Journal articles: 'The business judgement rule'

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Hafizh Akram, Muhamad, and Nisriina Primadani Fanaro. "IMPLEMENTASI DOKTRIN BUSINESS JUDGEMENT RULE DI INDONESIA." Ganesha Law Review 1, no. 1 (May 17, 2019): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/glr.v1i1.21.

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The Board of Directors is one of the most important organs in a Limited Liability Company. Management of the Company that carried out by the board of directors includes running business activities, controlling, and making business decisions that have an impact on a Limited Liability Company whether the decision will cause loss or profit. In making business decisions, the Board of Directors must do so in the manner of good faith, carefully, and in accordance with the aims and objectives of the Company's establishment. If the directors already made the decision the correct manner, they cannot be held personally accountable for the decisions they make. That is what a Business judgment rules is, a doctrine that provides protection to directors to not be personally responsible if the business decisions taken cause losses to the company. Relying on a literature study, the business judgment rule is implicitly regulated in article 92 paragraph 1 and 97 paragraph 5 of Law no. 40 of 2007 regarding the Limited Liability Companies, several cases related to the business judgment rule, this article intends to analyze the implementation of the doctrine of the business judgment rule in Indonesia

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Ariyadi, Franky. "Penerapan Business Judgement Rules Dalam Badan Usaha Milik Negara Studi Kasus PT Asuransi Jiwasraya." Indonesian Journal of Law and Policy Studies 1, no. 1 (May 31, 2020): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31000/ijlp.v1i1.2635.

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In the case of PT Asuransi Jiwasraya, the company’s management decision caused the company to suffer a loss. To prove whether the Business Judgement Rulr can be used to protect the decisions that have been made, surely it must proven first: how the decision process is made, both from the legal aspects of the company and the criteria for the Business Judgement Rule.

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Margotta, Donald G. "The Business Judgement Rule vs. the Efficient Market Hypothesis." Managerial Finance 21, no. 5 (May 1995): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb018515.

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Wardhana, Gideon Paskha. "BUSINESS JUDGEMENT RULE SEBAGAI PERLINDUNGAN ATAS PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN PRIBADI DIREKSI PERSEROAN." Jurnal Riset Manajemen dan Bisnis 14, no. 1 (July 12, 2019): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21460/jrmb.2019.141.316.

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This research is intended to understand the implementation of the business judgement rule doctrine (“BJR”) in the corporate law of Australia, Netherlands and within the Act No. 40 Year 2007 concerning Limited Liability Company, and the importance of BJR to directors and the company that they manage. This research is a normative juridical study conducted through library research and analyzed by qualitative research methods on secondary data and by comparing the implementation of BJR doctrine in Australia and Netherlands. The result of the study shows that BJR gives a legal protection to company’s directors and officers from liability on every policy or business judgement or transaction that is harmful to the company, as long as the policy or business judgement or transaction is done in good faith, due care, and within the scope of their duty and authority. The BJR doctrine also gives an advantage as a rule of consideration and action for company’s directors and officers, therefore they will have more courage to take business decisions which has a strategic value and profitable to the company that they manage. Key words: business judgement rule, duty of good faith, duty of care. ABSTRAK Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk memahami penerapan doktrin business judgement rule (“BJR”) dalam hukum perseroan di Australia, Belanda dan di dalam Undang-Undang No. 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas, serta arti pentingnya BJR bagi direksi maupun perusahaan yang dikelolanya. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yuridis normatif yang dilakukan melalui penelitian kepustakaan dan dianalisa dengan metode penelitian kualitatif atas data sekunder yang ditemukan, serta dengan membandingkan penerapan doktrin BJR di Australia dan Belanda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa BJR memberikan perlindungan hukum bagi direksi dan pejabat perseroan dari pertanggungjawaban atas setiap kebijakan atau keputusan bisnis atau transaksi yang mengakibatkan kerugian bagi perseroan, selama kebijakan atau keputusan bisnis atau transaksi tersebut dilakukan dengan itikad baik, penuh kehati-hatian, serta dalam lingkup tanggung jawab dan wewenangnya. Doktrin BJR juga bermanfaat sebagai kaidah berpikir dan bertindak bagi direksi dan pejabat perseroan, sehingga mereka lebih berani dalam mengambil keputusan bisnis yang bernilai strategis dan menguntungkan bagi perseroan yang dikelolanya. Kata kunci: business judgement rule, kewajiban itikad baik, kewajiban kehati-hatian

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Hyo-Shin Kim. "A reconsideration over Business Judgement Rule and Duties of Care." CHUNG_ANG LAW REVIEW 13, no. 4 (December 2011): 449–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21759/caulaw.2011.13.4.449.

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Pöschke, Moritz. "Wahlrechte und „Ermessensspielräume“ im Bilanzrecht und die Business Judgement Rule." Zeitschrift für Unternehmens- und Gesellschaftsrecht 47, no. 4 (August 15, 2018): 647–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zgr-2018-0026.

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ZusammenfassungDie Erstellung von Jahres- und Konzernabschlüssen geht über die reine Anwendung bilanzrechtlicher Vorschriften hinaus. Zwar ist auch „Bilanzierung“ Rechtsanwendung und jeder Buchungssatz lässt sich als das Ergebnis der Subsumtion eines Geschäftsvorfalls unter bilanzrechtliche Vorschriften verstehen. Aber das Bilanzrecht gewährt dem Bilanzierenden in weitem Umfang Wahlrechte sowie – meist als „Ermessensspielräume“ bezeichnete – Schätzungs- und Prognosespielräume. Die Geschäftsleiter einer Kapitalgesellschaft können diese Spielräume im Rahmen der bilanzrechtlichen Vorgaben nutzen, um die bilanzpolitischen Ziele der Gesellschaft zu verfolgen. Der folgende Beitrag untersucht, inwieweit ihnen dabei ein unternehmerischer Ermessensspielraum zusteht, der haftungsrechtlich durch die sog. Business Judgement Rule (§ 93 Abs. 1 Satz 2 AktG) privilegiert ist.

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KyungsikOh. "The relationship between The Business Judgement Rule and the Malfeasance." Korean Journal of Comparative Criminal Law 15, no. 2 (December 2013): 261–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.23894/kjccl.2013.15.2.010.

