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Journal articles on the topic 'The barbarians'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Kim, Myungok. "A Study on Race Attribution of Whag Je Observed in “Shiji(Records of the Grand Historian)”." Korean Association for Literacy 14, no. 2 (2023): 609–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37736/kjlr.2023.04.14.2.20.

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The race attribution of Whag Je is not the issue in ancient China but the present issue. Sima Qian made aWhag Je their progenitor as describing the history of the Han. However, Whag Je in the primary historical records of China was definitely from Eastern barbarians and then, his descendants were Eastern barbarians. Shao Hao, the famous Eastern barbarian, is the son of Whag Je. Since Shao Hao is the very famous Eastern barbarian, Sima Qian couldn’t change his race to the Han. Thus, Sima Qian deleted Shao Hao and made Whag Je the progenitor of the Han. It means that Sima Qian knew Whag Je was t

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Tsirvoulis, Georgios, Bojan Novaković, Zoran Knežević, and Alberto Cellino. "Dynamical properties of Watsonia asteroid family." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 9, S310 (2014): 180–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921314008217.

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AbstractIn recent years, a rare class of asteroids has been discovered by Cellino et al. (2006), with its distinguishing characteristic being the anomalous polarimetric properties of its members. Named Barbarians, after (234) Barbara, the prototype of the class, these asteroids show negative polarization at unusually high phase-angles compared to normal asteroids. Motivated by the fact that some of the few discovered Barbarians seemed to be related to the Watsonia asteroid family, Cellino et al. (2014) performed a search for more Barbarians among its members. A positive result of this search l

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Cadili, Luca. "“The Scythians Do Still Scare Us”." Novum Testamentum 65, no. 2 (2023): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685365-12341725.

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Abstract In Col 3:11, through tightly contrasting couplets, we are told that everyone can enjoy God’s grace. Though the passage seemingly involves no difficulty, doubts may be raised about the opposition between barbarians and Scythians, both being uncivilized nations. Yet the savagery of the latter, unparalleled among the barbarians, was their well-known hallmark. Even though this picture of the Scythians seems to have become commonplace in Greek and Roman literature, it might be inferred from epigraphical evidence that this barbarian nation was still a reason for disquiet in Asia Minor at th

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Norbert Faszcza, Michał. "Migracje ludności podczas rzymskiego podboju Galii w latach 58–51 przed Chr. Próba ujęcia historyczno-antropologicznego." Prace Historyczne 148, no. 2 (2021): 233–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844069ph.21.018.13855.

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Migrations during the Roman conquest of Gaul in 58–51 BC: A historical and anthropological approach Caesar’s Commentarii de bello Gallico are a unique Roman source containing information on barbarian migrations in the 1st century BC. Despite numerous studies dedicated to Caesar’s narrative style, there still is a lack of reflection on the possible causes of migrations and the attitude of wandering barbarians to the Roman rule. Contemporary scholars have a tendency to see barbarians as Rome’s ‘eternal’ enemies, and often assume that they ‘must’ have manifested aggressive attitudes. By incorpor

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Smith, Adam T. "Still Waiting for the Barbarians." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 29, no. 4 (2019): 706–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774319000404.

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It seems almost preordained that James Scott, a scholar who moves with profound agility between the worlds of anthropology and political science, should eventually work his way onto the intellectual terrain of the barbarian. Barbarians play a foundational role in the formation of both disciplines, populating both anthropology's ‘savage slot’ (Trouillot 2003) and political science's prelapsarian ‘state of nature’ (Palmeri 2016). In Scott's most recent book, Against the Grain, the barbarians who helped to shape the world's earliest states play a variety of consequential roles. They are at once t

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Vedeshkin, Mikhail A. "“A Barbarian by Birth, Yet a Hellen in Everything Else”." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 26, no. 2 (2020): 425–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700577-12341384.

