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Relevant bibliographies by topics / The Cobden-Chevalier Treaty of 1860

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Academic literature on the topic 'The Cobden-Chevalier Treaty of 1860'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "The Cobden-Chevalier Treaty of 1860"

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Becuwe, Stéphane, Bertrand Blancheton, and Christopher M. Meissner. "The French (Trade) Revolution of 1860: Intra-Industry Trade and Smooth Adjustment." Journal of Economic History 81, no. 3 (September 2021): 688–722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050721000371.

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The Cobden-Chevalier treaty of 1860 eliminated French import prohibitions and lowered tariffs between France and Great Britain. The policy change was largely unexpected and unusually free from direct lobbying. A series of commercial treaties with other nations followed. Post-1860, we find a significant rise in French intra-industry trade. Sectors that liberalized more experienced higher two-way trade. Our findings are consistent with the idea that trade liberalization led to “smooth adjustment” that avoided costly inter-sectoral re-allocations of factors.

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TENA-JUNGUITO, ANTONIO, MARKUS LAMPE, and FELIPE TÂMEGA FERNANDES. "How Much Trade Liberalization Was There in the World Before and After Cobden-Chevalier?" Journal of Economic History 72, no. 3 (August 22, 2012): 708–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050712000344.

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The Cobden-Chevalier Treaty of 1860 is regarded as central turning point in nineteenth-century trade policy, inaugurating a free trade era in Western Europe. We reexamine this story and put it into global perspective with a new database covering more than 7,500 data points for 11 categories of manufactures in 41 countries and colonies around the world between 1846 and 1880. It reveals that bilateralism after 1860 reinforced a process already underway before. Nevertheless, we highlight that trade liberalization was a global phenomenon over most of our period, so that the prominent British case appears as typical rather than exceptional.

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Lazer, David. "The Free Trade Epidemic of the 1860s and Other Outbreaks of Economic Discrimination." World Politics 51, no. 4 (July 1999): 447–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887100009229.

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Why was there an abrupt increase in economic openness in Europe in the 1860s? This increase may have been the result of a contagion process, in which the Cobden-Chevalier treaty between Britain and France threatened to displace third-party exports to France with British exports. As a result, most European states signed similar treaties with France, which had further ripple effects.This article outlines a formal model of this process, based on the assumption that an agreement between two states increases the desirability of similar treaties to third parties. Propositions regarding the rate and pattern of spread of treaties are derived from this model. This article then discusses the insights these propositions may offer into the rise and fall of the most-favorednation network of treaties between 1860 and 1929.At a theoretical level the model aims to link the microlevel processes underlying state preferences to system-level phenomena. At a substantive level this analysis offers insight into the current explosion of regionalism.

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Coutain, Bryan. "The Unconditional Most-Favored-Nation Clause and the Maintenance of the Liberal Trade Regime in the Postwar 1870s." International Organization 63, no. 1 (January 2009): 139–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818309090055.

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AbstractInternational institutions within the past thirty years become the subject of renewed interest as scholars vigorously dispute their utility. Neorealists draw on the post–World War II era to advance sweeping general claims of institutional inefficacy. This study, by contrast, deploys the same hard-test method Grieco applied to the 1970s Tokyo Round negotiations to the crisis-rife 1870s to construct a unique methodological objective: a rigorous hard-test of nineteenth-century institutional autonomy. Three principal findings emerged. First, the maintenance of a liberal world economy in the turbulent 1870s is explained by an unlikely commercial instrument and the unprecedented regime design of an unexplored international institution—respectively the unconditional most-favored-nation (MFN) clause and the informal conventional tariff system (CTS) regime it underpinned—not British hegemony. Second, the international trade regime was not a public good unilaterally provisioned by “hegemonic” Britain via the 1846 Corn Laws Repeal. The regime was instead a private good that was collectively provisioned by all its constituent member states via the unprecedented interstate practices institutionalized in the 1860 Cobden-Chevalier Treaty and then autonomously maintained by a negarchical and self-enforcing sanctioning mechanism. Finally, the informal CTS regime's enforcement mechanism autonomously altered the interests and behaviors of states in directions incongruent with executive preferences solely through the brute force of rational calculations imposed by decentralized international institutional constraints. Both the French and British executives in the 1870s believed the regime was normatively inappropriate and unsuccessfully attempted to exit amid eight system-threatening crises. Nonetheless, the MFN-based regime's self-enforcing sanctioning mechanism autonomously induced compliance: conceptualized as unitary states' behavior deviating from executives' first-order preference. The extraordinarily turbulent 1870s therefore provide an unexplored historical vantage point to make strong institutionalist claims in an era, issue area, and under conditions that they are least likely to be validated.

