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White, Richard. "Death and re-birth of Alabama beer." Business History 58, no. 5 (April 29, 2015): 785–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2015.1024230.
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Sharkey, Rodney. "Drinkin' Beer N’ Vino’ N’Jameson: From Booze to Birth in Beckett." Samuel Beckett Today / Aujourd'hui 27, no. 1 (2015): 225–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004309937_018.
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Chapman, Nathaniel G. "Vegas Brews: Craft Beer and the Birth of a Local Scene." Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 50, no. 2 (March 2021): 137–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094306121991076d.
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Francks, Penelope. "Inconspicuous Consumption: Sake, Beer, and the Birth of the Consumer in Japan." Journal of Asian Studies 68, no. 1 (January 27, 2009): 135–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911809000035.
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The growth of consumption and the emergence of the consumer have become major fields of study in the history of Europe and North America but have been largely neglected by historians of Japan, especially economic ones. This paper argues that, in Japan as elsewhere, the “birth of the consumer” predated the onset of industrialization—hence was not simply a function of the opening of the country to Western modernity—and that the growth of consumption, of “indigenous” as well as “foreign” goods, went on to represent an integral part of the process of economic development. This argument is illustrated by a case study of growth and change in the “ordinary consumption” of food and drink, and in particular of sake, a “traditional” product that emerged as a major consumer good, and of beer, the “foreign” product that was to become, alongside sake, one of the necessities of modern Japanese life.
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Sen, Bisakha. "Can Beer Taxes Affect Teen Pregnancy? Evidence Based on Teen Abortion Rates and Birth Rates." Southern Economic Journal 70, no. 2 (October 2003): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3648972.
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Sen, Bisakha. "Can Beer Taxes Affect Teen Pregnancy? Evidence Based on Teen Abortion Rates and Birth Rates." Southern Economic Journal 70, no. 2 (October 2003): 328–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2325-8012.2003.tb00573.x.
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Fraser, D., R. Picard, and E. Picard. "Factors Associated with Neonatal Problems in Twin Gestations." Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae: twin research 40, no. 2 (April 1991): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001566000002634.
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AbstractWe examined the neonatal outcome of 644 twins weighing 500 g or more and 656 singletons, born in the years 1984-1986 in the Soroka Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel. There was nearly a four-fold risk of antepartum death in twins vs singletons, which disappeared when birth weight was controlled for. The risks for intrapartum and early neonatal mortality were not raised in this population. A statistically significant relative risk for congenital heart malformations in twins vs singletons remained (RR = 5.0, 95% CI = 1.5-16.3), after controlling for maternal age. Significantly higher rates of hyalin membrane disease, hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, anemia and septicemia were found in twins. Controlling for the confounding of the association between twinning and mortality or morbidity caused by differences in distributions of mode of delivery or gestational age between twins and singletons, was not as efficient as the controlling for birth weight. Thus, adjustment for birth weight removed all the excess risks detected except in hypoglycemia. Our findings suggest that the-lower birth weight of twins, which is so intimately associated with multiple gestations, is probably the single most important factor associated with neonatal problems found in twin births.
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Moyo, Victor M., Innocent T. Gangaidzo, Z. A. R. Gomo, Hlosukwazi Khumalo, Thokozile Saungweme, C. F. Kiire, Tracey Rouault, and Victor R. Gordeuk. "Traditional Beer Consumption and the Iron Status of Spouse Pairs From a Rural Community in Zimbabwe." Blood 89, no. 6 (March 15, 1997): 2159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v89.6.2159.
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Abstract To examine the relationship between dietary iron exposure through the consumption of traditional beer and the presence of iron overload in black Africans not related by birth, we studied 28 husband and wife pairs from a rural Zimbabwean community. Lifetime traditional beer consumption was estimated by questioning subjects and iron status was assessed by repeated measurements of serum ferritin and transferrin saturation in subjects who were fasting and had received vitamin C supplementation. Each of the 56 study subjects had an estimated lifetime traditional beer consumption <1,000 L. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) concentration of iron in the supernatants of nine samples of traditional beer from the community was 46 ± 10 mg/L. Four of 28 men (14.3%) and no women had the combination of an elevated serum ferritin and a transferrin saturation <70%, suggestive of substantial iron overload. Significant correlations were not found between the iron status of the husbands and their wives or between dietary iron exposure and iron stores. Our findings suggest that dietary iron exposure may not fully explain the development of iron overload in Africans and are consistent with the hypothesis that an iron-loading gene may also be implicated in pathogenesis.
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Denney, Jeffrey M., Jennifer F. Culhane, and Robert L. Goldenberg. "Prevention of Preterm Birth." Women's Health 4, no. 6 (November 2008): 625–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/17455057.4.6.625.
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The preterm birth rate in the USA is nearing 13%. The recent rise has been attributed to increased indicated preterm births and multiple births following artificial conceptions. There are few obstetrical interventions that successfully delay or prevent spontaneous preterm birth or reduce the risk factors leading to indicated preterm birth. On the other hand, there are many strategies that have improved outcomes for those infants who are born preterm. These include the use of corticosteroids for fetal maturation and regionalization of perinatal care for high-risk mothers and their infants. Several interventions, including progesterone use and cerclage, demonstrate promise in reducing spontaneous preterm births. The most pressing need is to better define the populations of pregnant women for whom these and other interventions will effectively reduce preterm birth.
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Rao, K. Vaninadha, and T. R. Balakrishnan. "Timing of first birth and second birth spacing in Canada." Journal of Biosocial Science 21, no. 3 (July 1989): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000017995.
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SummaryIn Canadian society the influence of first birth timing on the subsequent birth interval has been eroded over time, as shown by the Canadian Fertility Survey of 1984. The influence of first birth timing is significant for second births among women married during the baby boom period, but not for those married thereafter. Religiosity, marital status, and place of residence are significant factors in second birth timing in Canada.
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Lokugamage, Amali. "Fear of Home Birth in Doctors and Obstetric Iatrogenesis." International Journal of Childbirth 1, no. 4 (2011): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/2156-5287.1.4.263.
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Home births are physiological births and form part of the social model of birth. Doctors, traditionally, have been very fearful of out-of-hospital birth, and physiological births happen less frequently in obstetric units. Normal/physiological birth contributes to improving public health, and doctors are often not aware of the extent of this benefit. Normal birth leads to adaptive physiological function in the baby (endocrine, immune system, thyroid function, respiration, neurology, temperature regulation), more mother and baby bonding, and promotes higher breastfeeding rates, which in turn lead to better lifelong emotional and physical health in babies. Normal birth affirms health, promotes empowerment in mothers, and is a societal event that has been linked to promoting positive emotional qualities in society via the birthing hormone, oxytocin. Training within the medical model constrains doctors’ appreciation of normal birth. Experience of complications, a lack of awareness of the evidence surrounding home birth, compounded by failure to understand the concept of iatrogenesis, perpetuates fear of home birth among doctors.
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Crumps, R. E., G. Simm, D. Nicholson, R. H. Findlay, J. G. E. Bryan, and R. Thompson. "Results of multivariate individual animal model genetic evaluations of british pedigree beef cattle." Animal Science 65, no. 2 (October 1997): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800016507.
