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1
Amster, Hagit. The effect of dramatherapy on elements of depression in the case o method model to strategies for coping with stress among nursingf a hospitalised adolescent girl. Roehampton: University of Surrey Roehampton, 2001.
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2
Krivoyekov, Syergyey, and Roman Ayzman. Psychophysiology. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/10884.
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Psychophysiology — the science studying interrelation of mentality of the person and physiological processes. Fundamental knowledge of work of a brain, first of all, of nervous regulation of functions of an organism, the general and specific features of the highest falls within the scope of its interests
nervous activity, the defining character and behavior of the person,
psychophysiological mechanisms of regulation of functional states.
In the book neurophysiological bases of coding and information processing in nervous system, neural mechanisms of feelings, perceptions, memories, training, motivations and emotions, thinking and the speech, attention, consciousness, behavior, mental activity are stated. Separate
the section is devoted to physiological bases of mental changes at various functional, extreme and pathophysiological states (a stress, post-stressful frustration, addiktivny states, depressions, etc.) and to ways of their correction. Authors tried to pay special attention to disclosure of specifics of psychophysiology of the person,
to difference of physiological mechanisms of regulation of mental functions of the person in comparison with model researches on animals.
For simplification of work on discipline and the best digestion of material
the textbook is supplied with the glossary.
For students, undergraduates, graduate students and teachers of psychological and medical faculties of higher education institutions.
3
Tacchi, Mary Jane, and Jan Scott. 4. Models of depression. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199558650.003.0004.
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Epidemiological studies of depression give important insights into populations at higher risk of depression, but not everyone in certain high-risk circumstances will develop a clinical depression. ‘Models of depression’ highlights some of the most well-known biological, psychological, and social models ranging from the monoamine hypothesis to Beck’s cognitive model, and then discusses attempts to integrate these into a multi-dimensional psycho-bio-social theory. It highlights the interaction between stress and vulnerability factors, and the importance of considering the origins of the vulnerabilities. In reality, there is no one cause and no single pathway to depression and multiple factors increase vulnerability to depression.
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Stevenson, Jerry G., Robert F. Muzenrider, and Robert T. Golembiewski. Stress in Organizations: Toward A Phase Model of Burnout. Praeger Publishers, 1985.
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5
Stoddard, Frederick J., and Robert L. Sheridan. Wound Healing and Depression. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190603342.003.0009.
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Depression and wound healing are bidirectional processes for adults and children consistent with the conception of depression as systemic. This systemic interaction is similar to the “bidirectional impact of mood disorder on risk for development, progression, treatment, and outcomes of medical illness” generally. And, evidence is growing that the bidirectional impact of mood disorder may be true for injuries and for trauma surgery. Animal models have provided some support that treatment of depression may improve wound healing. An established biological model for a mechanism delaying wound healing is increased cortisol secretion secondary to depression and/or stress, and impaired immune response, in addition or together with the other factors such as genetic or epigenetic risk for depression. Cellular models relate both to wound healing and to depression include cytokines, the inflammatory response (Miller et al, 2008), and cellular aging (Telgenhoff and Shroot, 2005) reflected in shorter leukocyte telomere length (LTL) (Verhoeven et al, 2016). Another model of stress impacting wound healing investigated genetic correlates—immediate early gene expression or IEG from the medial prefrontal cortex, and locomotion, in isolation-reared juvenile rats. Levine et al (2008) compared isolation reared to group reared samples, and found that, immediate gene expression in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was reduced, and behavioral hyperactivity increased, in juvenile rats with 20% burn injuries. Wound healing in the isolation reared rats was significantly impaired. They concluded that these results provide candidates for behavioral biomarkers of isolation rearing during physical injury, i.e. reduced immediate mPFC gene expression and hyperactivity. They suggested that a biomarker such as IEGs might aid in demarcating patients with resilient and adaptive responses to physical illness from those with maladaptive responses
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Keel, Pamela K., and Lauren A. Holland. Eating Disorders. Edited by C. Steven Richards and Michael W. O'Hara. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.013.017.
