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1
Marchenko, T. V. "ISSUES ARISEN TO RENT ARREARS DETERMINATION ACCORDING TO THE PURPOSE OF PREMISE." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 18 (December 26, 2018): 491–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2018.56.
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A significant part of disputes between the parties in the economic activity arises on the issue of establishing the real of arrears amount for rent of communal property. One of reasons for these disputes is the wrongly defined and applied rental rate while determining the rental amount. Amount and terms of rent payment are established in the lease agreement between the lessor (owner) and the tenant, and the lease agreement for such property is the basis for charging rent for the leased property. Application of the rental rate for calculating the rent to the tenant that does not correspond to the purpose of the leased premises, may lead to under-charging and, accordingly, to the non-transfer of rent to the lessor and to the city budget. This article considers the case of application of rental rates while concluding a lease agreement and demonstrates how the rent arrears amount can change in the case of improperly determined rental rate. The analysis of current legislation of Ukraine is given, which is concern of their correct using, namely, the method recommendations about established rental rates for premises using according to special purpose on example of “Methods of rental payment calculation for property, which is in communal property of Kharkiv territorial community and its distribution proportions”, which was approved by 12th session of Kharkiv City Council of 6th convocation from 23.11.2011 № 566/11 and specific lease agreement are analyzed. Presented analysis of the current legislation of Ukraine on rental rates application can help while performing forensic researches related to establishment of real arrears amount for rent while resolving litigious economic disputes.
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Babii, Petro, and Iryna Fedorovych. "MODELING OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN DOMESTIC ECONOMY." Regional’ni aspekti rozvitku produktivnih sil Ukraїni, no. 23 (2018): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/rarrpsu2018.23.104.
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The main categories of human labor are outlined and it is found out that it is the basis of the formation of intellectual rent. The mathematical calculation of the amount of intellectual rent is proposed. We studied all kinds of rent and it was established that in the domestic practice there is no corresponding accounting mechanism. Considered the additional income received by economic entities from intangible resources. It is proposed to consider intellectual rent as a component of economic (unnatural) rent and it is established that attention should be paid to the sources of its occurrence, the peculiarities of formation and distribution. The intellectual rent at the micro level was studied, which enabled to develop a reverse-differentiated model of intellectual development of intellectual rent. The ways of obtaining intellectual rent at the macroeconomic level have been investigated and it has been established that to maximize it it is necessary to win monopolistic positions. The generalization of the need for a social rethinking of expediency of using natural resources by outdated methods and increasing the use of innovations to increase incomes is generalized.
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Bardash, Serhii, and Tetiana Osadcha. "ACCOUNTING OF RESULTS OF RENT RELATIONS." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 4, no. 4 (September 2018): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2018-4-4-24-32.
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In the conditions of the implementation of the concept of sustainable development, the study of accounting reflection of the results of rent relations becomes relevant in view of solving a number of strategic tasks that today face economic entities. The solution to this problem is proposed on the basis of the definition in the system of accounting concepts of economic nature of results of rent relations arising owing to the involvement of renting factors in the economic process. The purpose of the research is to determine the formulation of proposals for the accounting reflection of the results of rental relations. The methodological basis of the study is the historical and logical method used to study the evolution of rent and approaches to the disclosure of its economic meaning. The dialectical method and comparative analysis are used to identify significant differences in the definition of rent, formed at different stages and forms of economic relations. Methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, abstraction, idealization, and generalization are used to identify the results of rent relations in the system of accounting concepts and the formulation of proposals for accounting rent and rent payments. Scientific results. Based on the critical assessment of the plurality of researchers’ opinions regarding the disclosure of the economic content of the rent, it has been established that: the rent is an integral part of the value added, but the added value in the accounting system is not accounted; the rent is a component of the income from operating activities carried out with the use or exploitation of limited natural resources; the complication of the previous value appraisal of rent makes it impossible to reflect it as a part of income; the amount of rent depends on the demand for the goods. If the product is sold at cost or below the cost, there will be no rent. The higher the sales price, the greater the share of rent in sales income. Taking into account the above, the rent as an income from the extraction/use of natural resources, as well as the use of other renting factors, is proposed to be reflected on the off-balance sheet account “Rent” with the allocation of sub-accounts by type of economic rent received. Rent payments are proposed to be attributed to operating expenses since their inclusion in production costs contradicts the economic nature of such costs, unjustifiably increases the prime cost, and contradicts the principle of equitable distribution of rent. The practical importance of the study is to increase the level of disclosure of information for making managerial decisions, in particular: determining the maximum allowable reduction in the price of sales of finished products, while maintaining an acceptable level of profitability for increasing demand, expanding the market and, consequently, increasing profits; directing the entire amount of rent or its part to the implementation of environmental measures, modernization of the material and technical base, activation of innovation activities, etc. Value/originality. The main advantages of the research conducted are the determination of the subject and object composition of rental relations, justification of the expediency of identifying the economic rent as an additional income, presenting proposals for the accounting of rent and rent payments, which will help to solve problems of the organization and methodology of the results of rent relations, as well as improving the reporting of economic entities.
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SUHINA, Оlena. "METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO DETERMINE AMOUNT OF DIFFERENTIAL MINING RENT." Economy of Ukraine 2018, no. 3 (October 3, 2020): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2018.03.089.
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Bardash, Serhii, and Tetiana Osadcha. "Ontology of Variability of Accounting for Financial Rent." Accounting and Finance, no. 2(92) (2021): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33146/2307-9878-2021-2(92)-5-10.
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Research on financial rent has been at the forefront of economics since the middle of the twentieth century in market economies due to the growing role of financial capital and the formation of the stock market. Today some scholars believe that financial rent is a type of economic rent, so it should be reflected in accounting. The purpose of the article is to develop recommendations for the reflection of financial rent in the accounting system. This research has solved the following tasks: to determine significant differences in the understanding of financial rent in the theory of finance and the rent in economic theory; to identify the type of resource that produces financial rent; to form approaches to the assessment and accounting for financial rent. It was established that in financial science the concept of financial rent does not correlate with the concept of economic rent, but it is appropriate to consider the financial rent as income that should be reflected in the accounting system to ensure the effectiveness of further management decisions. The identification of the composition of financial resources for the needs of their accounting allowed to determine the type of financial instruments, as well as operations that will form the financial rent. Author's approaches to the recognition of financial rent as accounting object were presented and organizational and methodical provisions of accounting for financial rent were developed. In particular, the procedure for determining the amount of financial rent and its reflection in the accounts depending on the sources of its formation was proposed. The practical significance of the study results is to increase the informativeness of the accounting system for management staff in order to manage the efficiency of the enterprise.
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Sayidov, Komil Mamatmurodovich. "RESULTS OF TAX REFORM:IMPROVING THE TAXATION OF PROPERTY INCOME OF INDIVIDUALS." INNOVATIONS IN ECONOMY 4, no. 5 (May 30, 2021): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9491-2021-5-12.
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This article examines the property income of individuals in accordance with the legal framework of the Republic of Uzbekistan, their composition, the current state of taxation of property income of individuals. According to the results of the study, it wasproposed to reconsider the minimum amount of rent for property leases, as the minimum rent for the use of state-owned realestate for legal entities is very low, legal entities -business approval of separate rental rates for entities; taking into accountthat it is not less than the minimum amounts established for individuals.Keywords: Tax Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, individual, property income, objects belonging to individuals, income declaration, income tax, source of income
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Vavilova, Ekaterina. "The Fundamentals of Determining the Rental Charge for the State-Owned Real Estate in the Russian Federation." Legal Concept, no. 1 (April 2021): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/lc.jvolsu.2021.1.14.