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AbstractThis paper reports the procedures put into place in the UK for the genetic evaluation of pedigree beef cattle and estimation of genetic trends using a comprehensive model to allow critical analysis of progress made under previous data recording schemes. Live weights of Simmental, Limousin, Charolais, South Devon and Aberdeen Angus beef cattle, recorded by the Meat and Livestock Commission (MLC) from 1970 to 1992 were analysed, as part of a project to introduce best linear unbiased predictions (BLUP) of breeding value in the British beef industry. Birth weights were available from MLC or the relevant breed society, (4000 to 84000 records, depending on the breed) and 200- and 400-day weights were estimated by within-animal linear regression on all available weights (resulting in 8000 to 48000 records per breed). Animals were retrospectively assigned to contemporary groups within herds, separately for each trait, taking account of observed calving patterns. Records were adjusted to correct for heterogeneity of variance between herds. BLUP evaluations were then performed within breed, fitting a multivariate individual animal model. In addition to additive direct genetic effects, additive maternal genetic and dam permanent environmental effects were included for birth weight and 200-day weight. Unknown parents were assigned to genetic groups, based on estimated date of birth. The model included fixed effects for contemporary group, sex, month of birth, birth type (single or multiple), embryo transfer births, fostered calves, breed of dam, proportion purebred and age of dam. Genetic trends were estimated by regressing estimated breeding values for animals on their year of birth. Trends in birth weight, 200-day weight and 400-day weight between 1970 and 1992 were approximately 0·09, 0·73 and 1·38 kg per annum respectively for the Charolais breed; 0·08, 0·76 and 1·33 kg per annum for the Simmental; 0·06, 0·53 and 0·89 kg per annum for the Limousin; 0·12, 1·02 and 1·86 kg per annum for the Aberdeen Angus; and 0·03, 0·38 and 0·82 kg per annum for the South Devon breed.
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Macfarlane, Alison, Nirupa Dattani, Rod Gibson, Gill Harper, Peter Martin, Miranda Scanlon, Mary Newburn, and Mario Cortina-Borja. "Births and their outcomes by time, day and year: a retrospective birth cohort data linkage study." Health Services and Delivery Research 7, no. 18 (May 2019): 1–268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hsdr07180.
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BackgroundStudies of daily variations in the numbers of births in England and Wales since the 1970s have found a pronounced weekly cycle, with numbers of daily births being highest from Tuesdays to Fridays and lowest at weekends and on public holidays. Mortality appeared to be higher at weekends. As time of birth was not included in national data systems until 2005, there have been no previous analyses by time of day.ObjectivesTo link data from birth registration and birth notification to data about care during birth and any subsequent hospital admissions and to quality assure the linkage. To use the linked data to analyse births and their outcomes by time of day, day of the week and year of birth.DesignA retrospective birth cohort analysis of linked routine data.SettingEngland and Wales.Outcome measuresMortality of babies and mothers, and morbidity recorded at birth and any subsequent hospital admission.Population and data sourcesBirth registration and notification records of 7,013,804 births in 2005–14, already linked to subsequent death registration records for babies, children and women who died within 1 year of giving birth, were provided by the Office for National Statistics. Stillbirths and neonatal deaths data from confidential enquiries for 2005–9 were linked to the registration records. Data for England were linked to Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) and data for Wales were linked to the Patient Episode Database for Wales and the National Community Child Health Database.ResultsCross-sectional analysis of all births in England and Wales showed a regular weekly cycle. Numbers of births each day increased from Mondays to Fridays. Numbers were lowest at weekends and on public holidays. Overall, numbers of births peaked between 09.00 and 12.00, followed by a much smaller peak in the early afternoon and a decrease after 17.00. Numbers then increased from 20.00, peaking at around 03.00–05.00, before falling again after 06.00. Singleton births after spontaneous onset and birth, including births in freestanding midwifery units and at home, were most likely to occur between midnight and 06.00, peaking at 04.00–06.00. Elective caesarean births were concentrated in weekday mornings. Births after induced labours were more likely to occur at hours around midnight on Tuesdays to Saturdays, irrespective of the mode of birth.LimitationsThe project was delayed by data access and information technology infrastructure problems. Data from confidential enquiries were available only for 2005–9 and some HES variables were incomplete. There was insufficient time to analyse the mortality and morbidity outcomes.ConclusionsThe timing of birth varies by place of birth, onset of labour and mode of birth. These patterns have implications for midwifery and medical staffing.Future workAn application has now been submitted for funding to analyse the mortality outcomes and further funding will be sought to undertake the other outstanding analyses.FundingThis project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Services and Delivery Research programme and will be published in full inHealth Services and Delivery Research; Vol. 7, No. 18. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Rabbi, Ahbab Mohammad Fazle, Shamal Chandra Karmaker, Shahadat Ali Mallick, and Sayema Sharmin. "Determinants of Birth Spacing and Effect of Birth Spacing on Fertility in Bangladesh." Dhaka University Journal of Science 61, no. 1 (May 27, 2013): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v61i1.15105.
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For the last few decades, demographers have directed considerable attention towards the study of human fertility through the analysis of birth interval data. This study examines the covariates of birth intervals and the effect of increased birth intervals on current fertility level in Bangladesh. Using the data of BDHS 2007, Cox Proportional Hazards model is used to determine the covariates of birth intervals. Mothers age at first birth, previous birth interval, mothers education and working status, mass media exposure appeared as the significant determinants of birth intervals. To estimate the tempo effect of birth interval on current fertility of Bangladesh, Bongaarts and Feeney method (1998) has been used. The tempo adjusted TFR was found to be 3.85, while the conventional TFR was 2.73 for the year 2005-06. This demonstrates that an increased effort to widen the spacing of births can effectively reduce the level of fertility in the future. Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 61(1): 105-110, 2013 (January) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v61i1.15105
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Hitzert, Marit, Marieke, MAA Hermus, Inge, IC Boesveld, Arie Franx, Karin, KM van der Pal-de Bruin, Eric, EAP Steegers, and EIske, ME van den Akker-van Marle. "Cost-effectiveness of planned birth in a birth centre compared with alternative planned places of birth: results of the Dutch Birth Centre study." BMJ Open 7, no. 9 (September 2017): e016960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016960.
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ObjectivesTo estimate the cost-effectiveness of a planned birth in a birth centre compared with alternative planned places of birth for low-risk women. In addition, a distinction has been made between different types of locations and integration profiles of birth centres.DesignEconomic evaluation based on a prospective cohort study.Setting21 Dutch birth centres, 46 hospital locations where midwife-led birth was possible and 110 midwifery practices where home birth was possible.Participants3455 low-risk women under the care of a community midwife at the start of labour in the Netherlands within the study period 1 July 2013 to 31 December 2013.Main outcome measuresCosts and health outcomes of birth for different planned places of birth. Healthcare costs were measured from start of labour until 7 days after birth. The health outcomes were assessed by the Optimality Index-NL2015 (OI) and a composite adverse outcomes score.ResultsThe total adjusted mean costs for births planned in a birth centre, in a hospital and at home under the care of a community midwife were €3327, €3330 and €2998, respectively. There was no difference between the score on the OI for women who planned to give birth in a birth centre and that of women who planned to give birth in a hospital. Women who planned to give birth at home had better outcomes on the OI (higher score on the OI).ConclusionsWe found no differences in costs and health outcomes for low-risk women under the care of a community midwife with a planned birth in a birth centre and in a hospital. For nulliparous and multiparous low-risk women, planned birth at home was the most cost-effective option compared with planned birth in a birth centre.
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Grech, Victor. "THE CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT, THE MALE TO FEMALE RATIO AT BIRTH AND BIRTH RATES." Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic) 57, no. 2 (2014): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/18059694.2014.41.