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Abstract The Christianisation of the Roman Empire in the 4th-5th centuries led to a blurring of the traditional ethnocultural dichotomy (Barbarians – Romans), and to the emergence of a new type of social division on the basis of religion: pagan – Christian. The present article is devoted to the analysis of the image of a “pious” (pagan) barbarian, formed in Late Antique pagan historiography. The conclusion is made that pagans saw their barbarian coreligionists as the defenders of their faith against the anti-pagan state policy. Comparing pagan barbarians to their fellow Christian tribesmen, th

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ΓΚΟΥΤΖΙΟΥΚΩΣΤΑΣ, Ανδρέας Ε. ""τοῦ βάρβαρον κλύδωνα βαρβάρων στόλῳ μετατρέποντος…" Μία πρόταση ερμηνείας της ψηφιδωτής επιγραφής των κτιστών από τον ναό του Αγίου Δημητρίου". BYZANTINA SYMMEIKTA 24, № 1 (2014): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/byzsym.1123.

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<em></em>Summary<br /> <br /> The study presents a different interpretation of the inscription that accompanies the well known mosaic of the donors of St Demetrius’ church in Thessaloniki: <br /> “Κτίστας θεωρεῖς τοῦ πανενδόξου δόμου ἐκεῖθεν ἔνθεν μάρτυρος Δημητρίου τοῦ βάρβαρον κλύδωνα βαρβάρων στόλῳ μετατρέποντος κ(αὶ) πόλιν λυτρουμένου”.<br /> Until ten years ago the prevailing opinion among researchers was that the fourteenth word should be read as στόλω(ν) rather than στόλῳ, since in their opinion this made the meaning of the inscription clearer: “…St D

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Stadter, Philip A. "Barbarian Comparisons." Ploutarchos 12 (November 3, 2015): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/0258-655x_12_5.

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When comparing two heroes, who both fought barbarians, Plutarch does not draw parallels between Greek and Roman campaigns. Instead, in the four pairs of Parallel Lives studied here (Pyrrh.-Mar., Them.-Cam., Cim.-Luc., Alex.-Caes.), Plutarch broadens the significance of barbarian contact, allowing the barbarian enemy, the external Other, to draw attention to Hellenic traits of freedom, culture, and prudence in his heroes and in their cities, both Greek and Roman. Equally important, this Other serves to uncover traces of the barbarian in those same heroes and cities.

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Saveliev, Oleh. "The barbarians in Tyras in the Late Roman period." Cercetări Arheologice 31, no. 2 (2024): 523–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.46535/ca.31.2.14.

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After the events of the middle of the 3rd century AD, associated with mass barbarian invasions, life in Tyras resumed. The barbarians, who had settled in the steppes of the North-Western Black Sea region, became the main military and political force there. In material culture, there is a high percentage of items characteristic of the Cherniakhiv-Sântana de Mureş culture. Few constructions and complexes, ceramic and glass imported goods, as well as coins are known from this period. Apparently, the barbarian population remained in Tyras for some time even after the Hunnic invasion in 375.

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YOUNG, ANDREW T. "Hospitalitas: Barbarian settlements and constitutional foundations of medieval Europe." Journal of Institutional Economics 14, no. 4 (2017): 715–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174413741700039x.

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AbstractA rough balance of political power between monarchs and a militarized landed aristocracy characterized medieval Western Europe. Scholars have argued that this balance of power contributed to a tradition of limited government and constitutional bargaining. I argue that 5th- and 6th-century barbarian settlements created a foundation for this balance of power. The settlements provided barbarians with allotments of lands or taxes due from the lands. The allotments served to align the incentives of barbarian warriors and Roman landowners, and realign the incentives of barbarian warriors and

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ЕРМОЛОВА, И. Е. "ROMANS' PROVOCATIONS." Цивилизация и варварство, no. 10(10) (November 10, 2021): 204–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2021.10.10.008.

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Целью статьи является рассмотрение одного из аспектов отношений римлян с другими народами в IV в. В этот период Римская империя испытывает массированный напор варварских племен. Взаимодействие противоборствующих сторон имеет различные аспекты, включающие как прямые столкновения, так и установление договорных отношений на основе достигнутых результатов. Для того, чтобы противостоять варварам, римляне используют все средства. Довольно часто их действия, отчасти из-за высокомерного и пренебрежительного отношения к варварам, отчасти из-за непродуманности возможных последствий, носили провокационны

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Ng, Lynda. "Civilization Perilous: Resituating Coetzee's Barbarians and the West." Journal of Modern Literature 46, no. 2 (2023): 97–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/jml.2023.a885849.