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Ettmayer, Wendelin, Stephanie Sauer, Sonja Irresberger, and Susanne Flöckner. "IKS in der Praxis – Compliance-Pflicht und Business Judgement Rule." Zeitschrift für Steuerstrafrecht und Steuerverfahren 3, no. 1 (2021): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33196/zss202101006101.

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Disemadi, Hari Sutra, Mochammad Abizar Yusro, and Ali Ismail Shaleh. "Perlindungan Hukum Keputusan Bisnis Direksi BUMN Melalui Business Judgement Rule Doctrine." Jurnal Jurisprudence 10, no. 1 (August 12, 2020): 127–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jurisprudence.v10i1.11006.

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Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dan menganalisis perlindungan hukum terhadap keputusan bisnis Direksi BUMN yang dikriminalisasi akibat keputusan bisnis tersebut merugikan keuangan negara. Metodologi: Penelitian yang bersifat deskriptif ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif yang mengedepankan pada data sekunder. Pendekatan yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual.Temuan: Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan perlindungan hukum yang diberikan kepada Direksi BUMN dalam mengambil keputusan bisnisnya dapat berupa hak imunitas, yang mana dengan hak ini seorang Direksi BUMN dapat terlepas dari pertanggungjawaban pidana apabila Direksi tersebut dapat membuktikan bahwa keputusan bisnis yang telah diambil dan dijalankan telah sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip bisnis yang layak (business judgement rule) sesuai ketentuan yang termuat dalam Undang-Undang Perseroan Terbatas.Kegunaan: Hasil penelitian ini dimaksudkan agar dapat berkontribusi dalam literatur mengenai perlindungan hukum bagi keputusan bisnis Direksi BUMN yang telah dikriminalisasi.Kebaruan/Orisinalitas: Berbeda dengan penelitian terdahulu, pada penelitian ini menunjukkan business judgment rule doctrine dapat dipergunakan untuk menlindungi keputusan bisnis Direksi BUMN yang merugikan negara dan penelitian ini berfokus pada perlindungan hukum keputusan bisnis Direksi BUMN setelah adanya Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor No. 48/PUU-XI/2013 dan 62/PUU-XI/2013.

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Rissy, Yafet Yosafet Wilben. "KETENTUAN DAN PELAKSANAAN BUSINESS JUDGEMENT RULE DI AMERIKA, AUSTRALIA DAN INDONESIA." Masalah-Masalah Hukum 49, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 160–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/mmh.49.2.2020.160-171.

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Tujuan studi ini ialah membahas ketentuan dan penerapan business judgment rule (BJR) di Amerika Serikat (AS), Australia dan Indonesia dimana secara khusus menganalisis bagaimana dan kapan pengadilan memeriksa BJR dan bagaimana BJR diatur dalam hukum perusahaan. Studi ini menunjukan bahwa di AS dan Australia elemen BJR telah menjadi sebuah statutory obligation. Keputusan bisnis direktur telah diadili pengadilan dalam tradisi common law dan kini diatur secara tegas bahwa keputusan bisnis bisa diadili jika terdapat pelanggaran duty of care dan tugas fidusia direktur. Indonesia juga mengadopsi BJR dalam Undang-Undang Perseroan Terbatas 2007 namun pengadilan jarang menguji BJR. Terkait adopsi BJR, studi ini mengindikasikan bahwa adopsi tersebut masih menyisakan sejumlah persoalan mendasar. Oleh karena itu, direkomendasikan agar pengaturan BJR perlu dilakukan secara lebih sistematis.

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Panjaitan, Robin, Martono Anggusti, and Roida Nababan. "PENERAPAN PRINSIP BUSINESS JUDGMENT RULE TERHADAP DIREKSI YANG MELAKUKAN KEBIJAKAN YANG MERUGIKAN PERUSAHAAN." Jurnal Hukum PATIK 10, no. 1 (April 24, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.51622/patik.v10i1.217.

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Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk memahami penerapan business judgement rule pada direksi yang menjalankan fungsi pengurusan Perseroan dan Perlindungan Hukum terhadap direksi dalam pengurusan perusahaan melakukan kebijakan yang merugikan perusahaan dikaitkan pada Undang-Undang No. 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yuridis normatif dengan metode pendekatan penelitian terhadap pendekatan perundang-undangan. Sumber data berdasarkan data primer, sekunder dan tersier yang dianalisis secara yuridis deskriftif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan Business Judgement Rule memberikan perlindungan hukum bagi direksi dan pejabat perseroan dari pertanggungjawaban atas setiap kebijakan atau keputusan bisnis atau transaksi yang mengakibatkan kerugian bagi perseroan, selama kebijakan atau keputusan bisnis atau transaksi tersebut dilakukan dengan itikad baik, penuh kehati-hatian, serta dalam lingkup tanggung jawab dan wewenangnya

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Kim, Junho. "A Criticism on the Theory of Introduction of the Business Judgement Rule in A Criticism on the Theory of Introduction of the Business Judgement Rule in Criminal Law." Korean Lawyers Association Journal 58, no. 9 (September 2009): 123–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17007/klaj.2009.58.9.004.

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Andika, Leonardi Ryan, Nethania Vanida, Jocelyn Aprilia, and Monica Gracia Irjanto. "Relevance of Good Corporate Governance Towards the Principle of Business Judgement Rule for State-owned Enterprises’ Corruption Cases: A Legal Perspective." Asia Pacific Fraud Journal 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21532/apfjournal.v6i1.197.

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Business judgement rule is often used as one of the principles to determine whether a corporate actor is evidently guilty in various corruption cases. Thus, this study aims to explain the relevance of corporate governance implementation as an additional objective measurement towards the business judgement rule principle in state-owned enterprises corruption cases. Through the juridical-normative approach and qualitative method analysis, it is found that in the middle of ambiguous positions of state-owned corporations in Indonesia, corporate governance must be taken into account in determining the court ruling especially in many corruption cases as a tool to minimize the legal uncertainty. This study also found that the corporate governance standard is able to convince the public in various financial decisions as a parallel example.

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Rissy, Yafet Yosafet Wilben. "BUSINESS JUDGEMENT RULE: KETENTUAN DAN PELAKSANAANNYA OLEH PENGADILAN DI INGGRIS, KANADA DAN INDONESIA." Mimbar Hukum - Fakultas Hukum Universitas Gadjah Mada 32, no. 2 (October 15, 2020): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jmh.56117.

