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Journal articles on the topic 'The Confederacy of Poligars'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 15 July 2025

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1

M., Thangam. "Kattabomman and Tirunelveli League – Historical View." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 9, S3 (2022): 48–51. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6566535.

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The mounting agitation in Ramanathapuram, Madurai, and Tirunelveli culminated in the Poligar rebellion of 1799, which was one of Tamilnadu’s anti-British breakouts between 1799 and 1802. The British gained political clout as a result of their success in acquiring and consolidating power in Madras. After The East India Company began to prosper after defeating the French and their Indian allies in the three Carnatic Wars. solidify and broaden its authority and clout Poligar wars are wars fought between the poligars of a country.Between March 1799 and March 1799, the erstwhile Madurai kingdom in Tamilnadu and the English East India Company forces clashed. May of the year 1802. The Poligars had complete autonomy over income collection, territorial administration, dispute resolution, and law enforcement. and a sense of order The Company labelled the recalcitrant Poligars as rebels and charged them with treason. and the country’s tranquillity PuliThevar had a lot of power over the Poligars in the west. The Poligars were humiliated by the collectors, who used force to collect the taxes. This was the stumbling block.between Kattabomman and the English Meanwhile, Marudhu Pandiyar of Sivagangai established the South.With neighbouring Poligars like GopalaNayak of Dindigul, India formed a rebel confederacy against the British.& Aanamalai’s YadulNayak Bannerman made a mockery of Kattabomman’s trial in front of the jury.On the 16th of October, Poligars will be performing. Throughout the trial, Kattabomman bravely admitted to all of the allegations made against him.him. Kattabomman was hanged in front of the historic fort of Kayathar, near Tirunelveli, from a tamarind tree.of their Poligar comrades Despite the crushing of Kattabomman’s revolution in 1799.   

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2

Yang, Anand A. "Bandits and Kings: Moral Authority and Resistance in Early Colonial India." Journal of Asian Studies 66, no. 4 (2007): 881–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911807001234.

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This paper traces a side story to the well-known tale of the poligar rebel Kattabomman, who was hanged in 1799 for his refusal to accept the authority of the emerging colonial state in south India. Specifically, it draws on the story of seventy-three poligars who survived the brutal Poligar Wars and were transported to Penang in Southeast Asia in 1801, an episode that highlights the workings of the coercive power and moral authority of the new regime in early colonial India. The paper illustrates the variety of forms that resistance to the regime took and the extent to which the colonial state in south Asia strengthened and was strengthened by the rising British Empire across the Indian Ocean. The poligars' lives in exile are reconstructed as a story of their struggle for status and dignity in a settlement where they were initially lumped together with convicts brought there from Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay.

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3

Seylon, Raman N. "Study of Poligar Violence in Late 18th Century Tamil Country in South India." African and Asian Studies 3, no. 3-4 (2004): 245–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569209332643692.

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Abstract This paper is written in an effort to understand the nature and the causes behind the brutal acts of violence unleashed by the poligar military households of South India. It particularly focuses on the poligar rajah Kattabomma Nayakar, who has, since the early 1950s, assumed the role of an ancestor figure of Tamil nationalism. I have relied mainly on colonial archival materials and a few folkloric accounts as my sources and used the anthropological insights of F. G. Baily, Victor Turner, and Steward Gordon in their studies of the political conflicts. In this paper, I do not so much question the reliability and accuracy of the colonial materials. However, I examine their interpretations and the motivations that many historians seem to have overlooked. This is particularly so in the case of poligar led violence as its true causes are often misrepresented and misunderstood in colonial records. We could even say that there is a vested colonial interest in misunderstanding these acts of violence, which are often used as citations to justify the subsequent colonial policies directed not only against the poligars but also against the entire the civil population of the Tamil country. In this paper, I argue that the poligars such as Kattabomma Nayakar were rebels with a cause. They saw themselves indulging in most cases in activities that stood within the bounds of the poligars' traditional mode of conduct. Further, I will also demonstrate how the political violence is intimately linked with political mobility and state formation in pre modern South India. A wider applicability of the results of this study to other parts of South Asia is useful in illuminating the causes and the nature of the political conflicts in various cross cultural settings.

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4

Healy, Donald T. "Iroquois Confederacy." Raven: A Journal of Vexillology 3 (1996): 66–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/raven1996/19973/440.