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Introduction: The male:female ratio at birth (male births divided by total live births – M/T) has been shown to increase in response to ionizing radiation due to gender-biased fetal loss, with excess female loss. M/T rose sharply in 1987 in central-eastern European countries following the Chernobyl accident in 1986. This study analyses M/T and births for the former Soviet Republics and for the countries most contaminated by the event. Methods: Annual birth data was obtained from the World Health Organisation. The countries with the highest exposure levels (by 137Cs) were identified from an official publication of the International Atomic Energy Agency. All of the former Soviet states were also analysed and the periods before and after 1986 were compared. Results: Except for the Baltic States, all regions in the former USSR showed a significant rise in M/T from 1986. There were significant rises in M/T in the three most exposed (Belarus, Ukraine and the Russian Federation). The birth deficit in the post-Soviet states for the ten years following Chernobyl was estimated at 2,072,666, of which 1,087,924 are accounted by Belarus and Ukraine alone. Discussion: Chernobyl has resulted in the loss of millions of births, a process that has involved female even more than male fetuses. This is another and oft neglected consequence of widespread population radiation contamination.
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Dhingra, Sunaina, and Prabhu L. Pingali. "Effects of short birth spacing on birth-order differences in child stunting: Evidence from India." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 8 (February 18, 2021): e2017834118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2017834118.
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Do firstborn children have a height advantage? Empirical findings have found mostly that, yes, second or higher-order children often lag behind firstborns in height outcomes, especially in developing countries. However, empirical investigations of birth-order effects on child height overlook the potential impact that birth spacing can have. We provide an explanation for the negative birth-order effect on stunting outcomes for young Indian children and show it is driven by short preceding-birth spacing. We find that firstborn children are taller than children of higher birth order: The height-for-age gap for third (or higher)-order children is twice the gap for children second in birth order. However, this pattern is observed when spacing between later-born children and their immediate elder siblings is fewer than 3 y. Interestingly, the firstborn height advantage disappears when later-born children are born at least 3 y after their elder siblings. Thus, our findings indicate that spacing length between children explains differences in height, over birth order. Although India’s family planning policy has resulted in a substantial reduction in total fertility, its achievement in spacing subsequent births has been less impressive. In showing that spacing can alleviate or aggravate birth-order effects on attained height, our study fills an evidence gap: Reducing fertility alone may not be sufficient in overcoming negative birth-order effects. To reduce the detrimental effects of birth order on child stunting, policy responses—and therefore research priorities—require a stronger focus on increasing the time period between births.
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Lu, Xinrong, Jun Zhang, Yinghui Liu, Ting Wang, Yanyu Lu, and Zhu Li. "Epidemiology of Twin Births in Southeast China: 1993–2005." Twin Research and Human Genetics 16, no. 2 (February 21, 2013): 608–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2013.7.
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Recently, there has been a significant increase in the rate of multiple births in most developed countries. However, few population-based studies have been conducted in China regarding the epidemiology of twin births in recent years. We performed a descriptive analysis of twin births from 1993 to 2005 using data from a population-based perinatal care program in southeast China. The twin birth rate in southeast China was 0.65%, and the twin birth rates from 1993 to 2005 fluctuated between 0.60% and 0.70%. During the three periods of 1993–1996, 1997–2000, and 2001–2005, the twin birth rate increased from 0.57% to 0.71% in urban areas (p = .005) and from 0.59% to 0.68% in mothers who had an education level of high school or higher (p = .046). After 2000, the twin birth rate of primiparae 30 years of age and older significantly increased from 0.72% to greater than 1.20%. We concluded that the twin birth rates in southeast China from 1993 to 2005 stayed constant in the overall population but increased in certain subgroups of women, presumably due to increased use of fertility treatment and the development of assisted reproductive technology.
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Rodríguez-Garrido, Pía, and Josefina Goberna-Tricas. "Birth cultures: A qualitative approach to home birthing in Chile." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 22, 2021): e0249224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249224.
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Background Birth cultures have been transforming in recent years mainly affecting birth care and its socio-political contexts. This situation has affected the feeling of well-being in women at the time of giving birth. Aim For this reason, our objective was to analyse the social meaning that women ascribe to home births in the Chilean context. Method We conducted thirty semi-structured interviews with women living in diverse regions ranging from northern to southern Chile, which we carried out from a theoretical-methodological perspective of phenomenology and situated knowledge. Qualitative thematic analysis was used to analyse the information collected in the field work. Findings A qualitative thematic analysis produced the following main theme: 1) Home birth journeys. Two sub-categories: 1.1) Making the decision to give birth at home, 1.2) Giving birth: (re)birth. And four sub-categories also emerged: 1.1.1) Why do I need to give birth at home? 1.1.2) The people around me don’t support me; 1.2.1) Shifting emotions during home birth, 1.2.2) I (don’t) want to be alone. Conclusion We concluded that home births involve an intense and diverse range of satisfactions and tensions, the latter basically owing to the sociocultural resistance surrounding women. For this reason, they experienced home birth as an act of protest and highly valued the presence of midwives and their partners.
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Jing, Shiwen, Chang Chen, Yuexin Gan, Joshua Vogel, and Jun Zhang. "Incidence and trend of preterm birth in China, 1990–2016: a systematic review and meta-analysis." BMJ Open 10, no. 12 (December 2020): e039303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039303.
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ObjectivesTo update the WHO estimate of preterm birth rate in China in 1990–2016 and to further explore variations by geographic regions and years of occurrence.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesPubmed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Sinomed databases were searched from 1990 to 2018.Eligibility criteriaStudies were included if they provided preterm birth data with at least 500 total births. Reviews, case–control studies, intervention studies and studies with insufficient information or published before 1990 were excluded. We estimated pooled incidence of preterm birth by a random effects model, and preterm birth rate in different year, region and by livebirths or all births in subgroup analyses.ResultsOur search identified 3945 records. After the removal of duplicates and screening of titles and abstracts, we reviewed 254 studies in full text and excluded 182, leaving 72 new studies. They were combined with the 82 studies included in the WHO report (154 studies, 187 data sets in total for the meta-analysis), including 24 039 084 births from 1990 to 2016. The pooled incidence of preterm birth in China was 6.09% (95% CI 5.86% to 6.31%) but has been steadily increasing from 5.36% (95% CI 4.89% to 5.84%) in 1990–1994 to 7.04% (95% CI 6.09% to 7.99%) in 2015–2016. The annual rate of increase was about 1.05% (95% CI 0.85% to 1.21%). Northwest China appeared to have the highest preterm birth rate (7.3%, 95% CI 4.92% to 9.68% from 1990 to 2016).ConclusionsThe incidence of preterm birth in China has been rising gradually in the past three decades. It was 7% in 2016. Preterm birth rate varied by region with the West having the highest occurrence.
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Valenzuela-Yu, Ivette. "Increasing Sexual and Reproductive Health Education Equity for Hispanics in Schools." NASN School Nurse 33, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1942602x17714273.
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In the United States, the overall teen birth rate has been decreasing. In 1991, the teen birth rate was 61.8 births for every 1,000 teen females, but in 2014, the same overall rate decreased to 24.2 births for every 1,000 teen females. Unfortunately, this decrease has not reflected equally across all the races/ethnic groups. In 2014, the teen birth rate for Hispanics was 38 births per 1,000 teen females. The NASN is aware about the disparities on teen birth among racial/ethnical groups and has released a specific statement about the role of school nurses on the improvement of pregnancy outcomes. This article explains the cultural, linguistic, and educational barriers faced by Hispanic teens with limited English proficiency when preventing pregnancy and describes the development and implementation of a sexual and reproductive health education curriculum. The implications for school nurses will be discussed.
