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Journal articles on the topic 'The consequences of force majeure'

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Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Zubir, Agusman, Fokky Fuad Wasitaatmadja, and Sadino. "The Imposition of Financial Consequences Due to Force Majeure in Construction Service Agreements." Audito Comparative Law Journal (ACLJ) 5, no. 2 (2024): 92–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/aclj.v5i2.33064.

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Force majeure events are likely in Indonesian construction projects due to the country'ssusceptibility to natural disasters. Contractors are particularly vulnerable to defaults like completion delaysand financial losses due to damage. Legal protection through force majeure clauses is crucial. However,some Project Owners hesitate to define force majeure conditions due to a lack of understanding.Researchers aim to clarify force majeure concepts in agreements and construction contracts to ensure legalcertainty for all parties involved. This study employs a qualitative descriptive approach utilizi

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2

Paulus, Joni R., and Dirk J. Meeuwig. "Force Majeure - Beyond Boilerplate." Alberta Law Review 37, no. 2 (1999): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr524.

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This article discusses a common feature in petroleum contracts, the force majeure clause. The force majeure clause is often overlooked by parties and lawyers alike as mere boilerplate; however, the clause has important implications when certain events preclude performance of an agreement. An explanation of what encompasses a triggering event with respect to a force majeure clause is followed by a discussion of the consequences when the clause is invoked in various contractual situations. The authors show how careful drafting of a force majeure clause can minimize the potential for dispute and

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Zheng, Fangyan. "Research on the Application of Force Majeure Rules in International Commercial Contracts." International Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 2, no. 1 (2025): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.70088/hn5tav77.

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This paper focuses on the application issues of force majeure rules in international commercial contracts, exploring the challenges and solutions in their practical implementation. Firstly, it systematically reviews the concept, characteristics, legislative models, and legal consequences of force majeure, comparing the relevant provisions in civil law systems, common law systems, and the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). Secondly, it delves into the main problems in the application of force majeure rules, including the criteria for identifying f

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Ward, Michael. "Eskom’s COVID-19 force majeure." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 10, no. 3 (2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-05-2020-0149.

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Learning outcomes The case describes the fall of Eskom, which in 2001 was named the Financial Times’ Power Company of the Year, but by 2019 was suffering from “systemic corruption, malfeasance, fraud and state capture” that had “compromised the credibility of the organisation and eroded investor confidence”. Eskom’s incompetent management lays the ground for reasonable doubt as to whether the force majeure notice was indeed irresistible. The case suggests several methods available in financial markets to hedge risk – but to what extent are these relevant and appropriate? The main objective of

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HLOBA, Anastasiia. "Force major and peculiarities of its application by business entities in contractual obligations during the martial law in Ukraine." Economics. Finances. Law 5, no. - (2022): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2022.5.2.

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Introduction. Force majeure is one of the tools of the legal mechanism that allows the parties to economic contractual relations to protect themselves from liability for negative consequences arising from circumstances in which it was impossible to take measures to avoid them, as well as in circumstances beyond their control. Intuitive war is perceived as an objectively existing phenomenon, the exact occurrence of which, as well as the consequences it causes, can not be reliably predicted and projected on the contractual relationship of the parties. Because of this, in the current conditions o

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Zinukhova, Viktoriia. "CONCERNING THE NATURE OF FORCE MAJEURE CIRCUMSTANCES DURING MARTIAL LAW." Criminalistics and Forensics, no. 68 (July 3, 2023): 244–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2023.68.24.

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The article analyzes a number of provisions on the researched topic. It was assumed that force majeure or force majeure is a general basis for exemption from civil liability, both contractual and non-contractual. In the work, we considered the circumstances of liability in cases of violation of non-contractual obligations under martial law. Also, specifics of the legislative requirements for recognition of certain circumstances of force majeure have been established. The consequences of the application of such circumstances and other features were determined. And they also formulated the concl

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Kholmurod, Ruzievich Isanov. "The Legal Nature of Force-Majeure." RA JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH 07, no. 11 (2021): 2683–86. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5717583.

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ABSTRACT This article analyzes the legal nature of the force majeure in the system of legal relations. The will of the parties to a force majeure legal relationship, as a sudden or unavoidable event or situation involving their will, affects the rights and obligations between them and has certain legal consequences, the whole system of legal relations has also been examined as the basis for exemption from liability or exclusion of liability. Approaches have also been explored in distinguishing a situation that led to harm as a risk (risk) or force majeure situation in determining liability for

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8

Putri, Mutia Kartika. "IMPLICATIONS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE IMPLEMENTATION BUSINESS CONTRACTS." Indonesia Private Law Review 4, no. 1 (2023): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25041/iplr.v4i1.2920.