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5

Dawson, Joseph G. "The Confederacy Revisited: Encyclopedia of the Confederacy." Civil War History 40, no. 4 (1994): 308–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cwh.1994.0062.

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6

James-Chakraborty, Kathleen. "Beyond the Confederacy." English Language Notes 57, no. 2 (2019): 160–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00138282-7716251.

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Abstract Monument Avenue in Richmond, Virginia, contains the United States’ most comprehensive and controversial set of memorials commemorating the Confederacy. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, women as well as men from families that had formerly owned slaves enjoyed roles as public figures by working to keep the memory of the Confederacy alive, including by championing the erection of statues like these. This activism helped enable subsequent female family members to become public intellectuals and scholars. Scholarship on the origins of the approach enshrined in a celebrated series of memorials erected in Berlin following German reunification by one such woman suggests that Richmond’s series of monuments might be reconfigured to foster a more inclusive approach to the history of the Civil War by sharply contrasting fragments of the current memorials with new content that addresses African American and other Unionist perspectives on the conflict.

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7

Rusk, Anna Denov. "Collecting the Confederacy." Winterthur Portfolio 47, no. 4 (2013): 267–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/673871.

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8

Stolicki, Jarosław. "Badania nad konfederacją gołąbską we współczesnej historiografii." Prace Historyczne 147, no. 3 (2020): 473–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844069ph.20.026.12480.

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The Gołąb Confederacy in modern historiography In 1972, Adam and Kazimierz Przyboś have published an edited Diariusz kołowania i konfederacji pod Gołębiem i Lublinem w 1672 r. (Diary of Gołąb and Lublin concentration and confederacy of 1672), a work that has provided an impulse for further study of the Gołąb Confederacy. At the time it has been one of the few confederacies with its own monograph, published already in 1936 by A. Przyboś, but since then – and until the 1972 edition of Diariusz – the subject has been mostly neglected, as was the case with the entire unhappy reign of King Michał. For K. Przyboś the said edition has been a starting point for a number of analytical studies of that period, and especially of the confederacy itself. In this research program, he has been followed by several younger historians, whose studies are reviewed in the article. The confederacy has received particular attention in the works of Jarosław Stolicki and Leszek Wierzbicki. Source editions connected to the confederacy, such as personal and public diaries and journals, and especially the 1672 resolutions of the nobles, also play a highly significant role.

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9

Moneyhon, Carl H., Richard N. Current, Paul D. Escott, Lawrence N. Powell, James I. Robertson, and Emory M. Thomas. "Encyclopedia of the Confederacy." Journal of American History 81, no. 4 (1995): 1898. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2081904.

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10

Stix, Gary. "A Confederacy of Smarts." Scientific American 290, no. 6 (2004): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0604-40.

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11

Taylor, T. "Museum of the Confederacy." Literary Imagination 13, no. 3 (2011): 352–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/litimag/imr048.

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12

Parks, William C. "A confederacy of proteinases." Journal of Clinical Investigation 110, no. 5 (2002): 613–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/jci0216550.

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13

Reynolds, Donald E. "Why the Confederacy Lost." History: Reviews of New Books 21, no. 3 (1993): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1993.9948634.

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14

McCurry, S. "Reckoning with the Confederacy." South Atlantic Quarterly 112, no. 3 (2013): 481–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00382876-2146422.

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15

Williams, Tom. "A Confederacy of Letters." American Book Review 27, no. 4 (2006): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/abr.2006.0159.

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16

Rosenblum, Lawrence D. "A Confederacy of Senses." Scientific American 308, no. 1 (2012): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0113-72.

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17

Taylor, Tess. "Museum of the Confederacy." Literary Imagination 13, no. 3 (2011): 352–53. https://doi.org/10.1353/lim.2011.a942736.

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18

Rees, Rick. "The Confederacy Comes For You." River Teeth: A Journal of Nonfiction Narrative 22, no. 2 (2021): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rvt.2021.0011.

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19

Thomas, Emory M., Mark Grimsley, and Brooks D. Simpson. "The Collapse of the Confederacy." Journal of Southern History 68, no. 4 (2002): 962. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3069817.

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20

Crowther, Edward B., and W. Harrison Daniel. "Southern Protestantism in the Confederacy." Journal of Southern History 57, no. 4 (1991): 752. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2210629.