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This chapter examines patterns of comorbidity between eating disorders and mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders along with evidence regarding support for different theoretical models that may account for these patterns. Although comorbidity estimates may be inflated by reliance on treatment-seeking samples and double counting of symptoms that overlap between syndromes, evidence supports elevated risk of mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders in anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. Data from family and twin studies support that eating and anxiety disorders may have a shared diathesis, consistent with the common cause model. Data from longitudinal studies suggest that eating disorders may increase vulnerability for developing a substance use disorder, consistent with the predisposition model. In contrast, comorbidity between eating and mood disorders, such as depression, remains poorly understood. Clinical issues regarding comorbidity of depression and eating disorders along with guidelines for clinicians treating patients with comorbid depression and eating disorders are discussed.
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Watson, David, and Sara M. Stasik. Examining the Comorbidity Between Depression and the Anxiety Disorders From the Perspective of the Quadripartite Model. Edited by C. Steven Richards and Michael W. O'Hara. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.013.026.
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Major depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) represent heterogeneous combinations of symptoms. Analyses focusing on these distinctive symptom dimensions can play an important role in explicating key diagnostic phenomena such as comorbidity. We review depression and PTSD from the perspective of the quadripartite model, which posits that it is important to consider two quantitative elements when analyzing the properties of symptoms: (a) the magnitude of their general distress component and (b) their level of specificity. Within both disorders, we identified certain symptoms—insomnia and appetite disturbance in the case of depression, dysphoria within PTSD—that both (a) exhibited poor diagnostic specificity and (b) provided little or no incremental information to their respective diagnoses. We therefore argue that deemphasizing these weak and nonspecific indicators and focusing primarily on more specific types of symptoms potentially can improve the diagnosis and assessment of these disorders.
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Swift, Adrienne. Anxiety and college women: Exploring a diathesis-stress model. 1996.
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Swift, Adrienne. Anxiety and college women: Exploring a diathesis-stress model. 1996.
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10
Alcantara, Lyonna F., Eric M. Parise, and Carlos A. Bolaños-Guzmán. Animal Models of Mood Disorders. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0026.
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Animal modeling has advanced our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of human neuropsychiatric disorders and facilitated development of safer, more efficient medications. Similar to humans with depression, rodents exposed to various stress paradigms exhibit aberrant responses to rewarding stimuli, along with hormonal and immunological dysregulation. Development of more complex models, such as social defeat, has led to a firmer grasp of the mechanisms mediating resilience and susceptibility to stress; and adapted versions of social defeat have yielded insights into how emotional stress influences development of mood disorders. This chapter focuses on stress-induced models of mood disorders and outlines how a depression-like phenotype is induced and tested in rodents.
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Nestler, Eric J. The Biological Basis of Depression. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190603342.003.0001.
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Most major advances in biomedical research have relied on the use of animal and cell models of disease. This is a particularly difficult challenge in psychiatry, because many core symptoms of mental illnesses are inherently inaccessible in animals. Moreover, because still today there are no bona fide molecular-cellular abnormalities that are pathogenomic for these illnesses, cell models are even more far afield. This chapter reviews efforts to overcome these obstacles and use animal and cell studies to better understand the biological basis of depression and to develop improved treatments. An important distinction is made between acute vs. chronic stress models as well as differentiating the changes that stress induces in brain that mediate deleterious maladaptations as opposed to homeostatic adaptations that help the individual cope with the stress. Studies along these lines are making major strides in identifying candidate molecular pathways that should be mined for new antidepressant treatments. However, a major gap in the field is the great difficulty in testing novel mechanisms in humans; closing this gap is one of the highest priorities for the field.
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Frydenberg, Erica, ed. Beyond Coping. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780198508144.001.0001.
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There are many challenges to be faced in contemporary society including the stresses of everyday living in the technological age and changes in patterns of employment and family life. Depression is being experienced in ‘epidemic’ proportions in many Western communities, and in particular amongst young people. The search for effective ways to reverse this trend has resulted in a significant shift in psychological approach from a focus on helplessness and pathology to a more positive orientation that emphasises health and well-being. This volume brings together leading researchers in the field of stress and coping to consider ways in which coping research contributes to our understanding of how people in different sectors of life meet goals and challenges. It provides a synthesis of different but compatible theoretical models that have been developed in the field of stress and coping and provides a way forward beyond the traditional stress and coping paradigms. The emergent model is able to be used to assess a wide range of issues in the stress and coping domain.
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McCarty, Richard. Stress and Mental Disorders: Insights from Animal Models. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190697266.001.0001.
