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Journal articles on the topic 'The burden of obesity'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 23 June 2025

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1

Hashim, Muhammad Jawad. "Global burden of obesity." International Journal of Growth and Development 1, no. 1 (2017): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.25081/ijgd.2017.v1i1.46.

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Global burden of obesity Introduction The burden of nutritional disorders is increasing despite advances in scientific research and health promotion. Nutritional disorders include excess body mass conditions especially obesity (body mass index [BMI] > 30 kg/m2) and being overweight (BMI > 25 and < 30 kg/m2). These conditions are now considered as precursors to several diseases including diabetes, heart disease, musculoskeletal disorders as well as psychiatric illnesses. We studied the global burden of obesity to assess temporal trends and regional variations of this highly prevalent nutritional disorder. Methods We used the Global Burden of Disease database from the Institute of Health Metrics (www.healthdata.org) at the University of Washington, Seattle. This database collates data from a very large number of studies and census figures to generate regional estimates for health statistics. We analyzed the data from 1990 to 2015 using global averages for years lived with disability (YLD). The primary risk factor analyzed was ‘High body-mass index’. The effect of high BMI on all causes of health reduction (including diabetes) were studied for temporal (1990 to 2015) and regional/national patterns. Results The global of burden of diseases due to high BMI is rising continuously, from 213 YLDs per 100,000 in 1990 to 388 YLDs in 2015. A high burden of YLDs was seen in developed regions including North America and Australasia. Northern Europe and Middle East were also disproportionately affected. Areas with low rates of YLDs from obesity included sub-Saharan Africa, south Asia and south east Asia. Marked increases in the rates per 100,000 populations were seen over 1990 to 2015 in countries such as Fiji, USA, Egypt and Ukraine. The burden of suffering is higher among women than men. Conclusion The global burden of suffering due to illnesses caused by high body mass index is continuing to rise. Existing public health measures appear to be ineffective and more efficacious nutritional education and health promotion strategies are urgently needed. Conflicts of interest disclosure: no external or commercial funding source, and no holding of significant equity in a company relevant to the study.

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Bhalerao, Supriya, and JyotiBala Banjare. "Obesity associated noncommunicable disease burden." International Journal of Health & Allied Sciences 5, no. 2 (2016): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2278-344x.180429.

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Kjellberg, Jakob, Arendse Tange Larsen, Rikke Ibsen, and Betina Højgaard. "The Socioeconomic Burden of Obesity." Obesity Facts 10, no. 5 (2017): 493–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000480404.

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4

Sarwer, David B., and Heather M. Polonsky. "The Psychosocial Burden of Obesity." Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 45, no. 3 (2016): 677–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2016.04.016.

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Nguyen, Dang M., and Hashem B. El-Serag. "The big burden of obesity." Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 70, no. 4 (2009): 752–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2009.04.003.

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Elezbawy, B., A. N. Fasseeh, M. Aboulghate, et al. "PMU26 Burden of Obesity in Egypt." Value in Health 23 (December 2020): S607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2020.08.1238.

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Ramachandran, Ambady, and Chamukuttan Snehalatha. "Rising Burden of Obesity in Asia." Journal of Obesity 2010 (2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/868573.

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Overweight and obesity have reached epidemic proportions in many Asian countries. These countries also face a grave burden of obesity-related disorders such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases, which develop at a younger age than in Western populations. These disorders are also manifested in childhood. The major causative factors are related to the lifestyle changes occurring due to rapid socioeconomic transition. Asian populations show several differences in genetic factors when compared with the white population, and they also have lower cut points for environmental risk factors. National programmes targeting public awareness, education and improved structural facilities to facilitate healthy lifestyle are the keys to alleviate the economic and health care burden of the obesity-related disorders.

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Benotti, Peter, G. Craig Wood, Christopher Still, Anthony Petrick, and William Strodel. "Obesity disease burden and surgical risk." Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases 2, no. 6 (2006): 600–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2006.08.004.