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21

Nash, Steven E., Mark Grimsley, and Brooks D. Simpson. "The Collapse of the Confederacy." Journal of Military History 65, no. 4 (2001): 1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2677656.

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22

Inwood, Joshua. "Neo-Confederacy: A Critical Introduction." Political Geography 28, no. 6 (2009): 382–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2009.10.002.

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23

Hogue, James K., Mark Grimsley, and Brooks D. Simpson. "The Collapse of the Confederacy." Journal of Military History 66, no. 4 (2002): 1212. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3093293.

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24

Slinger, Michael J. "Great Britain and the Confederacy." British Journal of American Legal Studies 12, no. 2 (2023): 357–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjals-2023-0028.

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Abstract This essay describes the efforts of the Confederate States of America to convince Great Britain to support its secession from the United States. Although the South's leaders were confident that Britain's need for cotton would lead it to become an ally, numerous factors—including the British public's aversion to slavery—contributed to the country remaining neutral.

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25

Tomasiewicz, Jarosław. "Confederacy — the polish new right wing between tradition and modernity." Studia Politicae Universitatis Silesiensis 30 (September 29, 2020): 7–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/spus.11379.

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Konfederacja Wolność i Niepodległość (Confederacy for Freedom and Independence) is new, far-right force in Poland. Success of the KWiN broke political monopoly of the Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (Law and Justice) party on the right wing. The paper examines structure, strategy, ideology and social basis of the Confederacy. This new formation amalgamating cultural conservatism and economic liberalism is similar rather to American Trumpism and alt-right than the protest movements of Western-European right wing populism.

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26

Kim, Youngkwan. "Mahan’s Foreign Relations and Iksan as Seen Through Documentary Records." RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR THE MAHAN-BAEKJE CULTURE 41 (June 30, 2023): 2–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.34265/mbmh.2023.41.2.

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The Mahan Confederacy pursued external relations centered around the powerful state of Mokji, but smaller states also pursued individual external relations. Therefore, Mahan, which interacted with West Jin, may have been Baekje representing the Mahan Confederacy. However, it is also possible that forces such as Mahan small states or the Shinmi state, which have not yet been merged into Baekje, were the main agents of the relations. The Mahan confederacy had interacted with neighboring states within the Three Han Primitive States(Samhan) region such as the Jinhan and Byeonhan, as well as with neighboring states across the sea such as Juho and Wa(Japan). They also had direct interactions with China such as the Later Han(25-220 CE), Cao Wei(220-266 CE), and Western Jin(265-316 CE) dynasties, and had relations with Lolang and Daifang counties. These interactions took various forms, such as sending envoys, tribute, or engaging in warfare, including official and unofficial goods exchanges. The Mahan smaller states, which were located in the Iksan area, also engaged in an exchange with surrounding small states. After the formation of the Mahan Confederacy, it would have participated in foreign exchanges as a powerful country representing the entire Mahan or as a regional power. Such exchanges would have continued until the early 4th century when the Iksan area was fully integrated into Baekje.

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27

Birch, Jennifer, and John P. Hart. "SOCIAL NETWORKS AND NORTHERN IROQUOIAN CONFEDERACY DYNAMICS." American Antiquity 83, no. 1 (2017): 13–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2017.59.

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The Wendat (Huron) and Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) confederacies of northeastern North America are often presented as functionally equivalent political formations despite their having distinct cultural traits and unique geopolitical and developmental histories. In this article we employ social network analysis of collar decoration on ceramic vessels both to examine organizational differences in the social network that composed each group and to evaluate women's participation in political activities as potters who produced and transmitted social and political signals. The concept of social capital and the dimensions along which it varies are employed to understand variability in network statistics and topologies. Our results indicate that the Wendat confederacy formed a “complete” network characterized by bonding ties of social capital, whereas the Haudenosaunee confederacy was a “coalitional” network characterized by bridging ties. The results suggest that women's signaling networks were integral to how each confederacy functioned and the norms of reciprocity, trust, and information-sharing that defined each political formation.

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28

Hallock, Judith Lee, and Richard N. Current. "Encyclopedia of the Confederacy, 4 Vols." Journal of Military History 58, no. 3 (1994): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2944146.