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Abstract: J.M. Coetzee's novel, Waiting for the Barbarians , has long been regarded as a political fable that takes place in an abstract, delocalized world. Source material in the Coetzee archive has revealed, however, that far from featuring a completely invented place, Barbarians is in fact set in the very real and recognizable terrain of Xinjiang, the Westernmost province of China. Relocating the novel into Xinjiang's multi-ethnic context has considerable implications for the way we are to understand Coetzee's positioning of civilized and barbarian peoples. It enables us to see how racializ

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Mathisen, Ralph. "Provinciales, Gentiles, and Marriages between Romans and Barbarians in the Late Roman Empire." Journal of Roman Studies 99 (November 2009): 140–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3815/007543509789745025.

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Codex Theodosianus 3.14.1, issued in the early 370s, has been understood in the past to indicate a ban on all marriages between ‘Romans’ and ‘barbarians’. But this interpretation contradicts evidence that Roman-barbarian marriages occurred with great frequency, and the lack of any other evidence for such a ban. This study argues that the specific wording of the law, referring to gentiles (barbarian soldiers) and provinciales (residents of provinces), suggests that the ban was imposed to ensure the continued performance of specific duties incumbent upon these two classes of individuals, and had

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Harland, Philip A. "Revisiting Wise “Barbarians” in the Hellenistic Era." Classical World 117, no. 2 (2024): 147–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/clw.2024.a919924.

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ABSTRACT: The overriding sense of civilizational superiority among Greeks was encapsulated most potently in the concept of the “barbarian,” an uneducated foreigner who could do nothing more than babble nonsense, let alone contribute to civilization. The strong distinction between Greeks and barbarians was not always perfectly dichotomous, however, as seen in the wise barbarian theme that scholarship has long tracked, particularly in connection with ethnographic works and, in the Roman era, philosophical and religious debates. Taking a decolonizing approach that also moves beyond the problemati

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Pritchard, Selwyn. "Without Barbarians." Iowa Review 21, no. 1 (1991): 25–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.3941.

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Nolan, Daniel. "Infinite barbarians." Ratio 32, no. 3 (2019): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rati.12244.

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Trifiletti, Elena, Rossella Falvo, Carla Dazzi, and Dora Capozza. "Political orientation and images of the United States in Italy." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 40, no. 1 (2012): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2012.40.1.85.

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Image theory was used in this study to assess the images that Italian adults with different political ideologies have of the United States. In addition to the ally, barbarian, enemy, and imperialist images, a new image, that of the father, was introduced. It was found that right-wing respondents endorsed the father and ally images of Americans, while left-wing respondents perceived Americans as barbarians. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.

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MITCHELL, LYNETTE G. "GREEKS, BARBARIANS AND AESCHYLUS' SUPPLIANTS." Greece and Rome 53, no. 2 (2006): 205–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383506000283.

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Ten years after producing the Persians in 472 BC, in which Greeks and barbarians are locked in conflict with each other, Aeschylus in the Suppliants explores the inextricable intertwining of Greekness and barbarity. While even in the Persians Aeschylus recognizes the ultimate ‘kinship' between Greek and barbarian (the women of Atossa's dream – one wearing Persian robes, the other Dorian – are described as ‘sisters of one race': Aesch. Pers. 180–7), in the Suppliants the poet develops this theme and casts it in sharper relief. In this later play, now generally accepted (despite archaic or archa

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Harrison, James R. "Paul’s “Indebtedness” to the Barbarian (Rom 1:14) in Latin West Perspective." Novum Testamentum 55, no. 4 (2013): 311–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685365-12341445.