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AbstractThis article discusses the provisions of business judgment rule (BJR) in the company law and the application of BJR by the courts in the United Kingdom (UK), Canada and Indonesia. In the UK and Canada, the courts have been long examined the appropriateness of directors’ business decisions. Later, BJR was codified into the Canadian Business Corporations Act 2019, meanwhile, duty of care and fiduciary duties were codified into the UK 2006 Companies Law which implicitly regulates BJR. Indonesia adopts BJR in the Company Act 2007 but the courts rarely examine directors’ business decisions and the adoption needs to be rearranged systematically.IntisariArtikel ini membahas bagaimana dan kapan pengadilan menguji aturan penilaian bisnis (APS) dan bagaimana APS diatur dalam hukum perusahaan di Inggris Raya, Kanada, dan Indonesia. Pada pengadilan Inggris dan Kanada yang menganut tradisi hukum kebiasaan, APS telah lama diterapkan untuk menilai keputusan bisnis direktur. Baru-baru ini, APS dikodifikasikan ke dalam Undang-Undang Perusahaan Bisnis 2019. Sementara itu, tugas direktur untuk peduli dan tugas fidusia juga dikodifikasikan ke dalam Undang-Undang Perusahaan Inggris 2006 yang secara implisit mengatur APS. Indonesia juga mengadopsi APS dalam Undang-Undang PT 2007 tetapi pengadilan jarang menguji keputusan bisnis direktur dan adopsi ini perlu diatur ulang secara lebih sistematis.

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Fellner, Gernot. "Der Rücktritt des Geschäftsführers gem § 16a GmbHG im Lichte der Business Judgement Rule." Zeitschrift für Gesellschaftsrecht und angrenzendes Steuerrecht 19, no. 2 (2020): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33196/ges202002006401.

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최병규. "A korean-german comparative study on the business judgement rule and case analysis." JOURNAL OF PROPERTY LAW 35, no. 2 (August 2018): 241–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.35142/prolaw.35.2.201808.008.

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Rizky Novian Hartono, Sriwati, and Wafia Silvi Dhesinta Rini1. "Kerugian Keuangan Negara pada Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN) dalam Perspektif Doktrin Business Judgement Rule." KELUWIH: Jurnal Sosial dan Humaniora 2, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24123/soshum.v2i1.4392.

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Abstract— State-Owned Enterprises that act as an agent of development and business entity for the country are the concrete forms to reach the welfare state goal. Persero, as the example of state-owned enterprises will surely experience advantages and disadvantages due to the dynamic condition of the business world. With the various regulations that regulate state-owned enterprises itself, created a disharmony form of liability to the directors about the business loss. This research aims to identify do the loss of the state-owned enterprises would classified as state financial losses in the perspective of doctrine business judgment rule. This research using statute approach and conceptual approach shows that there is a dualism view about the position of separated-state wealth in the scope of state finances resulting in different interpretations of the meaning of state financial losses by the law enforcers. This dualism view caused a disharmony form of liability that asked to the Directors of Persero when that occur losses because according to the Section 2 and Section 3 Law Number 20 of 2001 jo Law Number 31 of 1999 concerning Eradication of Corruption, the directors would probably asked the liability for the alleged of corruption because causing state financial losses, on the other side according to the Section 97 verse 5 Law number 40 of 2007 concerning Company there is an exception to the directors so they would not be able to be charges. Furthermore, losses that happened in the state-owned enterprises can not only occur as a result of abuse of power but are result of business risks so the directors can be protected by the doctrine of business judgment rule from criminal charge. Keywords: persero state-owned enterprises, state financial losses, business risks, business judgment rule Abstrak—BUMN sebagai pelaku perekonomian nasional yang memiliki peran ganda yakni sebagai agent of development sekaligus sebagai business entity, merupakan salah satu bentuk konkret perpanjangan tangan negara dalam mewujudkan cita-cita bangsa dan negara yakni memajukan kesejahteraan umum. Layaknya sebuah perusahaan, BUMN Persero sebagai salah satu bentuk BUMN pasti akan mengalami keuntungan maupun kerugian akibat dinamisnya dunia bisnis. Menjadi sebuah problematika ketika kerugian yang dialami oleh BUMN Persero tersebut dihadapkan dengan berbagai peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku bagi BUMN, baik dalam ranah hukum publik maupun dalam ranah hukum privat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menelaah apakah kerugian yang dialami oleh BUMN dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai kerugian keuangan negara dalam perspektif doktrin business judgment rule. Melalui penelitian yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode statute approach dan conceptual approach ditemukan bahwa adanya dualisme pandangan kedudukan kekayaan negara yang dipisahkan dalam lingkup keuangan negara sehingga menimbulkan perbedaan penafsiran makna kerugian keuangan negara oleh aparat penegak hukum. Dualisme pandangan ini berdampak pada ketidakharmonisan bentuk pertanggungjawaban yang dimintakan kepada Direksi BUMN Persero ketika terjadi kerugian pada tubuh BUMN sebab berdasarkan ketentuan Pasal 2 dan/atau Pasal 3 Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2001 jo Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 1999 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi, Direksi BUMN Persero dapat dimintakan pertanggungjawaban secara pidana atas dugaan tindak pidana korupsi karena menyebabkan kerugian keuangan negara namun berdasarkan Pasal 97 ayat (5) Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas terdapat pengecualian agar Direksi BUMN tidak dimintakan pertanggungjawaban secara pribadi. Lebih jauh, kerugian pada BUMN tidak hanya dapat terjadi akibat dari adanya penyalahgunaan wewenang melainkan akibat dari adanya risiko bisnis sehingga doktrin business judgment rule dapat diterapkan untuk memberikan perlindungan bagi direksi dari tuntutan pidana.. Kata kunci : badan usaha milik negara, kerugian keuangan negara, risiko bisnis, business judgment rule

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김보혁. "Comparative Study on Business Judgement Rule and Duty of Care in Korea and the U.S." kangwon Law Review 53, no. ll (February 2018): 639–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18215/kwlr.2018.53..639.

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Kasim, Helmi. "Memikirkan Kembali Pengawasan Badan Usaha Milik Negara Berdasarkan Business Judgement Rules." Jurnal Konstitusi 14, no. 2 (November 2, 2017): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.31078/jk14210.