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Jones, Helen. "Obesity Burden in US Challenges SNFs." Caring for the Ages 18, no. 7 (2017): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carage.2017.06.012.

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Pappas, Dimitrios A., Carol J. Etzel, Margaux Crabtree, et al. "Effectiveness of Tocilizumab in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Is Unaffected by Comorbidity Burden or Obesity: Data from a US Registry." Journal of Rheumatology 47, no. 10 (2020): 1464–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.190282.

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ObjectiveComorbidity burden and obesity may affect treatment response in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Few real-world studies have evaluated the effect of comorbidity burden or obesity on the effectiveness of tocilizumab (TCZ). This study evaluated TCZ effectiveness in treating RA patients with high versus low comorbidity burden and obesity versus nonobesity in US clinical practice.MethodsPatients in the Corrona RA registry who initiated TCZ were stratified by low or high comorbidity burden using a modified Charlson Comorbidity Index (mCCI) and by obese or nonobese status using body mass index (BMI). Improvements in disease activity and functionality after TCZ initiation were compared for the above strata of patients at 6 and 12 months after adjusting for statistically significant differences in baseline characteristics.ResultsWe identified patients with high (mCCI ≥ 2; n = 195) and low (mCCI < 2; n = 575) comorbidity burden and patients categorized as obese (BMI ≥ 30; n = 356) and nonobese (BMI < 30; n = 449) who were treated with TCZ. Most patients (> 95%) were biologic experienced and about one-third of patients received TCZ as monotherapy, with no significant differences between patients by comorbidity burden or obesity status. Improvement in disease activity and functionality at 6 and 12 months was similar between groups, regardless of comorbidity burden or obesity status.ConclusionIn this real-world analysis, TCZ was frequently used to treat patients with high comorbidity burden or obesity. Effectiveness of TCZ did not differ by comorbidity or obesity status.

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Malkin, Jesse D., Drishti Baid, Reem F. Alsukait, et al. "The economic burden of overweight and obesity in Saudi Arabia." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (2022): e0264993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264993.

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Context The prevalence of overweight and obesity in Saudi Arabia has been rising. Although the health burden of excess weight is well established, little is known about the economic burden. Aims To assess the economic burden—both direct medical costs and the value of absenteeism and presenteeism—resulting from overweight and obesity in Saudi Arabia. Settings and design The cost of overweight and obesity in Saudi Arabia was estimated from a societal perspective using an epidemiologic approach. Methods and materials Data were obtained from previously published studies and secondary databases. Statistical analysis used Overweight/obesity-attributable costs were calculated for six major noncommunicable diseases; sensitivity analyses were conducted for key model parameters. Results The impact of overweight and obesity for these diseases is found to directly cost a total of $3.8 billion, equal to 4.3 percent of total health expenditures in Saudi Arabia in 2019. Estimated overweight and obesity–attributable absenteeism and presenteeism costs a total of $15.5 billion, equal to 0.9 percent of GDP in 2019. Conclusions Even when limited to six diseases and a subset of total indirect costs, results indicate that overweight and obesity are a significant economic burden in Saudi Arabia. Future studies should identify strategies to reduce the health and economic burden resulting from excess weight in Saudi Arabia.

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Seidell, Jacob C. "The Burden of Obesity and Its Sequelae." Disease Management and Health Outcomes 5, no. 1 (1999): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00115677-199905010-00002.

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Rahimi, Bahlol, Hasan Yusefzadeh, and Ali Rashidi. "Economic burden of obesity: A systematic review." Social Health and Behavior 2, no. 1 (2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/shb.shb_37_18.

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Chauhan, Anubhav, and ShashiDatt Sharma. "Comments on "Obesity associated noncommunicable disease burden"." International Journal of Health & Allied Sciences 5, no. 3 (2016): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2278-344x.187839.

