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Journal articles on the topic 'The black hole information paradox'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

MAIA, M. D. "INFORMATION STORAGE IN BLACK HOLES." International Journal of Modern Physics D 14, no. 12 (December 2005): 2251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271805007838.

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The information loss paradox for Schwarzschild black holes is examined, using the ADS/CFT correspondence extended to the M6(4, 2) bulk. It is found that the only option compatible with the preservation of the quantum unitarity is when a regular remnant region of the black hole survives to the black hole evaporation process, where information can be stored and eventually retrieved.

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2

Kashi, B. "Resolving Black Hole Information Paradox: Revisited." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1690 (December 2020): 012145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1690/1/012145.

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3

MATHUR, SAMIR D. "RESOLVING THE BLACK HOLE INFORMATION PARADOX." International Journal of Modern Physics A 15, no. 30 (December 10, 2000): 4877–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x00002147.

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The recent progress in string theory strongly suggests that formation and evaporation of black holes is a unitary process. This fact makes it imperative that we find a flaw in the semiclassical reasoning that implies a loss of information. We propose a new criterion that limits the domain of classical gravity: the hypersurfaces of a foliation cannot be stretched too much. This conjectured criterion may have important consequences for the early universe.

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4

Mitra, Ayan, Pritam Chattopadhyay, Goutam Paul, and Vasilios Zarikas. "Binary Black Hole Information Loss Paradox and Future Prospects." Entropy 22, no. 12 (December 8, 2020): 1387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22121387.

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Various techniques to tackle the black hole information paradox have been proposed. A new way out to tackle the paradox is via the use of a pseudo-density operator. This approach has successfully dealt with the problem with a two-qubit entangle system for a single black hole. In this paper, we present the interaction with a binary black hole system by using an arrangement of the three-qubit system of Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) state. We show that our results are in excellent agreement with the theoretical value. We have also studied the interaction between the two black holes by considering the correlation between the qubits in the binary black hole system. The results depict a complete agreement with the proposed model. In addition to the verification, we also propose how modern detection of gravitational waves can be used on our optical setup as an input source, thus bridging the gap with the gravitational wave’s observational resources in terms of studying black hole properties with respect to quantum information and entanglement.

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5

Braunstein, Samuel L., and Stefano Pirandola. "Quantum information versus black hole physics: deep firewalls from narrow assumptions." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 376, no. 2123 (May 28, 2018): 20170324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0324.

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The prevalent view that evaporating black holes should simply be smaller black holes has been challenged by the firewall paradox. In particular, this paradox suggests that something different occurs once a black hole has evaporated to one-half its original surface area. Here, we derive variations of the firewall paradox by tracking the thermodynamic entropy within a black hole across its entire lifetime and extend it even to anti-de Sitter space–times. Our approach sweeps away many unnecessary assumptions, allowing us to demonstrate a paradox exists even after its initial onset (when conventional assumptions render earlier analyses invalid). The most natural resolution may be to accept firewalls as a real phenomenon. Further, the vast entropy accumulated implies a deep firewall that goes ‘all the way down’ in contrast with earlier work describing only a structure at the horizon. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Foundations of quantum mechanics and their impact on contemporary society’.

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6

Park, I. Y., and F. James. "On the pattern of black hole information release." International Journal of Modern Physics A 29, no. 09 (April 8, 2014): 1450047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x1450047x.

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We propose a step towards a resolution to black hole information paradox by analyzing scattering amplitudes of a complex scalar field around a Schwarzschild black hole. The scattering cross-section reveals much information on the incoming state but exhibits flux loss at the same time. The flux loss should be temporary, and indicate mass growth of the black hole. The black hole should Hawking-radiate subsequently, thereby, compensating for the flux loss. By examining the purity issue, we comment on the possibility that information bleaching may be the key to the paradox.

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7

Carlip, S. "Black hole thermodynamics." International Journal of Modern Physics D 23, no. 11 (October 2014): 1430023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271814300237.

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The discovery in the early 1970s that black holes radiate as black bodies has radically affected our understanding of general relativity, and offered us some early hints about the nature of quantum gravity. In this paper, will review the discovery of black hole thermodynamics and summarize the many independent ways of obtaining the thermodynamic and (perhaps) statistical mechanical properties of black holes. I will then describe some of the remaining puzzles, including the nature of the quantum microstates, the problem of universality, and the information loss paradox.