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Stress has now been recognized as an important factor in the development or recurrence of various mental disorders, from major depressive disorder to bipolar disorder to anxiety disorders. Stressful stimuli appear to exert their effects by acting upon individuals with susceptible genotypes. Over the past 50 years, animal models have been developed to study these dynamic interactions between stressful stimuli and genetically susceptible individuals during prenatal and postnatal development and into adulthood. This book begins with a discussion of the history of psychiatric diagnosis and the recent goal of moving toward precision psychiatry, followed by a review of clinical research on connections between stressful stimuli and the development of psychiatric disorders. Chapters are also included on neuroendocrine, immune, and brain systems involved in responses to stress. Additional chapters focus on the development of animal models in psychiatry and the susceptibility of the developing organism to stressful stimuli. Subsequent chapters are devoted to animal models of specific stress-sensitive psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. These chapters also focus on the identification of promising molecular targets for development of new drug therapies; a chapter examines animal models of resilience to stress-induced behavioral alterations as a newer approach to understand why some animals (e.g., inbred mice) are susceptible to stress and others are resilient, even if they are essentially genetically identical. The final chapter discusses how these basic laboratory animal models are providing promising leads for future breakthroughs in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders.
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Duman, Ronald S. Neurotrophic Mechanisms of Depression. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0027.
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Early theories of depression and treatment response were centered on the monoamine neurotransmitters, but more recent work has focused on functional and structural synaptic plasticity and the role of neurotrophic factors, particularly brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Neurotrophic factors regulate all aspects of neuronal function, including adaptive plasticity, synapse formation, and neuronal survival. Chronic stress and depression cause reductions in levels of BDNF and other key factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), in cortical regions that contribute to atrophy and loss of neurons observed in depressed patients and rodent stress models. In contrast, these neurotrophic factors are upregulated by chronic administration of typical antidepressants and are required for antidepressant responses. Moreover, fast acting, highly efficacious antidepressant agents such as ketamine rapidly increase BDNF release and synapse formation, paving the way for a new generation of medications for the treatment of depression.
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Landsbergis, Paul A., Marnie Dobson, Anthony D. LaMontagne, BongKyoo Choi, Peter Schnall, and Dean B. Baker. Occupational Stress. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662677.003.0017.
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This chapter describes sources of stress in the work environment, their adverse effects on the health of workers, and how they are influenced by economic globalization, political systems, laws, government policies, and the changing labor market. Models of occupational stress, in particular job strain and effort-reward imbalance, are presented. Additional occupational stressors are described, including long work hours, shift work, precarious work and job insecurity, work-family conflict and organizational injustice, including discrimination, harassment, and bullying. The health and safety consequences of exposure to occupational stressors are detailed, including musculoskeletal disorders, acute traumatic injuries, mental disorders (such as depression), health behaviors, and cardiovascular disease and its risk factors (including hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome). Finally, there is a discussion of efforts on work reorganization and job redesign, workplace policies and programs, and laws and regulations designed to reduce occupational stress and improve the health and safety of workers.
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Ménard, Caroline, Madeline L. Pfau, Georgia E. Hodes, and Scott J. Russo. Immune Mechanisms of Depression. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0028.
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Mood disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD) are diagnosed largely based upon behavioral symptoms rather than biological factors. Some have argued that a lack of rigorous biomarker-based diagnosis is the reason why 30%–50% of MDD patients are unresponsive to traditional antidepressant medications. Over the past few decades, MDD has been shown to be highly prevalent in patients suffering from chronic inflammatory conditions, such as lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, etc. Moreover, subgroups of MDD patients have shown consistently higher levels of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines. Together, these clinical findings suggest that alterations within the immune system might contribute to the behavioral symptoms of MDD. In this chapter, we review the growing literature in both humans with MDD and in rodent stress models of depression that support a role for the immune system in depression.
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Nestler, Eric J. New Approaches for Treating Depression. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0030.
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Several obstacles have impeded the introduction of new antidepressant medications over the past six decades. These obstacles include our still rudimentary knowledge of the biological basis of depression, as well as difficulties in evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of new putative antidepressant mechanisms in pathophysiologically distinct subtypes of the syndrome. Despite these obstacles, several tangible steps can be taken to advance depression treatment moving forward. The field needs to continue to take advantage of serendipitous discoveries in humans, such as the demonstration of rapid antidepressant effects of ketamine. Re-establishing experimental pharmacology in humans, to make it possible to establish the actions of new mechanisms in people, is essential, combined with the judicious use of a growing range of chronic stress models in animals. We anticipate that, with these approaches, the field can at long last breakthrough the logjam of discovery and introduce new treatments for depression over the next decade.