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The spread of Covid-19 has caused many debtors to be unable to carry out their achievements in contracts. The problems in this research are related to force majeure according to civil law in Indonesia, whether what is included in the qualifications for the Covid-19 pandemic can be categorized as force majeure according to Indonesian civil law and the legal consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic related to the implementation of business contracts. This type of research is normative legal research and descriptive research. The results of the study show that the characteristics of force majeure in

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9

Permatasari, Made Intan. "PENYELESAIAN ATAS KEADAAN FORCE MAJEURE PADA RUMAH SUSUN YANG MASIH DALAM PROSES PEMBANGUNAN." Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) 6, no. 4 (2017): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jmhu.2017.v06.i04.p04.

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Flat is one of the most popular alternative of housing due to limited land availability. In the construction of flats, the developer will usually ask for a down payment to consumers who want to order the apartment of flat units. The problem occurs when a force majeure occurs at the time the apartment is still under construction. The problems of the study: What are the legal consequences in case of force majeure of under construction flat? And how is the settlement of force majeure situation under construction flat? The research method used is normative research. The results of the discussion s

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Bata Ritonga, Ali, and Fauziah Lubis. "Penyelesaian Kasus-Kasus Wanprestasi (Studi Kasus Pada Kondisi Force Majeure Pada Pandemi Covid-19)." Rayah Al-Islam 6, no. 2 (2022): 236–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37274/rais.v6i2.607.

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ABSTRAK Penyelesaian sengketa pada kondisi fore majeure akibat pandemic covid-19 merupakan suatu permohonan debitur untuk menunjukkan bahwa tidak dapat dilaksanakan apa yang sebelumnya telah dijanjikan karena disebabkan oleh hal-hal yang sama sekali tidak terduga atau situasi yang tidak diprediksi sebelumnya. Maka akibat hukumnya yang terdapat pada force majeure si berpiutang tidak bisa membebankan resiko yang didapatnya kepada si berutang dan si berutang tidak bisa juga dinyatakan lalai dalam kewajibanpemenuhan prestasi. Maka, akibat dari kasus covid-19 situasi force majeure sebagai jal

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Schwenzer, Ingeborg. "Force Majeure and Hardship in International Sales Contracts." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 39, no. 4 (2008): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v39i4.5487.

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This article takes an analytical look of the concepts of force majeure and hardship when attempting to extract oneself from an agreement. The article starts off with a brief summary of their historical background and their presence in various domestic legal systems, such as France, Germany and the Netherlands. It goes on to examine the Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG) which does not have force majeure and hardship provisions but does have a provision that has the same effect. The article goes on to describe the requirements for avoiding liability in international sales cont

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Lysenko, H. I., and L. A. Muzyka. "The concept of «force majeure» under the laws of Ukraine, the United Kingdom and the United States." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 1, no. 84 (2024): 336–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2024.84.1.50.

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The article analyzes the concept of force majeure provided for in Article 14-1 of the Law of Ukraine «On Chambers of Commerce and Industry in Ukraine» No. 671/97-ВР of December 2, 1997, which defines the list of circumstances falling under the concept of «force majeure». This list is quite broad, but not exhaustive. At the same time, such a list of force majeure circumstances did not exist before September 2, 2014, and this list appeared in connection with the anti-terrorist operation in eastern Ukraine after the entry into force of the Law of Ukraine «On Temporary Measures for the Period of A

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13

Farhan Jiddan Saros and Nurkholis Anwar. "EFEKTIVITAS ASAS PACTA SUNT SERVANDA SAAT TERJADI KEADAAN MEMAKSA (FORCE MAJEURE) DALAM HUKUM PERJANJIAN INDONESIA." JOURNAL SAINS STUDENT RESEARCH 1, no. 1 (2023): 769–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.61722/jssr.v1i1.396.