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Introduction: the paper discusses the study of the basic principles and methods of determining rental rates for the use of land owned by the state and municipal authorities. Despite the increasing trend of the privatization of state-owned land, its significant proportion is still under the state ownership. In this regard, a significant share of court proceedings in the Arbitration courts falls precisely on those disputes that relate to the determination of the procedure for establishing the rent of state-owned real estate in Russia. In this regard, the author set the goal – to study the problem of establishing the amount of the rent for the land held by tenants for housing after bringing into force Resolution of the Government of the Russian Government No. 582 of July 16, 2009 “On the basic principles of determining the rent for leases of land plots in the state or municipal ownership, and on the Rules for determining the amount of rent and the order of the conditions and terms of payment of rent for land in the ownership of the Russian Federation” (hereinafter – “Resolution No. 582”). Methods: the methodological framework for the study is a set of methods of scientific knowledge, among which the main one is the comparative law method, as well as the methods of systematization and analysis. Results: the author’s position grounded in the work is based on the analysis of the legislation and the opinions of the scientists expressed in the competent scientific community on the issue of establishing the basic rates for renting the state real estate. Conclusions: as a result of the study, the main principles of determining the rates for renting the state-owned real estate, as well as the procedure for determining them, were analyzed. It was established that the amount of rent for land plots that were provided to tenants for housing construction after the entry into force of Resolution No. 582 should not exceed 2 % of the cadastral value of such real estate.
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Samoylenko, V. V. "FISHERY RENT AND VALUE OF AQUATIC BIORESOURCES." Izvestiya TINRO 200 (March 26, 2020): 229–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2020-200-229-242.
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Fishery rent is assessed quantitatively for Russian Federation in 2014–2018. The annual rent value changed from 43 to 110 billion roubles, with the average amount of 88 billion roubles per year. On this basis, the net present value of non-cultivated aquatic living stocks is calculated using the data of official statistics, under assumption of 15 % return of capital. The fishery rent dynamics is determined mainly by the consumers demand (sales price) and the level of production cost. Other parameters, as the amount of capital, its profitability, etc., have smaller impact on the rent. Direct calculating of the aquatic living resources value using the data on total allowable catch (TAC) or commercial stock has large errors and uncertainty in contrast to the method of net present value that accounts the rental income. However, monetary valuation of aquatic living resources by this method requires a correct assessment of social discount rate because of its strong impact on the results of calculation. The social discount rate for Russian Federation varied in the 2014–2018 from 2.13 % to 3.73 % that is considered as a quite low level, typical for developed countries. Taking into account this correction, the value of non-cultivated aquatic living resources in Russian Federation is amounted as 1.4–4.7 trillion roubles in 2014–2018 that is considered as the minimal limit corresponded with an «ideal», undisturbed state of the system. In real, both value of fishery rent and value of fishery resources are affected by a number of officially unreported factors, such as discards and technological losses, which summary impact is assessed as 45 % of the fishery rent or 39 billion roubles per year, on average. Thus, the more realistic value of the non-cultivated aquatic living resources in Russia in 2014–2018 is 2.1–6.4 trillion roubles, on average 4.3 trillion roubles.
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Bazyli, Czyzewski, and Matuszczak Anna. "Towards measuring political rents in agriculture: case studies of different agrarian structures in the EU." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 64, No. 3 (March 16, 2018): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/286/2016-agricecon.
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It is generally believed that the subsidisation of agriculture serves as a payment of political rents to farmers. Here, we attempt to show that characterisation of the entire amount of subsidies as “political rent” is unjustified in the light of the definition of political rent as formulated in the rent-seeking theory. Political rents in agriculture diverge from the definition, since the resources devoted to rent-seeking partly serve to produce public goods – that part cannot be regarded as wastage. Furthermore, if market imperfections cause rents to be captured by other entities (the treadmill theory), then it is even more true that these benefits are not exclusive. However, it is hard to find any attempts to measure the value of political rents. Thus, a novel methodology is proposed for valuing these items, with the aim of calculating the “pure political rent”, based on an input-output (I-O) Leontief approach adopting matrices for “representative farms” according to EUFADN typology and on a decomposition of the Hicks-Moorsteen TFP index for the period 2007–2012 for four countries: Slovakia, France, Austria and Poland.
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Bardash, Serhiy, and Tetyana Osadcha. "Identification of Rent Relations Results in the Accounting System." Accounting and Finance, no. 3(89) (2020): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33146/2307-9878-2020-3(89)-5-11.
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In the context of the implementation of the concept of sustainable development of individual countries of the post-Soviet space, the study of the problems of accounting for the results of rent relations becomes relevant given the solution of a number of strategic tasks facing businesses today. It is offered to solve the specified problem on the basis of definition in system of concepts of accounting of the economic nature of results of rent relations arising as a result of involvement in economic process of rent-forming factors. The purpose of the article is to formulate proposals for accounting for the results of rental relationships. The methodological basis of the research is the historical and logical method, which is used to study the evolution of rent and approaches to the disclosure of its economic content. The dialectical method and comparative analysis are used to identify significant differences in the definition of rent, formed at different stages and forms of economic relations. Methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, abstraction, idealization and generalization are used to identify the results of rent relations in the system of accounting concepts and formulate proposals for rent accounting and rent payments. Based on a critical assessment of a certain pluralism of researchers' opinions on the disclosure of the economic content of rent, it is established that: rent is a component of value added, but value added is not taken into account in the accounting system; rent is a component of income from operating activities carried out with the use or exploitation of limited natural resources; the complication of the preliminary valuation of rent makes it impossible to reflect it in income; the amount of rent depends on the demand for the product. Given the above, rent as income from the extraction / use of natural resources, as well as the use of other rent-forming factors, it is proposed to reflect on the off-balance sheet account “Rent” with the allocation of sub-accounts by type of economic rent. It is proposed to attribute rent payments to operating costs, as their inclusion in production costs contradicts the economic nature of such costs, unreasonably increases the cost and contradicts the principle of fair distribution of rent. The practical significance of the study is to increase the level of information disclosure for management decisions, in particular: determining the maximum allowable reduction in the selling price of finished products while maintaining an acceptable level of profitability to increase demand, expand market and, consequently, increase profits; directing all or part of the rent to the implementation of environmental measures, modernization of material and technical base, intensification of innovation.
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Žaucer, Irena, and Helena Puc. "Impact of land tenure on the participation in factor income in agriculture of Slovenia." Croatian Review of Economic, Business and Social Statistics 5, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/crebss-2019-0009.
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AbstractThe purpose of the article is to present agricultural land tenure in Slovenia and its impact on the division of the factor income into the part intended for the production factor of land and the improvement by the introduction of the rent statistics. The land, together with the labour force and capital, contributes to the income generation and it is one of the production factors that participate in the income division. The analyses so far have been based on the FADN data but the Slovenian analysis is based on data from the Economic Accounts for Agriculture (EAA), it uses different sources, and a different calculation approach. The calculation is based on the share of rented utilised agricultural area which amounts to about 30% of the total utilised area. Due to the availability of the data the rent value is calculated depending on the institutional sectors – for agricultural enterprises (the non-financial enterprise sector) and family farms (the household sector). In 2016 the average rent per ha of utilised agricultural area amounted to almost EUR 150 and the nominal value of rents paid in Slovenian agriculture to EUR 21 million. Slovenian share of rent in factor income for the period 2000–2016 is 3%, which is substantially lower than the European Union (EU-28) average of 8%. In 2016, the factor income per employee was around EUR 6,000; about 4% of this amount was contributed to the land in the form of rent value. The rest was contributed to the workforce and capital. The paper presents the results that could be helpful for the agricultural and land policy makers.