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Watson, David, and Michael W. O'Hara. Understanding the Emotional Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199301096.001.0001.
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Understanding the Emotional Disorders: A Symptom-Based Approach examines replicable symptom dimensions contained within five adjacent diagnostic classes in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: depressive disorders, bipolar and related disorders, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, and trauma- and stressor-related disorders. It reviews several problems and limitations associated with traditional, diagnosis-based approaches to studying psychopathology, and it establishes the theoretical and clinical value of analyzing specific types of symptoms within the emotional disorders. It demonstrates that several of these disorders—most notably, major depression, bipolar disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder—contain multiple symptom dimensions that clearly can be differentiated from one another. Moreover, these symptom dimensions are highly robust and generalizable and can be identified in multiple types of data, including self-ratings, semistructured interviews, and clinicians’ ratings. Furthermore, individual symptom dimensions often have strikingly different correlates, such as varying levels of criterion validity and diagnostic specificity. It concludes with the development of a more comprehensive, symptom-based model that subsumes various forms of psychopathology—including sleep disturbances, eating- and weight-related problems, personality pathology, psychosis/thought disorder, and hypochondriasis—beyond the emotional disorders.
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Richards, C. Steven, and Michael W. O'Hara, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Depression and Comorbidity. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.001.0001.
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Depression is frequently associated with other psychiatric disorders, chronic health problems, and distressed close relationships. This comorbidity between depression and other disorders and problems is important. Furthermore, there has been a large increase in research on depressive comorbidity. Therefore, a book of 37 state-of-the-art reviews by experts will be helpful to teachers, researchers, practitioners, developers of relevant policies, and students in these areas. The comorbidity of depression with other psychiatric disorders is addressed in chapters focusing on panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, alcohol-use disorders, eating disorders, conduct disorder, personality disorders, sexual dysfunctions, schizophrenia, suicide, and bipolar disorder. The comorbidity of depression and chronic health problems is addressed in chapters focusing on cardiovascular disease, cancer, pain, obesity, sleep disorders, multiple sclerosis, acquired immune deficiency syndrome, kidney disease, dementia, and women's health. The comorbidity of depression and distressed close relationships is addressed in chapters on intimate relationships, family relationships, and perinatal depression. There are also chapters on diagnostic issues, theory and constructs, models of comorbidity between depression and anxiety, assessment strategies, multidisciplinary treatments, community interventions, treatment in ethnic minority groups, psychosocial interventions for depressed cancer patients, and cognitive therapy for comorbid depression. Finally, in an effort to integrate the material, there are introduction, big picture, and epilogue chapters. The 37 chapters in this book reflect a scholarly and evidence-based perspective on depressive comorbidity. Moreover, the chapters address a wide array of relevant issues, including etiology, assessment, diagnosis, course, theory, research, practice, treatment, and clinical guidelines. In summary, this edited book includes 37 chapters on depression and comorbidity, and thereby provides a comprehensive, scholarly, and empirically-based compendium of reviews on this topic.
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Belsher, Bradley E., Daniel P. Evatt, Michael C. Freed, and Charles C. Engel. Internet and Computer-Based Treatments for the Management of PTSD. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190205959.003.0014.
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A rapid expansion in the development of telehealth treatments has occurred during the past several decades, with a growing body of evidence supporting online therapies for behavioral health disorders. These online interventions have focused primarily on the treatment of depression, panic disorder, social phobia, and generalized anxiety disorder. More recently, and with the relative success of the previous Web-based treatments, several online treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have emerged. An overview of Internet and computer-based treatments (ICTs) for PTSD is presented, including a general discussion of computerized treatments followed by a review of specific ICTs that have been developed and tested for PTSD. Some of the critical issues surrounding ICTs are then explored, and an example of how online treatments can be incorporated into a larger care model is presented. The discussion ends with a brief description of the use of mobile health applications to augment treatment.
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Ayers, Susan, and Elizabeth Ford. Posttraumatic Stress During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period. Edited by Amy Wenzel. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199778072.013.18.
