Academic literature on the topic 'The burden of obesity'

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Journal articles on the topic "The burden of obesity"

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Hashim, Muhammad Jawad. "Global burden of obesity." International Journal of Growth and Development 1, no. 1 (2017): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.25081/ijgd.2017.v1i1.46.

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Global burden of obesity Introduction The burden of nutritional disorders is increasing despite advances in scientific research and health promotion. Nutritional disorders include excess body mass conditions especially obesity (body mass index [BMI] > 30 kg/m2) and being overweight (BMI > 25 and < 30 kg/m2). These conditions are now considered as precursors to several diseases including diabetes, heart disease, musculoskeletal disorders as well as psychiatric illnesses. We studied the global burden of obesity to assess temporal trends and regional variations of this highly prevalent nutritional disorder. Methods We used the Global Burden of Disease database from the Institute of Health Metrics (www.healthdata.org) at the University of Washington, Seattle. This database collates data from a very large number of studies and census figures to generate regional estimates for health statistics. We analyzed the data from 1990 to 2015 using global averages for years lived with disability (YLD). The primary risk factor analyzed was ‘High body-mass index’. The effect of high BMI on all causes of health reduction (including diabetes) were studied for temporal (1990 to 2015) and regional/national patterns. Results The global of burden of diseases due to high BMI is rising continuously, from 213 YLDs per 100,000 in 1990 to 388 YLDs in 2015. A high burden of YLDs was seen in developed regions including North America and Australasia. Northern Europe and Middle East were also disproportionately affected. Areas with low rates of YLDs from obesity included sub-Saharan Africa, south Asia and south east Asia. Marked increases in the rates per 100,000 populations were seen over 1990 to 2015 in countries such as Fiji, USA, Egypt and Ukraine. The burden of suffering is higher among women than men. Conclusion The global burden of suffering due to illnesses caused by high body mass index is continuing to rise. Existing public health measures appear to be ineffective and more efficacious nutritional education and health promotion strategies are urgently needed. Conflicts of interest disclosure: no external or commercial funding source, and no holding of significant equity in a company relevant to the study.
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Bhalerao, Supriya, and JyotiBala Banjare. "Obesity associated noncommunicable disease burden." International Journal of Health & Allied Sciences 5, no. 2 (2016): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2278-344x.180429.

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Kjellberg, Jakob, Arendse Tange Larsen, Rikke Ibsen, and Betina Højgaard. "The Socioeconomic Burden of Obesity." Obesity Facts 10, no. 5 (2017): 493–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000480404.

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Sarwer, David B., and Heather M. Polonsky. "The Psychosocial Burden of Obesity." Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 45, no. 3 (2016): 677–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2016.04.016.

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Nguyen, Dang M., and Hashem B. El-Serag. "The big burden of obesity." Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 70, no. 4 (2009): 752–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2009.04.003.

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Elezbawy, B., A. N. Fasseeh, M. Aboulghate, et al. "PMU26 Burden of Obesity in Egypt." Value in Health 23 (December 2020): S607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2020.08.1238.

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Ramachandran, Ambady, and Chamukuttan Snehalatha. "Rising Burden of Obesity in Asia." Journal of Obesity 2010 (2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/868573.

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Overweight and obesity have reached epidemic proportions in many Asian countries. These countries also face a grave burden of obesity-related disorders such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases, which develop at a younger age than in Western populations. These disorders are also manifested in childhood. The major causative factors are related to the lifestyle changes occurring due to rapid socioeconomic transition. Asian populations show several differences in genetic factors when compared with the white population, and they also have lower cut points for environmental risk factors. National programmes targeting public awareness, education and improved structural facilities to facilitate healthy lifestyle are the keys to alleviate the economic and health care burden of the obesity-related disorders.
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Benotti, Peter, G. Craig Wood, Christopher Still, Anthony Petrick, and William Strodel. "Obesity disease burden and surgical risk." Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases 2, no. 6 (2006): 600–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2006.08.004.

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Jones, Helen. "Obesity Burden in US Challenges SNFs." Caring for the Ages 18, no. 7 (2017): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carage.2017.06.012.

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Pappas, Dimitrios A., Carol J. Etzel, Margaux Crabtree, et al. "Effectiveness of Tocilizumab in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Is Unaffected by Comorbidity Burden or Obesity: Data from a US Registry." Journal of Rheumatology 47, no. 10 (2020): 1464–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.190282.

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ObjectiveComorbidity burden and obesity may affect treatment response in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Few real-world studies have evaluated the effect of comorbidity burden or obesity on the effectiveness of tocilizumab (TCZ). This study evaluated TCZ effectiveness in treating RA patients with high versus low comorbidity burden and obesity versus nonobesity in US clinical practice.MethodsPatients in the Corrona RA registry who initiated TCZ were stratified by low or high comorbidity burden using a modified Charlson Comorbidity Index (mCCI) and by obese or nonobese status using body mass index (BMI). Improvements in disease activity and functionality after TCZ initiation were compared for the above strata of patients at 6 and 12 months after adjusting for statistically significant differences in baseline characteristics.ResultsWe identified patients with high (mCCI ≥ 2; n = 195) and low (mCCI < 2; n = 575) comorbidity burden and patients categorized as obese (BMI ≥ 30; n = 356) and nonobese (BMI < 30; n = 449) who were treated with TCZ. Most patients (> 95%) were biologic experienced and about one-third of patients received TCZ as monotherapy, with no significant differences between patients by comorbidity burden or obesity status. Improvement in disease activity and functionality at 6 and 12 months was similar between groups, regardless of comorbidity burden or obesity status.ConclusionIn this real-world analysis, TCZ was frequently used to treat patients with high comorbidity burden or obesity. Effectiveness of TCZ did not differ by comorbidity or obesity status.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "The burden of obesity"

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Rachmi, Cut Novianti. "The double burden of malnutrition in Indonesia." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18254.