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The effectiveness of the Pacta Sunt Servanda principle in Indonesian treaty law becomes an important subject when force majeure occurs. This principle implies the obligation of parties to comply with the agreed contents of the agreement. However, when events beyond control, such as natural disasters, war, or other unexpected events (force majeure), this principle becomes tested. In this context, the effectiveness of the Pacta Sunt Servanda principle in Indonesian treaty law requires a balance between adherence to the agreed agreement and recognition of unforeseen circumstances that may affect

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14

Dinar, I. Gusti Agung Ayu Gita Pritayanti, and I. Nyoman Putu Budiartha. "A Comprehensive Force Majeure Model Clause in Corporate Transactions in Indonesia." Sociological Jurisprudence Journal 3, no. 2 (2020): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/scj.3.2.1901.138-144.

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Force majeure clause is presented in various models, from the simple to the complex ones that contain comprehensive descriptions, provisions, and notifications set out in an agreement with the details of the consequences of force majeure events. Force majeure clause serves as a complementary core clause and a renegotiating tool for the parties in the case of any event occurring beyond their reasonable control, which is important enough not to be overlooked by business actors. The Covid-19 pandemic which is currently ongoing worldwide, which has been declared as a global pandemic by World Healt

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Idrisov, Kh V. "Coronavirus Pandemic 2019-nCoV (COVID-19) as Force Majeure." Lex Russica, no. 8 (August 25, 2020): 124–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2020.165.8.124-133.

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The paper is devoted to the legal analysis of the consequences of a new coronavirus infection, due to which the World Health Organization declared a pandemic. By its nature, this infectious phenomenon refers to a force majeure event. Within the framework of the scientific research, the author describes the concept of force majeure, as well as the features of emergency and unavoidability that make up this legal category. In addition, a number of regulatory legal acts regulating public relations in this area are subject to legal analysis, both adopted earlier and published literally from the ver

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Kashubsky, Mikhail. "Commentary Offshore energy force majeure: Nigeria’s local problem with global consequences." Maritime Studies 2008, no. 160 (2008): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07266472.2008.10878888.

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Dacev, Nikola. "Concept of Force Majeure in Commercial Contracts and its Interpretation during Pandemic in North Macedonia." Bratislava Law Review 6, no. 2 (2022): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.46282/blr.2022.6.2.304.

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A pandemic, defined as an epidemic spread over larger regions, is of course not unknown in the world. There are several pandemics in history that have left a great impact on humanity. However, so far there has not been a pandemic of such proportions and consequences as the Covid-19 pandemic.. It literally paralysed life and led to unprecedented health, economic and political consequences on a global scale. As has been the case in every area, Covid-19 has also had a serious impact on legal systems. Many countries were not ready with appropriate legislation to deal with the pandemic in terms of

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18

Akhmedova, Zamira A. "Insurmountable force as a circumstance eliminating civil liability." Law Нerald of Dagestan State University 44, no. 4 (2022): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21779/2224-0241-2022-44-4-69-73.

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The author of the article analyzes the current problems of establishing circumstancesthat eliminate civil liability and suggests ways to minimize the consequences of force majeure in contractual obligations.According to the author, it is necessary to fix in the normative legal act newcircumstances that eliminatecivilliability and the specifics of their proof. In order to minimize the consequences of force majeurecircumstancesincontractual obligations, the author suggests that it is mandatory to include a clause on force majeurecircumstances with an indication of the deadline for notifying the

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Приходько, М. С. "FORCE MAJEURE AS CIRCUMSTANCE AFFECTING THE MODIFICATION AND TERMINATION OF THE CONTRACT." Вестник Академии права и управления, no. 1(76) (February 26, 2024): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47629/2074-9201_2024_1_37_40.

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В статье рассматриваются проблемы действия непреодолимой силы во взаимосвязи с изменением и расторжением договора. При существенном нарушении условий договора непреодолимая сила как юридический факт будет иметь значение, если наряду с изменением или расторжением договора суд принял решение о взыскании убытков или о применении других мер гражданско-правовой ответственности. В статье рассматриваются последствия для договорных отношений существенного изменения обстоятельств, которые близки по сущности действию непреодолимой силы. This article discusses the problems of force majeure in relation to

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Isanov, Kholmurod. "ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE SYSTEMS AS A SOURCE OF EXCESSIVE RISK: FORCE MAJEURE." Jurisprudence 5, no. 1 (2025): 30–37. https://doi.org/10.51788/tsul.jurisprudence.5.1./vinx6590.