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29

Howard, Victor B. "Encyclopedia of the Confederacy (4 vols.)." History: Reviews of New Books 23, no. 1 (1994): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1994.9950868.

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30

Wiggins, Sarah Woolfolk, and Eugene C. Harter. "The Lost Colony of the Confederacy." Hispanic American Historical Review 68, no. 1 (1988): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2516285.

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31

Wiggins, Sarah Woolfolk. "The Lost Colony of the Confederacy." Hispanic American Historical Review 68, no. 1 (1988): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-68.1.183.

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32

McGehee, C. Stuart, and Eugene C. Harter. "The Lost Colony of the Confederacy." Journal of Southern History 52, no. 4 (1986): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2209175.

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33

Macquarrie, John. "Book Reviews : Only an Anglican Confederacy ?" Expository Times 102, no. 8 (1991): 250–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001452469110200820.

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34

Crowther, Edward R. "The Collapse of the Confederacy (review)." Civil War History 48, no. 3 (2002): 260–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cwh.2002.0032.

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35

Dirk, Brian. "The Collapse of the Confederacy (review)." Civil War History 48, no. 4 (2002): 372–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cwh.2002.0053.

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36

Shoemaker, Nancy. "Encyclopedia of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois Confederacy)." Journal of American Ethnic History 20, no. 4 (2001): 121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27502769.

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37

Smith, Mark A. "Tearing Down Slavery and the Confederacy." Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 40, no. 1 (2019): 83–100. https://doi.org/10.5406/19457987.40.1.10.

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38

Parent, Arnaud. "Prancūzų slaptoji misija Abiejų Tautų Respublikoje: barono Antoine’o-Charles’io de Vioménilio vaidmuo Baro konfederacijoje 1771–1772 m." XVIII amžiaus studijos T. 7: Giminė. Bendrija. Grupuotė, T. 7 (December 31, 2021): 72–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.33918/23516968-007004.

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FRENCH SECRET MISSION IN THE POLISH-LITHUANIAN COMMONWEALTH: THE ROLE OF BARON ANTOINE-CHARLES DE VIOMÉNIL IN THE BAR CONFEDERACY IN 1771–1772 Antoine-Charles du Houx, Baron de Vioménil (1728–1792) was sent by the French Government after Colonel Charles-François Dumouriez (1729–1823) to provide guidance to the leaders of the Bar Confederacy during the years 1771–1772. However, if Colonel Dumouriez is famous because of his activities during the French Revolution, namely for the determinant role he played at the Valmy battle (1792), it is different when it comes to the Baron. Except for some articles in the 19th century biographical encyclopedias and a short biography centered on the role he played during the American Revolutionary war published in 1935, there is no study on him. In spite of this, Baron de Vioménil’s career is a matter of interest, for he participated in the major conflicts the French army took part during the reign of the kings Louis XV and Louis XVI. The baron’s archives, which include abundant correspondence related to his campaigns, are preserved today in the Académie François Bourdon, le Creusot, Burgundy. Being inaccessible for a long time they have not been thoroughly studied, yet. This paper aims at presenting the career of Baron de Viomenil as well as some documents taken from his archives, linked to his participation in the Bar Confederacy operations. Through this endeavour we hope to help cast some new light on a discrete, but efficient French officer who exerted influence on the Polish-Lithuanian history. Keywords: Antoine-Charles du Houx, Baron de Vioménil, the Bar Confederacy (1768–1772), France, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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39

Pointurier, Marie. "The Wendat People: a self-designating community or a confederacy of nations?" Leaves, no. 14 (July 13, 2022): 58–68. https://doi.org/10.46608/leaves.vi14.383.

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Before the arrival of the Europeans, the Wendat people, more commonly known as Huron, occupied a rather small territory along the eastern shores of Georgian Bay, in what is now Ontario. The Wendat society was organised in clans, villages, and nations, united in a confederacy. From 1649 onwards various forms of pressure caused the dispersal of the Wendats in new territories. Today, the descendants of the Wendats are divided in four nations dispersed in the USA and Canada. The Wendats who settled in the USA have become Wyandot/Wyandotte while those who remained in Canada have kept their original name. However, in 1999, the Wendat Confederacy was re-established on ancestral land in Ontario, as what can be seen as an affirmation of the persistence of a Huron community. After describing the cultural specificities of the Wendat at the moment of their dispersal, this paper will try to determine in what ways today's four Huron nations still form a community and why their leaders decided to re-establish the confederacy, thus raising questions concerning nationalism and territoriality in this particular context of a dispersed Amerindian people.