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Abstract In moving the geographical focus of his mission from the Greek East to the Latin West (Rom 15:23-24, 28; cf. 1:9-10, 13), Paul states that he was indebted to “Greek and barbarian” (1:14). Paul’s language of “indebtedness” not only relativises the ethnic and linguistic divide of antiquity (v. 14 a), but also cultural and educational stereotypes, including the denigration of barbarians (v. 14 b). The apostle’s thought here should not be restricted to the evangelisation of the Latin West and the pastoral care of its churches, even though that is the focus of the pericope (vv. 8b-9a, 11-1

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Kruschwitz, Peter. "Imaginations of Barbarians and Barbarian Lands in the Latin Verse Inscriptions." Medieval Worlds medieval worlds, Volume 16. 2022 (2022): 163–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/medievalworlds_no16_2022s163.

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Новикова, О.В. "Проблема взаимоотношений греков и варваров Западного Крыма в доримскую эпоху в советской историографии 1945–1960 годов". ПРИЧЕРНОМОРЬЕ. История, политика, культура. 2017. Серия А. Античность и Средневековье, № XXII(VII) (2017): 45–51. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.849025.

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<em>В статье рассмотрена история одного из этапов исследования греко-варварских памятников в послевоенный период (с конца 40-х до конца 50-х годов XX века). Установлено, что традиционно ведущей проблемой в изучении греческих и варварских памятников Западного Крыма являются греко-варварские взаимоотношения, поэтому, в отечественной историографии существует настоятельная необходимость дальнейшего изучения результатов исследований этого периода. </em><em>Приведена характеристика и результаты исследования греко-варварских взаимоотношений в Западном Крыму в трудах ученых второй половины 40-х – 50-х

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Skibiński, Tomasz. "Roman–barbarian relations in the light of the collection Panegyrici Latini (289-389 AD)." Saeculum Christianum 1, no. 30 (2023): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/sc.2023.30.1.2.

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The article discusses the issue of Roman-barbarian relations in the light of the collection Panegyrici Latini (3rd-4th century). Through the analysis of these texts, the article shows various aspects of these relationships. The extreme attitude of the Romans is the pursuit of the destruction of barbarian peoples or at least their subordination to Rome. However, numerous texts show different forms of integration of the two peoples, resulting from the deportations of barbarians to Roman territories for the personnel needs of the Empire (coloni and recruits). The article also discusses the role o

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Delle Donne, Carlo. "Tackling conventions: Plato’s Barbarians between Language and Ontology." Scripta Classica Israelica 40 (September 11, 2021): 15–30. https://doi.org/10.71043/sci.v40i.5847.

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A remarkable ancient attempt to conceptualize the “barbarian” is provided by Plato’s Statesman. Here (262c10 ff.) the Stranger from Elea gives some examples in order to show to Socrates the Young how a philosophical “division” should not be made. Provided that the objective of any division is to “bump into Ideas” (μᾶλλον ἰδέαις ἄν τις προστυγχάνοι, 262b7), each and every “part” (τὸ μέρος) resulting from the analysis of a concept is expected to match an eidos, an Idea: τὸ μέρος ἅμα εἶδος ἐχέτω (262b1). Therefore, according to the Stranger, it would be irreparably wrong to divide th

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Godman, Peter. "Petrarch's Civilized Barbarians." Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 51, no. 2 (2021): 177–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/10829636-8929038.

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This article focuses on the significance of two letters in Petrarch's Rerum familiarum libri which were probably composed in or around 1351, arguably but not demonstrably on the basis of previous versions, and addressed to Cardinal Giovanni Colonna, who had passed away during the plague of 1348. Petrarch's letters enable us to perceive how he shaped his early experiences in the mold of his later misfortunes. Imperialism, cultural and political, provided Petrarch in 1351 with rhetorical materials to refashion setbacks endured during the previous decade, which had turned his attention back to Ge

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FISKESJÖ, Magnus. "Outlaws, barbarians, slaves." HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory 2, no. 1 (2012): 161–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14318/hau2.1.009.

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Urban, G. R. "Saints and barbarians." Religion in Communist Lands 16, no. 1 (1988): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09637498808431345.

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James, N. "(Rome + Barbarians) = Europe?" Antiquity 82, no. 316 (2008): 493–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00097003.

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The exhibition, Rome and the Barbarians: the Birth of a New World, in Venice, meditates on Europe's cultural genealogy. Europe, it argues, is a concoction of disparate traditions conceived and developed by the will of admiring immigrants to the Roman world from the east and north. It raises a range of issues left latent in the gallery. How can we create an appropriate narrative for the first millennium AD, particularly with archaeological finds? How, for that matter, can Europe's tradition be defined; and what prompts the issue?