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"This article scientifically analyzes the civil law features of force majeure arising in artificial intelligence systems, which are a source of increased danger. The concept of force majeure, circumstances that do not depend on the will and actions of the participants in the legal relationship and lead to the breach of obligations and unlawful damage as a result of an extraordinary and inevitable event, the consequences of which cannot be prevented or eliminated under certain circumstances, is also discussed. In particular, the development of relations between artificial intelligence systems a

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Nasution, Pani Chadijah, Surya Perdana, and Muhammad Arifin. "Credit Agreement Due To The Corona-19 Pandemic (Study of Wonosari District Court Decision Number 3/Pdt.G.S/2020)." Veteran Law Review 5, no. 1 (2022): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.35586/velrev.v5i1.2836.

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The corona pandemic as a delay in credit payments, the determination of the non-natural disaster Covid-19 as a national disaster through Presidential Decree 12/2020 does not automatically become the basis for parties in commercial agreements to declare themselves in a state of force majeure. In-depth study of case by case analysis by paying attention to the clauses in an agreement becomes the benchmark for determining the state of force majeure. As a result of parties who did not fulfill their achievements in the credit agreement during the Covid-19 period. The suspension of liability occurs w

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Bogdanova, Valeria Volodymyrivna. "Comparison of the concepts of «force majeure» and «circumstances of insuperable force» as grounds for exemption from contractual liability." Alʹmanah prava, no. 15 (September 1, 2024): 487–93. https://doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2024-15-487-493.

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The article is devoted to research and analysis of the definitions of «force majeure» and «circumstances of insuperable force» as grounds for exemption from contractual liability. The legislative formulation of the grounds for exemption from civil and commercial liability differs, because the rules of civil legislation refer to such grounds as accident and force majeure, while commercial legislation operates with definitions of «acts of insuperable force», which are characterized by signs of emergency and inevitability. However, the common thing is that non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment

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Junaidi, Junaidi, Mila Surahmi, and Desmawaty Romli. "Force Majeure or Hardship Principle In Termination of Employment During The Covid-19 Pandemic." SASI 28, no. 3 (2022): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.47268/sasi.v28i3.941.

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Introduction: The company often uses the spread of the Covid 19 virus in Indonesia in carrying out the Termination of Employment (PHK). Force Majeure is regulated by Article 164 of Law No. 13 of 2003 on Manpower but does not regulate epidemics or diseases as force majeure. Hardship itself is not regulated, and this doctrine is not yet known in Indonesia, as evidenced by the lack of contracts implementing the hardship clause.Purposes of the Research: The purpose of this study is to provide legal protection for employees who have experienced termination of employment due to the Covid-19 pandemic

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Donny, Warianto, Sytafrinaldi, and Thamrin. "Waivers of Constitutional Court Decisions by the Supreme Court Regarding Manpower Laws." Law and Humanities Quarterly Reviews 2, no. 3 (2023): 19–29. https://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1996.02.03.68.

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The definition of force majeure as a situation that occurs beyond the control of the parties. However, there is a difference, namely in the first definition it is clearly stated that the failure to perform the agreement must cause a loss as a consequence of the failure to perform the agreement. The parties want to carry out the performance according to the contents of the agreement, but there are certain circumstances that make an agreement potentially unenforceable. These circumstances are commonly referred to as force majeure or force majeure. Circumstances where the parties or one of the pa

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Janković, Svetislav. "Legal consequences of the disturbances in air traffic caused by the Covid-19 crisis." Pravo i privreda 59, no. 4 (2021): 523–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/pip2104523j.

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In the article, the author considers special legal regime of liability of an air carrier in the circumstances of the corona pandemic. Author is focused on the air traffic's disturbances which are, mainly, manifested in the cancellation of flight and, consequently, to the appropriate rights of passengers. Th e basic problem which is targeted by the author is the legal qualification of the corona crisis and, in short, deciding whether corona crisis has an attribute of force majeure. It has been derived a conclusion about corona crisis as some kind of social force majeure, especially having regar

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Frolova, N. M. "Non-contractual and Unaccounted-for Consumption of Electric Energy and the Consequences of their Detection." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)) 1, no. 11 (2022): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2021.87.11.185-193.

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This article identifies the problems of calculating the initial and final terms of non-contractual and unaccounted electricity consumption, considers the possibility and necessity of taking into account force majeure circumstances that led to unaccounted electricity consumption, and the legal nature of the requirements arising from non-contractual and unaccounted electricity consumption.