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Berdasarkan putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi, keuangan Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN) tetap merupakan keuangan negara sehingga kewenangan negara di bidang pengawasan tetap berlaku. Meskipun demikian, paradigma pengawasan negara dimaksud harus berubah, yakni tidak lagi berdasarkan paradigma pengelolaan keuangan negara dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan (government judgement rules), melainkan berdasarkan paradigma usaha (business judgement rules). Tulisan ini mencoba menghadirkan perspektif tertentu tentang bagaimana mengatur prinsip pengawasan khususnya terkait pemeriksaaan pengelolaan dan pertanggungjawaban keuangan negara pada BUMN berdasarkan putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 62/PUU-XI/2013. Dengan melakukan pendekatan yuridis normatif tulisan ini menyimpulkan bahwa pemeriksaan pengelolaan pertanggungjawaban keuangan negara berdasarkan business judgement rules (BJR) harus dinormakan secara tegas dalam Undang-Undang Keuangan Negara dan Undang-Undang terkait lainnya. Prinsip-prinsip BJR dan good corporate governance (GCG) sebagai pedoman pengawasan dan pemeriksaan juga harus diatur secara tegas dan sama baik dalam Undang-Undang Keuangan Negara dan undang-undang terkait serta Undang-Undang Perseroan Terbatas.

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Machado, Flávia Costa, and Giulia Dorneles Silva. "SOBRE OS DEVERES FIDUCIÁRIOS DOS ADMINISTRADORES SOCIETÁRIOS E A APLICAÇÃO DO BUSINESS JUDMENT RULE NO ORDENAMENTO JURÍDICO BRASILEIRO." Dom Helder Revista de Direito 3, no. 5 (June 18, 2020): 75–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.36598/dhrd.v3i5.1742.

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No exercício de suas atribuições, o administrador de uma sociedade deve agir com diligência, cuidado e lealdade. De tal modo, o administrador não deverá atuar de maneira amadora e sem cautela, assumindo riscos desnecessários, já que as perdas serão sentidas diretamente pela sociedade e pelos sócios, e indireta pelos demais agentes envolvidos, stakeholders, credores e trabalhadores. Faz-se necessário, assim, analisar os limites dos poderes de atuação dos administradores de sociedades, especialmente, quanto aos deveres de conduta gerais. Assim, o objetivo deste artigo é estabelecer a diferenciação entre atos de mera gestão do administrador para atos que extrapolam suas atribuições no âmbito dos deveres de diligência, cuidado e lealdade. Desse modo, estudaram-se criticamente os parâmetros de responsabilização dos administradores, a compreensão dos deveres de diligência, cuidado e lealdade e, ainda, relacionaram-se esses conceitos com a business judgement rule enquanto critério de exclusão de responsabilidade. Concluindo-se que esses deveres gerais de conduta ensejam parâmetros diferenciados para verificação da responsabilidade dos administradores. A pesquisa explicativa que embasou a construção dos resultados tem como base o método hipotético, dedutivo e dialético.

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Luntley, Michael. "Ethics in the face of uncertainty: judgement not rules." Business Ethics: A European Review 12, no. 4 (October 2003): 325–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8608.00333.

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Permadi, Iwan, Kusmono Kusmono, Sihabudin Sihabudin, and Heru Ratno Hadi. "The legal protection weakness of the directors board from the risk of losses due to business decisions." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 10, no. 2 (March 23, 2021): 306–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v10i2.1038.

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Business is a risk. There is no guarantee the business is run By the board of Directors who will always bring profit. One day profit, no profit, and another time can lose. When business decisions are taken by the board of Directors losses especially in significant amounts can be ascertained will happen nervousness on the board of Directors of the Company. State-Owned Enterprises established for business purposes in the full operation of risk. Law No. 19 of 2003 concerning State-Owned Enterprises does not regulate the protection of the Board of Directors of the Company, meanwhile, Law No. 40 of 2007 on Limited Liability Companies regulation of the protection of the Board of Directors of its implementation gives rise to multi-interpretation. Business decisions made by the Board of Directors of the Company in accordance with the principles of Business Judgement Rule are business risk, should get legal protection. The purpose of this research is to find out the weaknesses of this legal protection. This research includes normative legal research with a statutory approach with The analysis technique in this research is investigation strategy. The results show that there is no legal certainty regarding business decisions taken by Directors who experience losses in business transactions so that the Government / DPR must amend the BUMN Law by adding articles on the legal protection of the Directors of Persero.

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O’Donnell, Kerri, Barry Hicks, John Streeter, and Paul Shantapriyan. "Getting it right: directors’ assessment of information." Managerial Auditing Journal 30, no. 2 (February 2, 2015): 117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/maj-08-2014-1077.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the increasing expectation against two concepts, information and process scepticism. In light of the Centro case judgement, directors’ decisions are held to increasing standards of due care and diligence. Design/methodology/approach – This is a conceptual paper, drawing upon archival material, including statute law, case law, regulatory guidance material and media releases in Australasia. The authors review the statutory duty of care, skill and diligence expected of non-executive directors. Findings – Whether a director has exercised an appropriate level of reasonable care and skill and/or due diligence has been a matter for the courts to decide. Such retrospective analysis leaves directors vulnerable to the uncertainty of whether their individual interpretation of diligence matches up to that of the presiding judge. The authors provide directors with a framework to apply scepticism to information and processes provided by those on whom the directors may rely. Research limitations/implications – Two concepts are identified: reasonable reliance on others and the business judgement rule. The authors present arguments that challenge us to understand reasonable reliance, judgement and actions of directors in light of processing and information scepticism. Practical implications – Directors do have a different role to that of auditors; incorporating scepticism can enable directors to fulfil their responsibility towards shareholders. By applying information and process scepticism, directors of companies can reduce the likelihood and magnitude of litigation costs and out-of-court settlements. Originality/value – This paper provides a framework to apply scepticism to information and processes provided by people on whom the directors may rely.

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Węgliński, Konrad. "GENEZA ORAZ POJĘCIE ZASADY BIZNESOWEJ OCENY SYTUACJI." International Journal of Legal Studies ( IJOLS ) 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.6364.