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40

Cooper, Christopher A., and H. Gibbs Knotts. "Defining Dixie: A State-Level Measure of the Modern Political South." American Review of Politics 25 (April 1, 2004): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2374-7781.2004.25.0.25-39.

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Despite volumes of research, there is little agreement on which states to include in the modern political South. In this paper, we analyze state-level demographic, political, public opinion, and policy outcome data to evaluate the distinctiveness of the eleven states of the old Confederacy. Next, we combine the public opinion and policy outcomes unique to the old Confederacy states to create an index of political southernness. Our scale of southernness suggests that the traditional definitions of the region need to be reevaluated. For example, we find that Oklahoma and Kentucky score high on our scale, while Tennessee, Virginia, and especially Texas are much less politically southern.

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41

Kruk-Buchowska, Zuzanna. "Food Sovereignty Practices at the Oneida Nation of Wisconsin Tsyunhehkw^ Farm." Review of International American Studies 12, no. 1 (2019): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/rias.7561.

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The paper looks at the role of traditional foodways and related cultural practices in Oneida’s contemporary food sovereignty efforts, and the various understandings of the continuity of food and agricultural traditions in the community. The tribe’s Tsyunhehkw^’s (joon-hen-kwa) farm, whose name loosely translates into “life sustenance” in English, serves important cultural, economic and educational purposes. It grows Oneida white flint corn, which is considered sacred by the tribe and is used for ceremonial purposes, it grows the tobacco used for ceremonies and runs a traditional Three Sisters Garden. The Three Sisters – corn, beans and squash, are an important part of the Oneida creation story, as well as the vision of Handsome Lake – a Seneca prophet from the turn of the 19th century, who played an significant role in the revival of traditional religion among the People of the Longhouse.[1] They inform the work done at Tsyunhehkw^ to provide healthful food for the Oneida community.   [1]The Oneida form part of the Iroquois Confederacy (as called by the French), referred to as the League of Five Nations by the English, or the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, as they call themselves. Haudenosaunee translates into the People of the Longhouse. The Confederacy, which was founded by the prophet known as Peacemaker with the help of Hiawatha, is made up of the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas. It was intended as a way to unite the nations and create a peaceful means of decision making. The exact date of the joining of the nations is unknown and it is one of the first and longest lasting participatory democracies in the world (“About the Haudenosaunee Confederacy” 2019). 

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42

Hurt, Mandy. "The Serial Cohort: A Confederacy of Catalogers." Serials Librarian 80, no. 1-4 (2021): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0361526x.2021.1865033.

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43

Daniel, Larry J., and James Lee McDonough. "Chattanooga--A Death Grip on the Confederacy." Journal of American History 72, no. 1 (1985): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1903778.

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44

Marszalek, John F., and Richard M. McMurry. "Atlanta 1864: Last Chance for the Confederacy." Journal of Southern History 68, no. 1 (2002): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3069722.

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45

Marten, James, and Richard Nelson Current. "Lincoln's Loyalists: Union Soldiers from the Confederacy." American Historical Review 98, no. 3 (1993): 949. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2167709.

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46

Crofts, Daniel W., and Richard Nelson Current. "Lincoln's Loyalists: Union Soldiers from the Confederacy." Journal of American History 80, no. 3 (1993): 1098. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2080486.

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47

Maslowski, Peter, and James Lee McDonough. "Chattanooga -- A Death Grip on the Confederacy." Military Affairs 52, no. 2 (1988): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1988050.

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48

Ballard, Michael B., and Sean Michael O'Brien. "Mobile, 1865: Last Stand of the Confederacy." Journal of Southern History 69, no. 3 (2003): 710. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/30040055.

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49

Belov, Sergey. "Conflict over Confederacy memorials in the USA." США ܀ Канада: Экономика, политика, культура, no. 4 (2019): 92–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s032120680004361-1.

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50

Downs, Alan C. "Vicksburg: Grant's Campaign That Broke the Confederacy." Journal of American History 108, no. 2 (2021): 381–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jaab164.

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