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Olga, Melnyk. "Change and termination of the agreement, from the point of view of different legal doctrines, in the event of circumstances of force major." ScienceRise: Juridical Science, no. 4(14) (December 30, 2020): 34–40. https://doi.org/10.15587/2523-4153.2020.219350.

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Force majeure (force majeure) can cause a significant change in circumstances, which is the basis for termination or change of the contract, and, ultimately, leads to the termination of the obligation (its termination) or the preservation of the obligation in a modified form. Legal regulation of the legal consequences of a significant change in the circumstances that exist at the conclusion of the contract is usually based on one of two key principles of contract law: the principle, according to which contracts must be performed (pacta sunt servanda), or clause (clausula rebus sic stantibus).

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Maleki, Mohammad Reza, and Ali Mohammadzadeh. "The Effects of Non-Performance of Contract as a Result of Frustration of Purpose." Journal of Politics and Law 10, no. 2 (2017): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v10n2p200.

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Appearing of forcible events or other reasons which hinder the performance of contract or cause its frustration has special legal effects and destroy the casual link between the obligator and the loss resulting from its non-performance. In this situation, these reasons affect the structure of contract and possibly may cause the discharge or suspension of contract. Therefore, the effect of occurring this kind of excuse are twofold. One of the important consequences of occurring this event is the exemption of the obligator from contractual responsibility, because, the non-performance is not attr

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Romadhoni, Muhammad Masruri, Muhammad Hasan Bisyri, and Lilis Setiawati. "Overmacht Dalam Perjanjian Sewa Menyewa Alat Berat: Suatu Analisis Penyelesaian Sengketa." el hisbah Journal of Islamic Economic Law 4, no. 2 (2024): 181–94. https://doi.org/10.28918/elhisbah.v4i2.9226.

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This research aims to determine the resolution of internal overmacht disputes heavy equipment rental agreement at PT. Setya Perkasa Graha Aditama. And aims to explain the legal consequences of dispute resolution overmacht towards the parties in the rental agreement. This research is juridical-empirical research, which is descriptive in nature with a qualitative approach. The primary data source is the results of interviews with the Commissioner of PT. Setya Perkasa Graha Aditama and Mr Adi. Secondary data sources include information obtained from statutory regulations, fiqh principles, and int

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Melnik, O. "Fulfillment of the terms of the contract as a result of force majeure during martial law." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 1, no. 74 (2023): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.74.16.

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Under the conditions of martial law, the existing contractual activity in Ukraine was actually divided into: contracts concluded before the beginning of martial law and after its introduction. The peculiarity of the application of force majeure for domestic business entities during martial law is the occurrence of its circumstances mainly for both parties. Each type of contract concluded between the parties, as a rule, contains provisions on the actions of the parties that must be taken under force majeure circumstances and the consequences that will follow for the parties regardin

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Ramadhani, Suci, and Harjono Harjono. "PENOLAKAN CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 19 SEBAGAI ALASAN FORCE MAJEURE DEBITUR WANPRESTASI (STUDI PUTUSAN NOMOR 28/PDT.G.S/2021/PN.DPS)." Verstek 11, no. 1 (2023): 068. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/jv.v11i1.71258.

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<p><strong>Abstract:</strong> Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis pandemi covid-19 sebagai alasan <em>force majeure </em>dalam perjanjian sewa ruang usaha dalam putusan nomor 28/Pdt.G.S/2021/PN.Dps. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan sifat deskriptif. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah studi kasus (<em>case study</em>). Bahan hukum yang digunakan adalah bahan hukum primer dan bahan hukum sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan bahan hukum yang digunakan adalah studi kepustakaan. Teknik analisis baha

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Meria, Fatma, Serlika Aprita, and Heni Marlina. "Wanprestasi Perjanjian Kerja Waktu Tertentu Akibat Pandemi Covid-19." DOKTRINA: JOURNAL OF LAW 5, no. 2 (2022): 268–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/doktrina.v5i2.7512.