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Research on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in pregnancy and postpartum is relatively new but clearly demonstrates the importance of recognizing and treating women with PTSD at this time. Women with PTSD in pregnancy are at greater risk of pregnancy complications and health behaviors that have a negative impact on the woman and fetus. Approximately –3% of women develop PTSD after giving birth, and rates increase for women who have preterm or stillborn infants or life-threatening complications during pregnancy or labor. Models of the etiology of postpartum PTSD focus on the interaction among individual vulnerability, risk, and protective factors during and after birth. Research shows evidence for the role of previous psychiatric problems, depression in pregnancy, severe complications during birth, support, and women’s subjective experience of birth in postpartum PTSD. Very little research has examined screening or intervention. The chapter highlights key research topics that need addressing.
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Barrett, Catherine E., and Larry J. Young. Molecular Neurobiology of Social Bonding. Edited by Turhan Canli. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199753888.013.001.
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Many psychiatric illnesses, including autism spectrum disorders (ASD), schizophrenia, and depression, are characterized by impaired social cognition and a compromised ability to form social relationships. Although drugs are currently available to treat other symptoms of these disorders, none specifically target the social deficits. In order to develop pharmacotherapies to enhance social functioning, particularly for ASD where social impairment is a core symptom, we must first understand the basic neurobiology underlying complex social behaviors. The socially monogamous prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) has been a remarkably useful animal model for exploring the neural systems regulating complex social behaviors, including social bonding. Prairie voles form enduring social bonds between mated partners, or pair bonds, and display a biparental familial structure that is arguably very similar to that of humans. Here we discuss the neural systems underlying social bonding in prairie voles, including the neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin, opioids, dopaminergic reward and reinforcement, and stress-related circuitry, as well as the susceptibility of social functioning to early life experiences. We highlight some of the remarkable parallels that have been discovered in humans, and discuss how research in prairie voles has already led to novel therapies to enhance social functioning in ASD.
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Mizock, Lauren, and Erika Carr. Women with Serious Mental Illness. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190922351.001.0001.
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Women with Serious Mental Illness: Gender-Sensitive and Recovery-Oriented Care calls attention to a topic and a population that have been overlooked in research and psychotherapy—women with serious mental illnesses (schizophrenia, severe depression, bipolar disorder, and complex post-traumatic stress disorder). The book focuses on the history of mistreatment, marginalization, and oppression women with serious mental illness have encountered, not only from the general public but within the mental health system as well. This book provides an overview of recovery-oriented care for women with serious mental illness—a process of seeking hope, empowerment, and self-determination beyond the effects of mental illness. The authors provide a historical overview of the treatment of women with mental illness, their resilience and recovery experiences, and issues pertaining to relationships, work, class, culture, trauma, and sexuality. This book also offers the new model, the Women’s Empowerment and Recovery-Oriented Care intervention, for working with this population from a gender-sensitive framework. The book is a useful tool for mental health educators and providers and provides case studies, clinical strategies lists, discussion questions, experiential activities, diagrams, and worksheets that can be completed with clients, students, and peers.
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Kreitzer, Mary Jo, and Mary Koithan, eds. Integrative Nursing. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199860739.001.0001.
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Integrative medicine is defined as healing-oriented medicine that takes account of the whole person (body, mind, and spirit) as well as all aspects of lifestyle; it emphasizes the therapeutic relationship and makes use of appropriate therapies, both conventional and alternative. This resource is the first complete roadmap to integrative nursing, providing a step-by-step guide to assess and clinically treat conditions through a variety of combined methodologies including wellness, lifestyle enhancement, and nutrition. This resource puts forth both the skills and theoretical frameworks for multidisciplinary leaders to consider and implement integrative healthcare strategies within institutions, including several case studies involving practical nursing-led initiatives. Sections one and two cover the foundations, including principles and best practices, healing environments, whole systems healing, and measurement of outcomes. The third section outlines major areas of system management such as pain, nausea, insomnia, anxiety, depression, stress, and behavioral dysfunction. The fourth and fifth sections address applications to patient populations, models of care, and models of education. The final section collects global perspectives.
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Onoye, Jane M., Deborah Goebert, and Leslie Morland. Cross-Cultural Differences in Adjustment to Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period. Edited by Amy Wenzel. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199778072.013.31.
