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1
Green, Elisabeth Jane. The effect of aspartame on subjective measures of appetite and food appeal in adult men. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1994.
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2
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency. Los Angeles County/ University of Southern California Medical Center psychiatric hospital : LACO 2641, FEMA 1008-DR CA 037-91033: FEMA first appeal response findings. Washington, D.C.]: Federal Management Agency, 1995.
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3
United, States Congress Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources Subcommittee on Public Lands National Parks and Forests. Forest Service appeals: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Public Lands, National Parks, and Forests of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Second Congress, first session, on the effect the appeal of forest plans and timber supply sales may have on timber supply and the Forest Service's ability to meet its mandate of multiple use and sustained yield, November 21, 1991. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1992.
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4
Keating, Michael. State and Nation in the United Kingdom. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198841371.001.0001.
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The United Kingdom is not a nation-state but a political union. It was formed by the coming together, over centuries, of territories which retained their own national identities and institutions. Key questions of demos (the people), telos (the purpose of union), ethos (binding values) and the locus of sovereignty were never definitively resolved. Since 1999, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have had their own self-governing institutions within the Union. Devolution was an effort to stabilize the Union in the face of centrifugal pressures, but it left the same key questions unresolved. The Union is now contested in all four of its component parts and fundamental questions are raised about the meaning of political, social and economic union. Unionism, as doctrine and practice appears to have lost its way, unable to adjust to devolution. Brexit has added to the strains because membership of the European Union provided an external support system for the union of the United Kingdom itself. Yet the UK cannot easily fall apart into its constituent nations, and public opinion still appears largely content with the idea of a plurinational union. There is no definitive answer to the question of state and nation within the United Kingdom.
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Estwick, Samuel. Letter to the Reverend Josiah Tucker, D. D. , Dean of Glocester: In Answer to His Humble Address and Earnest Appeal, &C. with a Postscript, in Which the Present War Against America Is Shewn to Be the Effect, Not of the Causes Assigned by Him and Others, B. HardPress, 2020.
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6
Wedgwood, Ralph. Why Does Rationality Matter? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802693.003.0009.
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Internalism implies that rationality requires nothing more than what in the broadest sense counts as ‘coherence’. The earlier chapters of this book argue that rationality is in a strong sense normative. But why does coherence matter? The interpretation of this question is clarified. An answer to the question would involve a general characterization of rationality that makes it intuitively less puzzling why rationality is in this strong sense normative. Various approaches to this question are explored: a deflationary approach, the appeal to ‘Dutch book’ theorems, the idea that rationality is constitutive of the nature of mental states. It is argued that none of these approaches solves the problem. An adequate solution will have to appeal to some value that depends partly on how things are in the external world—in effect, an external goal—and some normatively significant connection between internal rationality and this external goal.
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Emir, Astra. 1. The Institutions of Employment Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198814849.003.0001.
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This chapter explains the organisation and functions of the following institutions of employment law: the Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service (ACAS); the Certification Office; the Central Arbitration Committee (CAC); the Employment Tribunal and Employment Appeal Tribunal; industrial training boards; the Equality and Human Rights Commission; the Health and Safety Executive; the Health and Work Advisory and Assessment Service; the Low Pay Commission; and the Supreme Court. It also discusses the impact of the EU on UK employment law and the implications of the Human Rights Act 1998 for employment law, and mentions the effect of the European Union (Withdrawal) Bill.
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Kuenzler, Adrian. Summary of Results. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190698577.003.0008.
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The persuasive force of the accepted account’s property logic has driven antitrust and intellectual property law jurisprudence for at least the past three decades. It has been through the theory of trademark ownership and the commercial strategy of branding that these laws led the courts to comprehend markets as fundamentally bifurcated—as operating according to discrete types of interbrand and intrabrand competition—a division that had an effect far beyond the confines of trademark law and resonates today in the way government agencies and courts evaluate the emerging challenges of the networked economy along the previously introduced distinction between intertype and intratype competition. While the government in its appeal to the Supreme Court in ...