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Wywodząca się z systemu common law zasada biznesowej oceny sytuacji (ang. business judgement rule) stanowi element regulacji problematyki odpowiedzialności osób zarządzających spółką wobec spółki lub jej udziałowców i stanowi zasadniczy mechanizm balansujący zakres indemnizacji oraz zwolnienia z odpowiedzialności. Tytułowa zasada opiera się na założeniu, że menedżer jest zwolniony z odpowiedzialności wobec spółki, jeżeli podejmował on działania w dobrej wierze, w warunkach braku konfliktu interesów, z właściwym rozeznaniem, opierając się na racjonalnych przesłankach (w szczególności stosownych opiniach i ekspertyzach) oraz w najlepszym interesie spółki. Zasada biznesowej oceny sytuacji jest coraz częściej wykorzystywana w systemie civil law. Przykłady jej zastosowania można zaobserwować m.in. w Niemczech, Austrii, Szwajcarii, Hiszpanii oraz Czechach. W ostatnich latach podjęto także pierwsze próby wprowadzenia zasady biznesowej oceny sytuacji do polskiego systemu prawnego. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie genezy tytułowej zasady oraz zaprezentowanie kluczowych zagadnień związanych z pojęciem zasady biznesowej oceny sytuacji.

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Lestari, Rani, Isis Ikhwansyah, and Pupung Faisal. "KONSISTENSI PENGUKUHAN KEDUDUKAN KEKAYAAN NEGARA YANG DIPISAHKAN PADA BADAN USAHA MILIK NEGARA MENURUT PELAKU KEKUASAAN KEHAKIMAN DALAM KAITANNYA DENGAN DOKTRIN BUSINESS JUDGEMENT RULE." Acta Diurnal Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Kenotariatan dan ke-PPAT-an 1, no. 2 (June 29, 2018): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/acta.v1i2.118.

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Muhayatsyah, Ali. "KEPUTUSAN BISNIS DAN TANGGUNGJAWAB DIREKSI DALAM PRINSIP FIDUCIARY DUTIES PADA PERSEROAN TERBATAS." AT-TIJARAH: Jurnal Penelitian Keuangan dan Perbankan Syariah 1, no. 2 (December 27, 2019): 37–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.52490/at-tijarah.v1i2.715.

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The main party charged with fiduciary duty is the board of directors. In UUPT No. 40/2007 it does not specifically regulate fiduciary duty but rather regulates general principles. From the general principle of fiduciary duty, directors in managing the company must pay attention to the interests of the company above other interests; directors must act in accordance with the aims and objectives of the company (intra vires), and pay attention to the limitations and restrictions determined by the law and the articles of association of the company. In carrying out their duties as directors, they are required to have in good faith and in full sense of responsibility; Directors must carry out their duties diligently, carefully, and smartly and skillfully. Keywords: Directors, Fiduciary Duty, Business Judgment Rule, Limited Liability Company, Abstrak Pihak utama yang dibebankan kewajiban fiduciary duty adalah direksi. Dalam UUPT Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tidak mengatur secara khusus mengenai fiduciary duty tetapi mengatur prinsip-prinsip umumnya. Dari prinsip umum fiduciary duty makadireksi dalam mengurus perseroan harus memperhatikan kepentingan perseroan di atas kepentingan lainnya;direksi harus bertindak sesuai dengan maksud dan tujuan perseroan (intra vires), serta memperhatikan batasan dan larangan yang ditentukan UU dan anggaran dasar Perseroan. Dalam melaksanakan tugas sebagai direksi, diharuskan memiliki itikad baik (in good faith) dan tanggung jawab (in full sense of responsibility); Direksi harus melaksanakan tugasnya dengan rajin (diligently), penuh kehati-hatian (carefully), dan pintar serta terampil (skillfully). Kata kunci: Direksi, Fiduciary Duty, Business Judgement Rule, Perseroan Terbatas,

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Salsabila, Dara. "REKONSTRUKSI PROBLEMATIKA PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN PIDANA KORUPSI KORPORASI: KAJIAN NORMATIF KEDUDUKAN HUKUM DIAMETRAL BADAN USAHA MILIK NEGARA." Majalah Hukum Nasional 50, no. 1 (July 27, 2020): 19–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33331/mhn.v50i1.56.

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Undang Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Pasal 33 ayat (2) mengamanatkan bahwa cabang-cabang produksi yang penting bagi negara dan yang menguasai hajat hidup orang banyak harus dikuasai oleh negara. Negara semestinya mengakomodir setiap kepentingan rakyat dalam pemenuhan kebutuhannya terutama pada sektor-sektor vital. Interpretasi ‘dikuasai’ kemudian memunculkan paradigma mengenai batasan peran negara pada sektor tersebut. Permasalahan muncul tatkala adanya dugaan tindak pidana korupsi yang dilakukan oleh korporasi (BUMN) yang kedudukannya beririsan dengan lebih dari satu ketentuan undang-undang yang saling kontradiktif dan berada pada tataran politik hukum yang berbeda. BUMN diposisikan pada rezim public karena terdapat intervensi negara (pemerintah) di dalamnya namun juga tunduk pada rezim privat sebagaimana dalam UU Perseroan Terbatas. Maka dari itu, pengenaan tindak pidana korupsi pada direksi BUMN yang melakukan pengurusan dan pengelolaan pada perusahaannya adalah tidak tepat. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif. Maka dari Itu pendekatan doktrin business judgement rule dan penerapan hukum perdata menjadi konstruksi yang tepat dalam penegakan hukum BUMN.

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Deschamps, Michel. "Conflict-of-laws rules on assignments of receivables in the United States and Canada." Uniform Law Review 24, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 649–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ulr/unz041.

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Abstract This article describes the conflict-of-laws rules of the USA and Canada on the effectiveness against third parties and priority of an assignment of trade receivables. Comparisons are also made with the rules proposed on these issues by the European Commission’s Proposal of 12 March 2018 and the UNCITRAL Model Law on Secured Transactions. The conflict-of-laws rules examined in the article generally designate the location of the assignor as the place whose law applies to the effectiveness against third parties and the priority of an assignment. The article shows however that the definition of the location of the assignor varies from one jurisdiction to another (statutory seat, chief executive office, state of constitution, etc.) Moreover, the US rules and certain Canadian rules define the location of a business corporation using a criterion which is different depending on the corporation’s jurisdiction of incorporation. In addition, the European Commission’s Proposal allows the parties to an assignment made in the course of a securisation transaction to deviate from the assignor’s location rule and select the law governing the receivable as the applicable law. All of these differences result in a lack of harmonization. The article also summarizes the analysis that a financier must conduct to identify the jurisdiction(s) where the financier would normally want that an assignment in its favour be recognized. The relevant jurisdictions are normally the jurisdiction(s) in which insolvency proceedings relating to the assignor may take place and the other jurisdiction(s) where the debtors of the receivables could be located; a dispute might sometimes occur in these other jurisdictions with a competing claimant attempting to claim priority (e.g. a judgement creditor who would seize receivables owed by the debtors located in those jurisdictions). As the insolvency jurisdiction(s) and the other jurisdiction(s) in which the debtors are located may have different conflict-of-laws rules, a prudent financier should examine the applicable rules of all relevant jurisdictions.