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Harville, Emily W., Xu Xiong, Maya David, and Pierre Buekens. "The Paradoxical Effects of Hurricane Katrina on Births and Adverse Birth Outcomes." American Journal of Public Health 110, no. 10 (October 2020): 1466–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2020.305769.
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Objectives. To review the trends in pregnancy outcomes after Hurricane Katrina and assess effects of the disaster on research and public health related to pregnant women. Methods. We reexamined the 2004–2006 vital statistics data from Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi, assessing what the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in the population would have been under varying risk scenarios. Results. We saw a reduction in number of births as well as in low birth weight and preterm birth. If the number of births had stayed constant and the relative higher risk in the “missing” births had been between 17% and 100%, the storm would have been associated with an increased risk instead of a decrease. Because the relative decline in births was larger in Black women, the higher risk in the “missing” births required to create a significant increase associated with the storm was generally not as great as for White women. Conclusions. Higher exposure to Katrina may have produced a reduction in births among high-risk women in the region rather than increasing adverse outcomes among those who did give birth.
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Febrianila, Rosiana, Widya P. Lokapirnasari, Tjuk I. Restiadi, Imam Mustofa, Herry A. Hermadi, and Erma Safitri. "Case Study : Dystocia on Beef Cattle in Kunir Regency of Lumajang District, East Java, Indonesia in 2015 and 2016." KnE Life Sciences 3, no. 6 (December 3, 2017): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v3i6.1188.
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Dystocia defined as difficulty of birth. Cattle that experienced dystocia characterized by extended processing time of birth, difficult, and impossible to do without help of human stem. This study aimed to determine the number and causative factor of dystocia in beef cattle in Kunir sub district, Lumajang district. Data acquisition used primary data and secondary data. Primary data was obtained from direct observations about management of maintenance, then interviewed the farmers in Kunir sub district. Secondary data was data obtained from the recording belongs to animal health technical officer. The results showed that the prevalence of dystocia in Kunir district, Lumajang district as many as 63 cases or 11,6 % of 543 births. The result of the research is analyzed using chi square (χ2) method on SPSS 20.0 program and risk factors that increase the incident of dystocia were IB semen which greater than the cattle site, the position of the fetus and inertia uteri can result in weakness of the catrle at the age of older and more likely to give birth. Key words: Dystocia; beef catlle
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Miranda, Marie Lynn, Sharon E. Edwards, and Evan R. Myers. "Adverse Birth Outcomes among Nulliparous vs. Multiparous Women." Public Health Reports 126, no. 6 (November 2011): 797–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003335491112600605.
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Objectives. Previous studies indicate that nulliparous women (i.e., women having no previous births) are at higher risk for adverse birth outcomes than multiparous women (i.e., women having had at least one previous birth). We examined whether part of the difference in adverse outcome rates is attributable to nulliparous women with poor pregnancy outcomes being less likely (through choice or fecundity differences) to have a subsequent live birth within the same time period as nulliparous women without adverse outcomes. Methods. Using deterministic matching, we linked nulliparous women from the North Carolina Detailed Birth Record to subsequent births. We employed statistical and simulation-based analyses to estimate first birth outcome rate differences between nulliparous women who did have a subsequent live birth vs. those who did not. Our Markov simulations focused on preterm birth (PTB). Results. Among nulliparous women who were not linked to a second birth, maternal age-adjusted rates of multiple adverse outcomes were all statistically higher compared with rates for linked women. These results also held in race/ethnicity-specific analyses. Simulations found that the relative risk of PTB associated with a history of PTB was underestimated if some women who would have been at risk for PTB did not experience a second birth. Conclusions. The observed differences in rates of adverse outcomes between nulliparous and multiparous women are partly attributable to higher-risk women not having a subsequent live birth, either by choice or due to fecundity differences.
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MAGADI, MONICA, NYOVANI MADISE, and IAN DIAMOND. "FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH UNFAVOURABLE BIRTH OUTCOMES IN KENYA." Journal of Biosocial Science 33, no. 2 (April 2001): 199–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932001001997.
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Studies addressing factors associated with adverse birth outcomes have almost exclusively been based on hospital statistics. This is a serious limitation in developing countries where the majority of births do not occur within health facilities. This paper examines factors associated with premature deliveries, small baby’s size at birth and Caesarean section deliveries in Kenya based on the 1993 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey data. Due to the hierarchical nature of the data, the analysis uses multilevel logistic regression models to take into account the family and community effects. The results show that the odds of unfavourable birth outcomes are significantly higher for first births than for higher order births. Furthermore, antenatal care (measured by frequency of antenatal care visits and tetanus toxoid injection) is observed to have a negative association with the incidence of premature births. For the baby’s size at birth, maternal nutritional status is observed to be a predominant factor. Short maternal stature is confirmed as a significant risk factor for Caesarean section deliveries. The observed higher odds of Caesarean section deliveries among women from households of high socioeconomic status are attributed to the expected association between socioeconomic status and the use of appropriate maternal health care services. The odds of unfavourable birth outcomes vary significantly between women. In addition, the odds of Caesarean section deliveries vary between districts, after taking into account the individual-level characteristics of the woman.
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Jouhki, Maija-Riitta, Tarja Suominen, and Päivi Åstedt-Kurki. "Supporting and Sharing—Home Birth." American Journal of Men's Health 9, no. 5 (September 9, 2014): 421–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988314549413.
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The planned home birth has provoked discussion around the world. Home birth has been described as a positive experience, but results regarding the safety of home birth are controversial. To date, the phenomenon has mainly been examined from the mother’s point of view, and there is only one previous study reporting fathers’ perspective. The purpose of the present phenomenological qualitative interview study was to investigate fathers’ experiences of planned home birth. Eleven fathers were interviewed, and the data were analyzed using Colaizzi’s phenomenological method. The fathers followed the woman’s wish in choosing the birthplace and set aside their own views. Furthermore, hospital birth was not an option for the fathers due to their own prior negative experiences of hospital births such as disturbing the natural progress of birth. The fathers’ experience of home birth included sharing the responsibility, supporting the woman, and participating in the home birth process. The experience was challenging; fathers had to take the role of a midwife, and no support or information on organizing home birth was offered by public health services. The fathers felt that the home birth connected them as family, and the experience was empowering. Our study results suggest that the health care professionals need more education and information on home birth and that the families (including fathers) interested in home birth need greater support from health care professionals. There is a need for proper national home birth guidelines, while family-and client-centered care has to be improved in birthing hospitals.
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M, Vijayakumar. "Folk Birth Rituals." International Research Journal of Tamil 3, no. 2 (March 22, 2021): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt2127.
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Folk People have been following plenty of rituals when they were beginning a new step for their life which is expected to be auspicious for them. In the early days, the rituals of birth may have flourished which based on the basic principles of Folk People and their life style. The people are following different rituals to lead their life from birth to death which were variable among people and society. There is no exact certainty for the birth of humanity on the earth. Nonetneless there is a hope that the rituals of birth would have developed when the humanity has flourished on this earth. The Birth’s rituals has exposing the culture. Civilization and lifestyle of Folk people and intermingled with them. Moreover the rituals or birth will help to know that the traditional way of a race. One’s generation and their principles of life. The mother has relationship with the baby when she is pregnant, nevertneless the rituals of birth has revealed the one’s racial sensibilling in the society. Thus Folk people have beeh doing earch thing in a good manner which help them for their future and they believe that the rituals are based on the life which has shaped their culture and civilization. Though the folk people have beeh giving important to birth rituals.