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8

Vishal, V., B. Siddharth, and C. Venkatachalam. "On the Mathematical Analysis of Black-Hole Information Loss Paradox." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 18 (September 2013): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.18.8.

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A Black-hole is an astronomical entity which possesses infinite density at its gravitational singularity or singular point. The capacity of a black-hole to completely rip-off an entire solar system without leaving any evidence is to be noted. A debate has been going on over the past few decades regarding the information storage in black-holes. The discovery of Hawking radiation, which predicts complete evaporation of mass violates unitarity ie. Conservation of probability and energy fails. Recent discoveries suggest that regular remnant of black-hole survives evaporation , as a result information of the object devoured can be contained. These remnants are grouped into embedded sub-manifolds. These manifolds are the result of a five-dimensional constant curvature bulk in space-time. Five-dimensional gravity can be recovered from brane-world resulting from equations of bulk geometry. Gravity can be explained by space-time theory and also quantum theory in the form of Gravitons. On observing the manifold, the gravitons show deformations in dimensions, rather than being constant. The perturbations in geometry can be related to embedding functions which should remain differentiable and regular. Regularity is related to the inverse functions theorem. Manifold observations followed by a mathematical approach can possibly retain information about objects devoured by the black-hole.

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9

STOJKOVIC, DEJAN, GLENN D. STARKMAN, and FRED C. ADAMS. "INFORMATION-PRESERVING BLACK HOLES STILL DO NOT PRESERVE BARYON NUMBER AND OTHER EFFECTIVE GLOBAL QUANTUM NUMBERS." International Journal of Modern Physics D 14, no. 12 (December 2005): 2293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271805007875.

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It has been claimed recently that the black hole information-loss paradox has been resolved: the evolution of quantum states in the presence of a black hole is unitary and information preserving. We point out that, contrary to some claims in literature, information-preserving black holes still violate the baryon number and any other quantum number which follows from an effective (and thus approximate) or anomalous symmetry.

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10

Chen, P., Y. C. Ong, and D. h. Yeom. "Black hole remnants and the information loss paradox." Physics Reports 603 (November 2015): 1–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2015.10.007.

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11

JACOBSON, TED. "BOUNDARY UNITARITY AND THE BLACK HOLE INFORMATION PARADOX." International Journal of Modern Physics D 22, no. 12 (October 2013): 1342002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271813420029.

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Both AdS/CFT duality and more general reasoning from quantum gravity point to a rich collection of boundary observables that always evolve unitarily. The physical quantum gravity states described by these observables must be solutions of the spatial diffeomorphism and Wheeler–De Witt constraints, which implies that the state space does not factorize into a tensor product of localized degrees of freedom. The "firewall" argument that unitarity of black hole S-matrix implies the presence of a highly excited quantum state near the horizon is based on such a factorization, hence is not applicable in quantum gravity. In fact, there appears to be no conflict between boundary unitarity and regularity of the event horizon.

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12

Hsu, Stephen D. H. "The black hole information paradox and macroscopic superpositions." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 222 (April 1, 2010): 012037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/222/1/012037.

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13

Srikanth, R., and Srikanth Hebri. "Gödel incompleteness and the black hole information paradox." Quantum Information Processing 7, no. 6 (November 21, 2008): 291–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11128-008-0089-2.

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14

MATHUR, SAMIR D. "A COMMENT ON THE BLACK HOLE INFORMATION PARADOX." International Journal of Modern Physics A 16, supp01c (September 2001): 1001–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x01008710.

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Results from string theory strongly suggest that formation and evaporation of black holes is a unitary process. Thus we must find a flaw in the semiclassical reasoning that implies a loss of information. We propose a new criterion that limits the domain of classical gravity: the hypersurfaces of a foliation cannot be stretched too much.

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15

Mahajan, Raghu. "Recent Progress on the Black Hole Information Paradox." Resonance 26, no. 1 (January 2021): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12045-020-1103-y.