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Al-Hiyari, Ahmad, Rohaida Abdul Latif, and Noor Afza Amran. "Do Big 4 auditors improve the ability of goodwill to forecast future cash flows?" Corporate Ownership and Control 13, no. 3 (2016): 164–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv13i3c1p2.

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The accounting rules prescribed in Malaysian Financial Reporting Standard (MFRS) 3, Business combination, and (MFRS) 136, Impairment of Assets, give managers considerable reporting discretion in allocating goodwill and estimating its actual value. Agency theory predicts that managers may use the accounting discretion granted by the new rules to pursue their own interests at the expense of shareholders. Hence, auditors are required to exercise professional judgement when investigating hard-to-verify management assumptions and valuations. We exploit this issue by examining whether predictive ability of goodwill improved in the presence of Big 4 auditors. We provide evidence that goodwill has a significant predictive ability for second and third-year ahead cash flows which exists only in the firms audited by the large international reputable accounting firms. This suggests that Big 4 auditors play an important role in ensuring appropriate implementation of the present accounting for goodwill.

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Raffles, Raffles. "Tanggung Jawab dan Perlindungan Hukum Direksi dalam Pengurusan Perseroan Terbatas." Undang: Jurnal Hukum 3, no. 1 (July 7, 2020): 107–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/ujh.3.1.107-137.

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This article discusses the responsibilities of directors and their legal protection in managing a limited liability company. The responsibility of the directors in managing a limited liability company as regulated in the 2007 Company Law is related to the duties and authority to run the management of the company for the benefit of the company and in accordance with the aims and objectives of the company. To carry out the management of the company, the directors are authorized to carry out the management of the company in accordance with policies deemed appropriate, within the limits specified in the 2007 Company Law and/or articles of association. The responsibility of members of the directors for the company’s losses can be seen from the nature of the responsibility is personal and collective. The directors’ liability is personal if the loss suffered by the company is due to an error or negligence of the individual members of the board of directors. The responsibility of the directors is collective if the company’s losses are caused by an error or negligence in the board’s decision or action. Legal protection for directors in company management is provided if the management is based on good faith and prudence, which is recognized as the business judgment rule doctrine. Basically, directors are responsible for all actions and decisions they make, even personal accountability. However, directors can avoid personal liability if they can prove the basis and reasons and are based on good faith and caution. Abstrak Artikel ini membahas tanggung jawab dan perlindungan hukum direksi dalam pengurusan perseroan terbatas. Pertanggungjawaban direksi dalam pengurusan perseroan terbatas sebagaimana diatur dalam UUPT Tahun 2007 terkait dengan tugas dan wewenangnya menjalankan pengurusan perseroan untuk kepentingan perseroan dan sesuai dengan maksud dan tujuan perseroan. Untuk menjalankan pengurusan perseroan, direksi berwenang menjalankan pengurusan perseroan sesuai dengan kebijakan yang dipandang tepat, dalam batas yang ditentukan dalam UUPT Tahun 2007 dan/atau anggaran dasar. Pertanggungjawaban anggota direksi atas kerugian perseroan dilihat dari sifat pertanggungjawabannya bersifat pribadi dan kolektif. Pertanggungjawaban direksi bersifat pribadi apabila kerugian yang dialami perseroan disebabkan kesalahan atau kelalaian individu anggota direksi. Pertanggungjawaban direksi bersifat kolektif apabila kerugian perseroan diakibatkan adanya kesalahan atau kelalaian dalam keputusan atau tindakan dewan direksi. Perlindungan hukum terhadap direksi dalam pengurusan perusahaan diberikan jika pengurusan tersebut didasarkan pada itikad baik dan hati-hati, yang dikenali sebagai doktrin business judgement rule. Pada dasarnya direksi bertanggung jawab atas segala tindakan dan keputusan yang dibuatnya, bahkan pertanggungjawaban pribadi. Namun demikian, direksi dapat terhindar dari tuntutan pertanggungjawaban secara pribadi apabila dapat membuktikan dasar dan alasannya dan didasarkan pada itikad aik dan hati-hati.

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Pathak, Akhileshwar. "Legal Responses to Economic Liberalization: The Case of Unfair Trade Practices." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 29, no. 3 (July 2004): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920040305.

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This paper traces the evolution of law and practices in the past 20 years focusing on one aspect of unfair trade practices — unfairness in holding of games, contests, lotteries, and similar schemes for promoting sales and services in the context of India transitioning from a state controlled to a liberalized economy. With competition in the economy, firms have got into aggressive and competitive trade practices to entice the customers. These practices raise questions about the truthfulness and fairness of representation of products, services, advertisements, and schemes and modalities for promotion of products and services. There is a need for adequate law against unfair trade practices and a justice delivery system to have some ‘rules of the game’ to compete among themselves. The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices (MRTP) Act, 1969, was amended in 1984 to introduce a chapter on unfair trade practices. One of the provisions pertained to the holding of games and lotteries. It stated that ‘the conduct of any contest, lottery, game of chance or skill’ for promoting sales, services or business interest was an unfair trade practice and should, therefore, be disallowed. Following the provision, the MRTP Commission had stopped almost all promotion schemes which had an element of draw or lottery. For example, Whirlpool Ltd. had launched a ‘Scratch a Gift Scheme’ and Coca-Cola Ltd. had introduced a promotional scheme for Coke. Considering them to be lottery schemes, the Commission had restrained the companies. The judgement of the Supreme Court in the ‘Horlicks Hidden Wealth Prize Offer’ changed the entire scenario. The Commission considered this scheme to be a kind of lottery and, thus, an unfair trade practice. However, the Supreme Court, in its short judgement in 1998, commented that this was not a case of lottery as there was no draw of lots or that a price was charged for participation in the draw. The fact that some bottles of Horlicks contained a slip of paper which entitled the buyer to a prize is not a lottery in the ordinary sense of the word. Following the judgement, in all the pending cases before the Commission, the parties successfully argued that their schemes did not attract the provision of unfair trade practice as they had not charged extra for participation in the scheme. Ever since, there has been no restraint on holding of such promotion schemes. In this context, the firms would need to do the following: objectively examine if such schemes have any effect on the promotion of products demonstrate the genuineness of a scheme by disclosing vital information work towards formulating appropriate regulations.

