Journal articles: 'The diathesis-stress model of depression'

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Feng, Zheng-Zhi, and Hong Yi. "A Causal Model of Hopelessness Depression in Chinese Undergraduate Students." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 40, no. 3 (April 1, 2012): 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2012.40.3.359.

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The diathesis-stress component hypothesis and the mediational role of hopelessness proposed by the hopelessness theory of depression were tested using data from a 16-week longitudinal study of Chinese university undergraduates. Participants (N = 240) completed self-report measures assessing attributional style, negative life events, hopelessness, and hopelessness depression symptoms at 3 time points. The diathesis-stress hypothesis was tested using the latent growth curve model and results showed that as postulated in the hopelessness theory, depressogenic attributional style predicted hopelessness depression following the occurrence of negative life events. Specifically, hopelessness played a partial mediating role in the etiological chain of hopelessness depression.

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Colodro-Conde, L., B. Couvy-Duchesne, G. Zhu, W. L. Coventry, E. M. Byrne, S. Gordon, M. J. Wright, et al. "A direct test of the diathesis–stress model for depression." Molecular Psychiatry 23, no. 7 (July 11, 2017): 1590–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/mp.2017.130.

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Oashi, Osamu, and Hisashi Hirai. "An experimental study of the diathesis-stress model of depression." Japanese Journal of Health Psychology 5, no. 2 (1992): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.11560/jahp.5.2_24.

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Colodro Conde, Lucia, Baptiste Couvy-Duchesne, Gu Zhu, William Coventry, Enda Byrne, Scott Gordon, Margaret Wright, et al. "A DIRECT TEST OF THE DIATHESIS-STRESS MODEL FOR DEPRESSION." European Neuropsychopharmacology 29 (2019): S805—S806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.08.045.

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Tomono, Takanari. "Diathesis-stress model for relationship between attitudes towards ambiguity and depression." Stress Science Research 30 (2015): 162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5058/stresskagakukenkyu.30.162.

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Spangler, Diane L., Anne D. Simons, Scott M. Monroe, and Michael E. Thase. "Evaluating the hopelessness model of depression: Diathesis-stress and symptom components." Journal of Abnormal Psychology 102, no. 4 (1993): 592–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843x.102.4.592.

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Rholes, Steven W., and Jeffry A. Simpson. "Ambivalent Attachment and Depressive Symptoms: The Role of Romantic and Parent-Child Relationships." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 18, no. 1 (January 2004): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/jcop.18.1.67.28049.

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In recent years, an increasing amount of attention has been devoted to investigating the interpersonal origins of depression and depressive symptoms. Guided by attachment theory and interpersonal models of depression, we describe a diathesis-stress model that has guided our research on how romantic attachment orientations (or styles) are associated with depressive symptomatology. The model presented in this article suggests that when anxious-ambivalent people experience stressful events, they display specific perceptual and behavioral reactions that lead to depressive symptoms. Studies that provide empirical support for parts of the model are discussed. In addition to describing the psychological processes that might exacerbate depressive symptoms in highly ambivalent individuals, the model also identifies novel “pathways” to depression and briefly introduces new theoretical concepts—the constructs of dysfunctional relationship attitudes and relationship deprivation.

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Panak, William F., and Judy Garber. "Role of aggression, rejection, and attributions in the prediction of depression in children." Development and Psychopathology 4, no. 1 (January 1992): 145–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579400005617.

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AbstractConcurrent and predictive relations among aggression, peer rejection, and self-reported depressive symptoms were examined in 521 third-, fourth-, and fifth-grade children at three time points over 1 year. Increases in aggression were significantly associated with increases in depression, and this relation was mediated, in part, through increases in peer rejection. The relation between peer-reported rejection and depression was mediated by perceived rejection. Finally, we found support for the cognitive diathesis-stress model of depression in children. Controlling for initial levels of depression and peer rejection, the interaction between stress (increases in peer rejection) and a depressogenic attributional style contributed significantly to the prediction of self-reported depressive symptoms 1 year later.

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Kalamatianos, A., and L. Canellopoulos. "A diathesis-stress model conceptualization of depressive symptomatology." Psychiatriki 30, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22365/jpsych.2019.301.49.

