biofuel in Tropical Regions." Energies 13, no. 24 (2020): 6570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13246570.

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Biofuels as alternative fuels in today’s world are becoming increasingly important for the reduction of greenhouse gases. Here, we present and evaluate the potential of a new alternative fuel based on the conversion of medium-chain fatty acids to biojet (MBJ), which was produced from coconut oil using hydrotreated processes. MBJ is produced by using both deoxygenation and isomerization processes. Several blends of this type of biojet fuel with Jet A-1 were run in a gas-turbine engine (Rover 1S/60, ROTAX LTD., London, England) for the purpose of investigating engine performance and emissions. P
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22

Przysowa, Radoslaw, Bartosz Gawron, Tomasz Białecki, Anna Łęgowik, Jerzy Merkisz, and Remigiusz Jasiński. "Performance and Emissions of a Microturbine and Turbofan Powered by Alternative Fuels." Aerospace 8, no. 2 (2021): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace8020025.

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Alternative fuels containing biocomponents produced in various technologies are introduced in aviation to reduce its carbon footprint but there is little data describing their impact on the performance and emissions of engines. The purpose of the work is to compare the performance and gas emissions produced from two different jet engines—the GTM-140 microturbine and the full-size DGEN380 turbofan, powered by blends of Jet A-1 and one of two biocomponents: (1) Alcohol-to-Jet (ATJ) and (2) Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA) produced from used cooking oil (UCO) in various concentrations
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23

Kathrotia, Trupti, Patrick Oßwald, Clemens Naumann, Sandra Richter, and Markus Köhler. "Combustion kinetics of alternative jet fuels, Part-II: Reaction model for fuel surrogate." Fuel 302 (October 2021): 120736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120736.

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24

Kathrotia, Trupti, Patrick Oßwald, Julia Zinsmeister, Torsten Methling, and Markus Köhler. "Combustion kinetics of alternative jet fuels, Part-III: Fuel modeling and surrogate strategy." Fuel 302 (October 2021): 120737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120737.

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25

Hui, Xin, Kamal Kumar, Chih-Jen Sung, Tim Edwards, and Dylan Gardner. "Experimental studies on the combustion characteristics of alternative jet fuels." Fuel 98 (August 2012): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.03.040.

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26

Speth, Raymond L., Carolina Rojo, Robert Malina, and Steven R. H. Barrett. "Black carbon emissions reductions from combustion of alternative jet fuels." Atmospheric Environment 105 (March 2015): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.01.040.

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27

Naik, Chitralkumar V., Karthik V. Puduppakkam, Abhijit Modak, et al. "Detailed chemical kinetic mechanism for surrogates of alternative jet fuels." Combustion and Flame 158, no. 3 (2011): 434–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.09.016.

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28

Saldana, D. A., B. Creton, P. Mougin, N. Jeuland, B. Rousseau, and L. Starck. "Erratum to: Rational Formulation of Alternative Fuels using QSPR Methods: Application to Jet Fuels." Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles 69, no. 3 (2014): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2014012.

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29

Schripp, T., F. Herrmann, P. Oßwald, et al. "Particle emissions of two unblended alternative jet fuels in a full scale jet engine." Fuel 256 (November 2019): 115903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.115903.

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30

SKRZEK, Tomasz. "Duel fuel compression ignition engine fuelled with homogeneous mixtures of propane and kerosene-based fuel." Combustion Engines 178, no. 3 (2019): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2019-333.

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The paper presents some results of examination of DF CI engine fuelled with kerosene-based fuel (Jet A-1) and propane. The aim was to obtain the maximum engine thermal and overall efficiency and checking the engine emissions for the application of significant share of propane as a main source of energy. The fuel which initiates the ignition was Jet A-1 provided by common rail system during the beginning of compression stroke. Propane was provided to inlet manifold in a gas phase. The method of providing of both fuels to the engine cylinder allowed to create nearly homogeneous mixture and reali
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31

Jasiński, Remigiusz, Paula Kurzawska, and Radosław Przysowa. "Characterization of Particle Emissions from a DGEN 380 Small Turbofan Fueled with ATJ Blends." Energies 14, no. 12 (2021): 3368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123368.

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The fine particulate matter (PM) emitted from jet aircraft poses a serious threat to the environment and human health which can be mitigated by using biofuels. This paper aims to quantify PM emissions from a small turbofan fueled with the alcohol to jet (ATJ) synthetic kerosene and its various blends (5%, 20%, and 30% of ATJ) with Jet A-1 fuel. Emissions from a turbofan engine (DGEN 380) with a high bypass ratio, applicable in small private jets, were studied. Among the four fuels tested, the PM-number emission index (EIN) was the lowest for the ATJ 30% blend. EIN for ATJ 30% dropped from 1.1
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32

Hileman, J. I., and R. W. Stratton. "Alternative jet fuel feasibility." Transport Policy 34 (July 2014): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2014.02.018.

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33

Melnyk, V. M., M. M. Liakh, and M. M. Synoverskyi. "Investigation of parameters of mixing and heat formation of diesel engines in the process of using alternative fuels." Oil and Gas Power Engineering, no. 1(33) (September 3, 2020): 109–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9868-2020-1(33)-109-123.