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Cultural context is important to understanding cross-cultural difference in adjustment to pregnancy and the postpartum period. Culture is complex, with interrelated variables posing challenges for research. Highlighted with examples of research with women from Western, Eastern, Native, and Other cultures, the chapter discusses variables such as acculturation and acculturative stress, social support, religious and spiritual beliefs and practices, and help-seeking and utilization of services in perinatal mental health and adjustment. Although rates of psychiatric symptoms and disorders vary across cultures, postpartum depression is universal and most often reflected in the perinatal mental health literature. Research on interventions and services mainly examine Western approaches as standard models of health care; however, understanding cultural context can help to inform directions for intervention adaptations or tailoring through a “cultural lens.” There are growing segments of cross-cultural perinatal mental health research, but many gaps still remain.
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Vögele, Claus, Annika P. C. Lutz, and E. Leigh Gibson. Mood, Emotions, and Eating Disorders. Edited by W. Stewart Agras and Athena Robinson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190620998.013.8.
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Mood and emotions are intrinsically involved with eating. This chapter discusses basic mechanisms, findings, and models that help our understanding of the interactions between eating and emotions, in both clinical and nonclinical populations. The finding that negative affect predicts EDs transdiagnostically, and that comorbidity with depressive disorders and anxiety disorders is the norm among patients with EDs suggests that EDs may not necessarily be restricted to domains of eating behavior and body image but may also be associated with significant difficulties in affective functioning. This chapter reviews the evidence relating to the notion that EDs are disturbances of mood regulation, in which regulatory strategies specifically related to eating and the body are used to diminish negative affect associated with food, body image, or stress.
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Bagby, R. Michael, Amanda Uliaszek, Tara M. Gralnick, and Nadia Al-Dajani. Axis I Disorders. Edited by Thomas A. Widiger. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352487.013.5.
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The purpose of this chapter is to summarize and discuss the complex relationship between Five Factor Model (FFM) personality traits and clinical (Axis I) psychopathology, including depressive, bipolar, anxiety, obsessive–compulsive, eating, schizophrenia and psychotic, trauma and stress-related, and substance use disorders. Considered herein will be the alternative forms of relationship, including vulnerability, common cause, pathoplasty, complication/scar, and spectrum. This chapter will highlight the necessity for well-designed, longitudinal studies aimed at elucidating the complex relationships between the FFM and clinical disorders. Consistent research supports Neuroticism as a vulnerability factor to certain disorders, even sharing genetic etiology. However, there are also important contributions for each of the other four domains. The majority of this research is in the area of mood and anxiety disorders. Expanding these studies to include other forms of psychopathology could help identify common personality vulnerabilities to psychopathology, as well as unique predictors of certain constellations of symptoms.
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Feather, N. T. Historical Background to Research on Job Loss, Unemployment, and Job Search. Edited by Ute-Christine Klehe and Edwin van Hooft. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764921.013.001.
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This chapter provides a selective review of past research on job loss, unemployment, and job search up to the beginning of the 1990s. The Great Depression studies in the 1930s at Marienthal by Jahoda and colleagues and by Bakke at Greenwich and New Haven are described, along with other research at the time. These early studies sowed the seeds for subsequent research programs in England, Europe, and Australia; the theories that emerged from this early and later research are described. They include stage theory, deprivation theory, agency theory, and vitamin theory. Other more general approaches—such as stress and coping models and expectancy-value theory—are also described as relevant to the unemployment experience. The historical review provides lessons about the importance of using a variety of methodologies that include descriptive field research, survey and questionnaire studies, longitudinal research, and research across cultures. It also suggests that progress will involve the application of midrange theories about work, paid employment, and unemployment targeted to particular issues such as psychological well-being, health-related problems, social and family effects, and job-search behavior.
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Arango, Victoria, and Mark Underwood. The Neurobiology of Suicide and Implications for Treatment and Prevention. Edited by Phillip M. Kleespies. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352722.013.23.
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Suicide has a biological component. It is the result not only of the necessary biological vulnerability, but also of multiple factors that must converge to elicit the behavior. These factors are discussed in this chapter and include genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, as well as psychopathologic, environmental, and stressful considerations, such as exposure to early adversity. We present a mathematical model with suicide as the outcome. The equation is based on a conventional stress-diathesis model, but it underscores the complexity of suicide behavior. In addition to discussing the contributors to suicidal behavior, we incorporate in the model protective factors that can reduce the risk of suicide. Because of the anatomical abnormalities in the serotonergic system in the brain of people who have died by suicide, a combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy may be most effective in preventing the behavior.