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Hoffmann, Janina A., Bettina von Helversen, Regina A. Weilbächer, and Jörg Rieskamp. "Tracing the path of forgetting in rule abstraction and exemplar retrieval." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 11 (January 1, 2018): 2261–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021817739861.

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People often forget acquired knowledge over time such as names of former classmates. Which knowledge people can access, however, may modify the judgement process and affect judgement accuracy. Specifically, we hypothesised that judgements based on retrieving past exemplars from long-term memory may be more vulnerable to forgetting than remembering rules that relate the cues to the criterion. Experiment 1 systematically tracked the individual course of forgetting from initial learning to later tests (immediate, 1 day, and 1 week) in a linear judgement task facilitating rule-based strategies and a multiplicative judgement task facilitating exemplar-based strategies. Practising the acquired judgement strategy in repeated tests helped participants to consistently apply the learnt judgement strategy and retain a high judgement accuracy even after a week. Yet, whereas a long retention interval did not affect judgements in the linear task, a long retention interval impaired judgements in the multiplicative task. If practice was restricted as in Experiment 2, judgement accuracy suffered in both tasks. In addition, after a week without practice, participants tried to reconstruct their judgements by applying rules in the multiplicative task. These results emphasise that the extent to which decision makers can still retrieve previously learned knowledge limits their ability to make accurate judgements and that the preferred strategies change over time if the opportunity for practice is limited.

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L., Cecil A. "Female Indigenous entrepreneurship in remote communities in northern Australia." Information Management and Business Review 6, no. 6 (December 30, 2014): 329–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v6i6.1131.

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Little is known about Australian Indigenous female entrepreneurship. Misconceptions typifying Australian Indigenous businesses are community enterprises are encumbered by research limitations, generalisations and stereotyping; the material is seldom voiced by Australian Indigenous people; and few sources detail the challenges for grass roots female Indigenous entrepreneurs in remote Australian Aboriginal communities that maintain patriarchal cultures. In this paper is described how 21 Indigenous female entrepreneurs in a remote region of northern Australia have tailored their businesses to comply with the regulatory and statutory framework of the dominant society while preserving sensitivity to the traditional cultural norms, rules, and obligations. The data were independently corroborated by Indigenous and non Indigenous men of recognised standing in the region. These empirical observations provide foundation for better informed judgements about the business environment in remote regions of Australia, which is fundamental when developing policies for delivering sustainable female Indigenous small businesses.

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Harskamp, Ralf E., Simone C. Laeven, Jelle CL Himmelreich, Wim A. M. Lucassen, and Henk C. P. M. van Weert. "Chest pain in general practice: a systematic review of prediction rules." BMJ Open 9, no. 2 (February 2019): e027081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027081.

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ObjectiveTo identify and assess the performance of clinical decision rules (CDR) for chest pain in general practice.DesignSystematic review of diagnostic studies.Data sourcesMedline/Pubmed, Embase/Ovid, CINAHL/EBSCO and Google Scholar up to October 2018.Study selectionStudies that assessed CDRs for intermittent-type chest pain and for rule out of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) applicable in general practice, thus not relying on advanced laboratory, computer or diagnostic testing.Review methodsReviewers identified studies, extracted data and assessed the quality of the evidence (using Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2)), independently and in duplicate.ResultsEight studies comprising five CDRs met the inclusion criteria. Three CDRs are designed for rule out of coronary disease in intermittent-type chest pain (Gencer rule, Marburg Heart Score, INTERCHEST), and two for rule out of ACS (Grijseels rule, Bruins Slot rule). Studies that examined the Marburg Heart Score had the highest methodological quality with consistent sensitivity (86%–91%), specificity (61%–81%) and positive (23%–35%) and negative (97%–98%) predictive values (PPV and NPV). The diagnostic performance of Gencer (PPV: 20%–34%, NPV: 95%–99%) and INTERCHEST (PPV: 35%–43%, NPV: 96%–98%) appear comparable, but requires further validation. The Marburg Heart Score was more sensitive in detecting coronary disease than the clinical judgement of the general practitioner. The performance of CDRs that focused on rule out of ACS were: Grijseels rule (sensitivity: 91%, specificity: 37%, PPV: 57%, NPV: 82%) and Bruins Slot (sensitivity: 97%, specificity: 10%, PPV: 23%, NPV: 92%). Compared with clinical judgement, the Bruins Slot rule appeared to be safer than clinical judgement alone, but the study was limited in sample size.ConclusionsIn general practice, there is currently no clinical decision aid that can safely rule out ACS. For intermittent chest pain, several rules exist, of which the Marburg Heart Score has been most extensively tested and appears to outperform clinical judgement alone.

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Body, Richard, Gary Cook, Gillian Burrows, Simon Carley, and Philip S. Lewis. "Can emergency physicians ‘rule in’ and ‘rule out’ acute myocardial infarction with clinical judgement?" Emergency Medicine Journal 31, no. 11 (July 12, 2014): 872–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2014-203832.

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Kovačević, Tijana. "Business judgment rule." Strani pravni zivot, no. 2 (2020): 141–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/spz64-25007.

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Sanders, Seth. "Business Punks Rule." Baffler 5 (November 1993): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/bflr.1993.5.13.

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Parackal, Mathew, Paul Goodwin, and Marcus O'Connor. "Judgement in forecasting." International Journal of Forecasting 23, no. 3 (July 2007): 343–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijforecast.2007.05.004.

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Jarvis, Walter P., and Danielle M. Logue. "Cultivating Moral-Relational Judgement in Business Education." Journal of Business Ethics Education 13 (2016): 349–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jbee20161316.

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Hunt, Geoffrey. "The Human Condition of the Professional: discretion and accountability." Nursing Ethics 4, no. 6 (November 1997): 519–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096973309700400608.

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This article takes issue with procedural reductionism, which is the inclination to reduce all matters of judgement and responsibility to the following of some procedure or rule. Two scenarios provide content for a discussion of professional discretion in the context of accountability. The author shows that in professional life there will always be situations that stand beyond the rules of procedures and require the unique judgement of the professional at the time. While this judgement may be determined by the facts available in a situation of uncertainty, it cannot be reduced to the facts (including facts about rules and procedures). The moral judgement will still have an essential indeterminancy about it.