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Introduction The double burden of malnutrition (DBM) is characterised by overlapping conditions of under- and over-nutrition within one population, household, or even individual. Indonesia faces this situation. The overall aim of this thesis was to provide a better understanding of DBM in Indonesian children. Methods This thesis used a mixed methods approach, combining a secondary data analysis from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) and a qualitative study. Prevalence data for DBM, from Indonesian children aged 2.0-4.9 years at four different time points -1993, 1997, 2000, and 2007 - were calculated. In addition I undertook a longitudinal analysis of children aged 2.0 to 4.9 years at baseline (1993 and 2000) and their weight and blood pressure status 7 (2000 and 2007) and 14 years (2007) later. In the qualitative study I explored the perceptions of Indonesian mothers and grandmothers of under-five and elementary school-aged children towards child obesity and food choices. I conducted twelve focus group discussions in West Java with 94 carers from three different socioeconomic status groups. Results DBM occurs in Indonesian children, with decreasing secular trends in stunting and underweight; and increasing trends in overweight/obesity. I found an inconsistent trend in the prevalence of concurrent stunting and overweight across 1993 to 2007. Although the cross sectional data showed that stunted children are more likely to be overweight/ obese, my longitudinal evidence showed the opposite. I found no association between stunting in early childhood and thinness, overweight/ obesity, or high blood pressure in the later years. In the qualitative study, primary carers still define overweight subjectively. The “chubbier is healthier” concept may be a contributing factor, and even though some mothers realize that their children are overweight/ obese, denial of the effect of overweight/ obesity on their children’s physical ability is still apparent. There are complex reasons behind primary carers’ decision-making processes around their children’s food choices that may additionally contribute to the increased prevalence of overweight/ obesity. Conclusion These results provide a better understanding of DBM in Indonesia. Such information is likely to reveal potential strategies to tackle this issue both in Indonesia, and potentially in other low- and middle-income countries.
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Park, Min Hae. "The impact of childhood obesity on long-term health burden in the UK." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2013. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.590559.

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Gomes, André Ferraz de Campos Amaral. "Obesity and diabetes in Mozambique: the double burden of disease in a resource poor country." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/55404.

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Gomes, André Ferraz de Campos Amaral. "Obesity and diabetes in Mozambique: the double burden of disease in a resource poor country." Dissertação, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/55404.

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Mahmudiono, Trias. "Child stunting in households with double burden of malnutrition: applications of behavioral epidemiology." Diss., Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/32540.

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Doctor of Philosophy<br>Human Nutrition<br>Richard R. Rosenkranz<br>Child stunting refers to a condition where the child is relatively shorter in height, in comparison to their age group. Child stunting is a public health nutrition problem that hinders the development of future generations, not only physiologically but also potentially deprives their cognitive function and productivity. The demographic transition, conjoined with the epidemiological and nutrition transitions, has resulted in the coexistence of an over- and under-nutrition problem known as double burden of malnutrition, and child stunting has been a persistent part of the problem. In 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported that one-fourth of the children in the developing countries have been suffering from child stunting. The objective of this research was to apply the behavioral epidemiology approach to tackle child stunting in households with double burden of malnutrition. It was hypothesized that unlike any other households with problem of child stunting, households with double burden of malnutrition possess some degree of capacity that, with proper support and direction, might enable them to help themselves reduce or prevent this nutrition-related debacle. Results from a secondary data analysis revealed that child stunting was associated with lower dietary diversity as an indication of poor food choice in the household, related to children’s nutrient requirements. Another cross-sectional study in this dissertation was conducted in an urban setting in Indonesia, and found that households with child stunting alone was associated with extreme food insecurity, while households with double burden of malnutrition ─ in the form of stunted child and overweight/obese mother (SCOWT) ─ was associated with even a mild degree of food insecurity. These results support our hypothesis that households with double burden of malnutrition lack the capacity to direct their resources properly to prevent child stunting. Most notably, we expected that the role of the mothers to manage healthy food choices through indirect measure of dietary diversity, availability and distribution within the household was lacking. In order to equip mothers with necessary components to be able to overcome these problems, we conducted a behaviorally based intervention that targeted mothers in the households experiencing the problem of double burden of malnutrition. The intervention provided the potential to achieve participant self-administered goal setting to improve diet, as well as child feeding behavior, by means of improved self-efficacy, nutrition literacy and dietary diversity. Maternal self-efficacy may be potentially enhanced by vicarious experience and active mastery experience gained during 6 sessions of behavioral intervention and verbal motivation by community health workers during 6 additional home visits. These studies, collectively comprising the present dissertation, present a message for policy makers in developing countries: nutrition literacy and behaviors for choosing healthy foods are lacking in mothers that affect both maternal and child food intake, but efforts such as improving vicarious and mastery experience on child feeding practices and healthy food choices can boost mother’s self-efficacy to engage in appropriate behaviors and improve their child’s nutrition.
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Vaezghasemi, Masoud. "Nutrition transition and the double burden of malnutrition in Indonesia : a mixed method approach exploring social and contextual determinants of malnutrition." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Epidemiologi och global hälsa, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-130552.