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16

Pando Zayas, Leopoldo A. "A quantum Rosetta Stone for the information paradox." International Journal of Modern Physics D 23, no. 12 (October 2014): 1442013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271814420139.

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The black hole information loss paradox epitomizes the contradictions between general relativity and quantum field theory. The AdS/conformal field theory (CFT) correspondence provides an implicit answer for the information loss paradox in black hole physics by equating a gravity theory with an explicitly unitary field theory. Gravitational collapse in asymptotically AdS spacetimes is generically turbulent. Given that the mechanism to read out the information about correlations functions in the field theory side is plagued by deterministic classical chaos, we argue that quantum chaos might provide the true Rosetta Stone for answering the information paradox in the context of the AdS/CFT correspondence.

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17

PAPPAS, NIKOLAOS D. "ON THE PRESERVATION OF UNITARITY DURING BLACK HOLE EVOLUTION AND INFORMATION EXTRACTION FROM ITS INTERIOR." Modern Physics Letters A 27, no. 19 (June 21, 2012): 1250109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021773231250109x.

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For more than 30 years the discovery that black holes radiate like black bodies of specific temperature has triggered a multitude of puzzling questions concerning their nature and the fate of information that goes down the black hole during its lifetime. The most tricky issue in what is known as information loss paradox is the apparent violation of unitarity during the formation/evaporation process of black holes. A new idea is proposed based on the combination of our knowledge on Hawking radiation as well as the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen phenomenon, that could resolve the paradox and spare physicists from the unpalatable idea that unitarity can ultimately be irreversibly violated even under special conditions.

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18

ZHANG, BAOCHENG, QING-YU CAI, MING-SHENG ZHAN, and LI YOU. "INFORMATION CONSERVATION IS FUNDAMENTAL: RECOVERING THE LOST INFORMATION IN HAWKING RADIATION." International Journal of Modern Physics D 22, no. 12 (October 2013): 1341014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271813410149.

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In both classical and quantum world, information cannot appear or disappear. This fundamental principle, however, is questioned for a black hole, by the acclaimed "information loss paradox." Based on the conservation laws of energy, charge, and angular momentum, we recently show the total information encoded in the correlations among Hawking radiations equals exactly to the same amount previously considered lost, assuming the nonthermal spectrum of Parikh and Wilczek. Thus the information loss paradox can be falsified through experiments by detecting correlations, for instance, through measuring the covariances of Hawking radiations from black holes, such as the manmade ones speculated to appear in LHC experiments. The affirmation of information conservation in Hawking radiation will shine new light on the unification of gravity with quantum mechanics.

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19

NIKOLIĆ, HRVOJE. "THE SPACETIME VIEW OF THE INFORMATION PARADOX." International Journal of Quantum Information 10, no. 02 (March 2012): 1250024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749912500244.

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In semiclassical gravity, the final state of black-hole evaporation cannot be described by a pure state. Nevertheless, we point out that the system can be described by a generalized pure state, which is not defined on a three-dimensional hypersurface but on the four-dimensional spacetime describing the whole Universe at all times. Unlike the conventional quantum state, such a generalized state treats time on an equal footing with space, which makes it well suited for systems that are both quantum and relativistic. In particular, such a generalized state contains a novel type of information encoded in the correlations between future and past, which avoids the black-hole information paradox.

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20

MATHUR, SAMIR D. "A PROPOSAL TO RESOLVE THE BLACK HOLE INFORMATION PARADOX." International Journal of Modern Physics D 11, no. 10 (December 2002): 1537–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271802002852.

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The entropy and information puzzles arising from black holes cannot be resolved if quantum gravity effects remain confined to a microscopic scale. We use concrete computations in nonperturbative string theory to argue for three kinds of nonlocal effects that operate over macroscopic distances. These effects arise when we make a bound state of a large number of branes, and occur at the correct scale to resolve the paradoxes associated with black holes.

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21

Stoica, Ovidiu Cristinel. "Revisiting the Black Hole Entropy and the Information Paradox." Advances in High Energy Physics 2018 (October 10, 2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4130417.