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HANSON, DAVID. "OSHA Rule Rankles Business." Chemical & Engineering News 78, no. 47 (November 20, 2000): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v078n047.p011.

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Beck, Klaus, Karin Heinrichs, Gerhard Minnameier, and Kirsten Parche-Kawik. "Homogeneity of Moral Judgement?-apprentices solving business conflicts." Journal of Moral Education 28, no. 4 (December 1999): 429–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/030572499102990.

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White, Peter A. "Perceiving a strong causal relation in a weak contingency: Further investigation of the evidential evaluation model of causal judgement." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 55, no. 1 (February 2002): 97–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724980143000181.

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Contingency information is information about the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a certain effect in the presence or absence of a candidate cause. An objective measure of contingency is the δ P rule, which involves subtracting the probability of occurrence of an effect when a causal candidate is absent from the probability of occurrence of the effect when the candidate is present. Causal judgements conform closely to δ P but deviate from it under certain circumstances. Three experiments show that such deviations can be predicted by a model of causal judgement that has two components: a rule of evidence, that causal judgement is a function of the proportion of relevant instances that are judged to be confirmatory for the causal candidate, and a tendency for information about instances in which the candidate is present to have greater effect on judgement than instances in which the candidate is absent. Two experiments demonstrate how this model accounts for some recently published findings. A third experiment shows that it is possible to use the model to predict the occurrence of high causal judgements when the objective contingency is close to zero.

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Gailly, Frederik, and Guido L. Geerts. "Ontology-Driven Business Rule Specification." Journal of Information Systems 27, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 79–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/isys-50428.

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ABSTRACT Discovering business rules is a complex task for which many approaches have been proposed including analysis, extraction from code, and data mining. In this paper, a novel approach is presented in which business rules for an enterprise model are generated based on the semantics of a domain ontology. Starting from an enterprise model for which the business rules need to be defined, the approach consists of four steps: (1) classification of the enterprise model in terms of the domain ontology (semantic annotation), (2) matching of the enterprise model constructs with ontology-based Enterprise Model Configurations (EMCs), (3) determination of Business Rule Patterns (BRPs) associated with the EMCs, and (4) use of the semantic annotations to instantiate the business rule patterns; that is, to specify the actual business rules. The success of this approach depends on two factors: (1) the existence of a semantically rich domain ontology, and (2) the strength of the knowledge base consisting of EMC-BRP associations. The focus of this paper is on defining and illustrating the new business rule discovery approach: Ontology-Driven Business Rule Specification (ODBRS). The domain of interest is enterprise systems, and an extended version of the Resource-Event-Agent Enterprise Ontology (REA-EO) is used as the domain ontology. A small set of EMC-BRP associations—i.e., an example knowledge base—is developed for illustration purposes. The new approach is demonstrated with an example.

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Jeon, Seonghoon. "Antitrust Judgement and Economic Understanding on Qualcomm’s Business Model." Journal of Economic Studies 36, no. 4 (November 30, 2018): 195–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.30776/jes.36.4.8.

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Hall, Richard. "Judgement and Hyper-Reality." Journal of General Management 19, no. 4 (June 1994): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030630709401900404.

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GRAZIANO-KING, JANINE, and HELEN SMITH CAIRNS. "Acquisition of English comparative adjectives." Journal of Child Language 32, no. 2 (May 2005): 345–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000904006828.

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Two experiments investigated the acquisition of English comparative adjective forms, Adj+er and more Adj. In Experiment 1, 72 children, four- and seven-years-old, indicated their preferences for the synthetic or periphrastic comparative form for 16 adjectives in a forced-choice judgement task; their responses were compared to those of a group of adults (Graziano-King, 2003). In Experiment 2, a group of 29 children, ranging in age from 5;1 to 10;9, and a group of 11 adults performed a forced-choice judgement task, similar to that of Experiment 1, and an elicited production task, responding to the same 32 adjectives for both tasks. The two studies together support an acquisition trajectory of three stages. In the first stage, children show no preference for either form of the comparative; in the second, they adopt a suffixation rule; and in the third, they abandon the general rule and become conservative learners, eventually reaching the adult target.

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MILLER, ALEXANDER. "Verheggen on Davidson and Kripke on Rule-Following and Meaning." Dialogue 59, no. 2 (June 2020): 207–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217320000049.

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ABSTRACTThis paper discusses Claudine Verheggen's account of what she takes to be Donald Davidson's response to the sceptical paradox about rule-following and meaning developed in Saul Kripke's interpretation of Wittgenstein's ‘rule-following considerations.’ It focusses on questions about the normativity of meaning, the social character of meaning, and the role of triangulation in Davidson's account of the determination of meaning, and invites Verheggen to compare the non-reductionism she finds in Davidson with that developed in Crispin Wright's judgement-dependent account of meaning.

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Brewer, Kimberly. "Alternate Possibilities, Divine Omniscience and Critique of Judgement §76." Kantian Review 26, no. 3 (June 22, 2021): 393–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1369415421000194.

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AbstractA philosophically and historically influential section of the Critique of Judgement presents an ‘intuitive intellect’ as a mind whose representation is limited to what actually exists, and does not extend to mere possibilities. Kant’s paradigmatic instance of such an intellect is however also the divine mind. This combination threatens to rule out the reality of the mere possibilities presupposed by Kant’s theory of human freedom. Through an analysis of the relevant issues in metaphysical cosmology, modal metaphysics and philosophical theology, I show that Kant in fact possesses the resources to reconcile the philosophical claims of §76 of the Critique of Judgement with his keystone commitment to the reality of human freedom.

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Denga, Michael, Jörg Pohle, and Julian Hölzel. "Technikregulierung durch doppelte Delegation." Rechtswissenschaft 11, no. 4 (2020): 420–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/1868-8098-2020-4-420.

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Technikregulierung erfolgt häufig durch doppelte Delegation der konkreten Regelausgestaltung - vom Staat an Private und vom Recht in die Informatik. Dabei besteht nicht nur ein Legitimationsdefizit. Wegen Wechseln zwischen disziplinären Logiken tritt auch eine spezifische Unschärfe auf. Der Staat kann mit interdisziplinärer Behördenarbeit gegensteuern. Für Private sollte eine Technology Judgement Rule gelten.

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Journal articles on the topic 'The business judgement rule'

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