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Introduction Nutrition transition concerns the broad changes in the human diet that have occurred over time and space. In low- to middle-income countries such as Indonesia, nutrient transition describes shifts from traditional diets high in cereal and fibre towards Western pattern diets high in sugars, fat, and animal-source foods. This causes a swift increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity while undernutrition remains a great public health concern. Thus a double burden of malnutrition occurs in the population. The main aim of this investigation was to explore social and contextual determinants of malnutrition in Indonesia. The specific objectives were: (i) to examine body mass index (BMI) changes at the population level, and between and within socioeconomic groups; (ii) to estimate which context (i.e., household or district) has a greater effect on the variation of BMI; (iii) to assess the prevalence of double burden households (defined as the coexistence of underweight and overweight individuals residing in the same household) and its variation among communities as well as its determining factors; and (iv) to explore and understand what contributes to a double burden of malnutrition within a household by focusing on gender relations. Methods A mixed method approach was adopted in this study. For the quantitative analyses, nationally representative repeated cross-sectional survey data from four Indonesian Family Life Surveys (IFLS; 1993, 1997, 2000, 2007) were used. The IFLS contains information about individual-level, household-level and area-level characteristics. The analyses covered single and multilevel regressions. Data for the qualitative component were collected from sixteen focus group discussions conducted in Central Java and in the capital city Jakarta among 123 rural and urban men and women. Connell’s relational theory of gender and Charmaz’s constructive grounded theory were used to analyse the qualitative data. Results Greater increases in BMI were observed at higher percentiles compared to the segment of the population at lower percentiles. While inequalities in mean BMI decreased between socioeconomic groups, within group dispersion increased over time. Households were identified as an important social context in which the variation of BMI increased over time. Ignoring the household level did not change the relative variance contribution of districts on BMI in the contextual analysis. Approximately one-fifth of all households exhibited a double burden of malnutrition. Living in households with a higher socioeconomic status resulted in higher odds of double burden of malnutrition with the exception of women-headed households and communities with high social capital. The qualitative analysis resulted in the construction of three categories: capturing the significance of gendered power relations, the emerging obesogenic environment, and generational relations for child malnutrition. Conclusion At the population level, greater increases in within-group inequalities imply that growing inequalities in BMI were not merely driven by socioeconomic factors. This suggests that other under-recognised social and contextual factors may have a greater effect on the variation in BMI. At the contextual level, recognition of increased variation among households is important for creating strategies that respond to the differential needs of individuals within the same household. At the household level, women’s empowerment and community social capital should be promoted to reduce inequalities in the double burden of malnutrition across different socioeconomic groups. Ultimately community health and nutrition programmes will need to address gender empowerment and engage men in the fight against the emerging obesogenic environment and increased malnutrition that is evident within households, especially overweight and obesity among children.
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Kukka, Antti Juhani. "Prevalence of Double Burden of Malnutrition among Indian Pre-School Children : an Analysis of Cross-Sectional DLHS-4 Data from 23 States." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Internationell mödra- och barnhälsovård (IMCH), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-352007.

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Background: Double burden of malnutrition means co-existence of under- and overnutrition in a community, household or an individual. It is observed in countries undergoing nutrition transition. Research on double burden among Indian children aged under five has been scarce. I therefore aim to studythe prevalence of double burden of malnutrition in this age group. Methods: Cross-sectional population-based data from District Level Household and Facility Survey 4 conducted in 2012-2013 in 23 Indian States and Union Territories were used for the analysis. Prevalence of overweight, stunting and anaemia were examined as main outcomes at the community level. Simultaneous overweight and stunting or anaemia in same child were the main outcomes for individuallevel prevalence. Households with stunted child and overweight adult were also examined. Results: In this sample, 40.1 % of children were stunted, 74.2 % anaemic and 8.2 % overweight. Simultaneous overweight and stunting as well as overweight and anaemia both affected about 5.5 % of children. Stunted children had a higher prevalence of overweight than non-stunted children. No such association was seen for anaemia. At household level, 26.5 % of households had an overweight adult and a stunted child. Discussion: Double burden of malnutrition is emerging among Indian children aged under five and should be included in national nutrition policy. Undernutrition is still bigger concern than overnutrition, but overweight is spreading also to lower wealth quintiles. Further studies should be done to examine this phenomenon at the national level.
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Mytton, Oliver. "A population perspective on physical activity and health." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/264414.

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Regular physical activity reduces the risk of many chronic diseases. Consequently, the promotion of it and particular types (e.g. walking and cycling for travel), have become a priority for governments seeking to improve health and constrain rising demand on health services. Despite this many uncertainties persist. The aim of this thesis is to address two particular areas of uncertainty: a) the association of walking and cycling for travel with indices of health and well-being; b) and the extent to which increases in physical activity will reduce need for health and social care. The first part of my thesis consists of three studies that describe the health benefits associated with walking and cycling to work among working age adults. The first is a longitudinal study of the associations between maintenance of active commuting with sickness absence and well-being using the Commuting and Health in Cambridge dataset. The second, using the same dataset, describes the longitudinal associations between maintenance of active commuting and self-reported body mass index. Building on this, the third study using a large cohort study (the Fenland Study) with detailed characterisation of diet and physical activity (including objective measurement) describes the baseline associations between active commuting and objective measures of adiposity. The second part of my thesis describes the development of a combined microsimulation multi-state life table model that is used to characterise the effects of a population ‘shift’ in physical activity on the burden of six major diseases at the population-level. Specifically, it seeks to better describe the effect of increases in physical activity on healthcare need considering not just the effect of physical activity on disease incidence but also the effect on healthcare need arising from consequent survival to an older age (at which disease incidence is higher), and contrasts this with a method that does not make allowance for increased survival. The findings of this thesis provide evidence of the importance of walking or cycling to work in maintaining or improving the health and well-being of working age adults. It suggests that increases in physical activity, even after allowance for increased survival, are likely to reduce need for healthcare, although the reductions in need are less than might be assumed when allowance is not made for increased survival. Taken together this work provides a stronger empirical basis to inform public health practice. A stronger ‘health case’ for active travel can be made. The benefits of which should be communicated to individuals choosing how to travel as well as policy makers and others who can influence the determinants of active travel. It also provides a more realistic and nuanced understanding of how increases in physical activity may affect future healthcare need.
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Figura, Andrea. "Psychological and psychosomatic aspects of bariatric surgery for the treatment of obesity in adults." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/19115.