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&NA;. "Rimonabant relieves obesity burden in overweight patients." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1526 (2006): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-200615260-00013.

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Lavie, Carl J., Richard V. Milani, and Hector O. Ventura. "Untangling the heavy cardiovascular burden of obesity." Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine 5, no. 7 (2008): 428–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncpcardio1257.

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Sieck, Gary. "Physiology in Perspective: The Burden of Obesity." Physiology 29, no. 2 (2014): 86–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00004.2014.

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Jutel, Annemarie. "Weighing Health: The Moral Burden of Obesity." Social Semiotics 15, no. 2 (2005): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10350330500154717.

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Aiyar, Anaka, Andaleeb Rahman, and Prabhu Pingali. "India’s rural transformation and rising obesity burden." World Development 138 (February 2021): 105258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105258.

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20

Tarride, JE, M. Haq, D. O'Reilly, et al. "PSY18 THE BURDEN OF OBESITY IN ONTARIO." Value in Health 12, no. 7 (2009): A378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1098-3015(10)74861-0.

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21

Thompson, David, and Anne M. Wolf. "The medical-care cost burden of obesity." Obesity Reviews 2, no. 3 (2001): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-789x.2001.00037.x.

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22

Seipel, Michael M. O. "Social Burden of Obesity on US Adults." Journal of Health & Social Policy 20, no. 2 (2005): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j045v20n02_01.

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23

Karlsson, Erik A., and Melinda A. Beck. "The burden of obesity on infectious disease." Experimental Biology and Medicine 235, no. 12 (2010): 1412–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/ebm.2010.010227.

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Müller-Riemenschneider, Falk, Thomas Reinhold, Anne Berghöfer, and Stefan N. Willich. "Health-economic burden of obesity in Europe." European Journal of Epidemiology 23, no. 8 (2008): 499–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10654-008-9239-1.

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Wissler, Richard N. "Obesity in the parturient: an increasing burden." International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 17, no. 1 (2008): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijoa.2007.10.001.

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ZOLER, MITCHEL L. "Obesity Linked to Higher AF Recurrence, Burden." Clinical Endocrinology News 5, no. 10 (2010): 20. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1558-0164(10)70349-7.

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Wulandari, Galih Putri, and Susi Ari Kristina. "Direct and Indirect Cost of Obesity: A Systematic Review." Global Journal of Health Science 10, no. 9 (2018): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v10n9p122.

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Obesity is a predictor for various diseases, especially for non-communicable diseases. Obesity impacts large economic burden for patient, healthcare system and the government. This study aims to review the economic impact of obesity worldwide, in terms of direct and indirect costs component of obesity. A systematic review was performed on PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar databases during the period 2008-2018. A combination key terms such as “obesity”, “overweight and obesity”, “weight excess”, “economic burden”, “financial burden”, “cost”, “cost of illness”, “direct cost”, “healthcare cost”, “indirect cost”, “productivity loss cost”, and “adult” were used for the search. Relevant original articles published in English and reported both direct and indirect cost of obesity were included in the study. A total of 61 studies were retrieved, then 8 studies were finally selected that met all eligibility criteria which reported both direct and indirect cost of obesity in developing and developed countries. Almost all of studies reported that indirect costs have more proportion than direct costs. The economic burden of obesity was estimated to 0.13-0.22% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and 1.5-5.6% of health expenditures. Our review indicated that the direct and indirect cost of obesity has a significant impact to healthcare system and the country. Some health programs and policies are required and should be implemented as soon as possible to reduce the economic impact of obesity.

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Madhab, Gayatri, and Arindam Bharadwaz. "Maternal Obesity and Congenital Anomalies: Its Implications and Future Trends." Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 7, no. 3 (2015): 134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10006-1343.