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Olaru, Octavian, Anca Stanescu, Cristina Raduta, Liana Ples, Adriana Vasilache, Nicolae Bacalbasa, Andrei Vasilache, and Oana Balalau. "Caesarean section versus vaginal birth in the perception of woman who gave birth by both methods." Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences 8, no. 1 (April 15, 2021): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22543/7674.81.p127132.
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The increase in the number of births by Caesarean section is a phenomenon whose global expansion is generated by numerous factors and especially by the contemporary perceptions of women regarding childbirth meeting the interests of the professionals in the field. However, the opinion of many women towards the benefits of Caesarean delivery is often not based on the experience or information from reliable sources. This study aimed at sharing the experience of women who gave birth both vaginally and by Caesarean section, focusing on their perception of these events. The study included 26 women and the conclusion of the vast majority (77%) was that natural birth is preferable and they would recommend it as the first option to future mothers. In addition, the analysis of the cases in which, on the contrary, they would recommend birth by Caesarean section (23%) revealed that they objectively had births that had not been optimally managed and hence, the recommendation for careful, professional evaluation of the conditions of birth for each case. Reaching an optimal rate of Caesarean sections is an objective that can be achieved through correct information, health education and the correct management of the cases.
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Coathup, Victoria, Alison Macfarlane, and Maria Quigley. "Linkage of maternity hospital episode statistics birth records to birth registration and notification records for births in England 2005–2006: quality assurance of linkage." BMJ Open 10, no. 10 (October 2020): e037885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037885.
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ObjectivesThe objectives of this study were to describe the methods used to assess the quality of linkage between records of babies’ birth registration and hospital birth records, and to evaluate the potential bias that may be introduced because of these methods.Design/settingData from the civil registration and the notification of births previously linked by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) had been further linked to birth records from the Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) for babies born in England. We developed a deterministic, six-stage algorithm to assess the quality of this linkage.ParticipantsAll 1 170 790 live, singleton births, occurring in National Health Service hospitals in England between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2006.Primary outcome measureThe primary outcome was the number of successful links between ONS birth records and HES birth records. Rates of successful linkage were calculated for the cohort and the characteristics associated with unsuccessful linkage were identified.ResultsApproximately 92% (1 074 572) of the birth registration records were successfully linked with a HES birth record. Data quality and completeness were somewhat poorer in HES birth records compared with linked birth registration and birth notification records. The quality assurance algorithms identified 1456 incorrect linkages (<1%). Compared with the linked dataset, birth records were more likely to be unlinked if babies were of white ethnic origin; born to unmarried mothers; born in East England, London, North West England or the West Midlands; or born in March.ConclusionsIt is possible to link administrative datasets to create large cohorts, allowing researchers to explore important questions about exposures and childhood outcomes. Missing data, coding errors and inconsistencies mean it is important that the quality of linkage is assessed prior to analysis.
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Munivenkatappa, Swetha, and Srinivas M. Govindaraj. "Maternal periodontitis and its influence on duration of gestation and fetal birth weight." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 8, no. 8 (July 26, 2019): 3194. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20193534.
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Background: There has been a lot of interest in knowing the effects of oral health on adverse pregnancy outcomes like preterm births and low birth weight. Studies have yielded contradicting results and there are lot of confounding issues that blur the picture. Aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of periodontitis is pregnant population and determine the effect of periodontitis on preterm births and low birth weight.Methods: This was a cross sectional study of singleton pregnant women attending ante-natal checkups with oral interview and clinical examination. Oral examination was done at the beginning of third trimester of pregnancy. They were followed up to delivery to note the duration of gestation, birth weight of babies.Results: The prevalence of periodontitis was 22% with 90.9% having mild and 9.1% having moderate periodontitis. Maternal education (high school and above) was associated with lower prevalence of periodontitis (p=0.042). There was no difference in the birth weights between the group with and without periodontitis (2.9±0.41kgs vs 2.74±0.36kgs, p=0.11). The incidence of low birth weights was also similar (p=0.22). The average gestational age was slightly less in the group with periodontitis (38 weeks 3 days vs 37 weeks 5 days) but the rates of preterm births were similar between the two groups (p=0.61).Conclusions: Mild/moderate periodontitis does not appear to have a significant effect on pre-term births and low birth weight. Maternal education and awareness seem to mitigate development of periodontitis and adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Krupa, E., M. Oravcová, P. Polák, J. Huba, and Z. Krupová. "Factors affecting growth traits of beef cattle breeds raised inSlovakia." Czech Journal of Animal Science 50, No. 1 (December 5, 2011): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3990-cjas.
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Growth traits of purebred calves of six beef breeds (Aberdeen Angus – AA, Blonde d’Aquitaine – BA, Charolais – CH,Hereford – HE, Limousine – LI and Beef Simmental – BS) born from 1998 to 2002 were analysed. Traits under study were birth weight (BW), weight at 120 days (W120), weight at 210 days – weaning weight (WW), weight at 365 days – yearling weight (YW) and average daily gains from birth to 120 days (ADG1), from birth to 210 days (ADG2), from birth to 365 days (ADG3), from 120 to 210 days (ADG4). General linear model with class effects of breed, dam’s age at calving, sex, herd-year-season (HYS) and covariation of age at weighing was used for analyses. All effects significantly affected both weight and gain traits except for dam’s age that was significant for BW, W120, YW and ADG3, and age at weighing that was significant for W120, WW, YW, ADG2, ADG3, ADG4. Estimated least squares means of growth traits were compared using Scheffe’s multiple-range tests. Highest BW (40.57 kg) and W120 (172.43 kg) were found for BA calves. BS calves had highest WW (260.30 kg), YW (424.07 kg), ADG1 (1 154 g), ADG2 (1 053 g), ADG3 (1 054 g) and ADG4 (1 098 g). Highest BW, YW, ADG3 and ADG4 were found for males-singles. Males-twins had highest W120, WW, ADG1 and ADG2. Calves descending from 5–7 years old dams had highest BW, W120, WW, ADG1, ADG2 and ADG4. The proportion of variability of growth traits explained by HYS effect (42.96–71.69%) was high, whereas proportions of variability explained by SEX effect (2.03–5.77%), age of dam (1.02–2.24%) and breed (1.05–2.21%) were low. Residuals accounted for 23.71 up to 53.79% of total variance.
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Davies, M. J., A. R. Rumbold, M. J. Whitrow, K. J. Willson, W. K. Scheil, B. W. Mol, and V. M. Moore. "Spontaneous loss of a co-twin and the risk of birth defects after assisted conception." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 7, no. 6 (July 4, 2016): 678–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040174416000301.
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The study of very early pregnancy loss is impractical in the general population, but possible amongst infertility patients receiving carefully monitored treatments. We examined the association between fetal loss and the risk of birth defects in the surviving co-twin in a retrospective cohort study of infertility patients within an infertility clinic in South Australia from January 1986 to December 2002, linked to population registries for births, terminations and birth defects. The study population consisted of a total of 5683 births. Births from singleton pregnancies without loss were compared with survivors from (1) pregnancies with an empty fetal sac at 6–8 weeks after embryo transfer, (2) fetal loss subsequent to 8-week ultrasound and (3) multiple pregnancy continuing to birth. Odds ratios (OR) for birth defects were calculated with adjustment for confounders. Amongst infertility patients, the prevalence of birth defects was 7.9% for all twin pregnancies without fetal loss compared with 14.6% in pregnancies in which there had been an empty sac at ultrasound, and 11.6% for pregnancies with fetal loss after 6–8 weeks. Compared with singleton pregnancies without loss, the presence of an empty sac was associated with an increased risk of any defect (OR=1.90, 95% confidence intervals (CI)=1.09–3.30) and with multiple defects (OR=2.87, 95% CI=1.31–6.28). Twin pregnancies continuing to birth without loss were not associated with an overall increased prevalence of defects. We conclude that the observed loss of a co-twin by 6–8 weeks of pregnancy is related to the risk of major birth defects in the survivor.