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Illés, Kornél. "Barbarians or Infidels?" Central European Cultures 2, no. 1 (2023): 32–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.47075/cec.2022-1.03.

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After the fall of Constantinople, Pope Nicholas V initiated a crusade against the Ottoman Empire. While several major conferences were assembled to provide backing for the great endeavor, the military campaign was never launched. During these negotiations, the Hungarian standpoint was represented by John Vitez of Zredna, chancellor of King Ladislas V and bishop of Oradea, first to papal legate Giovanni Castiglione, then at the diet of Wiener Neustadt. The present paper examines the stereotypes John of Zredna employed in his depiction of the Turks in the speeches he composed for these events. C

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Carter, Steven. "Expecting the Barbarians." Popular Culture Review 8, no. 2 (1997): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2831-865x.1997.tb00500.x.

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Antonevich, K. S. "Evolution of the Concept of <i>Barbarism</i> within the Context of the Franco-German Confrontation in the 1870s–1910s." Concept: philosophy, religion, culture 8, no. 1 (2024): 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2541-8831-2024-1-29-25-43.

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Intolerance, demonization and hate speech used to be an integral part of Franco-German relations in the 19th century. The paper is devoted to the analysis of the image of barbarians within the context of the confrontation between France and Germany in 1870s–1910s. Creation and transformation of political myths is viewed through the lens of cultural artefacts. The study is topical because it allows for the analysis of the universal development of cultural confrontation on a specific example. The prime goal of the article is to identify the patterns of mutual stigmatization and account for their

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Sarantis, Alexander. "MILITARY ENCOUNTERS AND DIPLOMATIC AFFAIRS IN THE NORTH BALKANS DURING THE REIGNS OF ANASTASIUS AND JUSTINIAN." Late Antique Archaeology 8, no. 2 (2013): 759–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134522-90000025a.

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Balkan history in the late 5th to 6th c. A.D. period is viewed by scholars as, at best, a respite from a series of devastating barbarian raids and, at worst, as another stepping-stone on the path to the inevitable loss of imperial control over the region. This paper redresses these perceptions by portraying the reigns of Anastasius and Justinian as a period in which the Romans/Byzantines were taking the initiative and ‘winning’ in their military and diplomatic dealings with the barbarians. These emperors devoted considerable political energy and economic and military resources to restoring imp

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Fiskesjö, Magnus. "On the ‘Raw’ and the ‘Cooked’ Barbarians of Imperial China." Inner Asia 1, no. 2 (1999): 139–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/146481799793648004.

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AbstractThis paper examines the terms ‘Raw’ and ‘Cooked’ (sheng and shu) as applied to China’s own Barbarians. First, a review of the more general Chinese conceptions of ‘barbarians’ suggests that the very idea of the civilisation of China (Zhongguo, the ‘central state’) necessarily and continuously required ‘the barbarians’ on the periphery as its corollary. Next, five cases from late imperial Chinese ‘inner frontiers’ (in Hainan, Yunnan, Sichuan, Taiwan and Hunan) are discussed as actual examples of how certain ‘barbarians’ were divided into the ‘Raw’ and the ‘Cooked’. The vast expansion of

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Li, Wai-yee. "Cultural Identity and Cultural Difference in Zuozhuan." Journal of Chinese Literature and Culture 7, no. 1 (2020): 7–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/23290048-8313494.

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Abstract There is no fixed categorical term for barbarians in Chinese. Specific groups are identified as “aliens” or “cultural others” through words like Man 蠻, Yi 夷, Rong 戎, and Di 狄, but all four terms can be specific or categorical. It is often said that the us-versus-them formula in Zuozhuan (and early Chinese texts in general) is cultural rather than ethnic, but precise definitions of cultural difference can be elusive. This article begins with a discussion of the historical basis for defining possible differences in socioeconomic and cultural practice and moves to the question of represe

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Petrakova, Anna E. "Did the Scythes and the Maeotians understand the subjects of the paintings on the Athenian vases?" Vestnik of Saint Petersburg State University of Culture, no. 4 (61) (2024): 126–33. https://doi.org/10.30725/2619-0303-2024-4-126-133.