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ABSTRACT Objectives To find the current body of evidence for maternal obesity's association with and its burden on congenital malformations and to estimate its financial and mortality implications as well as future trend. Materials and methods Thorough search and review of current literature with deductive interpretations. Results and evidence Obesity is associated with certain types of congenital anomalies like neural tube defects (NTD), congenital heart defects (CHDs), orofacial defects, etc. The burden in absolute numbers for major CHD and NTD attributable to obesity can be estimated to be 0.42 to 1.05 and 0.588 to 1.12 per 10,000 births respectively. Remarks and conclusion Contribution of maternal obesity on perinatal mortality could be anywhere from 6 to 20 per 1,00,000 births. However, its economic implications could be substantial. Current trend indicates that contribution of obesity to certain congenital anomalies may increase in future. How to cite this article Madhab G, Bharadwaz A. Maternal Obesity and Congenital Anomalies: Its Implications and Future Trends. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2015;7(3):134-142.

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N.A., Jumaev, Teshaev O.R., Tavasharov B.N., Juraev J.Z., and Lim I.I. "Global Burden of Metabolic Diseases: Epidemiological Trends and Therapeutic Implications." American Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research 7, no. 5 (2025): 89–95. https://doi.org/10.37547/tajmspr/volume07issue05-16.

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Background: Metabolic diseases represent a growing global health challenge, with significant increases in prevalence, morbidity, and healthcare costs worldwide. Recent epidemiological data reveal concerning trends in disease burden across all age groups and geographic regions. Objective: This comprehensive review examines the global burden of metabolic diseases from 1990 to 2021, analyzing epidemiological trends, risk factors, and the impact of high body mass index on disease development and progression. Methods: A systematic analysis of Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 data was conducted, focusing on metabolic disease prevalence, disability-adjusted life years, and mortality patterns. Special attention was given to trends in adolescents and young adults aged 15-39 years. Results: The global burden of metabolic diseases has increased substantially over three decades, with obesity-related conditions showing the most dramatic rises. Young adults demonstrate particularly concerning trends, with significant increases in diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome prevalence. Conclusions: Urgent public health interventions are needed to address the growing burden of metabolic diseases. Comprehensive strategies targeting modifiable risk factors, particularly obesity, are essential for reversing current epidemiological trends.

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Sun, Xiaomin, Alice Fang Yan, Zumin Shi, et al. "Health consequences of obesity and projected future obesity health burden in China." Obesity 30, no. 9 (2022): 1724–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oby.23472.

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Qadeer, Dr Asma Abdul, Dr Rabia Mehmood, Dr Nadia Junaid, Dr Sara Bashir, Dr Saadia Baran, and Dr Saira Mahmood. "Obesity, A Preventable Burden of Disease among Children." Saudi Journal of Medicine 7, no. 1 (2022): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjm.2022.v07i01.010.

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Background: In last few decades, childhood obesity has become a burdensome challenge globally. The most important long-term consequence of childhood obesity is its persistence into adulthood, with all the associated health risks. Persistent obesity is established before the age of 11. Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study with non-probability convenient sampling was carried out over a period of three month in a private sector school Islamabad, Pakistan. The sampling frame was 250 students of grade 4 of roots school system. The response rate was 67%. Results: Mean age in our sample was 10 years. Mean BMI was 18.14 with a standard deviation of 4.4. The frequency of obesity in children was 22% (more than 97th percentile and equivalent to BMI of 30kg/m 2) and that of overweight was 32% (more than 85th percentile and BMI of). Among obese children 28% were reasonably physically active the past week. Regarding eating habits 52% children ate their breakfast every day, 16% of the children never had their breakfast because they didn’t like breakfast or because they were never given breakfast at home. 55% of the children thought that obesity can be prevented by making sure that children are into sports and games, by promoting healthy snacks and banning fast foods, by launching fitness programs and by health education. Conclusion: We found a high frequency of obese and overweight children in the private sector school of Islamabad. Physical inactivity and relationship with other factors like watching TV, gaming and over consumption of junk food was found to be associated with overweight and obesity adds some useful data to the previous researches.