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Today in Ukraine and the world there is a growing shortage of commercial fuels for engines. This is due to the tendency to regulate the production of hydrocarbons, which is the main raw material for their production. Therefore, in order to reduce oil imports, alternative fuels for diesel engines based on oils and animal fats are be-coming more widespread today. In this regard, intensive work is underway to convert internal combustion engines to biofuels in countries with limited fuel and energy resources, as well as in highly developed countries that have the ability to purchase liquid energy.
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34

Stanton, Brian J., and Richard R. Gustafson. "Advanced Hardwood Biofuels Northwest: Commercialization Challenges for the Renewable Aviation Fuel Industry." Applied Sciences 9, no. 21 (2019): 4644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9214644.

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A bioenergy summit was organized by Advanced Hardwood Biofuels Northwest (AHB) to debate the barriers to the commercialization of a hybrid poplar biofuels industry for the alternative jet fuels market from the perspective of five years of AHB research and development and two recent surveys of the North American cellulosic biofuels industry. The summit showed that: (1) Growing and converting poplar feedstock to aviation fuels is technically sound, (2) an adequate land base encompassing 6.03 and 12.86 million respective hectares of croplands and rangelands is potentially available for poplar fee
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35

Zhang, Ji, Junling Yang, Huafu Zhang, Zhentao Zhang, and Yu Zhang. "Research status and future development of biomass liquid fuels." BioResources 16, no. 2 (2021): 4523–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.2.zhang.

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Due to the combined pressures of energy shortage and environmental degradation, bio-liquid fuels have been widely studied as a green, environmentally friendly, renewable petroleum alternative. This article summarizes the various technologies of three generations of biomass feedstocks (especially the second-generation, biomass lignin, and the third-generation, algae raw materials) used to convert liquid fuels (bioethanol, biodiesel, and bio-jet fuel) and analyzes their advantages and disadvantages. In addition, this article details the latest research progress in biomass liquid fuel production,
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Mazlan, Nurul Musfirah, Mark Savill, and Timos Kipouros. "Evaluating NOx and CO emissions of bio-SPK fuel using a simplified engine combustion model: A preliminary study towards sustainable environment." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 231, no. 5 (2016): 859–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410016643980.

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Awareness of environmental and economic issues associated with fossil fuel has led to the exploration of alternative fuels for aviation. Analysis and measurements of alternative fuel using real aircraft engines are complex and costly. Thus, evaluation only through computation is an option at present. This paper presents an analysis of aircraft engine emissions, particularly NOx and CO, from the blend of bio-synthetic paraffinic kerosene (bio-SPK) fuel with kerosene using a simplified gas emission model. Three different fuels, namely, a conventional aviation fuel Jet-A, Jatropha bio-SPK and Cam
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37

Xu, Bing, Ben W. Kolosz, John M. Andresen, et al. "Performance Evaluation of Alternative Jet Fuels using a hybrid MCDA method." Energy Procedia 158 (February 2019): 1110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.275.

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38

Staples, Mark D., Robert Malina, Pooja Suresh, James I. Hileman, and Steven R. H. Barrett. "Aviation CO2 emissions reductions from the use of alternative jet fuels." Energy Policy 114 (March 2018): 342–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.12.007.

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39

Braun-Unkhoff, Marina, Trupti Kathrotia, Bastian Rauch, and Uwe Riedel. "About the interaction between composition and performance of alternative jet fuels." CEAS Aeronautical Journal 7, no. 1 (2015): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13272-015-0178-8.

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40

Liu, Yue, and Christopher W. Wilson. "Investigation into the Temperature Impact on O-Ring’s Sealing Performance Using Advanced Stress Relaxation Test." Applied Mechanics and Materials 225 (November 2012): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.225.255.

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Due to the lack of historical data, sealing performance of O-rings in the fuel system of aircraft engines is particularly difficult to study. As great efforts are being made to develop alternative fuels in aviation industry, their compatibility issue with elastomeric O-ring materials has become a major concern. So far, no data has been published on how O-rings would behave in alternative fuel scenario while taking the temperature factor into consideration. The purpose of this paper is to investigate into O-ring’s sealing performance under various temperature conditions, with comparison between
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41

Gryadunov, K. I., A. N. Kozlov, V. M. Samoylenko, and Shadi Ardeshiri. "Comparative analysis of quality indicators of aviation kerosine, biofuels and their mixtures." Civil Aviation High Technologies 22, no. 5 (2019): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.26467/2079-0619-2019-22-5-67-75.

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Modern trends of civil aviation development indicate the need to improve fuel efficiency and environmental friendliness of the utilized fuels. The use of conventional jet fuel is meeting to a lesser degree the promising requirements concerning environmental friendliness at a constantly rising price for it. Apart from that, oil reserves are limited. According to many experts, the solution to the growing problems with oil fuels can be application of alternative types of aviation fuel. A number of companies around the world, together with aircraft manufacturers under the significant state support
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42

Kannaiyan, Kumaran, and Reza Sadr. "EFFECT OF FUEL PROPERTIES ON SPRAY CHARACTERISTICS OF ALTERNATIVE JET FUELS USING GLOBAL SIZING VELOCIMETRY." Atomization and Sprays 24, no. 7 (2014): 575–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/atomizspr.2014008620.