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The black hole information paradox and the black hole entropy are currently extensively researched. The consensus about the solution of the information paradox is not yet reached, and it is not yet clear what can we learn about quantum gravity from these and the related research. It seems that the apparently irreducible paradoxes force us to give up on at least one well-established principle or another. Since we are talking about a choice between the principle of equivalence from general relativity and some essential principles from quantum theory, both being the most reliable theories we have, it is recommended to proceed with caution and search more conservative solutions. These paradoxes are revisited here, as well as the black hole complementarity and the firewall proposals, with an emphasis on the less obvious assumptions. Some arguments from the literature are reviewed, and new counterarguments are presented. Some less considered less radical possibilities are discussed, and a conservative solution, which is more consistent with both the principle of equivalence from general relativity and the unitarity from quantum theory, is discussed.

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22

Guo, Xiao-Kan, and Qing-Yu Cai. "Hidden messenger from quantum geometry: Towards information conservation in quantum gravity." Modern Physics Letters A 33, no. 18 (June 14, 2018): 1850103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732318501031.

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The back reactions of Hawking radiation allow nontrivial correlations between consecutive Hawking quanta, which gives a possible way of resolving the paradox of black hole information loss known as the hidden messenger method. In a recent work of Ma et al. [ arXiv:1711.10704 ], this method is enhanced by a general derivation using small deviations of the states of Hawking quanta off canonical typicality. In this paper, we use this typicality argument to study the effects of generic back reactions on the quantum geometries described by spin network states, and discuss the viability of entropy conservation in loop quantum gravity. We find that such back reactions lead to small area deformations of quantum geometries including those of quantum black holes. This shows that the hidden-messenger method is still viable in loop quantum gravity, which is a first step towards resolving the paradox of black hole information loss in quantum gravity.

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23

JIANG, QING-QUAN, HUI-LING LI, SHU-ZHENG YANG, and DE-YOU CHEN. "HAWKING TUNNELING RADIATION OF BLACK HOLES IN de SITTER AND ANTI-de SITTER SPACETIMES." Modern Physics Letters A 22, no. 12 (April 20, 2007): 891–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732307021548.

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Applying Parikh–Wilczek's semiclassical quantum tunneling method, we investigate the tunneling radiation characteristics of a torus-like black hole and Kerr–Newman–Kausya de Sitter black hole. Both black holes have the cosmological constant Λ, but a torus-like black hole is in anti-de Sitter spacetime and the other black hole is in de Sitter spacetime. The derived results show that the tunneling rate is related to the change of Bekenstein–Hawking entropy, and the factual radiated spectrum is not precisely thermal, but is consistent with an underlying unitary theory, which gives a might explanation to the paradox of black hole information lost.

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24

Lunin, Oleg, and Samir D. Mathur. "AdS/CFT duality and the black hole information paradox." Nuclear Physics B 623, no. 1-2 (February 2002): 342–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0550-3213(01)00620-4.

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25

Hod, Shahar. "Discrete black-hole radiation and the information loss paradox." Physics Letters A 299, no. 2-3 (July 2002): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-9601(02)00013-0.

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26

Bokulich, Peter. "Does Black Hole Complementarity Answer Hawking’s Information Loss Paradox?" Philosophy of Science 72, no. 5 (December 2005): 1336–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/508972.

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27

S. El Naschie, Mohamed. "A Complementarity Resolution of the Black Hole Information Paradox." American Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics 3, no. 5 (2015): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaa.20150305.11.

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28

Bryan, K. L. H., and A. J. M. Medved. "Black Holes and Information: A New Take on an Old Paradox." Advances in High Energy Physics 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7578462.

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Interest in the black hole information paradox has recently been catalyzed by the newer “firewall” argument. The crux of the updated argument is that previous solutions which relied on observer complementarity are in violation of the quantum condition of monogamy of entanglement, with the prescribed remedy being to discard the equivalence principle in favor of an energy barrier (or firewall) at the black hole horizon. Differing points of view have been put forward, including the “ER = EPR” counterargument and the final-state solution, both of which can be viewed as potential resolutions to the apparent conflict between quantum monogamy and Einstein equivalence. After reviewing these recent developments, this paper argues that the ER = EPR and final-state solutions can—thanks to observer complementarity—be seen as the same resolution of the paradox but from two different perspectives: inside and outside the black hole.