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Mele, Alfred R. Living Without Agent Causation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190659974.003.0011.
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This chapter explores a question about agent causation: If we were to learn that agent causation is impossible, what effect might that have on some philosophers’ reasoning about event-causal libertarianism? It is argued that, with agent causation off the table, event-causal libertarianism’s appeal would grow stronger for some philosophers. The stage for this argument is set partly by means of a review of issues about luck, control, and settling that surround some arguments subjected to critical scrutiny earlier in the book: namely, the same-control argument, the more-control argument, and Derk Pereboom’s disappearing agent argument. Special attention is paid to direct control. Two different accounts of direct control are offered.
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Gerken, Mikkel. Staging a Strict Purist Invariantist Comeback. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803454.003.0010.
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Chapter 9 responds to arguments for pragmatic encroachment that appeal to the communicative functions of knowledge ascriptions or genealogical assumptions. The methodology of such arguments is criticized by way of a dilemma—the Functional Role Dilemma. A further dilemma for pragmatic encroachment—Pandora’s Dilemma—is then raised: many factors other than stakes can have an effect on knowledge ascriptions. So, pragmatic encroachers must either accept that these factors are partial determiners of knowledge or reject this. However, both options lead to trouble. Since these dilemmas are indicative of the mistakes in our intuitive judgments, Chapter 9 serves both the purpose of compromising mistaken appeals to folk epistemology and the purpose of guiding a positive account.
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Shope, Robert K. Chained to the Gettier Problem— a Useful Falsehood? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724551.003.0006.
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Chapter 5 refines a solution previously proposed to the Gettier Problem focusing on proscribing certain roles for falsehoods in a ‘justification-explaining chain.’ The refinement is partly explained in contrast to Peter D. Klein’s defeasibility theory of knowledge, which focuses on proscribing certain relations of truths to ‘chains of justifiers.’ Klein eventually revised his defeasibility account in order to allow for instances of knowledge that depend on what he calls ‘useful falsehoods.’ His definition of the latter turns out to face counterexamples. An improved definition allows a role for useful falsehoods in justification-explaining chains. It also has the unexpected effect of pointing toward a solution to the Gettier Problem that obviates the need to appeal to either type of chain.
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Sartorio, Carolina. Causation and Ethics. Edited by Helen Beebee, Christopher Hitchcock, and Peter Menzies. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279739.003.0027.
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This article examines potential applications of the concept of cause to some central ethical concepts, views, and problems. In particular, it discusses the role of causation in the family of views known as consequentialism, the distinction between killing and letting die, the doctrine of double effect, and the concept of moral responsibility. The article aims to examine the extent to which an appeal to the concept of cause contributes to elucidating moral notions or to increasing the plausibility of moral views. Something that makes this task interestingly complex is the fact that the notion of causation itself is controversial and difficult to pin down. As a result, in some cases the success of its use in moral theory hinges on how certain debates about causation are resolved.
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Kelly, Jim. Ireland and Union. Edited by David Duff. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199660896.013.9.
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Irish writers reacted to the Act of Union between Great Britain and Ireland by creating a literature deeply invested in political disputation and sentimental appeal. The works of Irish Romanticism display formal and generic hybridity, as writers responded to the material and cultural changes brought about by Union. Far from solving the national question, the Union initiated a literature interested in fragmentation, decline, and melancholy. This chapter surveys attempts in fiction and poetry to align sentimental models of literature with political advocacy, and considers the effect that Union had on writers concerned with Ireland. The legacy of the 1798 Rebellion, the ongoing struggle for Catholic Emancipation, and economic stagnation all led to a literature that could, and often did, shift quickly from lachrymose nostalgia to Gothic trauma.
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Neill, Alex. Poetry. Edited by Jerrold Levinson. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279456.003.0035.