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Eberhart, Nicole K., Randy P. Auerbach, Joseph Bigda-Peyton, and John R. Z. Abela. "Maladaptive Schemas and Depression: Tests of Stress Generation and Diathesis-Stress Models." Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 30, no. 1 (January 2011): 75–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2011.30.1.75.

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Williams, J. Mark G. "Attributional formulation of depression as a diathesis-stress model: Metalsky et al. reconsidered." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 48, no. 6 (June 1985): 1572–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.48.6.1572.

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Mann, J. John. "The serotonergic system in mood disorders and suicidal behaviour." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1615 (April 5, 2013): 20120537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0537.

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A stress-diathesis explanatory model of suicidal behaviour has proved to be of heuristic value, and both clinical and neurobiological components can be integrated into such a model. A trait deficiency in serotonin input to the anterior cingulate and ventromedial prefrontal cortex is found in association with suicide, and more recently non-fatal suicidal behaviour, and is linked to decision-making and suicide intent by imaging and related studies in vivo . The same neural circuitry and serotonin deficiency may contribute to impulsive aggressive traits that are part of the diathesis for suicidal behaviour and are associated with early onset mood disorders and greater risk for suicidal behaviour. Other brain areas manifest deficient serotonin input, that is, a trait related to recurrent major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. Thus the serotonin system is involved in both the diathesis for suicidal behaviour in terms of decision-making, and to a major stressor, namely episodes of major depression.

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Woody, Mary L., Katie L. Burkhouse, Greg J. Siegle, Anastacia Y. Kudinova, Sydney P. Meadows, and Brandon E. Gibb. "Pupillary Response to Emotional Stimuli as a Risk Factor for Depressive Symptoms Following a Natural Disaster: The 2011 Binghamton Flood." Clinical Psychological Science 5, no. 4 (May 23, 2017): 726–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702617699932.

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Understanding pathways of risk following a natural disaster may help create next-generation targeted interventions. The current study examined if a biomarker of cognitive-affective response (pupil dilation) could identify which individuals are at greatest risk for depression following disaster-related stress. A total of 51 women completed a computer-based task assessing pupillary response to facial expressions of emotion and reported their depressive symptoms before the 2011 Binghamton flood. Following the flood, women were assessed for objective levels of flood-related stress and again reported their depressive symptoms. Supporting the proposed diathesis-stress model, decreased pupil dilation to emotional expressions predicted a significant increase in postflood depressive symptoms, but only among women who experienced higher levels of flood-related stress. Findings suggest that reduced cognitive-affective response to emotional stimuli (measured via pupillary response) can increase risk for depression in the context of high levels of objective life stress.

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Eberhart, Nicole K., and Constance L. Hammen. "Interpersonal Style, Stress, and Depression: An Examination of Transactional and Diathesis-Stress Models." Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 29, no. 1 (January 2010): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2010.29.1.23.

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Shahar, Golan, and Christopher C. Henrich. "Role of adolescent exposure to rockets in the links between personality vulnerability and psychopathology." Development and Psychopathology 31, no. 04 (December 6, 2018): 1367–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579418000792.

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AbstractThe aim of this study is to examine the role of repeated exposure to rocket attacks in the links between personality vulnerability (dependency and self-criticism) and internalizing/externalizing psychopathology. A main-effect vulnerability model (personality leads to psychopathology) was compared with a main-effect scarring model (psychopathology leads to personality vulnerability). Also, a stress-diathesis pattern (personality vulnerability is activated under stress) was compared to a dual-vulnerability pattern (either personality vulnerability or stress, but not both, lead to psychopathology). Israeli adolescents (N = 362) repeatedly exposed to rocket attacks were assessed annually over 3 years. In 2008 and 2010, personality and psychopathology were assessed. Cumulative exposure was measured as the sums of exposure across the three assessment waves. Theoretical models were tested via Autoregressive Cross-Lagged Structural Equation Modeling analyses. Baseline dependency and self-criticism were associated with an increase in anxiety, whereas baseline depression was associated with an increase in dependency. Under low, not high, levels of rocket exposure, self-criticism and depression were longitudinally associated. Violence commission was associated with an increase in dependency under high, not low, cumulative exposure. Results are consistent with both scarring and vulnerability models, and with both stress-diathesis and dual-vulnerability patterns of adolescent risk and resilience.