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Felli, Romain. "On Climate Rent." Historical Materialism 22, no. 3-4 (December 2, 2014): 251–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569206x-12341368.
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As environmental degradation becomes a growing concern, this article argues that the development of international law on climate change expresses the deep social contradictions between accumulation and reproduction under capitalism. These contradictions are translated into the creation of a form of public property over the right to emit greenhouse gases (and not the ‘privatisation’ of the atmosphere). This public property is unequally distributed amongst states in an imperialist manner. The distribution of these rights at the domestic level amounts to the distribution of rights to climate rent. Contrary to popular accounts of the ‘commodification’ of nature, I argue that emission rights are not ‘commodities’, and emissions trading and carbon markets are not ‘accumulation strategies’. These are merely depoliticised forms in which climate rent is extracted and circulates to preclude political debates about the goals of production.
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Tajani, Francesco, Pierluigi Morano, Francesca Salvo, and Manuela De Ruggiero. "An evaluation model for an effective risk assessment in the rent to buy property market." Property Management 38, no. 1 (November 27, 2019): 124–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pm-09-2019-0052.
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Purpose In this research a model for the rationalization of the assessment in a rent to buy contract has been proposed, in order to contextualize the economic amounts involved in the negotiation according to the specific market risk of the area where the property is located. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach The model borrows the logical principles of operational research, in order to take into account the convenience constraints of the parties involved (seller and buyer) and to determine the minimum amount of the additional annual rent to be charged as down payment on the final sale price, compensating the investment risk. The procedure proposed for the risk assessment combines the discrete modeling of real option analysis and the exponentially weighted moving average method, in order to weigh appropriately the data available for the specific area in the analysis. Findings Considering the limit conditions of variability of the property market value at the time provided for the notarial deed, the proposed model returns two values (minimum and maximum) for a fixed contract duration and for a specific market area for the annual additional rent, which define the reference range to ensure the compliance with the convenience constraints of the parties involved. Practical implications In order to test the reliability of the developed methodology, the model has been implemented to the 24 “microzones” defined by the Italian Revenue Agency for the city of Bari (Southern Italy). The results obtained were then georeferenced, in order to create thematic maps of convenience for the subjects interested in the rent to buy formula. The developed maps define a useful support to be consulted in the negotiation phase between the seller and the buyer, allowing both to verify the investment conveniences within the limits of their disposable incomes and their needs. Originality/value The tabulated values of the down-payment amounts and the related thematic maps constitute a valid support for both the parties in the initial negotiation phase of the contractual conditions: in fact, if comparable data for the assessment of the market value and the market rent at the time of the stipulation of the contract are ordinarily available, the increase in the rent, to be charged as the annual down payment on the final purchase price, is generally entrusted to the contractual capabilities of the subjects involved, since there is no market reference that can direct an appropriate assessment.
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Ray, Raymundus I. Wayan. "LOKASI DAN HARGA BERPENGARUH TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN PEDAGANG MENYEWA KIOS (Studi Kasus Pada Pasar Kemiri Muka Kota Depok)." Indonesian Journal of Public Administration (IJPA) 4, no. 2 (December 7, 2018): 27–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.52447/ijpa.v4i2.1292.
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Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine how much influence the location and price in making decisions to rent kiosks. The method used in this study is a method of quantitative analysis and the population is traders as many as 922 people and the sample taken is 90 people. The hypothesis in this study is that there is a positive and significant influence between the independent variable and the dependent variable. The results showed that the tcount was 2.220 with a significance of 5%. The value of table for the amount of data is 90 and the independent variable is 2 with a significant level of 5%, then the value of t table is 1.987. Then we compare, if thitung> from t table then the variable is stated significant. Because tcount for variable X1 (2,220) is greater than t table (1,987) then the decision Ha is accepted, meaning that the location variable has a positive and significant influence on the decision to rent a kiosk. The price variable also shows the tcount value of 2.351 with a significance of 5%. The value of t table for the amount of data is 90 and the independent variable is 2 with a significant level of 5%, then the value of t table is 1.987. Then we compare, if thitung> from t table then the variable is stated significant. Because tcount for variable X2 (2,351) is greater than t table (1,987), then the decision Ha is accepted, meaning that the price variable has a positive and significant influence on the decision to rent a kiosk. Thus it can be concluded that the price factor has a greater percentage among the variables that are equal to 23% but the location factor also has a percentage of 22% so that between location and price has a positive and significant influence in the consideration of traders to rent kiosks in the Market Kemiri Muka City Depok.Keywords: Location, price and decision to rent a kiosk
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Dennis, Donald F., and Susan B. Remington. "The Influence of Price Expectations on Forestry Decisions." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 2, no. 3 (September 1, 1985): 81–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/2.3.81.
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Abstract Real price trends in New Hampshire for 1964 to 1983 indicate much variation among species and products. Average annual changes in real stumpage price ranged from -3.0% for spruce/fir pulpwood to +5.6% for high-quality red oak sawtimber from 1964 to 1983. Optimum rotation ages and soil rent values vary significantly with different expectations of stumpage prices. For eastern white pine, a 2% upward trend in real stumpage price lengthens the rotation age by 13 years and almost quadruples soil rent over the amount with constant real prices. Failure to consider the dynamic nature of stumpage prices will lead to suboptimal forestry decisions. North J. Appl. For. 2:81-83, Sept. 1985.
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Shyian, Dmytro, Anatolii Moskalenko, and Kseniia Kirichenko. "The economic mechanism for the formation of land rent at agricultural enterprises." Economics of Development 19, no. 1 (May 8, 2020): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ed.19(1).2020.04.
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The current stage of land relations in the agrarian sector is characterized by significant development of lease relations. Today, these relationships are heavily influenced by competition for land tenure, leading to increased land payments. Considering this, as well as the prospects for the agricultural land market formation, the task was to assess the dependence of agricultural land rent on the intensity and economic efficiency of wheat, corn for grain, sunflower production. The research was carried out on the example of agricultural enterprises of Kharkiv region. Grouping, a graphical method was chosen as research methods. The subject of the study was also the rent dynamics for agricultural land in Kharkiv region and Iowa, the USA. The obtained results made it possible to establish the fact that the rent value depends on the total amount of expenses, and the expenses on the articles «wages», «depreciation». It is concluded that the reasons for this may be related to the investment of these enterprises in human capital and the fixed assets that make them lease on more favorable terms for share owners. No dependence was found between the rent value on the value of the yield and the financial result on the selected crops. At the same time, there is a clear tendency that with the increase in the value of the rent, there is an increase in the ratio of its value to the value of costs and income from the crop sector. It is concluded that this can lead to a decrease in investment opportunities for the enterprises with the highest level of lease payments for agricultural land.
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Hanafi, Dirman, Kamal Khairi Kamaruddin, Hisyam Abdul Rahman, and Yudhi Gunardi. "Homestay save rent method through consumer self-management of electricity power consumption." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 11, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i1.pp425-432.
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<span>The rapid growth in the number of homestays and hotels, competition has increased among them. Homestay that is a relatively newcomer in this business should find the way to become competitive. One way is to make rental fees more affordable. In this paper a method to reduce the homestay rental fees are proposed. </span><span lang="MS">This is done by separating the component of the electricity cost from the whole rental fees. Then it requires the </span><span>consumer</span><span lang="MS"> to pay their own electricity used and also gives opportunity to them to manage their own electricity used how much they need.</span><span> This mechanism is implemented by equipping the homestay with the coin kilowatt hour (ckWh) meter. The consumer can plan how much they will use the power since they stay by inserting the certain amount of coin into the ckWh meter. After insert the coin the electricity sources will on and ready to use. The main components of this ckWh meter consist of the Arduino Uno microcontroller as a brain of the device, the coin acceptor where the coin will insert, and kilowatt hour meter. Besides that, it also equipped with liquid-crystal display (LCD) to show the amount of money currently available. The experimental test shows that the device develop work well and can control the used of the electricity related to the amount money that has been inserted.</span>
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Titarenko, Galina, and Oleksandra Titarenko. "NATURAL RESOURCES AND RENTAL PAYMENTS: DIFFERENTIATION OF THE CONCEPTS." Environmental Economics and Sustainable Development, no. 8(27) (2020): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37100/2616-7689/2020/8(27)/5.