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29

Feng, Zhongwen, Li Zhang, and Xiaotao Zu. "The remnants in Reissner–Nordström–de Sitter quintessence black hole." Modern Physics Letters A 29, no. 26 (August 27, 2014): 1450123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732314501235.

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According to the effects of quantum gravity, we investigated the fermion tunneling from the Reissner–Nordström–de Sitter quintessence (RN–dSQ) black hole. The corrected temperature is not only determined by the mass and charge of the black hole, but also depended on the quantum number of the emitted fermion and β, which is a small value representing the effects of quantum gravity. The effects of quantum gravity slowed down the increase of the temperature and led to the remnants of the black hole. We think it is a method to avoid the information loss paradox of black holes.

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30

FAIZAL, MIR. "ABSENCE OF BLACK HOLES INFORMATION PARADOX IN GROUP FIELD COSMOLOGY." International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 11, no. 01 (December 16, 2013): 1450010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887814500108.

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In this paper we will analyze the black hole information paradox in group field cosmology. We will first construct a group field cosmology with third quantized gauge symmetry. Then we will argue that in this group field cosmology the process that changes the topology of spacetime is unitarity process. Thus, the information paradox from this perspective appears only because we are using a second quantized formalism to explain a third quantized process. A similar paradox would also occur if we analyze a second quantized process in first quantized formalism. Hence, we will demonstrate that in reality there is no information paradox but only a breakdown of the second quantized formalism.

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31

Danielsson, Ulf H., and Marcelo Schiffer. "Quantum mechanics, common sense, and the black hole information paradox." Physical Review D 48, no. 10 (November 15, 1993): 4779–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.48.4779.

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32

Stoica, O. C. "The geometry of singularities and the black hole information paradox." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 626 (July 3, 2015): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/626/1/012028.

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33

SINGH, T. P., and CENALO VAZ. "THE QUANTUM GRAVITATIONAL BLACK HOLE IS NEITHER BLACK NOR WHITE." International Journal of Modern Physics D 13, no. 10 (December 2004): 2369–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271804006504.

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Understanding the end state of black hole evaporation, the microscopic origin of black hole entropy, the information loss paradox, and the nature of the singularity arising in gravitational collapse — these are outstanding challenges for any candidate quantum theory of gravity. Recently, a midisuperspace model of quantum gravitational collapse has been solved using a lattice regularization scheme. It is shown that the mass of an eternal black hole follows the Bekenstein spectrum, and a related argument provides a fairly accurate estimate of the entropy. The solution also describes a quantized mass–energy distribution around a central black hole, which in the WKB approximation, is precisely Hawking radiation. The leading quantum gravitational correction makes the spectrum non-thermal, thus providing a plausible resolution of the information loss problem.

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34

HUBENY, VERONIKA E. "PRECURSORS SEE INSIDE BLACK HOLES." International Journal of Modern Physics D 12, no. 09 (October 2003): 1693–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271803003992.

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We consider, within a string theoretic context, the accessibility of events inside a black hole horizon. We present a gedankenexperiment which uses the nonlocal nature of precursors in the AdS/CFT correspondence, as well as the global nature of event horizons, to argue that the dual field theory does contain information about physics inside black holes. This alleviates the causal obstacles to accessing behind-the-horizon physics, thereby rendering more tractable certain long-standing questions of quantum gravity, such as the information paradox and possibly even singularity resolution.

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35

Allen, Roland E. "Black hole entropy, the black hole information paradox, and time travel paradoxes from a new perspective." Journal of Modern Optics 67, no. 1 (February 4, 2019): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500340.2018.1563724.

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36

BEREZIN, VICTOR. "QUANTUM BLACK HOLE MODEL AND HAWKING’S RADIATION." International Journal of Modern Physics D 05, no. 06 (December 1996): 679–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271896000436.

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The black hole model with a self-gravitating charged spherical symmetric dust thin shell as a source is considered. The Schroedinger-type equation for such a model is derived. This equation appeared to be a finite differences equation. A theory of such an equation is developed and general solution is found and investigated in details. The discrete spectrum of the bound state energy levels is obtained. All the eigenvalues appeared to be infinitely degenerate. The ground state wave functions are evaluated explicitly. The quantum black hole states are selected and investigated. It is shown that the obtained black hole mass spectrum is compatible with the existence of Hawking’s radiation in the limit of low temperatures both for large and nearly extreme Reissner-Nordstrom black holes. The above mentioned infinite degeneracy of the mass (energy) eigenvalues may appeared helpful in resolving the well known information paradox in the black hole physics.