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Green, Cathryn Gordon, Vanessa Babineau, Alexia Jolicoeur-Martineau, Andrée-Anne Bouvette-Turcot, Klaus Minde, Roberto Sassi, Martin St-André, et al. "Prenatal maternal depression and child serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) and dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) genotype predict negative emotionality from 3 to 36 months." Development and Psychopathology 29, no. 3 (July 18, 2016): 901–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579416000560.

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AbstractPrenatal maternal depression and a multilocus genetic profile of two susceptibility genes implicated in the stress response were examined in an interaction model predicting negative emotionality in the first 3 years. In 179 mother–infant dyads from the Maternal Adversity, Vulnerability, and Neurodevelopment cohort, prenatal depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depressions Scale) was assessed at 24 to 36 weeks. The multilocus genetic profile score consisted of the number of susceptibility alleles from the serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region gene (5-HTTLPR): no long-rs25531(A) (LA: short/short, short/long-rs25531(G) [LG], or LG/LG] vs. any LA) and the dopamine receptor D4 gene (six to eight repeats vs. two to five repeats). Negative emotionality was extracted from the Infant Behaviour Questionnaire—Revised at 3 and 6 months and the Early Child Behavior Questionnaire at 18 and 36 months. Mixed and confirmatory regression analyses indicated that prenatal depression and the multilocus genetic profile interacted to predict negative emotionality from 3 to 36 months. The results were characterized by a differential susceptibility model at 3 and 6 months and by a diathesis–stress model at 36 months.

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Gladstone, Gemma, Gemma Gladstone, and Gordon Parker. "Depressogenic Cognitive Schemas: Enduring Beliefs or Mood State Artefacts?" Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 35, no. 2 (April 2001): 210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2001.00883.x.

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Objective: The objective of this study was to review findings from a previously posited ‘lock and key’ hypothesis which challenge a number of assumptions about cognitive theories of depression. Method: A review of existing cognitive vulnerability theories is presented. Two recent studies employed to test the lock and key hypothesis are summarized. The hypothesis is reviewed in light of other diathesis-stress models of cognitive vulnerability. Results: The identification of a depressed individual's core beliefs or cognitive schemas is a difficult task, with perhaps unresolvable difficulties in disentangling any mood state determinant. Longitudinal assessment of originally euthymic subjects appears the best method to investigate any cognitive risk to depression and the significance of diathesis-stress models. Conclusions: Empirical evidence for or against the validity of cognitive vulnerability theories is largely dependent upon the methodologies used to detect cognitive styles, as well as the nature of the subject groups studied.

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Levine, Shelby L., Marina Milyavskaya, and David C. Zuroff. "Perfectionism in the Transition to University: Comparing Diathesis-Stress and Downward Spiral Models of Depressive Symptoms." Clinical Psychological Science 8, no. 1 (October 14, 2019): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702619865966.

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Transitioning to university may be especially difficult for students who expect perfection from themselves. Self-critical perfectionism has consistently been linked to poor mental health. The current study compares a diathesis-stress and a downward-spiral model to determine why self-critical perfectionism is detrimental for mental health during this transition. First-year students ( N = 658) were recruited before beginning university in August and contacted again in October, January, and April. Participants completed measures on perfectionism, stress, and depressive symptoms. Evidence was found for a downward-spiral model with self-critical perfectionism but not a diathesis-stress model. Students higher in self-critical perfectionism were more likely to experience increased stress and depressive symptoms in a circular and additive manner. Conversely, students higher in personal-standards perfectionism experienced less stress and subsequent depressive symptoms. This research provides a theoretical model for why self-critical perfectionism is related to poor mental-health outcomes that become sustained over time.

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Keenan, Kate, Alison Hipwell, Xin Feng, Michal Rischall, Angela Henneberger, and Susan Klosterman. "Lack of Assertion, Peer Victimization, and Risk for Depression in Girls: Testing a Diathesis–Stress Model." Journal of Adolescent Health 47, no. 5 (November 2010): 526–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.03.016.