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Lampe, Markus. "Effects of Bilateralism and the MFN Clause on International Trade: Evidence for the Cobden-Chevalier Network, 1860-1875." Journal of Economic History 69, no. 4 (December 2009): 1012–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050709001363.

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This study contributes to a revised picture of nineteenth-century bilateralism. Employing a new disaggregated data set, it argues that bilateral treaties did not implement general free trade, but instead reduced tariffs unevenly through commodity-specific preferences, especially favoring manufactured goods. Gravity model estimates show that specific liberalizations increased exports of corresponding items, but not overall trade. Exporters from countries whose governments used bilateralism strategically to bring down partner tariffs benefitted most. Hence, the network in form and outcome is more properly identified with reciprocal liberalization practiced by the French than with British free-trade ideology.

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Lampe, Markus, and Paul Sharp. "Something rational in the state of Denmark? The case of an outsider in the Cobden-Chevalier network, 1860–1875." Scandinavian Economic History Review 59, no. 2 (June 2011): 128–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2011.572584.

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Gowa, Joanne, and Raymond Hicks. "“Big” Treaties, Small Effects." World Politics 70, no. 2 (March 6, 2018): 165–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887117000302.

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It seems obvious that agreements to cut tariffs will raise trade between their signatories. But recent studies show that some agreements widely considered to be landmarks in economic history had either a remarkably small impact on trade or none at all. Among those agreements are the Cobden-Chevalier Treaties and the long series of tariff accords concluded under the auspices of the GATT/WTO. Both sets of agreements cut import duties on many goods that applied to all trading partners entitled to most-favored-nation treatment, but neither increased aggregate trade between their members. This article examines the agreements concluded by the United States under the 1934 Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act (RTAA). The authors use an original data set that records changes in tariffs and US imports at the product-line level for each of the twenty-seven bilateral agreements. No comparable data exist either for the nineteenth-century trade network or for the postwar trade regime. The results show that the RTAA treaties failed to raise aggregate US imports from its treaty partners. They also show that these agreements did lead to a large and significant rise in US imports of specific products from specific countries. Because the same bargaining protocol that produced the RTAA agreements also governed the European treaty network and the GATT/WTO, the argument advanced in this article can also help to explain why neither treaty exerted a significant impact on aggregate trade between their signatories.

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Stutz, D. Dudley. "Papal Legates against the Albigensians: The Debts of the Church of Valence (1215–1250)." Traditio 68 (2013): 259–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0362152900001677.

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In 1232 Pope Gregory IX (r. 1227–41) imposed a tenth of episcopal revenues on prelates of Occitania to subsidize the church of Valence, which owed 10,000 poundstournoisto various bankers of Vienne, Rome, Lyons, and Siena. In 1865 B. Hauréau first noted the event when he edited one of the main documents in theGallia christianavolume concerning the ecclesiastical province of Vienne. With the publication of Gregory IX's register from 1890–1908 most of the facts of the tax were more widely available. In 1910 Ulysse Chevalier briefly mentioned the tax in his monograph on the long tenure of John of Bernin, archbishop of Vienne (r. 1218–66). In 1913, Heinrich Zimmermann cited Hauréau's text in a note in his detailed treatment of early thirteenth-century papal legations. Recently Alain Marchandisse reviewed eight of the eleven papal letters pertaining to the tax in his study of William of Savoy (d. 1239) as bishop-elect of Liège. These scholars provided no reason for the debt or why the papacy would take such measures to ensure payment. Perhaps they did not study this tax further because a church indebted to moneylenders is not in itself surprising. It appears that the church of Valence acquired the debt, very large compared to the church's income, when bishop-elect William of Savoy (r. 1225–39) waged war against Adhémar II of Poitiers-Valentinois, count of the Valentinois (r. 1189–1239). Struggles between bishops and the local nobility occurred on a regular basis throughout the Middle Ages, so what in this unimportant Rhone-valley diocese interested the pope enough to impose taxes on prelates of Occitania over twenty years to ensure payment of this debt? Adhémar II faithfully supported Raymond VI (r. 1194–1222) and Raymond VII (r. 1222–49) of Saint-Gilles, counts of Toulouse, throughout their struggle with the papacy during and following the Albigensian crusades. Adhémar II was also their vassal for the Diois, which borders the Valentinois on the southeast and comprised the northern portion of the marquisate of Provence. These lands had been reserved for the church in the Treaty of Meaux-Paris (1229), which ended the Albigensian crusades. Thus William of Savoy as bishop-elect of Valence defended the papacy's claims on the marquisate of Provence, which the papacy deemed part of the larger struggle between the Roman church and the counts of Toulouse. The facts on the nature of the debts and the steps the papacy took to aid the diocese show that the local struggle between the bishop of Valence and the count of the Valentinois embodied a part of the larger struggle between the papacy and the counts of Toulouse over the marquisate of Provence, which began as early as 1215.