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Kim, Edward Kangsuhp, William James Fletcher, and Clark Timothy Johnson. "Effect of Increasing Malpractice Insurance Cost and Subsequent Practice of Defensive Medicine on Out-of-Hospital Birth Rates in the United States." American Journal of Perinatology 36, no. 07 (October 29, 2018): 723–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1675156.
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Background Across the United States, the burden of malpractice litigation has influenced obstetricians and obstetric institutions to avoid high-risk patients, favor cesarean delivery, and decrease availability of trial of labor after cesarean. Recently, the United States has experienced an increase in out-of-hospital (OOH) births. Objective The main purpose of this article is to investigate the association between malpractice insurance premium (MIP) and OOH births in the United States from 2000 to 2014. Study Design We analyzed changes in OOH birth rates and MIP from 2000 to 2014 using birth data from the National Vital Statistics System and Medical Liability Monitor's annual survey, respectively. The change in OOH birth rates was then compared with the change in MIP. Results Between 2000 and 2014, there has been approximately 60% increase in MIP from national average of $40,949 to $65,210 (p < 0.05). OOH births increased 57% from 39,398 births to 59,674 births (p < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between increase in MIP and increase in OOH births (p < 0.05, R 2 = 0.14). Conclusion MIP and OOH birth rates have a significantly associated increase from 2000 to 2014. Given that malpractice climate affects other aspects of obstetric practice, we cautiously propose that increasing MIP may be associated with an increase in OOH births.
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Solimine, Kaitlin. "My Ordinary, Everyday, Boring Birth Story." Journal of Perinatal Education 26, no. 3 (2017): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1058-1243.26.3.110.
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ABSTRACTChildbirth is a natural physiological process that when supported by appropriate childbirth professionals, can be an empowering, positive, and healthy experience for both mother and newborn. I wrote this birth story to exemplify what a normal, prepared, supported birth can look like in a country where the vast majority of births involve various medical interventions. Although I do not always explicitly reference these works, my childbirth and mothering journey has been informed by the scholarship of Robbie Davis-Floyd, Sheila Kitzinger, and Ina May Gaskin.
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English, J. G. H., and G. Bilkeit. "The effect of litter size and littermate weight on pre-weaning performance of low-birth-weight piglets that have been cross-fostered." Animal Science 79, no. 3 (December 2004): 439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800090305.
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AbstractTo evaluate the effect of litter size and littermate weight on low-birth-weight (< 1 kg) piglets that have been cross-fostered, piglets' pre-weaning performance in the following groups were compared. Group A (no. = 10), low-birth-weight piglets raised with equal number of heavy-birth-weight piglets in small (eight piglets) litters; group B (no. = 10), low-birth-weight piglets raised with equal number of heavy-birth-weight piglets in large (12 piglets) litters; group C (no. = 10), low-birth-weight piglets raised with equal number of average-birth-weight piglets in small (eight piglets) litters; D (no. = 10), low-birth-weight piglets raised with equal number of average-birth-weight piglets in large (12 piglets) litters; E (no. = 10), small (eight piglets) low-birth-weight litters; F (no. = 10), large (12 piglets) low-birth-weight litters.Mortality of low-birth-weight piglets in large litters was greater (P < 0.001) with heavy littermates, but in small litters was no different. Weight gain of piglets until day 3 post partum was not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by littermate weight and litter size, or their interaction. Weight at 21 days post partum was significantly affected by littermate weight, litter size, and their interaction. Low-birth-weight piglets in small litters had significantly higher 21-day weights in large litters (P < 0.01, P < 0.05 and P < 0.05 with littermates of low, average and heavy birth weight respectively). In large but not small litters, low-birth-weight piglets missed more nursing episodes and spent more time in teat disputes than their heavier littermates whether in heavy-birth-weight (P < 0.01), or average-birth-weight (P < 0.05) litters.Littermate weight may affect the performance of low-birth-weight piglets due to direct competition for access to a functional teat.
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GAVALAS, V., K. RONTOS, and N. NAGOPOULOS. "SEX RATIO AT BIRTH IN TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY GREECE: THE ROLE OF ETHNIC AND SOCIAL GROUPS." Journal of Biosocial Science 47, no. 3 (May 22, 2014): 363–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932014000182.
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SummaryThe number of male per 100 female live births (defined as the sex ratio at birth, SRB) has been shown to be consistently stable in human populations irrespective of time and geographical location. All over the globe approximately 105 boys are born for every 100 girls and any significant deviation from this ‘global average’ is considered to be unnatural and is attributed to sex-selective under-reporting of births, sex-selective abortion, sex-selective infanticide or other man-made factors. The present paper uses data on civil registration from 2004–2011 to investigate the sex ratio at birth in modern Greece. It was found that the SRB is extremely masculine when the parents originate from the Indian sub-continent and China. The SRB is also unnaturally high (more than 113 boys per 100 girls) in the case of legitimate births born to Greek mothers who are illiterate. These findings are strong evidence that sex-selective abortions are taking place in Greece within population groups with a certain ethnic and social profile. Other parameters, such as age of mother at birth, birth order, legal status of birth and geographical location, were also investigated and they were found to play a role in the variation of SRB, but not to the extent education and ethnic group do.
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Margaria, Alice. "Anonymous Birth." International Journal of Children’s Rights 22, no. 3 (October 27, 2014): 552–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02203004.
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Although the right to know one’s origins has increasingly gathered momentum, anonymous birth remains an insurmountable obstacle to access in identifying information concerning one’s biological parents, at least within the Italian legal context. The judgment of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in the case of Godelli v Italy reiterated that the problematic issue does not lie in the woman’s right to remain anonymous per se, but rather in its irreversible nature. In addition to providing an analytical account of the main legislative and judicial milestones in the regulation of anonymous birth in Italy, the present paper wishes to shed light on two issues which has thus far been disregarded: firstly, all the arguments in favour of reversibility tend to be adoptee-centred, thus failing to contemplate the rise of a similar desire for knowledge on the side of the woman and, as a result, her right to initiate a search for her child; secondly, although the multiplicity of parties concerned is often invoked as a peculiarity of as well as a source of complexity in the regulation of anonymous birth, the figure of the biological father is de facto rarely acknowledged and involved, under the controversial assumption that all undesired pregnancies which lead to anonymous birth are the result of abusive relationships.
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Vézina, H., L. Houde, H. Charbonneau, M. Beaudry, A. Cholette, N. Daoud, J. Mathieu, Y. Robitaille, F. Veilleux, and D. Gauvreau. "Season of birth and Alzheimer's disease: a population-based study in Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean/Québec (IMAGE Project)." Psychological Medicine 26, no. 1 (January 1996): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329170003378x.
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SynopsisThe birth distribution of 399 cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD) identified in the region of Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean (Québec) was compared with that of: (a) the population currently living in the area; and (b) the population born during the same period in the area. AD cases have been recruited since 1986 by the IMAGE Project. Cases and controls were grouped according to the month of birth and according to the day of birth using density estimation. Analyses showed a significant deficit of births in the month of May. We believe these preliminary results deserve further attention and we suggest two possible explanations that could lead to a deficit of AD births at specific periods during the year.