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Coyne, James C., and Richard Thompson. "Refining Diathesis-Stress Models of Depression or Introducing Ptolemaic Epicycles?: Commentary on Santor." Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 32, no. 2 (January 2003): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16506070302320.

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Cole, David A., Farrah M. Jacquez, Beth LaGrange, Ashley Q. Pineda, Alanna E. Truss, Amy S. Weitlauf, Carlos Tilghman-Osborne, et al. "A Longitudinal Study of Cognitive Risks for Depressive Symptoms in Children and Young Adolescents." Journal of Early Adolescence 31, no. 6 (September 2, 2010): 782–816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272431610376248.

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Youths with high ( N = 52) or low cognitive vulnerability ( N = 48) for depression were selected from a larger sample ( N = 515) of students (7-10 years old), based on their attributional style (AS), negative cognitions (NC), and/or self-competence (SC). Long-term effects of cognitive vulnerabilities on depressive symptoms were examined in a 3-year, three-wave, multi-informant, longitudinal design. Three findings emerged. First, some empirical overlap exists among these three types of cognitive diatheses, especially between NC and SC. Second, the combination of AS, NC, and SC had a significant (but diminishing) relationship to depressive symptoms at 6, 18, and 30 months, primarily due to NC and SC, not AS. Third, interactions between cognitive risk and life events were not significant, suggesting an additive type of diathesis-stress model for depression in young adolescents.

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Chang, Edward C. "Irrational beliefs and negative life stress: testing a diathesis-stress model of depressive symptoms." Personality and Individual Differences 22, no. 1 (January 1997): 115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(96)00182-1.

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Ayers, S., R. Bond, S. Bertullies, and K. Wijma. "The aetiology of post-traumatic stress following childbirth: a meta-analysis and theoretical framework." Psychological Medicine 46, no. 6 (February 16, 2016): 1121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291715002706.

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There is evidence that 3.17% of women report post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after childbirth. This meta-analysis synthesizes research on vulnerability and risk factors for birth-related PTSD and refines a diathesis–stress model of its aetiology. Systematic searches were carried out on PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science using PTSD terms crossed with childbirth terms. Studies were included if they reported primary research that examined factors associated with birth-related PTSD measured at least 1 month after birth. In all, 50 studies (n = 21 429) from 15 countries fulfilled inclusion criteria. Pre-birth vulnerability factors most strongly associated with PTSD were depression in pregnancy (r = 0.51), fear of childbirth (r = 0.41), poor health or complications in pregnancy (r = 0.38), and a history of PTSD (r = 0.39) and counselling for pregnancy or birth (r = 0.32). Risk factors in birth most strongly associated with PTSD were negative subjective birth experiences (r = 0.59), having an operative birth (assisted vaginal or caesarean, r = 0.48), lack of support (r = −0.38) and dissociation (r = 0.32). After birth, PTSD was associated with poor coping and stress (r = 0.30), and was highly co-morbid with depression (r = 0.60). Moderator analyses showed that the effect of poor health or complications in pregnancy was more apparent in high-risk samples. The results of this meta-analysis are used to update a diathesis–stress model of the aetiology of postpartum PTSD and can be used to inform screening, prevention and intervention in maternity care.

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Booij, Linda, Dongsha Wang, Mélissa L. Lévesque, Richard E. Tremblay, and Moshe Szyf. "Looking beyond the DNA sequence: the relevance of DNA methylation processes for the stress–diathesis model of depression." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1615 (April 5, 2013): 20120251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0251.

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The functioning of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and serotonergic (5-HT) system are known to be intertwined with mood. Alterations in these systems are often associated with depression. However, neither are sufficient to cause depression in and of themselves. It is now becoming increasingly clear that the environment plays a crucial role, particularly, the perinatal environment. In this review, we posit that early environmental stress triggers a series of epigenetic mechanisms that adapt the genome and programme the HPA axis and 5-HT system for survival in a harsh environment. We focus on DNA methylation as it is the most stable epigenetic mark. Given that DNA methylation patterns are in large part set within the perinatal period, long-term gene expression programming by DNA methylation is especially vulnerable to environmental insults during this period. We discuss specific examples of genes in the 5-HT system (serotonin transporter) and HPA axis (glucocorticoid receptor and arginine vasopressin enhancer) whose DNA methylation state is associated with early life experience and may potentially lead to depression vulnerability. We conclude with a discussion on the relevance of studying epigenetic mechanisms in peripheral tissue as a proxy for those occurring in the human brain and suggest avenues for future research.