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In the article the issue of concepts of natural resource rent and rent payment differentiation is actualized. It is stated that rent payment can be considered only that payment, which is made from entrepreneurial profit in the amount, which is caused by the difference between its normal level and surplus. The main criteria for rent payment are the following: it is shown as part of the entrepreneur's income. If you do not expect to receive entrepreneurial income, then such a payment can not be considered as rent. Then it is only a payment for the use of a resource in an economic activity, that is, a fee (formed at a cost approach or as a result of market equilibrium mechanisms) or a levy (quasi-fiscal fiscal payment of a permissive nature, that is, a fiscal levy), or a license fee for the use of a resource; it is paid not for the fact of using the resource in economic activity, but for receiving excess entrepreneurial income for the labor and capital expended because of more favorable conditions than other entrepreneurs. If there is no such excess profit, then the rent payment cannot be considered as it does not have an excess, rent component. It is noted that the rent payment today is a payment for the use of the resource or property rights tax, instead of fully removing the rent from the user's income. It is pointed out the need to revise the terminology used in the tax legislation, to clearly distinguish between concepts and, accordingly, fiscal instruments, such as: the fee for the special use of the resource, which is compensatory, compensatory and unconditionally paid by the natural resource for the involvement of the natural resource in its economic management and use economic purposes; the object of taxation is actually the resource (its quality, quantity), and the fact that determines the fiscal obligation is the exploitation of the resource by the user; tax, which is of a general nature and is paid by the owner of the taxable resource, whether or not the resource is used in business and income generation; rent (payment), which should be deducted from entrepreneurial profits in order to remove the income earned by an entrepreneur from his or her certain advantages over other entrepreneurs of the industry or business sector due to more favorable conditions than other business entities. Amendments to the national tax legislation need to be made to clearly define the terminology and appropriate mechanisms for applying these fiscal instruments in the economic activity of the state, which will, on the one hand, effectively tax property and apply a mechanism for levying resources to offset environmental costs, and the other is to fully remove from the entrepreneurs the rents they have earned for government purposes.
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Buklemishev, O., and Y. Danilov. "Global Economic Leadership and the “Leadership Rent”." World Economy and International Relations, no. 10 (2015): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-10-5-17.
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Nowadays, along with qualitative economic parameters, the absolute size of national economies becomes particularly important for global competition. Due to liberalization of external economic relations and processes of globalization the quantitative economic leadership by a nation produces a potential for reaping certain economic gains, and its combined value can be substantial. We call this amount the “leadership rent”. It stems from natural processes like competitive behavior of the transnational corporations or transformation of the leading national monetary units into the reserve currencies. Current configuration of the global system is characterized by the dominance of four leading economies: USA, EU, Japan and China, and the latter is now replacing the US in its role as the world’s biggest economy in terms of PPP. The emergence of new dominant leaders in the near future is unlikely while deposition of Japan and/or EU cannot be excluded. Despite the presence of the “leadership rent”, the economic dominance of the current leaders in recent years was diminished. This indicates that there exist certain factors preventing the leaders from further consolidating their position. These factors represent the flip side of the economic benefits of the leadership and demonstrate the new possibilities of catching-up progress by the developing countries in the era of globalization. In this regard Russia's role in the future world economic hierarchy now becomes a matter of particular concern as the country is about to persistently lag behind the world average rate of economic growth at least in the middle term. Reversal of this trend will require fundamental policy changes including restart of the deep structural reforms and restoration of unimpeded integration of the Russian economy into the global economic system. Acknowledgements. The research was supported by the grant of the Foundation «World Public Forum ”Dialogue of Civilizations”». The authors would like to thank the members of the Editorial Board of the “World Economy and International Relations” for valuable policy comments made during the discussion of the article.
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Crisp, Ian. "Petroleum Resource Rent Tax: an update on recent developments." APPEA Journal 52, no. 2 (2012): 654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj11068.
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Although the Petroleum Resource Rent Tax (PRRT) has been operating for longer than 20 years, the past few years have seen a significant amount of activity on this front: The announcement by the Australian government, on 2 July 2010, to expand the existing PRRTto include onshore oil and gas projects, including coal seam gas projects and the North West Shelf Project. The release of three ATO draft taxation rulings in 2010 about the pre-conditions for the deductibility of project expenditure, excluded expenditure (including indirect administration expenses) and the treatment of expenditure paid under ’sub-contractor’ arrangements. The courts’ decisions about the treatment of contract payments and the application of the PRRT taxing point. This extended abstract explores these developments as they apply to existing and new PRRT taxpayers, and identify the key issues that oil and gas companies will need to be aware of as they continue or commence compliance with the PRRT. This extended abstract also explores the impacts of these developments on transaction structuring, due diligence, financial modelling and fiscal certainty in the broader context of asset portfolios.
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Omran, Mohamad Aghyad. "The reality of the real estate lease agreement in the Syrian Arab Republic." LAPLAGE EM REVISTA 7, Extra-D (July 13, 2021): 298–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-622020217extra-d1098p.298-302.
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This article examines concept and the importance of the lease agreement and the genesis of rent law in Syria and some of the features of the civil legal regulation of relations arising in connection with the lease of real estate in Syria. Differences in the determination of the amount of rent under lease agreements concluded before and after the 2001 reform are considered. The basis of the civil status of the parties to the lease agreement in Syria is considered and the rights and obligations of the landlord and tenant in law. In the conclusion of the work, a conclusion is made about the need for further development of civil legislation in Syria and refusal to apply the old socialist laws, and the need to set exceptional rules that protect tenants in the reality of the Syrian crisis.
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Edwards, Marieke H., Linda van den Dries, Manfred te Grotenhuis, Sten-Åke Stenberg, and Judith R. L. M. Wolf. "Dutch tenants at risk of eviction: Identifying predictors of eviction orders." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 14, 2021): e0254489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254489.
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In order to prevent evictions, it is important to gain more insight into factors predicting whether or not tenants receive an eviction order. In this study, ten potential risk factors for evictions were tested. Tenants who were at risk of eviction due to rent arrears in five Dutch cities were interviewed using a structured questionnaire, and six months later their housing associations were asked to provide information about the tenants’ current situation. Multiple logistic regression analyses with data on 344 tenants revealed that the amount of rent arrears was a strong predictor for receiving an eviction order. Furthermore, single tenants and tenants who had already been summoned to appear in court were more likely to receive an eviction order. These results can contribute to identifying households at risk of eviction at an early stage, and to develop targeted interventions to prevent evictions.
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Whitehead, Ellen. "Paying for Their Stay: Race, Coresiding Arrangements, and Rent Payments Among Fragile Families." Journal of Family Issues 39, no. 17 (October 4, 2018): 4041–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x18804287.