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43

KULCZYCKI, Andrzej, Wojciech DZIĘGIELEWSKI, and Dariusz OZIMINA. "THE INFLUENCE OF THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF SYNTHETIC HYDROCARBONS AND ALCOHOLS ON THE LUBRICITY OF CI ENGINE FUELS AND AVIATION FUELS." Tribologia 273, no. 3 (2017): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.6140.

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The paper covers the mechanism of lubrication layer formation by fuels containing synthetic hydrocarbons and alcohols. Development of alternative fuels containing FAME, alcohols, and synthetic hydrocarbons has increased the interest in the mechanism of lubrication of fuelling systems parts. Fuel lubricity tests have been conducted using the HFRR and BOCLE testing rigs. Fuels under testing, both for CI engines and for aviation turbine ones, contained synthetic components: saturated hydrocarbons both of even and odd number of carbon atoms, and butanol, isomers. These components have been added t
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44

Karczewski, Mirosław, Leszek Szczęch, and Filip Polak. "Energy Balance of a Vehicle Equipped with Hybrid Propulsion System Fuelled with Alternative Fuels." Journal of KONES 26, no. 4 (2019): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kones-2019-0094.

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AbstractArticle presents the energetic balance of small-unmanned vehicle hybrid power transmission. The vehicle equipped with serial hybrid transmission consisted of electric engines connected to the battery pack and small Diesel power generator. In mentioned construction, battery is used as energy buffer and combustion engine is used more as emergency power supply, and is turned on when battery is depleted. In other condition, power generator can be turned off, without reducing power of transmission parameters, except its range. Vehicles with hybrid drive are very common chosen vehicles by us
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45

Corporan, Edwin, Tim Edwards, Linda Shafer, et al. "Chemical, Thermal Stability, Seal Swell, and Emissions Studies of Alternative Jet Fuels." Energy & Fuels 25, no. 3 (2011): 955–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef101520v.

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46

Kumar, Kamal, Chih-Jen Sung, and Xin Hui. "Laminar flame speeds and extinction limits of conventional and alternative jet fuels." Fuel 90, no. 3 (2011): 1004–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.11.022.

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47

Oßwald, Patrick, Julia Zinsmeister, Trupti Kathrotia, et al. "Combustion kinetics of alternative jet fuels, Part-I: Experimental flow reactor study." Fuel 302 (October 2021): 120735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120735.

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48

Ardeshiri, Sh. "The impact of physico-chemical properties of the jet fuel and biofuels on the characteristics of gas-turbine engines." Civil Aviation High Technologies 22, no. 6 (2019): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26467/2079-0619-2019-22-6-8-16.

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The current development trend of global civil aviation is the growth of passenger and freight traffic, which entails the consumption of jet fuel. Under these conditions, increasing the efficiency of jet fuel used is of great importance. Global energy consumption is constantly growing, and, first of all, the question of diversification of oil resources arises, resources from which the bulk of motor fuels is produced. Other types of raw energy sources (natural gas, coal, bio-mass) currently account for only a small part. However, an analysis of the development of jet fuels indicates that work is
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49

Mónico Muñoz, Luisa Fernanda, Juan José Sandoval Sotelo, and Andrés Felipe Rodríguez Chaparro. "Estudio Teórico de la Influencia del Uso de Mezclas de Biodiesel de Aceite de Palma con JET a-1 en Motores a Reacción." Ingeniería 22, no. 1 (2017): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.14483/udistrital.jour.reving.2017.1.a06.

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Context: like many others, today the aeronautical industry has been forced to implement methods to mitigate the damage produced to the environment due to the emission of polluting gases and in doing so, confront the problem of global warming. In this context, research on the use of alternative fuels is of paramount importance, in particular the study of engine performance when using blends of Colombian Biodiesel based on palm oil with Jet A1.Method: as a starting point, we made a review of the state of the art so as to select which engine to study and then the alternative fuels to be used. Sim
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Osigwe, Emmanuel O., Arnold Gad-Briggs, Theoklis Nikolaidis, Soheil Jafari, Bobby Sethi, and Pericles Pilidis. "Thermodynamic Performance and Creep Life Assessment Comparing Hydrogen- and Jet-Fueled Turbofan Aero Engine." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (2021): 3873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11093873.

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There is renewed interest in hydrogen as an alternative fuel for aero engines, due to their perceived environmental and performance benefits compared to jet fuel. This paper presents a cycle, thermal performance, energy and creep life assessment of hydrogen compared with jet fuel, using a turbofan aero engine. The turbofan cycle performance was simulated using a code developed by the authors that allows hydrogen and jet fuel to be selected as fuel input. The exergy assessment uses both conservations of energy and mass and the second law of thermodynamics to understand the impact of the fuels o
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