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Questions concerning the value of poetry have been of interest to philosophers and critics ever since Plato issued his challenge, in Book X of the Republic, to poetry's ‘champions’, to show that poetry is not, as he argued it to be, epistemically and morally a corrupting influence on individuals and society. Aristotle's Poetics is in effect in large part a response to that challenge. Where Plato argued that poetry's appeal to emotion in its audience was degrading, Aristotle argued that the capacity of tragedy to bring about the catharsis of pity and fear in the audience made it, in one way or another (unfortunately the obscurity of the notion of catharsis in the Poetics makes it very difficult to say precisely how), a force for good in the pursuit of psychological and moral health.
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Collini, Stefan. Vexing the Thoughtless. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198737827.003.0021.
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T. S. Eliot’s early criticism is, notoriously, marked by various forms of calculated outrageousness. This chapter maps the fine line that Eliot treads in his reviewing between offending and seducing his readers as he seeks not just to recommend, but also to model, a more rigorous and probing form of criticism than that normally to be found in the literary journalism of the time. It concentrates on the review-essays he wrote for the Athenaeum in 1919–20, the work which announced his arrival as a significant critical voice in literary London. It shows how the various characteristics of Eliot’s early critical prose—its ability to seem deeply scholarly though not in the least academic, its allusiveness, its appeal to self-evidence in the use of quotations—served, in effect, to discriminate among the various publics for such writing, where he avowedly aimed both to ‘stimulate the reflective’ and to ‘vex the thoughtless’.
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Roth, Martin, and Robert Cummins. Neuroscience, Psychology, Reduction, and Functional Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199685509.003.0002.
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The pressure for reduction in science is an artifact of what we call the nomic conception of science (NCS): the idea that the content of science is a collection of laws, together with the deductive-nomological model of explanation. NCS in effect identifies explanation with reduction, thus making no room for the explanatory autonomy of function-analytical explanations. When we replace NCS with something more descriptively accurate, however, we find that the kind of explanatory autonomy of functional-analytic explanations is ubiquitous in the sciences. Key to showing this is a distinction between horizontal and vertical explanation. Horizontal explanations explain the capacities of a complex system by appeal to the design of the system. Vertical explanations, by contrast, explain how a design is implemented in a system. We argue that the distinction between horizontal and vertical explanations provides us with a better picture of the relationship between functional analysis and mechanistic explanation.
17
Moreno-Lax, Violeta. Remedies, Procedural Guarantees (and the Unavoidability of Admission to Territory). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198701002.003.0010.
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The rights to asylum and to protection against refoulement, as per Chapters 8-9, entail both substantive and procedural components. This chapter scrutinizes the remedies and procedural safeguards attached to them, paying particular attention to the most relevant international provisions of refugee law and human rights protection. Article 16 CSR51; Articles 14(1), 2(3) and 7 ICCPR; Article 3 CAT; as well as Articles 6 and 13 ECHR are all scrutinized with the purpose of determining the content of the right to effective judicial protection in Article 47 CFR. On the basis of the ‘cumulative standards’ approach, it is concluded that fair trial and effective remedy guarantees are applicable in the context of pre-border controls, including the right to a hearing in person and to an appeal ‘with automatic suspensive effect’. In light of this, it is argued that inherent in a claim to international protection or in a plea of non-refoulement is an entitlement to provisional admission to the territory of the intercepting Member State for the purpose of such procedures as may be necessary to guarantee the effectiveness of the rights that protection seekers derive from EU law.
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Jefferson, Michael. 6. Parental rights. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198815167.003.0006.
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Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the law on parental rights. Topics covered include maternity leave, parental leave, time off for dependants, and right to request flexible working. The right to shared parental leave (SPL) is singled out for detailed treatment, partly because it is fairly new, and partly because, some would say, it exemplifies an old-fashioned approach to sex equality when caring for newborns. The option as to whether her partner can share in SPL is for the mother to decide; the mother may receive (by contract) enhanced maternity pay, but there is no enhanced SPL. The effect is to reinforce the mother’s staying at home because if she goes back to work, the family will lose most of the partner’s income because the rate of pay for SPL is low, around £145 a week. The latter point is arguably sex discrimination, and during the currency of this book the Employment Appeal Tribunal will decide this issue (at the time of writing employment tribunals are split).