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Morris, Mary, and Marika Tiggemann. "Depressive reactions to academic failure: A test of the diathesis-stress and mediation components of the hopelessness model of depression." Australian Journal of Psychology 51, no. 2 (August 1999): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049539908255342.

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Kopala-Sibley, D. C., R. Kotov, E. J. Bromet, G. A. Carlson, A. P. Danzig, S. R. Black, and D. N. Klein. "Personality diatheses and Hurricane Sandy: effects on post-disaster depression." Psychological Medicine 46, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 865–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291715002378.

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BackgroundAccording to diathesis–stress models, personality traits, such as negative emotionality (NE) and positive emotionality (PE), may moderate the effects of stressors on the development of depression. However, relatively little empirical research has directly examined whether NE and PE act as diatheses in the presence of stressful life events, and no research has examined whether they moderate the effect of disaster exposure on depressive symptoms. Hurricane Sandy, the second costliest hurricane in US history, offers a unique opportunity to address these gaps.MethodA total of 318 women completed measures of NE and PE 5 years prior to Hurricane Sandy. They were also assessed for lifetime depressive disorders on two occasions, the latter occurring an average of 1 year before the hurricane. Approximately 8 weeks after the disaster (mean = 8.40, s.d. = 1.48 weeks), participants completed a hurricane stress exposure questionnaire and a measure of current depressive symptoms.ResultsAdjusting for lifetime history of depressive disorders, higher levels of stress from Hurricane Sandy predicted elevated levels of depressive symptoms, but only in participants with high levels of NE or low levels of PE.ConclusionsThese findings support the role of personality in the development of depression and suggest that personality traits can be useful in identifying those most vulnerable to major stressors, including natural disasters.

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Wasserman, D., Y. Ben-Efraim, J. Wasserman, and M. Sokolowski. "FC13-03 - Stress, suicidal behaviour and genes." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73588-x.

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According to a stress diathesis model, genes and environment, as well as possible interactions in-between (GxE), may result in vulnerability towards suicidal behaviors (SB), characterized by behavioral trigger endophenotypes such as increased depression-intensity and aggression/ anger/ impulsivity. Excessive stress has the potential to induce unfavorable effects in a variety of higher brain-functions, incurred as side effects to maladaptive responses in the genetically controlled stress-responsive neurosystems e.g. in the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. HPA-axis dysregulation is regarded as an endophenotype of depression-, anxiety- and alcohol abuse disorders, commonly found also in suicide behaviors. Various neurobiological alterations, suggesting abnormal HPA-axis activity and reactivity, have also been demonstrated to occur in suicidal behaviors incl. completed suicides. The HPA axis is a major systemic stress-modulator being mainly controlled by the regulatory corticotrophin releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRHR1) gene. An overview will be presented of the role of the HPA axis in suicidal behaviors with a focus on CRHR1 gene.

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Boekamp, John R., James C. Overholser, and Daniel S. P. Schubert. "Depression following a Spinal Cord Injury." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 26, no. 3 (September 1996): 329–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/cmu6-24ah-e4jg-8kbn.

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Object: Depression is a common problem following a spinal cord injury (SCI) and can greatly interfere with the rehabilitation process because of reduced energy, negative expectations, and social withdrawal. Understanding various factors which influence a vulnerability to depression may improve the diagnosis and treatment of depressive disorders and can improve rehabilitation outcome. Method: A thorough literature search was conducted using Medline, PsychLit, PyschInfo, and Social Science Citation Index to identify relevant articles published between 1967 and 1995. Results: A diathesis-stress model is proposed to explain the increased risk of depressive symptoms after a SCI. Biological changes associated with SCI and pre-existing cognitive biases may influence the individual's vulnerability to stressful life events following the injury. The nature and frequency of stressful life events following the injury can tax the individual's coping resources. Furthermore, the perceived quality of social support and the severity of conflict within the family can influence the individual's adaptation. Conclusions: Social support and recent stressors should be assessed to identify patients at high risk for depression. Patients are less likely to become depressed if their independence is fostered and they are encouraged to develop new sources of self-esteem. Relatives can be counseled to help maintain supportive relationships within the family.