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Ji, Kai, and Chenming Li. "Current Status and Potential Recommendations of Childhood Obesity in China." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 45, no. 1 (2024): 202–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/45/20230532.

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Childhood obesity has become a thorny issue that has aroused mounting concern worldwide. Especially in China, the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Chinese children has risen rapidly in recent decades, which face serious challenges. Despite lacking the research focused on the economic burden of childhood obesity in China, it can be inferred that childhood obesity and possible health risks in adulthood will impose tremendous economic burden. In China, there were many effective interventions that can help address childhood obesity, including suitable preventions, drugs and surgeries. Besides, the government also provided support for the increasing childhood obesity problem by introducing related policies. However, theres still room for improvement about the childhood obesity in China. This article aims to clarify the current situation of childhood obesity in China and further provide some reference suggestions from the perspectives of the government, pharmaceutical companies and children. In order to reduce the disease burden of childhood obesity to some extent, this article aims to put forward suggestions that are suitable for Chinese children and adolescents according to the actual situations of China.

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Seidell, Jacob C., and Jutka Halberstadt. "The Global Burden of Obesity and the Challenges of Prevention." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 66, Suppl. 2 (2015): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000375143.

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The prevalence of obesity is increasing at an alarming rate in many parts of the world. About 2 billion people are overweight and one third of them obese. The plight of the most affected populations, like those in high-income countries in North America, Australasia and Europe, has been well publicized. However, the more recent increases in population obesity in low- and middle-income countries that are now increasingly being observed have been less recognized. Based on the existing prevalence and trend data and the epidemiological evidence linking obesity with a range of physical and psychosocial health conditions, it is reasonable to describe obesity as a public health crisis that severely impairs the health and quality of life of people and adds considerably to national health-care budgets. Intersectoral action to manage and prevent obesity is urgently required to reverse current trends.

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Iski, Gabriella, and Imre Rurik. "The estimated economic burden of overweight and obesity in Hungary." Orvosi Hetilap 155, no. 35 (2014): 1406–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2014.29902.

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Introduction: The pandemic of obesity has a great impact on the health care system, and it accounts for an increasing ratio of health care expenses. Aim: The aim of this study was to estimate the economic burden of overweight and obesity including both the health care budget and financial contribution of patients. Method: Data of the Hungarian National Health Insurance Fund were analyzed in the financial year of 2012. Expenses related to inpatient (hospital) and outpatient services and sick-leave finances related to obesity, diabetes and hypertension were analyzed. The incidence of obesity was calculated as high as 80% in diabetics and 60% in patients with hypertension. Results: According to this method of estimation, 207,000 million HUF (680 million EUR) was spent for treatment, which accounts for 11.6% of the total Hungarian health budget and corresponds to 0.73% of the gross domestic product. Additionally, at least 22,000 million HUF was paid by the patients as contribution to treatment. However, expenses related to overweight and obesity may be even higher considering a higher prevalence rate of overweight and obesity, and the occurrence of co-morbidities with higher costs (between 15% and 18% of the total health expenditure and at least 1% of the gross domestic product). Conclusions: The results confirm that obesity- and overweight-related expenses represent a significant proportion of health care expenditure. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(35), 1406–1412.

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Rodríguez-Monsalve, María, Manuel Durán-Poveda, Victoria Gómez Dos Santos, et al. "Impact of Obesity on Hospitalization Burden of Urolithiasis in Spain Between 1997 and 2021." Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 2 (2025): 381. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14020381.