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Das Krankheitsbild der Adipositas hat sich weltweit zu einem relevanten Gesundheitsproblem entwickelt. Die bariatrische Chirurgie wird zunehmend als wirkungsvolle Behandlung bei schwer ausgeprägter Adipositas eingesetzt. Jedoch ist über die Rolle psychologischer Variablen im bariatrischen Behandlungsverlauf noch wenig bekannt. Die vorliegende Dissertation untersucht Einfluss und Veränderung patientenberichteter Gesundheitsmerkmale in der chirurgischen Adipositastherapie. Dazu werden in einer naturalistischen Beobachtungsstudie Patienten mit schwerer Adipositas vor und im Durchschnitt zwei Jahre nach einer bariatrischen Operation (OP) befragt. Ziele der Arbeit sind 1) die Charakterisierung adipöser Patienten vor OP hinsichtlich bio-psycho-sozialer Variablen; 2) die Identifikation möglicher Einflussvariablen auf den gewichtsbezogenen Behandlungserfolg nach OP; 3) die Untersuchung von Auswirkungen der OP auf das Essverhalten; und 4) die Analyse von Veränderungen in der essstörungsbezogenen Psychopathologie und in der gesundheitsbezogenen Lebensqualität nach OP. Die Ergebnisse der bariatrischen Patienten werden im Vergleich zu denen konservativ behandelter Patienten betrachtet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Patienten mit bariatrischem Behandlungswunsch eine somatisch und psychisch belastete Patientengruppe darstellen. Die bariatrische OP führt im zweiten postoperativen Jahr zu einer nachhaltigen und klinisch bedeutsamen Gewichtsreduktion. Der präoperative Body-Maß-Index, das Bildungsniveau und aktives Problembewältigungsverhalten sind mit dem Gewichtsverlust nach OP assoziiert. Im Vergleich zur konservativen Behandlung berichten die Patienten, die sich der OP unterziehen, über stärker ausgeprägte Verbesserungen in ihrem Essverhalten und eine Steigerung ihrer Lebensqualität. Auf Basis der Befunde wird ein routinemäßiges Monitoring der somatischen und psychischen Situation der Patienten nach bariatrischer OP empfohlen, um die gezeigten Behandlungserfolge optimal zu sichern.<br>Obesity has become a relevant global health problem. Bariatric surgery is an effective treatment for severe obesity. However, while the number of operations performed continues to increase, the role of psychological variables throughout the bariatric surgery pathway remains uncertain. The present dissertation investigates the patient-reported health status as it impacts and results from bariatric surgery. In a naturalistic observational study, patients with severe obesity are assessed before and, on average, two years after the surgical treatment. Main aims are 1) to characterize obese patients prior to bariatric surgery in terms of biological, psychological and socio-demographic variables; 2) to identify possible predictors for the postoperative weight-related treatment success after bariatric surgery; 3) to examine changes in eating behaviors; and 4) to analyze changes in eating-related psychopathology and in health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The outcomes of surgical patients are compared with those of conservatively treated patients for the same follow-up period. The findings show that bariatric surgery candidates represent a vulnerable patient group with high physical and psychological burden. In the second postoperative year after bariatric surgery, a sustainable and clinically meaningful weight reduction is achieved. The preoperative body mass index, education level and active coping behavior are associated with weight loss after surgery. Compared with conservative treatment, patients who undergo bariatric surgery report not only greater improvements in their eating behavior and eating-related psychopathology but also an increase in their HRQoL. Based on the results, the provision of a routine monitoring of the somatic and psychological situation of patients following bariatric surgery is recommended to secure longer-term treatment success.
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Depoix, D. J. "Purity : blessing or burden?" Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53024.

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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2002<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: During the history of Israel the concept of "purity" had developed as a way in which God's people could honour his holiness and draw nearer to him, as a sanctified nation. By the time of Jesus, in Second Temple Judaism, the purity system had become restrictive. This had been influenced by political and social developments, including an increased desire to withdraw from Hellenistic and other factors which were seen as contaminating the integrity of Judaism. There were diverse perceptions regarding the achievement of the purity of Israel, including militaristic confrontation and expulsion of alien occupation forces, stricter adherence to the Law and, in some cases, total withdrawal from general society (such as at Qumran). It was, however, particularly the Pharisaic imposition of the supplementary oral tradition, supposed to clarify the written Law, which imposed hardship on those who, through illiteracy or inferior social status, were unable to meet all the minute provisions which would ensure ritual purity. The expansion of the Law of Moses by the commentary of the rabbis, which over time became the entrenched oral "tradition of the fathers", was originally intended to promote access to God by clarifying obscure points of the Law, in the pursuit of purity. However, this oral tradition had, in fact, become an instrument of alienation and separation of the ordinary people not only from the Pharisees, who considered themselves as the religious elite, but also from God. The common people, that is, a large section of the population, felt rejected and on the outside of both religious and social acceptance. On the material level they also suffered under a heavy tax burden, from both Temple and State, which aggravated their poverty. It was this situation which Jesus confronted in his mission to change the ideological climate and to reveal the Kingdom of God as being accessible to all who accepted the true Fatherhood of God, in penitence and humility. He denounced the hypocrisy which professed piety but which ignored the plight of those who were suffering. Hark 7 : 1-23 symbolizes the difference between the teaching and practice of Jesus and that of the Pharisees, and provides metaphorically a pattern of Christian engagement which is relevant in the South African situation today. The Christian challenge is to remove those barriers, both ideological and economic, which impede spiritual and material well-being within society. By active engagement, rather than by retreating to the purely ritualistic and individualistic practice of religion, the realization of the Kingdom of Heaven, as inaugurated by Jesus, will be advanced.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gedurende die geskiedenis van Israel het die konsep van reinheid ontwikkel as 'n wyse waarin die die volk van God Sy heiligheid kan eer en tot Hom kan nader, as 'n geheiligde volk. Teen die tyd van Jesus, tydens Tweede Tempel Judaïsme, het die reinheid sisteem beperkend geword. Dit is beïnvloed deur politieke en sosiale ontwikkelinge, insluitende 'n toenemende drang om te onttrek van Hellenistiese en ander faktore, wat beskou is as 'n besoedeling van die integriteit van Judaïsme. Daar was diverse persepsies aangaande die uitvoering van die reinheid van Israel, insluitende militaristiese konfrontasie en die uitwerping van vreemde besettingsmagte, strenger onderhouding van die Wet en in sekere gevalle, totale onttreking van die algemene samelewing (soos by Qumran). Tog was dit in besonder die Fariseërs se oplegging van bykomende mondelinge tradisie, veronderstelom die geskrewe Wet te verhelder, wat ontbering veroorsaak het vir die wat as gevolg van ongeletterdheid of minderwaardige sosiale status nie in staat was om aan elke haarfyn bepaling, wat rituele reinheid sou verseker, te voldoen nie. Die uitbreiding van die wet van Moses deur die kommentaar van die rabbies, wat met verloop van tyd die ingegrawe mondelinge "tradisie van die vaders" geword het, was oorsproklik bedoel om toegang tot God te verseker, deur die verheldering van onduidelike aspekte van die wet, in die nastreef van reinheid. Hierdie mondelinge tradisie het egter 'n instrument van vervreemding geword en skeiding gebring tussen gewone mense en die Fariseers, sowel as die wat hulleself beskou het as die religieuse elite. Dit het egter ook skeiding gebring tussen mense en God. Die gewone mense, dit is die meerderheid van die bevolking, het verwerp gevoel en aan die buitekring van beide religieuse en sosiale aanvaarding. Op materiële vlak het hulle ook gelyonder die juk van swaar belasting, van beide die Tempel en die Staat, wat hulle toestand van armoede vererger het. Dit was hierdie situasie wat Jesus gekonfronteer het in sy strewe om die ideologiese klimaat te verander en om die Koninkryk van God te openbaar as toeganklik vir almal wat die ware Vaderskap van God aanvaar, in berou en in nederigheid. Hy het die skynheiligheid verwerp wat aanspraak maak op vroomheid, maar die toestand van die lydendes ignoreer. Markus 7:1-23 simboliseer die verskil tussen die onderrig en die praktyk van Jesus en dié van die Fariseërs en voorsien metafories 'n patroon van Christelike verbintenis, wat relevant is binne die eietydse Suid-Afrikaanse konteks. Die uitdaging aan die Christendom is om die skeidslyne te verwyder, beide ideologies en ekonomies, wat geestelike en materieële welsyn binne die gemeenskap belemmer. Deur aktiewe betrokkenheid, eerder as om bloot te onttrek tot die suiwer ritualistiese en individualistiese beoefening van religie, sal die realisering van die Koninkryk van die Hemel soos ingehuldig deur Jesus, bevorder word.
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Books on the topic "The burden of obesity"