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37

Mathur, Samir D. "Three puzzles in cosmology." International Journal of Modern Physics D 29, no. 14 (October 2020): 2030013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021827182030013x.

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Cosmology presents us with several puzzles that are related to the fundamental structure of quantum theory. We discuss three such puzzles, linking them to effects that arise in black hole physics. We speculate that puzzles in cosmology may be resolved by the vecro structure of the vacuum that resolves the information paradox and the “bags of gold” problem for black holes.

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38

Susskind, Leonard. "Black Holes and the Information Paradox." Scientific American 276, no. 4 (April 1997): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0497-52.

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39

MATHUR, SAMIR D. "WHAT CAN THE INFORMATION PARADOX TELL US ABOUT THE EARLY UNIVERSE?" International Journal of Modern Physics D 21, no. 11 (October 2012): 1241002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271812410027.

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In recent years, we have come to understand how the information paradox is resolved in string theory. The huge entropy [Formula: see text] of black holes is realized by an explicit set of horizon sized "fuzzball" wave functions. The wave function of a collapsing shell spreads relatively quickly over this large phase space of states, invalidating the classical black hole geometry the shell would have created. We argue that a related effect may occur in the early Universe. When matter is crushed to high densities we can access a similarly large phase space of gravitational "fuzzball" solutions. While we cannot estimate specific quantities at this point, a qualitative analysis suggests that spreading over phase space creates an extra "push" expanding the Universe to larger volumes.

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40

Nikolić, Hrvoje. "Gravitational crystal inside the black hole." Modern Physics Letters A 30, no. 37 (November 16, 2015): 1550201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732315502016.

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Crystals, as quantum objects typically much larger than their lattice spacing, are counterexamples to a frequent prejudice that quantum effects should not be pronounced at macroscopic distances. We propose that the Einstein theory of gravity only describes a fluid phase and that a phase transition of crystallization can occur under extreme conditions such as those inside the black hole. Such a crystal phase with lattice spacing of the order of the Planck length offers a natural mechanism for pronounced quantum-gravity effects at distances much larger than the Planck length. A resolution of the black hole information paradox is proposed, according to which all information is stored in a crystal-phase remnant with size and mass much above the Planck scale.

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41

Manchak, J. B., and James Owen Weatherall. "(Information) Paradox Regained? A Brief Comment on Maudlin on Black Hole Information Loss." Foundations of Physics 48, no. 6 (April 30, 2018): 611–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10701-018-0170-3.

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42

Wang, He, and Jin Wang. "The Nonequilibrium Back Reaction of Hawking Radiation to a Schwarzschild Black Hole." Advances in High Energy Physics 2020 (September 17, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9102461.

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We investigate the nonequilibrium back reaction on the Schwarzschild black hole from the radiation field. The back reactions are characterized by the membrane close to the black hole. When the membrane is thin, we found that larger temperature difference can lead to more significant negative surface tension, larger thermodynamic dissipation cost, and back reaction in energy and entropy as well as larger black hole area. This may be relevant to the primordial black holes in early universe. Moreover, our nonequilibrium model can resolve the inconsistency issue of the black hole back reaction under zero mass limit in the equilibrium case. In the thick membrane case, the nonequilibrium back reaction is found to be more significant than that in the thin membrane case. The nonequilibrium temperature difference can increase the energy and entropy loss as well as the thermodynamic dissipation of the black hole and the membrane back reactions. The nonequilibrium dissipation cost characterized by the entropy production rate appears to be significant compared to the entropy rate radiated by the black hole under finite temperature difference. This may shed light on the black hole information paradox due to the information loss from the entropy production rate in the nonequilibrium cases. The nonequilibrium thermodynamic fluctuations can also reflect the effects of the back reactions of the Hawking radiation on the evolution of a black hole.