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The purpose of this study will be to discuss the cancellation of a certain time work agreement due to covid-19 in terms of Law no. 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower and the legal consequences of canceling a certain time work agreement due to the covid-19 pandemic. The research method uses normative juridical research, where this type of research discusses doctrines or principles in legal science aimed at written regulations. The results showed that the cancellation of a certain time agreement as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic, including for reasons of termination of employment, seen from Law n

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Wulandari, Mila Dianur, and Siti Mahmudah. "Implementation of Debtor Law in Force Majeure Credit Financing During The Covid-19 Pandemic." JILPR Journal Indonesia Law and Policy Review 5, no. 2 (2024): 299–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.56371/jirpl.v5i2.224.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on the economy, especially the people of Kudus Regency. This research uses an empirical juridical approach, namely an approach that examines statutory regulations related to the issues to be discussed, and also takes a field approach to obtain information as supporting material. This research aims to analyze the implementation of the law and the legal consequences for debtors in Force Majeure in credit financing during the COVID-19 pandemic at PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia Kudus Regency Unit Office. Implementation of law on debtors in Force Majeure credit fi

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Kondratenko, K., and I. B. Machuska. "Legal regulation of insurance relations under martial law: force majeure." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 2 (June 23, 2023): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2023.02.18.

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The article examines the specifics of the legal regulation of insurance relations in the conditions of martial law and the functioning of the insurance services market under the conditions of force majeure. On the basis of the analysis of scientific literature, regulatory legal acts, norms of current civil legislation and court practice, the peculiarities of providing insurance services under the condition of force majeure in the conditions of martial law were investigated. The destruction of the housing stock and infrastructure, significant damage, which became the inevitable consequenc

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Raysando, Made Bagus Rizal, Ni Komang Arini Setyawati, and Desak Gde Dwi Arini. "Penyelesaian Wanprestasi atas Dasar Force Majeure Akibat Pandemi Covid-19 dalam Perjanjian Pembiayaan Konsumen." Jurnal Preferensi Hukum 2, no. 2 (2021): 349–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jph.2.2.3334.349-353.

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Consumer finance is a financing institution that is officially still relatively new in Indonesia. Consumer financing agreements are agreements that arise in the day-to-day practice of the wider community. In a contractual relationship, the Covid-19 pandemic has become a point of debate between business actors who are bound by the contract. Debtors who have contractual obligations make the Covid-19 pandemic a basis for freeing themselves from their obligations to fulfill achievements. The purpose of this research is to find out the legal basis for the arrangement of consumer financing agreement

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Zinchenko, Viktor, and Yevheniia Dubchak. "Problems of the Force Majeure Circumstances Impact on the Hospitality Industry (on the Example of the COVID-19 Pandemic)." Bulletin of Kyiv National University of Culture and Arts. Series in Tourism 3, no. 2 (2020): 209–18. https://doi.org/10.31866/2616-7603.3.2.2020.221279.

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Tour operators note that the epidemic of coronavirus COVID-19 has become an emergency for the whole world. The global quarantine, travel bans are forced measures by countries to prevent further spread of the virus. The paper presents the results of research analysis by leading scientists and analysts on the impact of force majeure caused by the pandemic on the hospitality industry, statistics of international and Ukrainian tourism organizations on the state of the industry during the pandemic. The practical experience of countries in overcoming the consequences of the pandemic and the global e

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Minakir, Pavel. "The Economics of Force Majeure: The Price of ‘Financial Stability’." Spatial Economics 19, no. 2 (2023): 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14530/se.2023.2.007-027.

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In this paper, it is shown that, despite a tremendous number of sanctions that significantly modify the conditions of financial and economic equilibrium in Russia, the basic mechanisms, priorities and construction of the goals of the financial and economic policy have not changed. This is especially true for monetary and fiscal policy. The analysis of the parameters and results of budget planning for 2022–2023 has been carried out. Although there are no catastrophic failures of macroeconomic indicators according to the Ministry of Finance in 2022 and the official projections of the 2023 budget

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Rutynskyi, Mikhailо Yosypovych, and Ksenia Volodymyrivna Skrypayi. "FORCE MAJEURE DISRUPTIONS OF TOURIST SERVICES BY THE TOUR OPERATOR "JOIN UP!" IN 2018." GEOGRAPHY AND TOURISM, no. 47 (2019): 69–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2308-135x.2019.47.69-87.

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The purpose. The urgency of the presented scientific work is that the study of risks and force majeure disruptions of tourist services by the tourist operator "Join Up!" Will prevent their further occurrence. The object of research is the travel company "Join Up!". The purpose of the study: to investigate the reasons for the failure of service programs and the dynamics of the number of victims, to analyze the public resonance and the consequences of the failure of the programs and to make a prediction of the image losses of the tour operator "Join Up!" іn 2018 and 2019. Methods. The research u

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Бондарук, Владислав. "THE ROLE OF RISK MANAGEMENT IN ENSURING THE FINANCIAL STABILITY OF ENTERPRISES UNDER FORCE MAJEURE CIRCUMSTANCES IN FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES." Economic journal of Lesya Ukrainka Volyn National University 2, no. 38 (2024): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/2786-4618-2024-02-69-75.