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Walleczek, Nina-Katharina, Florian Frommlet, Gabriel Bsteh, Christian Eggers, Helmut Rauschka, Stefan Koppi, Hamid Assar, et al. "Month-of-birth-effect in multiple sclerosis in Austria." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 25, no. 14 (November 22, 2018): 1870–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458518810924.
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Background: The month-of-birth-effect (MoBE) describes the finding that multiple sclerosis (MS) patients seem to have been born significantly more frequently in spring, with a rise in May, and significantly less often in autumn and winter with the fewest births in November. Objectives: To analyse if the MoBE can also be found in the Austrian MS population, and if so, whether the pattern is similar to the reported pattern in Canada, United Kingdom, and some Scandinavian countries. Methods: The data of 7886 MS patients in Austria were compared to all live births in Austria from 1940 to 2010, that is, 7.256545 data entries of the Austrian birth registry and analysed in detail. Results: Patterns observed in our MS cohort were not different from patterns in the general population, even when stratifying for gender. However, the noticeable and partly significant ups and downs over the examined years did not follow the distinct specific pattern with highest birth rates in spring and lowest birth rates in autumn that has been described previously for countries above the 49th latitude. Conclusion: After correcting for month-of-birth patterns in the general Austrian population, there is no evidence for the previously described MoBE in Austrian MS patients.
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Pazderska, Agnieszka, Marta Fichna, Anna L. Mitchell, Catherine M. Napier, Earn Gan, Marek Ruchała, Mauro Santibanez-Koref, and Simon H. Pearce. "Impact of Month of Birth on the Risk of Development of Autoimmune Addison’s Disease." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 101, no. 11 (August 30, 2016): 4214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-2392.
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Context: The pathogenesis of autoimmune Addison’s disease (AAD) is thought to be due to interplay of genetic, immune, and environmental factors. A month-of-birth effect, with increased risk for those born in autumn/winter months, has been described in autoimmune conditions such as type 1 diabetes and autoimmune thyroid disease. Objective: Month-of-birth effect was investigated in 2 independent cohorts of AAD subjects. Design, Setting, and Patients: The monthly distribution of birth in AAD patients was compared with that of the general population using the cosinor test. A total of 415 AAD subjects from the United Kingdom cohort were compared with 8 180 180 United Kingdom births, and 231 AAD subjects from the Polish cohort were compared with 2 421 384 Polish births. Main Outcome Measures: Association between month of birth and the susceptibility to AAD. Results: In the entire cohort of AAD subjects, month-of-birth distribution analysis showed significant periodicity with peak of births in December and trough in May (P = .028). Analysis of the odds ratio distribution based on month of birth in 2 cohorts of patients with AAD versus the general population revealed a December peak and May trough, and January peak and July trough, in the United Kingdom and Polish cohorts, respectively. Conclusion: For the first time, we demonstrate that month of birth exerts an effect on the risk of developing AAD, with excess risk in individuals born in winter months and a protective effect when born in the summer. Exposure to seasonal viral infections in the perinatal period, coupled with vitamin D deficiency, could lead to dysregulation of innate immunity affecting the risk of developing AAD.
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Varea, Carlos, Cristina Bernis, and Antonio González González. "Maternal Characteristics and Temporal Trends in Birth Outcomes: Comparison between Spanish and Migrant Mothers." International Journal of Population Research 2012 (May 29, 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/412680.
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Low birth weight and preterm babies have been increasing in Spain since 1980, coinciding with important changes in the social and demographic structure of childbearing populations—including the contribution of a 25% of foreign mothers—and with increasing medical intervention in births. This study, based on 5,990,613 births, compares the temporary trends in reproductive patterns and birth outcomes in Spanish and foreign mothers during the period 1996–2009 and evaluates for the years 2007 to 2009 the relative contribution of mother's origin and Caesarean section to birth weight variability. Foreign mothers maintain their own reproductive pattern, whereas negative birth outcomes increase in all groups. Results from logistic regression analysis show that besides late maternity and primiparity also Caesarean section increases the risk for low birth weight. The reduction in Caesarean section rates between 2007 and 2009 might explain the reduction of low birth weight detected. A change of tendency simultaneously appears in most maternal and newborn characteristics, and in the mode of delivery in all ethnic groups since 2008. Coincidence in the timing of the change of trends points to a common factor. We suggest that the current world financial crisis could be this common cause, a hypothesis to be contrasted in future research.
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Lykins, L. E., J. K. Bertrand, J. F. Baker, and T. E. Kiser. "Maternal birth weight breeding value as an additional factor to predict calf birth weight in beef cattle." Journal of Animal Science 78, no. 1 (2000): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/2000.78121x.
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Montlack, Michael. "I've Been Told My Birth Mother Believed in Aliens." Prairie Schooner 94, no. 4 (2020): 113–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/psg.2020.0137.
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Lahti, M., J. G. Eriksson, K. Heinonen, E. Kajantie, J. Lahti, K. Wahlbeck, S. Tuovinen, et al. "Late preterm birth, post-term birth, and abnormal fetal growth as risk factors for severe mental disorders from early to late adulthood." Psychological Medicine 45, no. 5 (September 5, 2014): 985–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291714001998.
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Background.Late preterm births constitute the majority of preterm births. However, most evidence suggesting that preterm birth predicts the risk of mental disorders comes from studies on earlier preterm births. We examined if late preterm birth predicts the risks of severe mental disorders from early to late adulthood. We also studied whether adulthood mental disorders are associated with post-term birth or with being born small (SGA) or large (LGA) for gestational age, which have been previously associated with psychopathology risk in younger ages.Method.Of 12 597 Helsinki Birth Cohort Study participants, born 1934–1944, 664 were born late preterm, 1221 post-term, 287 SGA, and 301 LGA. The diagnoses of mental disorders were identified from national hospital discharge and cause of death registers from 1969 to 2010. In total, 1660 (13.2%) participants had severe mental disorders.Results.Individuals born late preterm did not differ from term-born individuals in their risk of any severe mental disorder. However, men born late preterm had a significantly increased risk of suicide. Post-term birth predicted significantly increased risks of any mental disorder in general and particularly of substance use and anxiety disorders. Individuals born SGA had significantly increased risks of any mental and substance use disorders. Women born LGA had an increased risk of psychotic disorders.Conclusions.Although men born late preterm had an increased suicide risk, late preterm birth did not exert widespread effects on adult psychopathology. In contrast, the risks of severe mental disorders across adulthood were increased among individuals born SGA and individuals born post-term.
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Burggraaf, V. T., and D. B. Lineham. "Effect of easy calving beef sires on the birth weight and growth of dairy beef cattle." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 16 (January 1, 2016): 329–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.16.2016.3250.
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The impact of using high genetic merit beef bulls in a dairy beef supply chain was compared to using unrecorded beef bulls. Dairy cows were inseminated with Ezicalve Hereford semen (high genetic merit for calving ease and growth), followed by natural mating with Ezicalve and unrecorded Hereford bulls. The resulting 186 progeny were monitored from birth to 2 years old. Ezicalve sired calves required no calving assistance and averaged 4 kg lighter at birth than those from unrecorded sires (P
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Bunter, Kim L., David J. Johnston, Matthew L. Wolcott, and Geoffry Fordyce. "Factors associated with calf mortality in tropically adapted beef breeds managed in extensive Australian production systems." Animal Production Science 54, no. 1 (2014): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12421.