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Flett, Gordon L., Paul L. Hewitt, Kirk R. Blankstein, and Shawn W. Mosher. "Perfectionism, life events, and depressive symptoms: A test of a diathesis-stress model." Current Psychology 14, no. 2 (June 1995): 112–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02686885.

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Nielsen, Johanna D., Rebekah J. Mennies, and Thomas M. Olino. "Application of a diathesis-stress model to the interplay of cortical structural development and emerging depression in youth." Clinical Psychology Review 82 (December 2020): 101922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101922.

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Spangler, Diane L., Anne D. Simons, Scott M. Monroe, and Michael E. Thase. "Comparison of cognitive models of depression: Relationships between cognitive constructs and cognitive diathesis–stress match." Journal of Abnormal Psychology 106, no. 3 (August 1997): 395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843x.106.3.395.

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Trachsel, Manuel, Annalies Gurtner, Miriam Lily von K„nel, and Martin Grosse Holtforth. "Keep it in or Let it out?" Swiss Journal of Psychology 69, no. 3 (September 2010): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185/a000016.

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Previous research suggests that avoiding the expression of emotion may be associated with impaired mental health, although empirical evidence is inconsistent. In this investigation, ambivalence over the expression of emotion is understood as an approach-avoidance conflict between a desire to express emotion and a fear of experiencing negative consequences. Consistent with a diathesis-stress model of depression, we assumed that in stressful situations strong ambivalence over the expression of emotion constitutes an intrapersonal vulnerability for the development of depressiveness. In a cross-sectional survey with an at-risk sample of 112 unemployed subjects, ambivalence over the expression of emotion statistically moderated the prediction of depressiveness by insufficient need satisfaction/stress. The present study provides initial support for the notion that strong ambivalence over the expression of emotion may impede subjects’ potential to cope with extreme stressors such as unemployment and may foster associated depressive states. Psychological interventions in this population may identify and target individual sources of ambivalence contingent on unemployment.

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Tomono, Takanari, and Tsukasa Hashimoto. "An examination of gender difference on diathesis-stress model of depression: Interpersonal intolerance of ambiguity as a cognitive vulnerability." Japanese Journal of Health Psychology 18, no. 2 (2005): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11560/jahp.18.2_16.

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Ratcliffe, L., C. Mayfield, and C. Marker. "B-47 Depressive Symptomatology Subsequent to Comorbid Traumatic Brain Injury and Spinal Cord Injury." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 6 (July 25, 2019): 993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz034.130.

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Abstract Objective The researchers hypothesized that 1) individuals with comorbid traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI) will endorse increased depressive symptomatology compared to individuals with SCI only, 2) TBI severity will contribute to endorsed depressive symptomatology, and 3) premorbid psychopathology will exacerbate current symptom presentation. Method Data from the federally funded SCI Model System Centers was analyzed. From the population (N = 32,159) of individuals with SCI, a sample (n = 7,709) of individuals with comorbid SCI and TBI was obtained to assess impact on depressive symptomatology. Scores on the first two items of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), a validated screening tool for depression, were utilized for analysis of depressive symptomatology. Results There was a significant difference in individuals’ PHQ-9-q1 scores at the first year without TBI (M = 0.72, SD = 0.98) compared to those with TBI (M = 0.86, SD = 1.05; t (1610) = -3.04, p = 0.002, two-tailed). The magnitude of the differences in means (mean difference = -0.14, 95% CI: -0.24 to -0.05) was very small (eta squared = 0.005). Further analysis indicated premorbid depression and co-occurrence of premorbid PTSD and depression were significant predictors of endorsed depressive symptomatology. More in-depth results from these analyses will be presented on the poster. Conclusion This study supports the components proposed by the diathesis-stress model, wherein interactions between predisposing factors and situational stressors contribute to the development of psychopathology. Moreover, these findings suggest the importance of assessing for premorbid psychopathology in individuals with comorbid SCI and TBI as psychological treatment will be crucial in maximizing clinical outcomes.