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Background/Objective: The prevalence of kidney stones has increased, especially in industrialized countries. Obesity and metabolic syndrome have also risen significantly and are considered factors driving this trend. Our goal was to assess the hospitalization burden of kidney stones and identify epidemiological trends in Spain over the past 25 years. Additionally, this study analyzed the relationship between the data of kidney stone patients and obesity-coded diagnoses in hospital discharges. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted with the data from 1,070,192 patients hospitalized for urolithiasis between 1997 and 2021 using the Minimum Basic Data System. The hospitalization burden of lithiasis and its association with obesity was analyzed, alongside trend evaluations. The incidence of lithiasis in obese hospitalized patients versus all hospitalizations was compared. Mortality rates, length of stay, and the costs of lithiasis hospitalizations were evaluated to determine obesity’s impact on lithiasis patients. Results: Kidney stone cases increased by 1.8% annually (CI 95%: 0.2–3.3), with a more pronounced 10.7% (CI 95%: 7.3–14.2) increase in obesity-related hospitalizations. Obesity increased the likelihood of lithiasis hospitalization by 15.6 times and was associated with higher hospitalization costs. However, obesity did not significantly affect hospital stay duration or mortality rates. Conclusions: The increasing burden of kidney stone hospitalizations in Spain is linked to rising obesity rates. Obesity contributes to higher hospitalization costs. Preventive strategies targeting obesity should be implemented to reduce the burden on healthcare systems.

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Muthoni L, Kibibi. "The Interconnections between Obesity, Diabetes, Breast Cancer, and Hospital Costs." RESEARCH INVENTION JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC AND EXPERIMENTAL SCIENCES 4, no. 2 (2024): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.59298/rijses/2024/425560.

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Obesity and diabetes are prominent public health concerns, closely linked to an increased risk of chronic diseases, including breast cancer. The interconnections between these conditions contribute to significant financial burdens on healthcare systems, encompassing both direct and indirect hospital costs. This review explores the complex relationships between obesity, diabetes, and breast cancer, emphasizing their collective impact on hospital costs. By examining the mechanisms that connect these conditions and their economic implications, the review highlights the need for comprehensive and integrated strategies that address prevention, early intervention, and cost-effective care. The findings underscore the importance of public health initiatives, innovative treatment approaches, and collaborative efforts among stakeholders to mitigate the growing healthcare costs associated with these interconnected conditions. The review concludes by identifying research gaps and future directions aimed at improving patient outcomes and reducing the economic burden on healthcare systems. Keywords: Obesity, Diabetes, Breast Cancer, Hospital Costs, Chronic Diseases, Public Health, Economic Burden.

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Shakoori, Irfan Sharif, Gohar Ashraf, Fauzia Aslam, and Hammad Akram. "Disease Burden, Mechanism and Management of Obesity – Where Do We Stand?" Journal of Interdisciplinary Medicine 5, no. 2 (2020): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jim-2020-0008.

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AbstractThe role of increased body mass index in general morbidity and mortality is well documented. This global public health issue continues to represent a major burden and threat to health systems and the population’s wellbeing. Global statistics show that the prevalence of obesity has increased about three times since the mid-1970s, and an upward trend is still observed, not only in developed but also in developing countries. We used several databases, including PubMed, ProQuest, and Google Scholar, to perform a literature search and review on obesity. Keywords such as “obesity”, “overweight”, and “BMI” were used in combination with multiple keywords such as “mechanism”, “factors”, “socio-economic”, “environmental”, “social determinants”, “management”, “treatment”, “non-traditional treatment”, “alternative therapies”, “non-pharmaceutical treatment” etc. and related phrases. According to the literature, the management of obesity is difficult due to the complex nature of this problem in terms of its course, complications, risks, and etiological factors. The role of alternative therapies in obesity management is still unclear, and further research is needed in this area. Recently introduced weight-loss and -management devices can also help in losing excess bodyweight. The present article summarizes relevant information related to obesity, collected from different regions of the world, and discusses diverse interventional approaches to treat obesity.

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Annadurai, Kalaivani, Geetha Mani, Raja Dhanasekaran1, and Jegadeesh Ramasamy. "Waist Circumference: A Key Tool for Action against Central Obesity." Journal of Comprehensive Health 3, no. 1 (2020): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.53553/jch.v03i01.009.