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Shaw, Daron, and John Petrocik. The Turnout Myth. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190089450.001.0001.
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This book refutes the widely held convention that high turnout in national elections advantages Democratic candidates while low turnout helps Republicans. It examines over fifty years of presidential, gubernatorial, Senate, and House election data to show there is no consistent partisan effect associated with turnout. The overall relationship between the partisan vote and turnout for these offices is uncorrelated. Most significant, there is no observable party bias to turnout when each office or seat is examined through time. In some states, across the decades, gubernatorial and senatorial contests show a pro-Democratic bias to turnout; in others an increase in turnout helps Republicans. The pattern repeats for House elections during the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, and through the 2010s. The analysis demonstrates that, within the range that turnout varies in American elections, it is the participation and abstention of easily influenced, less engaged citizens—peripheral voters—that move the outcome between the parties. These voters are the most influenced when the short-term forces of the election—differential candidate appeal, issues, scandals, and so forth—help the parties. Since these influences advantage Republicans as often as Democrats, the oscillation in turnout that coincides with pro-GOP and pro-Democratic forces leaves turnout rates inconsequential overall. The connections between short-term forces and the election cycle dominate the inconsistent partisan effects of turnout.
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Hopkins, Graeme, and Christine Goodwin. Living Architecture. CSIRO Publishing, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643103078.
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Extensively illustrated with photographs and drawings, Living Architecture highlights the most exciting green roof and living wall projects in Australia and New Zealand within an international context.
Cities around the world are becoming denser, with greater built form resulting in more hard surfaces and less green space, leaving little room for vegetation or habitat. One way of creating more natural environments within cities is to incorporate green roofs and walls in new buildings or to retrofit them in existing structures. This practice has long been established in Europe and elsewhere, and now Australia and New Zealand have begun to embrace it.
The installation of green roofs and walls has many benefits, including the management of stormwater and improved water quality by retaining and filtering rainwater through the plants’ soil and root uptake zone; reducing the ‘urban heat island effect’ in cities; increasing real estate values around green roofs and reducing energy consumption within the interior space by shading, insulation and reducing noise level from outside; and providing biodiversity opportunities via a vertical link between the roof and the ground.
This book will appeal to a wide range of readers, from students and practitioners of architecture, landscape architecture, urban planning and ecology, through to members of the community interested in how they can more effectively use the rooftops and walls of their homes or workplaces to increase green open space in the urban environment.
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Reamer, Frederic G. On the Parole Board. Columbia University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7312/columbia/9780231177337.001.0001.
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Few people experience life inside of prison. Even fewer are charged with the responsibility of deciding whether inmates should be released. In his twenty-four years on the Rhode Island Parole Board, Frederic G. Reamer has judged the fates of thousands of inmates, deciding which are ready to reenter society and which are not. It is a complicated choice that balances injury to victims and their families against an offender’s capacity for transformation. With rich retellings of criminal cases, On the Parole Board is a singular book that explains from an insider’s perspective how a variety of factors play into the board’s decisions: the ongoing effect on victims and their loved ones, the life histories of offenders, the circumstances of the crimes, and the powerful and often extraordinary displays of forgiveness and remorse. Pulling back the curtain on a process largely shrouded in mystery, Reamer lays bare the thorny philosophical issues of crime and justice and their staggering consequences for inmates, victims, and the public at large. Reamer and his colleagues often hope, despite encountering behavior at its worst, that criminals who have made horrible mistakes have the capacity for redemption. Yet that hope must be tempered with a realistic appraisal of risk, given the potentially grave consequences of releasing an inmate who may commit a future crime. This book will appeal to anyone interested in the complexities of the criminal justice system, the need to correct its injustices, and the challenges of those who must decide when justice has been served.