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author, Syamala T. S., and Institute for Social and Economic Change, eds. Double burden of malnutrition in India: An investigation. Institute for Social and Economic Change, 2012.

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Williams, Gareth, and Gema Frhbeck, eds. Obesity. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470712221.

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Steelman, G. Michael, and Eric C. Westman, eds. Obesity. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b19716.

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Sbraccia, Paolo, and Nicholas Finer, eds. Obesity. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47685-8.

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Blackstone, Robin P. Obesity. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39409-1.

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Ahmad, Shamim I., and Syed Khalid Imam, eds. Obesity. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19821-7.

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Per, Björntorp, and Brodoff Bernard N, eds. Obesity. Lippincott, 1992.

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Barbour, Scott. Obesity. Greenhaven Press, 2011.

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S, Friedman Lauri, ed. Obesity. Greenhaven Press, 2008.

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Haerens, Margaret. Obesity. Greenhaven Press, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "The burden of obesity"

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Lin, Eugenia A., Gillian M. Barlow, and Ruchi Mathur. "The Health Burden of Obesity." In The Clinician’s Guide to the Treatment of Obesity. Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2146-1_2.

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Mba, Camille Maadjhou, and Jean Claude Mbanya. "Challenges and Economic Burden of Diabetes in Africa." In Obesity and Diabetes. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53370-0_3.

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Faintuch, Joel, and Salomão Faintuch. "The Dual Burden of Obesity and Diabetes: Old Problems Die Hard." In Obesity and Diabetes. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13126-9_1.

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Dixon, John B. "1 The Global Burden of Obesity and Diabetes." In Minimally Invasive Bariatric Surgery. Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1637-5_1.

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Perkins, Jessica M., and S. V. Subramanian. "Social Epidemiology of Nutritional Burden Among Children and Adolescents in India." In Epidemiology of Obesity in Children and Adolescents. Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6039-9_10.

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Yoon, Seok-Jun, and Jae-Hyun Park. "Burden of Disease Attributable to Obesity and Overweight: Korean Focus." In Handbook of Disease Burdens and Quality of Life Measures. Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-78665-0_63.

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Barrios, L., and D. B. Jones. "Financial Impact of Obesity." In Handbook of Disease Burdens and Quality of Life Measures. Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-78665-0_62.

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Matsushita, Kunihiro, Maya Jean Salameh, and Matthew Allison. "Peripheral Artery Disease in Regions with Limited Socioeconomic Resources." In Global Challenges in Cardiovascular Prevention in Populations with Low Socioeconomic Status. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-79051-5_4.

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Abstract Lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD) represents a significant public health problem, with its prevalence and association with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality as well as limb complications, resulting in reduced quality of life in affected individuals. Despite its burden and impact, PAD is underdiagnosed and undertreated compared to coronary artery disease and stroke, likely due to a general lack of awareness by the public and practitioners. In particular, the impact of PAD in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) has been largely overlooked and is of particular concern given the increased burden of cardiovascular disease observed in LMICs in recent years. The aging of the global population, along with urbanization, industrialization, and increased prevalence of risk factors such as obesity, diabetes, and smoking have all contributed to the increasing burden of PAD in LMICs. This is of particular concern in settings where resources are limited and where early detection of PAD is crucial to implementing preventative interventions aimed at control of vascular risk factors, with the ultimate goal of improving cardiovascular and limb outcomes of this high-risk population. This chapter summarizes epidemiology, representative diagnostic tests, and major therapeutic challenges of PAD, with a special focus on resource-limited settings.
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Srayaldeen, Salman Wahib, and Mohamed Ahmed Mohamed Elkhalifa. "Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) in the UAE." In Cancer Care in the United Arab Emirates. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-6794-0_30.