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43

Oshita, Naritaka. "The black hole information paradox and highly squeezed interior quantum fluctuations." Classical and Quantum Gravity 34, no. 19 (September 4, 2017): 195002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6382/aa84e3.

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Bambi, Cosimo. "A Note on Black Hole Information Paradox in de Sitter Spacetimes." Communications in Theoretical Physics 52, no. 1 (July 2009): 78–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0253-6102/52/1/17.

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45

Lowe, David A. "The planckian conspiracy: string theory and the black hole information paradox." Nuclear Physics B 456, no. 1-2 (December 1995): 257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(95)00521-9.

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MATHUR, SAMIR D. "HOW FAST CAN A BLACK HOLE RELEASE ITS INFORMATION?" International Journal of Modern Physics D 18, no. 14 (December 31, 2009): 2215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271809016004.

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When a shell collapses through its horizon, semiclassical physics suggests that information cannot escape from this horizon. One might hope that nonperturbative quantum gravity effects will change this situation and avoid the information paradox. We note that string theory has provided a set of states over which the wave function of the shell can spread, and that the number of these states is large enough that such a spreading would significantly modify the classically expected evolution. In this article we perform a simple estimate of the spreading time, showing that it is much shorter than the Hawking evaporation time for the hole. Thus information can emerge from the hole through the relaxation of the shell state into a linear combination of fuzzballs.

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Compère, Geoffrey. "Are quantum corrections on horizon scale physically motivated?" International Journal of Modern Physics D 28, no. 14 (October 2019): 1930019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271819300192.

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The aim of this paper is to give an overview to nonspecialists of recent arguments from fundamental physics in favor and disfavor of quantum corrections to black hole horizons. I will mainly discuss the black hole information paradox, its possible resolutions and shortly address its relevance or irrelevance to astronomy.

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GIDDINGS, STEVEN B. "BLACK HOLES, INFORMATION, AND LOCALITY." Modern Physics Letters A 22, no. 39 (December 21, 2007): 2949–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732307025923.

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Three decades of a deepening information paradox suggest the need to revise our basic physical framework. Multiple indicators point toward reassessment of the principle of locality: lack of a precise definition in quantum gravity, behavior of high-energy scattering, hints from strings and AdS/CFT, conundrums of quantum cosmology, and finally lack of good alternative resolutions of the paradox. A plausible conjecture states that the non-perturbative dynamics of gravity is unitary but nonlocal. String theory may directly address these issues but so far important aspects remain elusive. If this viewpoint is correct, critical questions are to understand the "correspondence" limit where nonlocal physics reduces to local quantum field theory, and beyond, to unveil principles of an underlying nonlocal theory.

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Marletto, Chiara, Vlatko Vedral, Salvatore Virzì, Enrico Rebufello, Alessio Avella, Fabrizio Piacentini, Marco Gramegna, Ivo Pietro Degiovanni, and Marco Genovese. "Non-Monogamy of Spatio-Temporal Correlations and the Black Hole Information Loss Paradox." Entropy 22, no. 2 (February 18, 2020): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22020228.

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Pseudo-density matrices are a generalisation of quantum states and do not obey monogamy of quantum correlations. Could this be the solution to the paradox of information loss during the evaporation of a black hole? In this paper we discuss this possibility, providing a theoretical proposal to extend quantum theory with these pseudo-states to describe the statistics arising in black-hole evaporation. We also provide an experimental demonstration of this theoretical proposal, using a simulation in optical regime, that tomographically reproduces the correlations of the pseudo-density matrix describing this physical phenomenon.

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Singh, Tejinder P. "A new length scale for quantum gravity: A resolution of the black hole information loss paradox." International Journal of Modern Physics D 26, no. 12 (October 2017): 1743015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271817430155.

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We show why and how Compton wavelength and Schwarzschild radius should be combined into one single new length scale, which we call the Compton–Schwarzschild length. Doing so offers a resolution of the black hole information loss paradox, and suggests Planck mass remnant black holes as candidates for dark matter. It also compels us to introduce torsion, and identify the Dirac field with a complex torsion field. Dirac equation and Einstein equations, are shown to be mutually dual limiting cases of an underlying gravitation theory which involves the Compton–Schwarzschild length scale, and includes a complex torsion field.

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