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The finds of Athenian painted vases (especially red-figured ones of the fourth century BC) in the South Russia, where Greek settlers lived side by side with various "barbaric folks, excited the minds of scientists since the 19th century. The ordinary productions of the masters of Athenian Kerameikos, such as lekythoi with net pattern or with palmettes, found in Scythian, Meotian, etc. burials were perceived more calmly. But the items decorated with multi-figured compositions have generated controversy. The ideas concerning some special work by Attic potters and vase painters for Bosporan barba

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Lehmann, Jörg. "Civilization versus Barbarism." Journal of Educational Media, Memory, and Society 7, no. 1 (2015): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/jemms.2015.070103.

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In French history textbooks published after France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 to 1871, the presentation of the war and its outcome frequently include the myth of France's revanche and depictions of the Prussian enemy as barbarians. Other textbooks presented a narrative of progress in which the French Third Republic is shown as the endpoint of a process of advancing civilization. While the idea of a French revanche can be regarded as a founding myth of the Third Republic, the narrative of progress can be seen as an echo of this myth, cleansed of the concept of the enemy as barb

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Swadzyniak, Barbara. "Barbarzyńca za przepierzeniem. Przedstawienia Europejczyków na japońskich parawanach okresu nanban. Studium na przykładzie parawanu Kanō Naizena pt. Odjazd barbarzyńców z Południa." Gdańskie Studia Azji Wschodniej, no. 21 (August 30, 2022): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23538724gs.22.021.16137.

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Barbarian in the room. Depictions of the Europeans on Japanese folding screens from the nanban period. A study on the example of the Kanō Naizen screen entitled Departure of the Southern Barbarians This article presents depictions of the Portuguese in Japanese art of the XVI century, portrayed on the byobu folding screens. The author tries to present historical and political context not only to explain the origin of the mentioned artworks but also to outline the origins and circumstances of the presence of the Portuguese in Japan. This article attempts to analyse the time and forms of depictin

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BABIĆ, Staa. "Greeks, Barbarians and Archaeologists." Ancient West & East 6 (December 31, 2007): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/awe.6.0.2022794.

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Csapo, Eric G., Margaret C. Miller, and Timothy Long. "Barbarians in Greek Comedy." Phoenix 41, no. 3 (1987): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1088198.

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Pilet, Christian. "Florin Curta, Neglected Barbarians." Archéologie médiévale, no. 42 (December 1, 2012): 388–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/archeomed.11290.

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Taylor, Michael. "Children and Other Barbarians." Southwest Philosophy Review 2 (1985): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/swphilreview198522.

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Franklin, Phyllis. "Waiting for the Barbarians." Modern Language Studies 20, no. 1 (1990): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3195158.

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Martin, Richard P., and Timothy Long. "Barbarians in Greek Comedy." Classical World 82, no. 1 (1988): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4350276.

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D'Costa, Anthony P. "THE BARBARIANS ARE HERE." Asian Population Studies 4, no. 3 (2008): 311–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17441730802496524.

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García. "Barbarians, Telescreens, and Jazz:." Utopian Studies 26, no. 2 (2015): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/utopianstudies.26.2.0383.

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Loveless, Jacob. "Barbarians at the Gateways." Queue 11, no. 8 (2013): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523426.2536492.

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Gitlow, Stanley. "Barbarians at the Gates." Journal of Addictive Diseases 12, no. 2 (1993): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j069v12n02_02.

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Al-Azmeh, A. "BARBARIANS IN ARAB EYES." Past & Present 134, no. 1 (1992): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/past/134.1.3.

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Goodman, Geoffrey. "Barbarians at the gate." British Journalism Review 10, no. 3 (1999): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095647489901000301.

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Etherington, Norman. "Barbarians Ancient and Modern." American Historical Review 116, no. 1 (2011): 31–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.116.1.31.

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Gaustad, E. S. "Editorial: Barbarians and Memory." Journal of Church and State 37, no. 1 (1995): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcs/37.1.7.

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