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Worldwide, obesity is the fifth leading cause of death and it contributes to 44% of the burden of diabetes, 23% of ischemic heart disease and in between 7% to 41% of cancer burden.1 Globally, 400 million adults are obese and one billion are overweight. Central obesity is more dangerous than general obesity, as it attributes to insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease risks.2 Abdominal or central obesity measured by waist circumference is the better and accurate predictor of cardiovascular and metabolic syndrome risk than the general obesity assessed by Body Mass Index (BMI). 3

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Chaikriangkrai, Kongkiat, Mahwash Kassi, Sayf Khaleel bala, Faisal Nabi, and Su Min Chang. "Atherosclerosis Burden in Patients with Acute Chest Pain: Obesity Paradox." ISRN Obesity 2014 (January 12, 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/634717.

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Obesity paradox has been described in various populations of coronary artery disease, mainly asymptomatic subjects. However, relationship between obesity and coronary artery calcification detected by cardiac CT in symptomatic patients has rarely been demonstrated. This study seeks to investigate whether the paradoxical relationship between obesity and coronary artery calcification exists in patients with acute chest pain. A final cohort of 1030 chest pain patients presenting at our emergency department who underwent coronary evaluation by multidetector cardiac CT were examined. With absent-to-mild coronary calcification (CAC score < 100) as a referent, multivariable analysis showed that presence of obesity (OR 0.564; 95% CI 0.395, 0.806; P 0.002), body mass index (OR 0.945; 95% CI 0.920, 0.971; P<0.001), body weight (OR 0.987; 95% CI 0.979, 0.995; P 0.001), and body surface area (OR 0.582; 95% CI 0.369, 0.920; P 0.020) were inversely associated with moderate-to-severe coronary calcification (CAC score ≥ 100). This study extends the concept of obesity paradox to symptomatic patients undergoing coronary artery calcium score assessment. However, biological explanation(s) of this paradox remains unanswered.

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Narang, Indra, and Joseph L. Mathew. "Childhood Obesity and Obstructive Sleep Apnea." Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/134202.

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The global epidemic of childhood and adolescent obesity and its immediate as well as long-term consequences for obese individuals and society as a whole cannot be overemphasized. Obesity in childhood and adolescence is associated with an increased risk of adult obesity and clinically significant consequences affecting the cardiovascular and metabolic systems. Importantly, obesity is additionally complicated by obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), occurring in up to 60% of obese children. OSA, which is diagnosed using the gold standard polysomnogram (PSG), is characterised by snoring, recurrent partial (hypopneas) or complete (apneas) obstruction of the upper airway. OSA is frequently associated with intermittent oxyhemoglobin desaturations, sleep disruption, and sleep fragmentation. There is emerging data that OSA is associated with cardiovascular burden including systemic hypertension, changes in ventricular structure and function, arterial stiffness, and metabolic syndromes. Thus, OSA in the context of obesity may independently or synergistically magnify the underlying cardiovascular and metabolic burden. This is of importance as early recognition and treatment of OSA in obese children are likely to result in the reduction of cardiometabolic burden in obese children. This paper summarizes the current state of understanding of obesity-related OSA. Specifically, this paper will discuss epidemiology, pathophysiology, cardiometabolic burden, and management of obese children and adolescents with OSA.

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Viner, Russell M., Sanjay Kinra, Dasha Nicholls, et al. "Burden of child and adolescent obesity on health services in England." Archives of Disease in Childhood 103, no. 3 (2017): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2017-313009.