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AbstractThe incidence of HCC in the UAE has been stable, with around 60–100 cases per year in the UAE between 2013 and 2021, with a potential future increase in incidence with rising rates of obesity, diabetes, and excessive alcohol consumption, as well as hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).The age-specific incidence of HCC peaks between 80 and 90 years old, but new cases can be detected as early as 40 due to alcoholic liver disease. The prevalence of hepatitis C is low (0.1%) due to the availability of universal hepatitis B vaccination at birth. However, the incidence of HCC is expected to continue to increase due to rising obesity and diabetes.Multiple risk factors contribute to the development of HCC in the UAE, including viral hepatitis (B and C), excessive alcohol consumption, and the increasing prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The growing population and associated lifestyle changes, such as obesity and metabolic syndrome, also play a role.The diagnosis of HCC is challenging in the early stages and is typically performed through noninvasive imaging. In some cases, a biopsy may be necessary. Staging systems for HCC should take into account tumor burden, liver function, and patient performance status. The Milan criteria, used in the GCC, including the UAE, are used to determine eligibility for liver transplantation based on tumor size and spread. The availability of deceased donor organ transplantation in the UAE has enabled a total of 25 liver transplants to be performed, with 100% patient survival and 96% graft survival after a median follow-up of 647 days. No recurrence of HCC was observed in patients after transplantation.The UAE Ministry of Health and Prevention (MOHAP), the Department of Health (DOH) in Abu Dhabi, and the Dubai Health Authority (DHA) work together to provide high-quality and safe healthcare services to all citizens and residents of the UAE. The implementation of the National Agenda’s objectives, including the reduction of cancer-related mortality, is enabled by the presence of the DOH and DHA in all healthcare facilities.To mitigate the impact of HCC in the UAE, various strategies have been implemented, including liver health awareness and screening programs and multiple modalities of treatment, including surgical resection, liver transplantation, ablation therapy, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Additionally, the UAE has implemented policies to reduce the incidence of HCC, such as vaccination programs for hepatitis B, antiviral treatment for hepatitis C, restrictions on alcohol consumption, and measures to reduce the burden of NAFLD by promoting healthy lifestyles and reducing the consumption of unhealthy foods.
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AlZaabi, Adhari. "Colorectal Cancer in the Arab World." In Cancer in the Arab World. Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7945-2_23.

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AbstractThe recent rapid modernization of life in the Arab region has led to major changes in the lifestyle and attitude of Arab people. This has subsequently resulted in an obvious change in the disease burden profile where the Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) exert a huge burden in the region. The main factors that have been attributed to this increase in NCDs are the increased incidence of obesity, physical inactivity, stressful busy life, smoking, and dietary habits. Cancer is among the top NCDs that has increased at an alarming pace in the past ten years in the region. It is projected that there will be a 1.8-fold increase in cancer incidence by 2030 among Arabs. Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is among one of the most common cancers that showed a dramatic increase in annual incidence rate among Arabs. Despite the fact that the figures reported for colorectal cancer among Arabs is lower than that for western countries, the incidence is increasing in this region. Across the cancer continuum, CRC care in the region is up to date as it follows international guidelines from board-certified healthcare providers. The CRC screening system is not well developed and not well accepted by the society due to several religious, cultural, unfamiliarity, and distrust issues. This explains the advanced stage of CRC diagnosis in the region that subsequently leads to unfavorable outcomes. This chapter highlights the incidence of CRC and its clinicopathological parameters with molecular profile and preventive measures in the region.
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Conference papers on the topic "The burden of obesity"

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Campos Silva, Sara Isabel, Nídia Caires, Madalena Emiliano, et al. "The burden of obesity for asthmatic patients." In ERS International Congress 2019 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2019.pa4316.

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Öcal, Ayşe. "The Impact of Obesity Rates on Health Expenditure in China." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c14.02681.

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Obesity is a severe health status that might cause serious adverse effects on human health. Cardiovascular disease, hypertension, stroke, and diabetes are a small number of diseases that obese people might have to deal with due to excessive body fat levels. People, therefore, might face the unpreventable burden of possible health expenditures. China is one of the countries facing increasing both obesity rates and health expenditure over the years. This paper aims to analyse the relationship between obesity rates and health expenditure in China for the years between 1978 and 2015. We estimated a simple linear regression model by using ordinary least squares to find out if obesity rates have any impact on health expenditure in China for the given period. We used total health expenditure as a percentage of the gross domestic product as the dependent variable, while the obesity rate is the independent variable. The results show that health expenditure rises with increasing obesity rates in China from 1978 to 2015.
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Ogino, Jayme, Sunniya Basravi, Adler Salazar, and Randall Y. Chan. "Childhood Obesity: Is It A Heavy Burden On Hospital Morbidity And Mortality?" In AAP National Conference & Exhibition Meeting Abstracts. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.147.3_meetingabstract.553.

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Krisztik-Pető, Dalma. "An examination of obesity in terms of eating behavior and selfcontrol." In The European Union’s Contention in the Reshaping Global Economy. Szegedi Tudományegyetem Gazdaságtudományi Kar, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/eucrge.2022.20.

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Obesity has become a pandemic that has been spreading for decades now. The treatment of diseases caused by obesity places a burden on the economy, with health care expenditures and even with indirect costs. Eating behaviour and self-control are considered to be the most important factors regarding the treatment and prevention of obesity. This study is looking for the answer to what level of self-control young consumers have, and how this affects their eating behavior and, through it, their body weight. Based on the results, it is concluded that the respondents do not necessarily judge their weight realistically. Self-control has a prominent role to play in preventing obesity. According to this research, individuals with weak selfcontrol are most characterized by emotional eating and eating for external influences, while those with strong self-control are characterized by restrained eating.
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Venn, Ruth. "“Unsustainable pressure”: A critical discourse analysis of the UK ‘anti-obesity’ policy response ‘Better Health’ during the COVID-19 pandemic." In 10th Annual International Weight Stigma Conference. Weight Stigma Conference, 2024. https://doi.org/10.31076/2024.p15.