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Coresiding with extended relatives represents a beneficial form of resource sharing for disadvantaged individuals that is particularly common among Black, Hispanic, and low-socioeconomic status communities, yet we know little about financial arrangements within coresidential families. Given ongoing racial inequality in extended family resources, this study explores whether contributing rent is patterned by race among coresidential families. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study ( N = 4,103), this project explores coresident and rent payment arrangements among mothers of young children. The analysis reveals that Black and Hispanic mothers carry unique financial burdens, being more likely, in comparison to White peers, to live with extended relatives and pay rent to the householder. Furthermore, among coresiders, Hispanic mothers are more likely than White mothers to pay rent even when the household is socioeconomically advantaged. This work reveals a form of inequality within coresidential housing, with White mothers having advantaged access to rent-free housing arrangements.
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Lososová, Jana, Radek Zdeněk, and Daniel Kopta. "Differences in the land rent among EU countries." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 7 (2013): 2435–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361072435.
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The aim of the paper is to assess the differences in the influence of land rent on farm production efficiencies by region, farming type and LFA. In terms of the cost of rents there are significant differences among countries within the European Union. While in Estonia, the average land rent amounts to 14 EUR/ha, then it is almost 900 EUR/ha in the Netherlands (in 2009). High variability may be seen also at the share of rented land, which ranges from 17.4% to 96.1%. Along with the intensity of production, then these factors affect the efficiency of production. Significant differences in land rents and land rent/revenues ratio can be found not only across the EU, but there are also at the national level between farming specializations. Using dynamic shift share analysis is reviewed the development of land rent in the period 2004–2009 (the dynamic of land rents is explained by the European, proportional, national and differential influences).
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Kiehelä, Sami, and Heidi Falkenbach. "MODELLING AND FORECASTING CENTRAL HELSINKI OFFICE RENTS." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 18, no. 3 (September 18, 2014): 292–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648715x.2014.942720.
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Office market modelling has attracted a mounting amount of interest among researchers and practitioners during past decades. Growing research activity in the area is not surprising considering the importance of rent on property values. Nonetheless, very little quantitative research on Finnish rental markets has been carried out. The objective of this study is to respond to that lack of research by examining office rent determination in the Helsinki central business district (CBD) in reduced form single equation context. We discover that changes in central Helsinki office rents are subject to variations in new office completions and changes in the added value of services sector. As historical fit does not necessarily translate into a satisfactory predictive fit, the forecasting adequacy of the final model is also tested by constructing out of the sample forecast over 2007-2009. We find that the model outperforms two naïve forecasting methods, but fails to perfectly trail the actual index.
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Nelson, Arthur C., Dejan Eskic, Shima Hamidi, Susan J. Petheram, Reid Ewing, and Jenny H. Liu. "Office Rent Premiums with Respect to Light Rail Transit Stations." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2500, no. 1 (January 2015): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2500-13.
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It seems an article of faith that because ridership catchment receives the largest share of riders within the first 0.5 mi (0.80 km), the design of transit-oriented development should be limited to 0.5 mi (0.80 km). But design of transit-oriented development requires another consideration: how the commercial real estate market responds. Unfortunately, much of the research into the commercial real estate value or rent premiums associated with transit station proximity is designed to reinforce the 0.5-mi (0.80 km) presumption. This paper reviews the literature and implications of ridership studies and research into commercial value and rent premiums with respect to distance from a transit station. The paper then reports research into transit station–related office rent premiums in the Dallas, Texas, metropolitan area. To the authors' knowledge, this study is the largest of its type undertaken on this question. Among the findings are that the premium extends 1.85 mi (2.98 km) from transit stations, with 25% of the premium—not a trivial amount— existing to 0.93 mi (1.50 km), with higher shares closer to the stations. The paper offers a reconsideration of both worker-based ridership and research on commercial real estate premiums to suggest that planning areas for transit-oriented development may extend beyond 0.5 mi (0.80 km), perhaps to 1 mi (1.61 km).
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VАRENTSOVA, Larisa Yu. "TO THE QUESTION OF THE LEGAL STATUS OF THE POPULATION OF THE TSAR’S DOMAIN IN RUSSIA IN THE 17TH CENTURY (THE RIGHT TO USE THE SOVEREIGN’S RENT LANDS)." Tyumen State University Herald. Humanities Research. Humanitates 6, no. 2 (2020): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-197x-2020-6-2-79-92.
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By the end of the 17th century, Palace fiefdoms were located in about 60 counties of the Russian state. County and city people who lived on the territory of the Tsar’s domain, had a special legal status. In the historical science no special complex research on the study of the system of rights and duties of the Palace population in Russia in the 17th century has been carried out. This article to a certain extent eliminates this gap in the Russian historiography. The author analyzes peculiarities of legal status of the population of the tsar’s lands in Russia in the 17thcentury, in particular, she deals with the right of the Palace district and the townspeople to use tsar’s quitrent land. The main types of rent possessions in the tsar’s fiefdoms, the conditions under which the population could rent the tsar’s lands were studied. The process of increasing payments for the use of Palace natural lands during the 17th century is shown. The methodology was based on the work of famous Russian pre-revolutionary historians I. E. Zabelin, S. B. Veselovsky, A. I. Zaozersky, researchers of the Soviet and post-Soviet periods V. I. Buganov, A. G. Mankov, Y. E. Vodarsky, S. V. Vidyaikin among others. The research applied the methods of historicism and scientific objectivity. The novelty of this article is determined by the introduction into the scientific circulation of a number of unpublished clerical historical sources from five archives of the country, as well as the published clerical documents of various orders of the Russian state, including scribe, census, boundary, income books, etc. The source base also included legislative acts: “the Cathedral Code of 1649”, tsar’s personal decrees, and letters of the second half of the 17th century. The basic types of rent articles on the territory of the Royal domain have been examined. The conditions of the lease maintenance of the sovereign’s rent lands for the Palace population are defined. The methods of determining the amount of rent for the right to use certain types of sovereign’s natural lands are revealed. Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions are made. A characteristic feature of the legal status of the Palace district and city people was the right to take in the maintenance of the sovereign’s forests, rivers, lakes, meadows, arable land, crafts. Rent for their use significantly replenished the sovereign’s Treasury in Russia in the 17th century.
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Wachsmuth, David, and Alexander Weisler. "Airbnb and the rent gap: Gentrification through the sharing economy." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 50, no. 6 (June 20, 2018): 1147–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x18778038.
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Airbnb and other short-term rental services are a topic of increasing concern for urban researchers, policymakers, and activists, because of the fear that short-term rentals are facilitating gentrification. This article presents a framework for analyzing the relationship between short-term rentals and gentrification, an exploratory case study of New York City, and an agenda for future research. We argue that Airbnb has introduced a new potential revenue flow into housing markets which is systematic but geographically uneven, creating a new form of rent gap in culturally desirable and internationally recognizable neighborhoods. This rent gap can emerge quickly—in advance of any declining property income—and requires minimal new capital to be exploited by a range of different housing actors, from developers to landlords, tenants, and homeowners. Performing spatial analysis on three years of Airbnb activity in New York City, we measure new capital flows into the short-term rental market, identify neighborhoods whose housing markets have already been significantly impacted by short term, identify neighborhoods which are increasingly under threat of Airbnb-induced gentrification, and estimate the amount of rental housing lost to Airbnb. Finally, we conclude by offering a research agenda on gentrification and the sharing economy.
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Saleh, A., M. Y. Fatihu, S. G. Usman, M. Adam, N. A. Sani, S. E. Abalaka, and O. Z. Tenuche. "Mesenteric rent, ileal volvulus and ileocolic intussusception in a 3-year-old large-white dry sow: A postmortem report." Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences 19, no. 1 (June 11, 2021): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v19i1.10.