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Lampe, Markus, and Paul Richard Sharp. "Something Rational in the State of Denmark? The Case of an Outsider in the Cobden-Chevalier Network 1860-1875." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1474767.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "The Cobden-Chevalier Treaty of 1860"

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Trichereau, Romain. "Analyse du processus d'une prise de décision : Napoléon III et le traité de commerce franco-britannique de 1860." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0042.

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Dans l’objectif premier d’enrichir l’historiographie consacrée au traité de commerce franco-britannique de 1860, l’originalité et tout l’intérêt de cette recherche de thèse sont de mettre en évidence les conditions tant politiques qu’économiques qui ont conduit à une telle prise de décision de Napoléon III, un champ de recherche relativement négligé. Elle est pourtant une sorte de paradoxe puisqu’elle relève à la fois d’un choix tenu secret – certains contemporains ont même parlé de « coup d’État commercial » –, mais également d’une discussion préalable qui a été très largement publique. Cette approche nous semble incontournable et constitue assurément un point d’entrée pertinent dans l’histoire d’ensemble du traité. La question du choix de l’empereur est capitale. Ce coup de force représente la décision économique volontariste par excellence et est la plus lourde arrêtée par Napoléon III, d’où notre volonté de s’interroger sur ce qu’est une prise de décision en matière de politique économique via sa réalisation ; des premiers questionnements, que ce soit sur l’intention de réformer, le choix de l’instrument pour le faire, la faisabilité et par conséquent l’acceptabilité, jusqu’à la prise de décision à proprement parler et sa justification. Tout en rappelant qu’il n’y a pas d’histoire économique sans histoire politique, cette étude éclaire cette zone d’ombre sur la conjonction des différents éléments qui ont poussé à la réalisation de cet accord bilatéral, avant de détailler puis d’analyser l’ensemble de ses négociations
While the first aim of this thesis is to enrich the historiography regarding The Cobden–Chevalier Treaty of 1860, what makes it unique is the focus on political and economic conditions which led to such a decision from Napoleon III. Until now, this field of research has been quite neglected. However, there is a paradox between the fact that it was both a secret choice – at the time, it was even presented as a considered "coup d’état commercial" – and a largely public preceding argument. This approach seems crucial and provides a clear starting point for an examination of the history of this treaty. The question of the emperor’s choice is very important. This "coup de force" truly represents a bold economic choice and is the heaviest decision made by Napoleon III. That is why this thesis discusses the decision-making process of economic policies by looking at their implementation; from the first stages of the process: the intention of reform, how to do it, practicability and acceptability, to the proper decision-making and its justifications. While reiterating that there is obviously no economic history without political history, this research enlightens the grey area of convergence between the different points which led to the realisation of this bilateral agreement, before explaining and analysing all of its negotiations

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Book chapters on the topic "The Cobden-Chevalier Treaty of 1860"

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Cobden, Richard. "To Michel Chevalier, Paris, [7 July 1860]." In The Letters of Richard Cobden, Vol. 4: 1860–1865. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00192792.

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Cobden, Richard. "To Michel Chevalier, Paris, 24 September 1860." In The Letters of Richard Cobden, Vol. 4: 1860–1865, 104. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00192806.

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Cobden, Richard. "To Michel Chevalier, London, 12 June 1861." In The Letters of Richard Cobden, Vol. 4: 1860–1865, 184–85. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00192845.

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Cobden, Richard. "To Michel Chevalier, Midhurst, 8 October 1861." In The Letters of Richard Cobden, Vol. 4: 1860–1865, 208–9. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00192860.

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Cobden, Richard. "To Michel Chevalier, Midhurst, 11 January 1862." In The Letters of Richard Cobden, Vol. 4: 1860–1865, 256. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00192886.

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Cobden, Richard. "To Michel Chevalier, Midhurst, 9 June 1862." In The Letters of Richard Cobden, Vol. 4: 1860–1865, 303. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00192917.

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Cobden, Richard. "To Michel Chevalier [London], 27 February 1863." In The Letters of Richard Cobden, Vol. 4: 1860–1865, 371. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00192953.

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Cobden, Richard. "To Michel Chevalier, Midhurst, 6 April 1863." In The Letters of Richard Cobden, Vol. 4: 1860–1865, 387–88. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00192963.

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Cobden, Richard. "To Michel Chevalier, Midhurst, 4 January 1864." In The Letters of Richard Cobden, Vol. 4: 1860–1865, 460. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00193015.

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Cobden, Richard. "To Michel Chevalier, Midhurst, 15 January 1865." In The Letters of Richard Cobden, Vol. 4: 1860–1865, 572. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00193095.

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