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This analysis forms part of an ongoing PhD research project that is a critical response to ‘anti-obesity’ policy in England. It examines how neoliberal ‘obesity’ policies may intentionally curate and propagate weight stigma to distract citizens from an array of socio-economic causes of ill health. In the UK larger bodied individuals are subjected to portrayal as an ‘economic burden’, and a drain on NHS resources. To understand the impact that UK obesity policy has on the health and wellbeing of citizens from differing intersectional positions of inequality, weight stigma is re-conceptualised as a governmental power tool. The objective is to reduce weight stigmatisation and improve health outcomes through policy change recommendations. This critical discourse analysis of the UK ‘anti-obesity’ campaign ‘Better Health’, launched at the height of economic crisis of the pandemic, finds that a COVID-19/obesity risks-based discourse is given prominence. This placed a significant moral demand on larger bodied individuals, especially those from marginalised groups to effectively ‘perform health’ through behaviour change. It is concluded that this dual COVID-19/obesity discourse fostered negative connections between marginalised groups and an unsustainable demand on the NHS, that underscored a discourse of morality that propagates blame and shame and amplifies weight stigma.
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Rossi, Emily L., Subreen A. Khatib, Laura W. Bowers, Steven S. Doerstling, Andrew J. Dannenberg, and Stephen D. Hursting. "Abstract 2694: Target obesity-associated inflammation to decrease murine basal-like mammary tumor burden." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2017; April 1-5, 2017; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-2694.

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Sutanto, Alfiani Vivi, and Hanung Prasetya. "Obesity and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A Meta-Analysis Study in Asia and America." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.50.

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ABSTRACT Background: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common disorder with a prevalence of 20% in the United States and less than 5% in Asia. Untreated, GERD can result in a symptomatic burden to the patient, poor health-related quality of life, complications, such as esophageal stricture, Barrett’s esophagus, and esophageal adenocarcinoma, and a high direct and indirect cost to the healthcare system. Various pathophysiological mechanisms have been identified to explain the relationship between obesity and GERD, including a high prevalence of hiatal hernia and increased gastroesophageal pressure gradient. This study aimed to examine the association between obesity and GERD in Asia and America. Subjects and Method: This was meta-analysis and systematic review. The study was conducted by collecting articles from PubMed, Google Scholar, BMC Journals, Science Direct, Mendeley, and clinical key databases. Keywords used “Obesity” OR “HMI” AND “Gastroesophageal reflux disease” OR “GERD” AND “Effect obesity for GERD” AND “aOR”. The inclusion criteria were full text, using cross-sectional study design, and reporting adjusted odds ratio. The study population was adults who experienced GERD. Intervention was obesity. The study outcome was gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The articles were selected using PRISMA flow chart. The quantitative data were analyzed using random effect model run on Revman 5.3. Results: 5 studies were analyzed and reviewed for this study. Current study reported that obesity increased the risk of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (aOR= 2.04; 95% CI=1.42 to 2.92; p= 0.001). Conclusion: Obesity increases the risk of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Keywords: obesity, gastroesophageal reflux disease Correspondence: Alfiani Vivi Sutanto. Masters Program in Public Health. Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: alfianivivi85@gmail.com. Mobile: 085799253568. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.50
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Pappas, D., C. Etzel, M. Crabtree, J. Best, S. Zlotnick, and J. Kremer. "THU0150 Impact of comorbidity burden and obesity on the effectiveness of tocilizumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis." In Annual European Congress of Rheumatology, EULAR 2018, Amsterdam, 13–16 June 2018. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League Against Rheumatism, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-eular.1740.

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Gustafson, Kimberly, William Durfee, Gregory Voss, Andrew Hansen, and Gary Goldish. "A LIGHTWEIGHT, FOLDABLE MOTORIZED TRANSPORT CHAIR TO EASE CAREGIVER BURDEN." In 2023 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2023-6138.

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Abstract As the population ages, the number of caregivers in the Unites States is growing rapidly. The burden on these caregivers is exacerbated by steadily increasing obesity rates, which are highest in adults aged 50 to 70. The Caregiver-Assist Transport Chair (CATC) is designed to address the difficulty many caregivers experience assisting in the transportation of moderate to low mobility care recipients outside of the home for appointments, community engagements, or fresh air excursions. It is not uncommon for the caregiver to be elderly or of a smaller build than the care recipient, increasing the difficulty of pushing a transport chair for extended distances or across uneven or unlevel terrain. The CATC is equipped with intelligent motorized wheels that engage in the forward or reverse directions to maintain a consistently low effort required from the caregiver, independent of the weight of the care recipient. The chair assists on uphill terrain and slows on downhill descents to match the walking speed of the caregiver. In addition, the chair has a drop-down footplate mechanism that eliminates the need for the legs of the care recipient to be lifted onto foot pedals once seated. This footplate also serves as a brake to eliminate safety concerns associated with the chair rolling back as the user transitions between sitting and standing. While the CATC contains motorized elements, unlike a typical motorized wheelchair, it is lightweight, foldable, and easy to maneuver in and out of a vehicle.
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A Concept, Life-Style:. "Tailoring Motivational Mechanisms to Engage Teenagers in Healthy." In Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics Conference. AHFE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe100499.

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Overweight and obesity are the first leading risk related to nutrition for global deaths, in the last few years it outranked the famine. Obesity increases the risk of several debilitating, and deadly diseases, including diabetes, heart disease, and some cancers. Due to the many health risks associated with obesity, the financial burden that the treatment of this disease exercises on the European healthcare system is enormous. For this reason, the best strategy relies in prevention. In particular, the pervasiveness of technology can leverage an important advantage for the promotion of healthy behaviors in the new generations. This paper introduces PEGASO, a technological multidisciplinary project funded by the European Commission that aims at creating an ecosystem that can enable teenagers to adopt healthy habits leading to a healthy life-style. The ICT system plays an important role in the PEGASO ecosystem. This behavior change support system integrates a Virtual Individual Model that allows characterizing the physiological status, physical condition and the psychological status for each user. This allows the elaboration of tailored interventions aiming at promoting the adoption of healthy habits by the users. This paper describes this concept introducing the Virtual Individual Model and discusses the possible interventions related to the promotion of physical exercise and of healthy dietary habits. At the end of the paper, some indications about the future development of the PEGASO project are provided.
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Reports on the topic "The burden of obesity"

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Macinko, James, Inês Dourado, and Frederico C. Guanais. Chronic Diseases, Primary Care and Health Systems Performance: Diagnostics, Tools and Interventions. Inter-American Development Bank, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007980.