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This report presents a post-mortem (PM) finding of Large-White dry sow which died from complications associated with mesenteric rent, volvulus and intussusception. Other lesions included hydrothorax, ascites, and engorged mesenteric blood vessels, pale and enlarged liver. Helminthological and protozoological examinations of the intestinal samples were negative. Diagnosis of mesenteric rent, ileal volvulus and intussusception was reached. The diagnosis was attributable to the risk factors which include fight, excessive amounts of dry whey concentrate coupled with poor hygiene in the feeding and management system. Familiarizing swine farmers with the symptoms of bowel obstruction and provision of diagnostic facilities in commercial piggery farms will help in facilitating diagnosis and prompt action to prevent mortality and minimize economic loss.
Keywords: Intussusception, Mesenteric rent, Sow, Volvulus, Whey
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Pujadi, Tri. "Aplikasi Sewa Mobil Berbasis Web pada PT Indomobil Car Rental." ComTech: Computer, Mathematics and Engineering Applications 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2011): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/comtech.v2i1.2807.
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Indomobil Car Rental (IndoRent) is a rental firm providing service to customer by provides vehicle and qualified drivers. Firm has extensive network by utilizes all network from Indomobil Group. Besides it also have care service network that exists at several big cities in Indonesia. Common service problems for customer is limitation of the number of drivers to service customer, particularly at the busy days where it is difficult for customers to do reservation and get information to rent a car. Company website does not provide rent price and car amount information. This application design is developed from a financial application system therefore making it easy for users to conduct activity or transactions and service that progressively increases. Method for modelling by use of Rational Rose, meanwhile design web application utilizes Macromedia Dreamweaver, and Macromedia Flash MX and Swishmax for its animation.This application utilizes PHP and MySQL. The website of Indomobil Rental Car is expected to be more dynamic and can pull more visitors its, so increases firm performance.
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MOROZ, Vasyl. "THEORETICAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL BASIS OF FINANCIAL REGULATION OF LAND RELATIONS IN UKRAINE." WORLD OF FINANCE, no. 4(53) (2017): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2017.04.046.
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Introduction. In modern conditions the problem of the land relations arrangement in Ukraine is extremely important, because the development of the economy sector depends on its solution. The fact that Ukraine is an agrarian country and one of the most fertile land in the world, actualizes the issue of creating an effective mechanism of land relations, which would stimulate the most effective increase ofthe country budget. In fact, this is the main task of financial regulation in Ukraine.The issues of developing the rent land relations concerning formation of market value of land as an effective factor of economic development, working mutually beneficial rules out of the game between tenants and land owners, establishing the optimal amount of rent, forms of its payment and terms oflease require furtherresearch. Purpose. The purpose of this article is formulation the ways to solve the problem of financial regulation in Ukraine. Results. This research gives a concept of renting. It allows reaching the optimum amount of land use without advancing funds for purchase of land, because expenses will not pay for itself at ratherlow income level soon. Conclusion. This research suggests the following conclusions and recommendations for improving the financial regulation ofland relations in Ukraine: • the role of the state should be decisive in land regulation • it is necessary to carry out activities aimed at creation of effective and adjustable land turnover • financial regulation of property relations should be improved it is necessary to create a fund of state-owned land.
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Clemens, Austin C. "All politics is local, but lobbying is federal and local: the validity of LDA data." Business and Politics 16, no. 2 (August 2014): 267–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bap-2013-0017.
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The Lobbying and Disclosure Act of 1995 requires lobbyists to disclose information about their lobbying activities. The resulting data is used by the websiteOpenSecrets.org(run by the Center for Responsive Politics) to give snapshot pictures of the amount of lobbying groups do. The same data has also been used by scholars to measure the impact of lobbying and to evaluate rent-seeking expenditures by firms. Unfortunately, users of the data are unaware of a reporting option for organizations under the LDA that has consequences for the validity of the data. LDA data does not accurately reflect the amount of money that an organization has spent trying to influence federal law because organizations may choose a reporting requirement under which they must also disclose the amount of money they spent to influence state laws. In this article I analyze the implications of this fact. I begin with a discussion of the problem's scope and then show how it misleads scholars.
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Gunay, Suleyman Gokhan, and Kasirga Yildirak. "Choosing the Appropriate Amount of Mortgage Loan: Risk Based Decision Making." International Journal of Economics and Finance 8, no. 11 (October 26, 2016): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v8n11p12.
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<p>The main purpose of this paper is to show the way to conduct a risk based mortgage loan choice process for low and middle income households in Turkey. There are several studies that analyze the impact of buying a house decision on an investor’s portfolio, which consists of house, stocks and bonds. In this study, house is treated as a single investment. The probability of defaults for the cash flows based on mortgage payments, rents, down payment and depreciation are calculated in order to find the amount of mortgage loan for a given rent and maturity. Net present values of cash flows related with buying a house are calculated via stochastic interest rates based on historical simulation. It is found that the amount of mortgage loan can be determined by risk based approach and a rational choice can be made in terms of household risk management.</p>
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Bincharovska, Tetiana. "DIRECTIONS OF ADAPTATION OF ANALYTICAL APPARATUS OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES TO THE LAND MARKET REQUIREMENT." Economic Analysis, no. 28(1) (2018): 294–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2018.01.294.
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Introduction. The article describes the models of behaviour of agricultural enterprises in the context of the need of land resources increasing. The principles of organization of accounting and analytical activity on the basis of organization of a comprehensive analytical apparatus for land resources management are substantiated. In the context of solving the main problems, which have been identified during the study, a block diagram of accounting and analytical support for managing the land resources of agricultural enterprises in the land market is worked out. This diagram integrates the internal and external processes of land use, provides for the formation of clear accumulative analytical forms, which are designed to improve the quality of management decisions and to reduce the uncertainty and risks associated with operations with land plots and their use. Purpose. The article aims to determine the directions of adaptation of the analytical apparatus of agricultural enterprises to the requirements of the land market. Results. A block diagram has been proposed. This diagram will ensure the creation of a unified information base on land use with great analytical capabilities. Among them, we can distinguish the ability to carry out analytical sampling on any parameters (lease term, rent, the amount of rent, the cost of agro-chemical operations, the amount of material costs for a particular site, etc.). The availability of such information allows us to monitor the efficiency of the use of not only agricultural lands in aggregate, or, at the maximum, according to the sown areas, but also separately, which is according to the allocated field or a separate plot of land.
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Khan, Karim. "Endogenous Institutional Change and Privileged Groups." Pakistan Development Review 54, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 171–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v54i3pp.171-195.
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Since the recent advances in the institutional perspective of economic development, there is considerable increase in the literature on the evolution of institutions. In this study, while employing the game theoretic approach, we explore the rent-seeking fundamentals of institutions. We model the manner in which the rent-seeking behaviour of state actors results in inefficiency of the institutional framework. The main focus is on the rents provided by the availability of natural resources wealth, foreign aid or corruption potential. By originating a framework where rulers, agents of the state, and citizens act endogenously, we show that the rents from these resources can be a significant constraint to institutional reforms. In order to come out of the bad institutions trap, the society needs to offer a substantial amount of incentives to the privileged groups. The focus is on two privileged groups, i.e. the rulers and the state agents. In most of the societies, these two groups have the highest bargaining power in the negotiations over the rules and institutions. JEL Classification:JEL Classification: P48, P16, P14, O43, D73 Institutional Reforms, Natural Resources Wealth, Foreign Aid,Corruption Potential, Rulers, Agents of the State
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Misra, Kanishka, and Paolo Surico. "Consumption, Income Changes, and Heterogeneity: Evidence from Two Fiscal Stimulus Programs." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 6, no. 4 (October 1, 2014): 84–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.6.4.84.