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Data from 9296 calves born to 2078 dams over 9 years across five sites were used to investigate factors associated with calf mortality for tropically adapted breeds (Brahman and Tropical Composite) recorded in extensive production systems, using multivariate logistic regression. The average calf mortality pre-weaning was 9.5% of calves born, varying from 1.5% to 41% across all sites and years. In total, 67% of calves that died did so within a week of their birth, with cause of death most frequently recorded as unknown. The major factors significantly (P < 0.05) associated with mortality for potentially large numbers of calves included the specific production environment represented by site-year, low calf birthweight (more so than high birthweight) and horn status at branding. Almost all calf deaths post-branding (assessed from n = 8348 calves) occurred in calves that were dehorned, totalling 2.1% of dehorned calves and 15.9% of all calf deaths recorded. Breed effects on calf mortality were primarily the result of breed differences in calf birthweight and, to a lesser extent, large teat size of cows; however, differences in other breed characteristics could be important. Twin births and calves assisted at birth had a very high risk of mortality, but <1% of calves were twins and few calves were assisted at birth. Conversely, it could not be established how many calves would have benefitted from assistance at birth. Cow age group and outcome from the previous season were also associated with current calf mortality; maiden or young cows (<4 years old) had increased calf losses overall. More mature cows with a previous outcome of calf loss were also more likely to have another calf loss in the subsequent year, and this should be considered for culling decisions. Closer attention to the management of younger cows is warranted to improve calf survival.
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Cooper, Margaret E., Jessica S. Ratay, and Mary L. Marazita. "Asian Oral-Facial Cleft Birth Prevalence." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 43, no. 5 (September 2006): 580–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/05-167.
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Objective: To determine the clefting birth prevalence among Asian populations, specifically Chinese and Japanese, using raw counts from nonoverlapping published studies of Asian populations, and to investigate whether Asian clefting rates have been interpreted accurately as being up to twice the Caucasian rate. Design: A literature review of articles giving raw counts of clefting in Asian populations, primarily Japanese and Chinese. Main Outcome Measures: Where possible, clefts were identified by the patients’ ethnicity, country of origin, cleft type, syndromic status, and birth status. Results: Prevalence rates of cleft lip with or without cleft palate per 1000 live births are reported. Syndromic plus nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate: Chinese, 1.30; Japanese, 1.34; Other Asian, 1.47; and total, 1.33. Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate: Chinese, 1.20; Japanese, 1.18; Other Asian, 1.22; and total, 1.19. Conclusions: Overall, Chinese and Japanese live birth prevalence rates for nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate, based on the published reports of birth prevalence, are significantly lower than the oft-quoted rate of 2 per 1000 for Asians. The apparent reason for the discrepancy is that many published prevalence rates included all pregnancies (live births plus pregnancy losses) and do not distinguish between syndromic and nonsyndromic clefts or between cleft palate alone and cleft lip with or without cleft palate. These results demonstrate that it is extremely important for current population-based studies of clefts to include careful delineation of population groups, syndromes, cleft type, and birth status.
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Dooley, David, and Joann Prause. "Birth Weight and Mothers' Adverse Employment Change." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 46, no. 2 (June 2005): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002214650504600202.
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Low birth weight has been linked at the aggregate level to unemployment rates and at the individual level to subjective distress. We hypothesize that maternal underemployment, including unemployment, involuntary part-time work, and low wage work predicts decreased birth weight. The relationship of birth weight to maternal employment changes during pregnancy was studied prospectively in 1,165 singleton first births in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data set. Controlling for other significant risk factors, women who shifted from adequate employment to underemployment had significantly lighter babies. Plausible mediators of this relationship were explored, including prenatal health care, gestational age, and mother's weight gain, with results varying by type of underemployment. Two interactions also suggested that underemployment reduced the beneficial effect of mother's weight gain on birth weight. These findings were partially replicated for low birth weight (< 2,500 grams), indicating the medical significance of the effect.
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Colgrove, Nick. "Artificial wombs, birth and ‘birth’: a response to Romanis." Journal of Medical Ethics 46, no. 8 (October 29, 2019): 554–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2019-105845.
Full textAbstract:
Recently, I argued that human subjects in artificial wombs (AWs) ‘share the same moral status as newborns’ and so, deserve the same treatment and protections as newborns. This thesis rests on two claims: (A) subjects of partial ectogenesis—those that develop in utero for at time before being transferred to AWs—are newborns and (B) subjects of complete ectogenesis—those who develop in AWs entirely—share the same moral status as newborns. In response, Elizabeth Chloe Romanis argued that the subject in an AW is ‘a unique human entity…rather than a fetus or a newborn’. She provides four lines of response to my essay. First, she argues that I have ‘misconstrued’ what birth is. Once we correct that error, it becomes clear that subjects of partial ectogenesis have not been born. Second, she argues that my claims imply that non-implanted embryos (existing in vivo) ‘would also be “born”’. But that is absurd. Third, she claims I fail to ‘meaningfully respond’ to distinctions she draws between subjects of ectogenesis and neonates. Finally, she criticises my essay for focusing on subjects of AWs rather than focusing on pregnant persons (who should be at the ‘centre’ of debates over AWs). I respond to each of these charges. In doing so, I reaffirm that (contra Romanis) some subjects of ectogenesis are newborns and all subjects of ectogenesis—even those that have not been born—share the same moral status as newborns.
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Mihaylova, Anna, Nikoleta Parahuleva, Elina Petkova-Gueorguieva, and Stanislav Gueorguiev. "EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS FOR PREMATURE BIRTH." Knowledge International Journal 28, no. 2 (December 10, 2018): 629–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij2802629m.
Full textAbstract:
Premature birth is a significant medical, social and economic problem worldwide. In the 21st Century in developed countries, this problem accounts for over two thirds of neonatal deaths. In Bulgaria, statistics show that 10-12% of all pregnancies end with premature birth. Despite the number of studies in this field and the efforts made by obstetricians and gynecologists, the tendency to increase the number of preterm births has continued in the last decade. Its consequences are multiple complications who lead to a high neonatal mortality in the national and global world. Preterm birth is characterized by complex and vague etiology. A specific cause of premature birth can not be defined, but a set of risk factors is considered, divided into three main groups of etiological factors: socio-economic, medical-biological, and behavioral. Associated with preterm birth socio-economic and behavioral risk factors include poverty, unemployment, low education, poor prenatal care, harmful habits such as smoking, alcohol, drugs and other harmful substances, unhealthy family environment, severe and prolonged stress, excessive physical exercise (lifting weights), trauma (hits or violence), new pregnancies less than 6 months after previous birth, unhealthy diet and low mother BMI, etc. Essential for the preterm birth is also the medico - biological etiological factors. One of these is uterine enlargement, as the main reason for this may be the presence of: multiple pregnancies that occurred naturally or after using assisted reproductive technologies or polyhydramnios (increased amount of amniotic fluid). Other risk factors include: placenta previa, incorrect position of the fetus, myoma, uterine cervix malformations (including cerebrovascular insufficiency), preeclampsia, uterine contractions, acute infections during pregnancy (vaginal - chlamydia, trichomonas, mycoplasma , toxoplasmosis, bacterial vaginosis, viral rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes, influenza, adenovirus infection, chronic diseases (hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, diseases of the lungs, liver or kidney anemia and etc.), genetic factors, previous premature birth, etc. These risk indicators are subject to detailed analysis in the work of a number of authors. To limit preterm births, a number of studies have been conducted to identify and identify the risk factors that are relevant to it. Identifying and recognizing their effects and impact leading to premature birth will significantly reduce the severe health, economic and social consequences as well as reduce the risk of neonatal death. In order to reduce the frequency of preterm births, adequate and specialized prenatal care is essential. They must be individually tailored for each particular case of pregnancy and take into account the complex of risk predispositions.