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Growing exposure to risk factors in combination with low levels of access to preventive care are increasing unmet health needs. LAC has been experiencing a "nutrition transition" towards less healthy diets. Thirty to sixty percent of the region's population does not achieve the minimum recommended levels of physical activity and obesity is rising rapidly. Inadequate access to high quality health services, including clinical prevention and diagnostic services and difficult access to essential medicines are significant contributing factors to the growing burden of chronic disease.
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Keshav, Dr Geetha, Dr Suwaibah Fatima Samer, Dr Salman Haroon, and Dr Mohammed Abrar Hassan. TO STUDY THE CORRELATION OF BMI WITH ABO BLOOD GROUP AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK AMONG MEDICAL STUDENTS. World Wide Journals, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36106/ijar/2405523.

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Introduction: Advancements and increase in access to healthcare have increased the life expectancy in India from 32 years in 1947 to almost 70 years currently. Due to robust vaccination and basic health programs, most of the communicable diseases are kept under control. The disease burden is now skewed towards non-communicable diseases. It is an established fact that body mass index (BMI) is a reliable predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) later in life. Early prediction can decrease the disease load and enable early preventative measures. A more novel approach of connecting it with blood groups would yield profound results in predictability and subsequent management. This study was done to see correlation between BMI and known blood groups in order to predict the potential incidence of CVDs in medical students. Material and Method - A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in Bhaskar Medical College from September 2022 - November 2022. The sample population included 150- 1st year medical students chosen by Randomized sampling method. BMI was calculated based as weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters (kg/m2). Discussion - Many studies conducted on the association of Blood groups with BMI yielded mixed and inconclusive results. On analysis of the data obtained from this study, O- positive blood group showed the highest inclination towards obesity i.e. 30 of the total participants. A-positive and B- positive blood groups were shown to have a lesser association with obesity i.e. 11 participants of the 150. These results were in accordance with a study done among female students by Shireen Javad et.al, nding blood group O to be the most prone to obesity.8 Incompatible to our results, a study conducted by Samuel Smith Isaac Okai et.al. found no signicant association between blood groups and BMI.10 Another study conducted by Christina Ravillo et.al. found that blood group O had the highest and blood group AB with lowest prevalence of obesity9. These ndings were similar to the results obtained in our study. To study the correlation of BMI with ABO blood group and Cardiovascula AIMS and OBJECTIVES Aim: - r risk among medical students. 1. Calculate and segregate the participants according to BM Objectives: - I using the standard formula provided by the WHO. 1. Determine Blood group using antisera 2. Evaluation of Lipid prole in obese individuals
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-. STEPS: prevalence of noncommunicable disease risk factors in Ukraine. Public Health Center of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, 2020. https://doi.org/10.63263/ncd000001.

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In Ukraine, as in other countries, noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) remain the principal cause of morbidity, disability and premature mortality. The most effective way to reduce the NCD burden is to prevent NCD development, by addressing the behavioural risk factors underlying NCDs at the population and individual levels: smoking, alcohol use, excessive salt intake, low physical activity, overweight and obesity, and unhealthy diets. In Ukraine, a national survey of the prevalence of major NCD risk factors, aligned with the WHO-endorsed STEPwise approach to surveillance (STEPS) methodology, was conducted for the first time in 2019. The survey results will allow an objective view of the current situation regarding the prevalence of NCD risk factors in the adult population of the country to be formed and will determine approaches to NCD prevention and control in Ukraine over the coming years.
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Luoto, Jill, and Katherine Grace Carman. Behavioral Economics Guidelines with Applications for Health Interventions. Inter-American Development Bank, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009206.

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Chronic diseases have risen in prominence in recent years and are now the major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. The rise in rates of obesity and aging populations are two primary drivers of this global trend, which is predicted to continue to rise in the absence of effective interventions. Notably, much of this disease burden is due to individual behaviors such as physical inactivity, tobacco use, poor eating habits, and lack of proper preventive care. The growing field of behavioral economics combines the fields of psychology and economics to present a potentially promising new understanding of the causes for when and why people's short term decisions often undermine their long-term interests, and people's behavior deviates from a fully rational model. This paper shows how, by incorporating these insights, behavioral economics may be used to inform the design of more effective health policies and projects.
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Pastor, Lubos, Robert Stambaugh, and Lucian Taylor. Carbon Burden. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w33110.

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Devane, Ed, and Sarah Bunn. Childhood Obesity. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/pn640.

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In 2019, the UK Government called childhood obesity "one of the biggest health challenges this country faces". Childhood obesity contributes to a range of physical and mental health conditions. This POSTnote outlines current trends in childhood obesity, the impacts on children's health and access to support. It also covers key risk factors for childhood obesity and evidence on the effectiveness of policies to address it.
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Heinemann-Heile, Vanessa, Hans-Peter Huber, Ralf Maiterth, Caren Sureth-Sloane, and Martin Fochmann. Tax Burden on German Companies – Income Tax Burden and Administrative Costs. TRR 266 Accounting for Transparency, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52569/ncai8648.

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Collins, Gregory. Pennsylvania School Tax Burden. Consortium for Policy Research in Education, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.12698/cpre.2016.pb16-1.

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Clarke, Robert R. Obesity and Breast Cancer. Defense Technical Information Center, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada442187.

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Fuzzybub, Mr. Living with Feline Obesity. Fuzzybub, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5555/char:test.

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