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Almost half of American families did not adjust their consumption following receipt of the 2001 or 2008 tax rebates. Another 20 percent, with low income and more likely to rent, spent a small but significant amount. Households with large spending propensity held high levels of mortgage debt. The heterogeneity is concentrated in a few nondurable categories and a handful of “new vehicle” purchases. The cumulated predictions of the heterogeneous response model tend to be smaller and more accurate than their homogeneous response model counterparts, offering new insights on the evaluation of the two fiscal stimulus programs. (JEL D12, D91, E21, E32, E62)
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Diaz-Rioseco, Diego. "Blessing and Curse." Comparative Political Studies 49, no. 14 (September 24, 2016): 1930–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414016666833.
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Recent studies on the subnational resource curse contend that subnational rentier units suffer from the same nondemocratic tendency as their national counterparts. However, subnational rentier states worldwide exhibit contrasting political outcomes. Why are some subnational rentier units politically competitive whereas others are not? This article argues that rent-sharing regimes—the fiscal institutions for sharing resource revenues among levels of government—condition political competitiveness at the provincial level. Using novel time-series cross-sectional data on Argentina, a case with several hydrocarbon-rich units with exogenously created rent-sharing regimes, I show that oil creates negative political effects at the provincial level only when these institutions do not share—or share minor amounts of—rents with municipal governments. Conversely, political competition emerges when rent-sharing regimes distribute rents to municipal governments, as this shrinks large provincial budgets, allows municipalities to deliver public and private goods, and gives municipal politicians fiscal independence from provincial governments.
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Trojanek, Maria, Marcin Anholcer, Audrius Banaitis, and Radoslaw Trojanek. "A Generalised Model of Ground Lease Pricing." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (September 7, 2018): 3203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093203.
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In this paper, we present a generalization of Mandell’s model for the estimation of ground lease pricing. We adjust the model so that it fits, in particular, the Polish legal regulations and situation of the Polish real estate market. The model involves two aspects. The first is the perpetual usufruct, a form of owning the ground similar to a long-term lease, but having some specific features. The second is allowing lease rent adjustments after some fixed period, meaning we consider the situation where the payments are fixed during certain periods as defined in the contract. The proposed model determines the minimum lease amount for the owner, which is the rate at which it is beneficial to lease the property, and the maximum for the lessee, which is the amount above which the lease is unprofitable for the leaseholder or perpetual usufruct.
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Min, Dongsoon, Trevor Waite, and Birsen Donmez. "Collision Risk Assessment Using Naturalistic Data from a Rent-A-Car Fleet." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 63, no. 1 (November 2019): 2030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181319631481.
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We analyzed commercial fleet operations data collected by a South Korean rent-a-car company, SK Networks Co. Ltd., to evaluate the differences between collision-free and collision-involved drivers with the ultimate goal of predicting driver collision risk. The first objective was to identify critical variables related to collision risk. The second objective was to build and compare classification models to predict the colli-sion involvement of a driver. Data used in the analysis were collected through Long-Range (LoRa) Internet of Things (IoT) modem-Fleet management system (FMS) devices, a first commercial implementation of LoRa modems in the vehicle. These devices have five main built-in modules, i.e., On-Board Diagnostics (OBD-II) Connector, GPS, LoRa modem, Gravity sensor, and Bluetooth. They can communicate with the vehi-cle, the driver’s smartphone, and the host server. Data from 3,854 drivers with a total of 2.19 million trips recorded in 2018 were explored. Out of these 3,854 drivers, 514 (13.3%) were involved in at least one collision. Predictor variables were selected based on previous research that uti-lized naturalistic data to identify factors affecting collision risk (Dingus et al., 2016; Tselentis, Yannis, & Vlahogianni, 2016; Bian, Yang, Zhao, & Liang, 2018; Jin et al., 2018). Forty-eight predictor variables that may affect collision risk were selected, which can be categorized into two groups: 27 variables were related to the business and the environment, characterized by how much drivers traveled, in what type of vehicles, on what types of roads, and during what times of the day; the other 22 variables were driving behavior-related variables, capturing overspeeding, potential fatigue, rapid speed changes, and counts of traffic regulation violations. After a feature selection phase based on univariate analysis, nine variables were select-ed to be used in the classification models. These selected vari-ables are running driving time (driving time excluding idling time), trip frequency per thousand kilometer driving, accumu-lated count of violation, accumulated amount of fine, the per-centage of trips driving a compact car (<1,000 cc), the per-centage of trips driving older than a 2016 car model, the per-centage of trips during 6 a.m.-9 a.m., the percentage of trips that ended during 2 a.m.-7 a.m., and the sum of rapid accelera-tion and deceleration frequencies per kilometer. A total of twenty classification models were built and compared to classify collision-involved and non-collision in-volved drivers: 5 classification modeling techniques (Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forest (RF), k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Gradient boosted trees (GBT)) x 4 sampling methods (Up, Down, Smote, and No-sampling). The GBT-down sampled model showed the best classification performance according to Area under the Curve (0.804) and Area under the Precision and Recall Curve (0.406) statistics. Comparing relative variable importance val-ues for the best three classification models (GBT, RF, and LR), both running driving time and violation count were found to be the most influential variables, followed by the sum of rapid acceleration and deceleration frequencies, accumulated amount of fine, trip frequency per thousand kilometer driving, and the percentage of trips driving a compact car. These re-sults agree with the results of previous naturalistic studies: driver behavior-related variables are highly related to collision likelihood, although running driving time in our dataset was likely dictated by businesses. This dataset provided us with a unique opportunity to take an in-depth look at the relationship between collisions and business, environment, and driving behavior-related variables by using naturalistic data from newly-invented LoRa IoT-FMS devices. To the best of our knowledge, this study was the first naturalistic study connecting both driving data and various types of traffic violations (e.g., overspeeding, lane, sign, park-ing, toll fees, and fine amount). Interestingly, non-driving-related violation types such as parking or toll-fee violation counts were also strongly correlated with collision involve-ment; suggesting that collision-involvement is likely not just a skill issue but also an attitude issue regarding the law. In terms of industrial applications, this study suggests multiple oppor-tunities. Through a better understanding of the influential vari-ables related to collision-involvement (e.g., accumulated vio-lations), fleet operators can build policies to enhance their fleet safety, reducing collision rates and the associated costs. Further, in the long-term, this study can provide a framework for developing a Usage-Based Rent-a-car (UBR) service for car rental field, similar to Usage-Based Insurance (UBI), which can reduce drivers’ rental fees based on their driving behaviors.
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Miron, John R. "Place-to-Place Rent Comparisons among Canadian Cities." Geographical Analysis 27, no. 2 (September 3, 2010): 116–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00339.x.
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Xu, Songtao, Zhifang Zhou, and Ke Liu. "Multi-Evolutionary Game Research on Heavy Metal Pollution Control in Soil: Based on a Third-Party Perspective." Sustainability 12, no. 13 (June 30, 2020): 5306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12135306.
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The introduction of third-party governance models for the treatment of soil heavy metal pollution has promoted the marketization, professionalization, and efficiency of pollution treatment, but also can result in distortions of relevant stakeholder relationships and conflicts of interest. The game relationship among the government, soil-polluting companies, and third-party governance companies may solve the practical dilemma of comprehensive management of soil heavy metal pollution and establish a good cooperative mechanism. We constructed a three-party evolutionary game model to analyze the interaction mechanism of each agent’s strategy choice as well as the evolution of each agent’s strategy choice under different parameter trends and simulation analyses. The research showed that the amount of fines and supervision costs, rent-seeking costs and governance costs, and government subsidies and rent-seeking benefits were key factors affecting the evolution and stability strategies of government departments, soil-polluting companies, and third-party governance companies. By cooperating with third-party governance companies, the government can effectively suppress the improper behavior of soil-polluting companies. The conclusions of the study are helpful to broaden the research boundary of soil heavy metal pollution treatment and provide theoretical guidance for the treatment of soil heavy metal pollution in China.