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The article examines the influence of the modern globalized economic environment on the activities of enterprises operating in the field of foreign economic activity and facing a large number of risks in the course of their operation, in particular due to the influence of force majeure circumstances. The importance of risk management for ensuring the financial stability of enterprises in the conditions of increasing risks and threats to economic activity is determined. The impact of risk management on the financial stability of enterprises in foreign economic activity, especially in cases of f

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Weller, Marc-Philippe, and Philip Ridder. "Unforeseen Circumstances, Hardship, Impossibility and Force Majeure under German Contract Law." European Review of Private Law 22, Issue 3 (2014): 371–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2014034.

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Abstract: The sanctity of contracts is a fundamental principle of private law. However, it can be overcome in cases of impossibility, force majeure, hardship or unforeseen circumstances. This article analyses the way German Contract Law deals with such situations. It focuses on the two main provisions of section 275(2) and section 313 German Civil Code, pointing out and comparing their respective requirements and legal consequences. Emphasis is also placed on the historic origins of the German doctrine of the 'foundation of transaction' (Lehre von der Geschäftsgrundlage). Résumé: Pacta sunt se

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Dikovska, Iryna. "Problems of Performance of Contractual Obligations Due to War Time." Teisė 129 (January 9, 2024): 85–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/teise.2023.129.6.

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The paper aims to elucidate the legal consequences of the impossibility or hardship of performing contracts due to war or circumstances caused by war under the laws of Ukraine, Germany and Switzerland. Since in all the jurisdictions studied they can be determined by both contractual and legislative provisions, the paper first focuses on the interpretation of force majeure clauses under the laws of Ukraine, Germany and Switzerland. It also analyzes what consequences of the impossibility of performing a contract due to war or circumstances caused by war may arise when the contract does not defin

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Dzhagaeva, Maiya S., and Azamat T. Siukaev. "EFFECTIVENESS OF THE POLICY TO SUPPORT THE DOMESTIC PRODUCER." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 1/12, no. 154 (2025): 97–105. https://doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2025.01.12.013.

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Based on the analysis of statistical data, this article attempts to assess the impact of the implemented mechanism of state support on the development of domestic production. The dynamics of the trade balance of the Russian Federation, its structure, as well as indicators of the demography of enterprises are studied and an assessment of the entrepreneurial activity of enterprises is given. The reaction of some indicators to force majeure, in particular the pandemic and its consequences, is considered.

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Mileni Habibah, Nadia, Mohammad Hamidi Masykur, and Diah Aju Wisnu Wardhani. "FORCE MAJEURE AND NOTARY RESPONSIBILITY: THE CASE OF THE DESTRUCTION OF DEED MINUTES." IBLAM LAW REVIEW 4, no. 1 (2024): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.52249/ilr.v4i1.241.

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Notaries, in carrying out their duties, have the authority to create authentic deeds, where authentic deeds serve as perfect evidence in court proceedings. According to Article 16 of the Notary Law (UUJN), the notary's obligation is not only to create authentic deeds but also to store them as part of the notary's protocol, which is a state document or archive that must be properly preserved and stored to prevent loss or destruction under any circumstances. The focus of this thesis is on the scenario where the notary's office, the place where all archives or protocols are stored, experiences a

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Calista Nawangsari, Elizabeth. "Covid-19 Pandemic As An Excuse Of Non-Performance Of Contractual Obligations From Transnational Law Perspective." Jurnal Sosial Sains 2, no. 3 (2022): 404–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/sosains.v2i3.367.

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Background: The outbreak of COVID-19 has greatlyinfluenced the world’s economic situation. Its lethal potential as well as its drastic effects on international contracts, would lead to the post-pandemic litigation and arbitration questioning the applicability of the doctrines of force majeure, frustration, and hardship as an excuse of non-performances of several contractual obligations amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Purpose: This research will discuss on the matter of the applicability of the aforementioned doctrines and its subsequent effects to excuse a non-performing party. Methods: This res

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Calista Nawangsari, Elizabeth. "Covid-19 Pandemic As An Excuse Of Non-Performance Of Contractual Obligations From Transnational Law Perspective." Jurnal Sosial Sains 2, no. 3 (2022): 404–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.59188/jurnalsosains.v2i3.367.