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ObjectiveTo assess the numbers of obese children and young people (CYP) eligible for assessment and management at each stage of the childhood obesity pathway in England.DesignPathway modelling study, operationalising the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidance on childhood obesity management against national survey data.SettingData on CYP aged 2–18 years from the Health Survey for England 2006 to 2013.Main outcome measuresClinical obesity (body mass index (BMI) >98th centile), extreme obesity (BMI ≥99.86th centile); family history of cardiovascular disease or type 2 diabetes; obesity comorbidities defined as primary care detectable (hypertension, orthopaedic or mobility problems, bullying or psychological distress) or secondary care detectable (dyslipidaemia, hyperinsulinaemia, high glycated haemoglobin, abnormal liver function).Results11.2% (1.22 million) of CYP in England were eligible for primary care assessment and for community lifestyle modification. 2.6% (n=283 500) CYP were estimated to be likely to attend primary care. 5.1% (n=556 000) were eligible for secondary care referral. Among those aged 13–18 years, 8.2% (n=309 000) were eligible for antiobesity drug therapy and 2.4% (90 500) of English CYP were eligible for bariatric surgery. CYP from the most deprived quintile were 1.5-fold to 3-fold more likely to be eligible for obesity management.ConclusionsThere is a mismatch between population burden and available data on service use for obesity in CYP in England, particularly among deprived young people. There is a need for consistent evidence-based commissioning of services across the childhood obesity pathway based on population burden.

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Boutrid, Nada, Hakim Rahmoune, and Abdelkarim Radoui. "An Increasing “Heavy” Burden: Child Obesity and Overweight." Metabolism 116 (March 2021): 154690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154690.

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Rohrer, James E., Norman H. Rasmussen, Margaret S. Houston, and Kurt B. Angstman. "Obesity and Symptom Burden in Family Medicine Patients." Patient: Patient-Centered Outcomes Research 1, no. 3 (2008): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/1312067-200801030-00003.

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Tsur, Avishai M., and Gilad Twig. "The actual burden of obesity—accounting for multimorbidity." Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 10, no. 4 (2022): 233–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2213-8587(22)00073-0.

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Tremmel, Maximilian, Ulf-G. Gerdtham, Peter Nilsson, and Sanjib Saha. "Economic Burden of Obesity: A Systematic Literature Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 4 (2017): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14040435.

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Stokes, Andrew, and Samuel H. Preston. "Revealing the burden of obesity using weight histories." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 3 (2016): 572–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1515472113.

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Analyses of the relation between obesity and mortality typically evaluate risk with respect to weight recorded at a single point in time. As a consequence, there is generally no distinction made between nonobese individuals who were never obese and nonobese individuals who were formerly obese and lost weight. We introduce additional data on an individual’s maximum attained weight and investigate four models that represent different combinations of weight at survey and maximum weight. We use data from the 1988–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, linked to death records through 2011, to estimate parameters of these models. We find that the most successful models use data on maximum weight, and the worst-performing model uses only data on weight at survey. We show that the disparity in predictive power between these models is related to exceptionally high mortality among those who have lost weight, with the normal-weight category being particularly susceptible to distortions arising from weight loss. These distortions make overweight and obesity appear less harmful by obscuring the benefits of remaining never obese. Because most previous studies are based on body mass index at survey, it is likely that the effects of excess weight on US mortality have been consistently underestimated.

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Severi, Cecilia, and Ximena Moratorio. "Double burden of undernutrition and obesity in Uruguay." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 100, no. 6 (2014): 1659S—1662S. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.083808.

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MA, RONALD C. W., JULIANA C. N. CHAN, WING HUNG TAM, MARK A. HANSON, and PETER D. GLUCKMAN. "Gestational Diabetes, Maternal Obesity, and the NCD Burden." Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 56, no. 3 (2013): 633–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/grf.0b013e31829e5bb0.

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Rtveladze, Ketevan, Tim Marsh, Laura Webber, et al. "Health and Economic Burden of Obesity in Brazil." PLoS ONE 8, no. 7 (2013): e68785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068785.

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Zhang, Zhi-yun, and Ming-wei Wang. "Obesity, a health burden of a global nature." Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 33, no. 2 (2012): 145–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/aps.2011.185.

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