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Niess, Margaret L., Pejmon Sadri, and Kwangho Lee. "Mathematical Explorations: Variables and Spreadsheets Connect with Real-World Problems." Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School 13, no. 7 (March 2008): 423–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mtms.13.7.0423.
Full textAbstract:
Spreadsheet software is generally available in schools and is in wide-spread use in business. The use of spreadsheets can help students make mathematical connections with problems in the world around them. Many real-life quantitative problems require algebra for decision making. Examples include the impact of rising gas prices on family budgets; the amount of gasoline left in the tank of a car and the distance to the nearest gas station; and the level of monthly income versus money needed to pay for food, rent, utilities, and clothing. Although these issues do not require complex mathematics, they do require knowledge of basic algebra involving variables and equations.
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Su, Yingsheng, Hongmei Guo, and Xianyu Wang. "Incentive Contract in Supply Chain with Asymmetric Information." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/380142.
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The supply chain always appears inefficient because of the different targets of members and information asymmetry, especially when upstream enterprises not only hide information about their effort levels, but also hide information about their technology level. The paper uses principal-agent theory and the theory of regulation to design the contract to realize the maximization of principal's profit on the condition that the contract satisfies the participant and incentive conditions of agent. As a result, it is obvious that the contract achieves the goal of control. In addition, it also can be concluded that the amount of rent that the manufacturer can obtain is up to the value of his information and the condition of his resource.
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Noegroho, Noegi. "Penataan Hunian Kumuh Perkotaan di Atas Tanah Ulayat: Studi Kasus pada Kota Payakumbuh, Sumatera Barat." ComTech: Computer, Mathematics and Engineering Applications 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2011): 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/comtech.v2i2.2811.
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Slum areas are likely found in many cities in Indonesia although the government through the Ministry of Public Housing have rolled several programs to alleviate its existence. One example of slum areas is found in Payakumbuh, West Sumatra, where its land are mostly owned by local traditional folks knowned as ‘ulayat land’. A huge amount of poor houses are built on rented ulayat land. Regarding to the rent status, the housing arrangement on the area faces difficulties. Therefore, this article would like to give an overview of problems in the slums arrangement in Payakumbuh as well as giving some concepts for dealing with the problems associated with such land status owned by adat.
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Weber, Sylvain, Reyer Gerlagh, Nicole A. Mathys, and Daniel Moran. "CO2 embodied in trade: trends and fossil fuel drivers." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 22 (January 29, 2021): 27712–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-12178-w.
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AbstractThe amount of CO2 embodied in trade has substantially increased over the last decades. We contribute to understanding the reasons for this evolution by studying the trends and some drivers of the carbon intensity of trade over the period 1995–2009 in 41 countries and 35 sectors. Our empirical analysis relies on the World Input-Output Database (WIOD) to compute embodied carbon emissions. Our main findings are the following. First, average emission intensity of traded goods is higher than average emission intensity of final demand. Second, relatively “dirty” countries tend to specialize in emission-intensive sectors. Third, the share of goods produced in emission-intensive countries is rising. Finally, we find that coal abundance (measured as fuel rent and controlling for reverse causality) leads both to a specialization in “dirty” sectors and to an increase in emissions per output when controlling for sector structure, which amounts to a fossil fuel endowment effect. These findings suggest trade liberalization may increase global emissions and therefore highlight the importance of considering trade when designing CO2 reduction strategies.
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Rajagopalan, Kanavillil. "A tenant's lot: on paying the rent or facing the prospect of eviction - a response to Bazerman." Revista Brasileira de Linguística Aplicada 10, no. 2 (2010): 471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-63982010000200011.
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Bazerman's point (cf. Bazerman, this issue of RBLA) that the whole notion of plagiarism is beset with a fundamental, conceptual paradox is argued to be absolutely right as far as it goes but is shown to be only one of a plethora of inter-related paradoxes that plague the entire conceptual field. On the one hand, this makes plagiarism a concept (if at all it is one!) so very difficult to grapple with and particular cases of alleged plagiarism next to impossible to pin down with any amount of clarity or hundred per cent certainty. But on the other hand, it is perfectly reasonable to continue viewing the issue of plagiarism as an ethical one though not necessarily a moral imperative.
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Wu, Yun Na, Shao Qing Zheng, and Lei Tan. "Research on Civil Projects among the Participates in Government Investment Projects Based on Rent-Seeking Theory." Applied Mechanics and Materials 730 (January 2015): 335–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.730.335.
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Government investment project is the focus of the national construction, also is one of main driving force for the development of the national economy, and the amount of money involved is often large, as well as distributed in all parts of the country , therefore it takes an crucial position in the entire national economy. Moreover, from the perspective of the nature, government investment projects and people's work and life are closely related, which is a hotspot that arose widespread concerns in the whole society. The participants in government investment projects mainly include government, authority department and the contractor, and they reverberate through the project. Each participant's behavior will have a significant impact on the project, and behavioral problems in project management occupies increasingly important role, therefore it is significant to strengthen the research on the behavioral risk of project participants. This paper mainly investigates the rent-seeking activities, which would exist between authority department and the contractor, and aims at improving the supervision effect through the game analysis model.
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Fontagné, Lionel, and Daniel Mirza. "International trade and rent sharing among developed and developing countries." Economic Modelling 24, no. 3 (May 2007): 523–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2006.12.001.
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Frusotte, C., C. L. Desrais, and Ruth Rogers. "“Allégorie d'un Volontaire ou d'un Claisse Patriotique”." History of Economics Society Bulletin 6, no. 2 (1985): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1042771600010279.
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On October 6, 1789, the French Assemblée Nationale adopted legislation for a “voluntary” or “patriotic” tax as an attempt to replenish the nearly bankrupt treasury. Fiscal corruption, a mounting public debt, and unpaid taxes in the last years of the monarchy had culminated in a financial crisis of major proportions. The first order of business, therefore, for the newly formed Assemblée, was to reform the existing tax system and to bring in new revenue, which they hoped to accomplish in part with the impôt volontaire.According to the terms of the law, every citizen was expected to give a one-time “contribution” amounting to ¼ of his income, payable over 3 years, with deductions being allowed for rent, interest on debts, and other obligations. In addition, any silver plate or jewelry of gold or silver in a person's possession were taxed at 2 ½ percent of their worth. Exceptions were made for those whose income was less than 400 francs a year, and residents of hospitals and charitable institutions. All citizens were free, of course, to donate more than the amount required, especially in the form of valuables. Another feature of this legislation was that no attempt at investigation was to be made; the government hoped that by showing its faith in the patriotism of its citizens, no coercion would be necessary. The only official record required from each citizen was a signed form, stating the amount of tax paid, and a sworn statement that it was true. Upon receipt of these forms, municipal officials were to publish lists of names and amounts collected.
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Serov, V. M., and N. A. Moiseenko. "ABOUT THE APPROACH AND METHOD OF DETERMINING THE VALUE OF ROYALTIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINERALS." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 9 (October 26, 2019): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2019-9-131-134.
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All business entities, regardless of their form of ownership, must obey established rules, when paying for the right to use licenses for inventions, renting films, publishing books, products, patents, innovations. The calculation of the amount of payment is carried out in accordance with the bilateral agreement. Calculating royalties, based on profits earned by an enterprise, has certain disadvantages. Many of the most diverse factors affect the volume of profit. The author’s approach and the method of determining the value of royalties for the development of mineral resources have been explained in the article. Their basis consists of: determining the value of economic rent as a result of the extraction and sale of mineral resources; ensuring, that mining companies receive income on their production capital at a level not lower than the average for the country’s economy as a whole.