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Background: The outbreak of COVID-19 has greatlyinfluenced the world’s economic situation. Its lethal potential as well as its drastic effects on international contracts, would lead to the post-pandemic litigation and arbitration questioning the applicability of the doctrines of force majeure, frustration, and hardship as an excuse of non-performances of several contractual obligations amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Purpose: This research will discuss on the matter of the applicability of the aforementioned doctrines and its subsequent effects to excuse a non-performing party. Methods: This res

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Bakung, Dolot Al Hasni, Mohamad Hidayat Muhtar, and Nabih Amer. "Comparative Analysis of Legal Policies Regarding Force Major During Covid-19 Pandemic in Indonesia and China." Batulis Civil Law Review 3, no. 1 (2022): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.47268/ballrev.v3i1.721.

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Covid-19 as a pandemic in the 20th century has brought consequences in many aspects, one of which is the force major aspect. The force majeure policy in Indonesia is still incomplete, unlike China, which already has a more complete policy. The purpose of the research is to be able to find out about the Covid-19 policy in Indonesia and to compare the Indonesian and Chinese force major policy settings. The research method uses a normative research type with a statutory approach. The results of the study show that Indonesia's policy in dealing with covid 19 has problems in two policies, namely: t

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Osipenko, O. V. "Management of Russian companies after the abolition of coronavirus quarantine." Journal of Modern Competition 14, no. 80 (2020): 68–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.37791/1993-7598-2020-14-4-68-83.

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The article makes an attempt to substantiate the expected changes in the management of Russian companies after overcoming the main consequences of the use of forced restrictions on social life by the authorities, caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Analyzing the work of Russian companies during the period of radical quarantine, the period of March — June 2020, the author, in particular, allows updating the needs of developers of in-house regulatory documents of companies regulating management practice, in terms of describing in them algorithms for “temporary emergency self- isolation” under force

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Елисеев, А. К. "New force-majeure circumstances of civil law relations in Russia and abroad during the covid-19 virus pandemic." Экономика и предпринимательство, no. 6(119) (June 23, 2020): 1228–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.34925/eip.2020.119.6.261.

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В связи с распространением коронавирусной инфекции 2019-nCov в Российской Федерации и введением на территории России режима повышенной готовности некоторые субъекты гражданского оборота, в том числе органы государственной власти и иностранные контрагенты, оказались не в состоянии выполнить свои обязательства по заключённым ранее договорам. Количество обращений за заключениями о подтверждении форс-мажорных обстоятельств выросло в несколько раз, момента ввода ограничений из-за новой коронавирусной инфекции. Контрагентам, в том числе и государственным органам, необходимо проявить лояльность и поп

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Korombel, Anna, and Karina Filipowska. "RISK OF DEVELOPER INVESTMENTS ON THE CZĘSTOCHOWA HOUSING – PROPERTY MARKET." Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Humanitas Zarządzanie 24, no. 3 (2023): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.0078.

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The aim of the article was to identify the risk accompanying investments carried out on the housing- property market in Częstochowa. The study was conducted using the diagnostic survey method and the questionnaire technique, while the research tool was a questionnaire. Risks with a high probability of occurrence and at the same time with very severe consequences for the implementation of development investments turned out to be the following risks: risk related to the economic situation of the country, force majeure risk, risk of overestimation or underestimation of costs, as well as the risk

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Voroshylova, Hanna, and Yuliia Rokytko. "Marketing Policy as a Key Tool for Formation of Enterprises Activities in the Field of Tourist Business (on the Example of the Tourist Firm "Suputnyk")." Bulletin of Kyiv National University of Culture and Arts. Series in Tourism 3, no. 2 (2020): 166–74. https://doi.org/10.31866/2616-7603.3.2.2020.221275.

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One of the main reasons for the rapid development of tourism is the orientation of the economy of much of the world to the tourism industry, which can be explained by its important role in economic growth. However, the impact of external factors, such as the COVID-19 virus pandemic, natural disasters in certain regions, wars and man-made disasters, directly affect the dynamics of the hospitality and tourism sector in a negative way. It is through marketing activities and the use of marketing tools, companies can avoid the negative consequences and continue to operate, restraining the effects o

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