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Sato, Toru, Doug McCann, and Cristen Ferguson-Isaac. "Sociotropy—Autonomy and Situation-Specific Anxiety." Psychological Reports 94, no. 1 (February 2004): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.94.1.67-76.

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Sociotropy and autonomy are conceptualized as two personality dimensions that relate to individuals' vulnerability to anxiety and depression. Sociotropy is characterized as an excessive investment in interpersonal relationships, and autonomy is characterized as an excessive concern with independence as well as a lack of concern for others. The present study investigated the relationships between sociotropy–autonomy and trait anxiety associated with four types of situations, i.e., Social Evaluation, Physical Danger, Ambiguous Situation, and Daily Routine. 255 undergraduate students completed the Sociotropy–Autonomy Scale, the Endler Multidimensional Anxiety Scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory. Analyses indicated that scores on Sociotropy were positively correlated with rated trait anxiety in situations of Social Evaluation, Physical Danger, and Ambiguous Situations, whereas scores on Autonomy were positively correlated with rated trait anxiety in Daily Routines. These findings are discussed in the context of the diathesis-stress model of anxiety and depression.

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Colodro-Conde, Lucía, and Baptiste Couvy-Duchesne. "Nick Martin’s Contribution to GxE Research." Twin Research and Human Genetics 23, no. 2 (April 2020): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2020.35.

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AbstractThe study and identification of genotype–environment interactions (GxE) has been a hot topic in the field of human genetics for several decades. Yet the extent to which GxE contributes to human behavior variability, and its mechanisms, remains largely unknown. Nick Martin has contributed important advances to the field of GxE for human behavior, which include methodological developments, novel analyses and reviews. Here, we will first review Nick’s contributions to the GxE research, which started during his PhD and consistently appears in many of his over 1000 publications. Then, we recount a project that led to an article testing the diathesis-stress model for the origins of depression. In this publication, we observed the presence of an interaction between polygenic risk scores for depression (the risk in our ‘genotype’) and stressful life events (the experiences from our ‘environment’), which provided the first empirical support of this model.

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Hilsman, Ruth, and Judy Garber. "A test of the cognitive diathesis-stress model of depression in children: Academic stressors, attributional style, perceived competence, and control." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69, no. 2 (1995): 370–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.2.370.

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Kwon, Paul, and Jean-Philippe Laurenceau. "A longitudinal study of the hopelessness theory of depression: Testing the diathesis-stress model within a differential reactivity and exposure framework." Journal of Clinical Psychology 58, no. 10 (September 30, 2002): 1305–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jclp.10043.

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Wasserman, D. "Childhood abuse and the genetic variants of the HPA and serotonin systems." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 2161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73864-0.

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According to a stress diathesis model, genes and environment, as well as possible interactions in-between (GxE), may result in vulnerability towards suicidal behaviors (SB), characterized by behavioral trigger endophenotypes such as increased depression-intensity and aggression/anger/impulsivity.Excessive stress has the potential to induce unfavorable effects in a variety of higher brain-functions, incurred as side effects to maladaptive responses in the genetically controlled stress-responsive neurosystems eg. in the hypo- thalamic-pituitary-adrenal(HPA) axis. Childhood traumatic experiences are particularly relevant as stressful experiences are they frequently occur in the early childhood, when susceptibility to external stressors is higher. Childhood abuse has been found in several study as directly associated with suicidal behavior, independently from other psychological or psychopathological risk factors.HPA-axis dysregulation is regarded as an endo- phenotype of depression-, anxiety- and alcohol abuse disorders, commonly found also in suicide behaviors. Various neurobiological alterations, suggesting abnormal HPA-axis activity and reactivity, have also been demonstrated to occur in suicidal behaviors including completed suicides.The HPA axis is a major systemic stress-modulator being mainly controlled by the regulatory corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRHR1) gene. An overview will be presented of the role of the HPA axis in suicidal behaviors with a focus on CRHR1 gene. and on interactions with childhood traumatic experiences.

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Fu, Zhongfang, Marlies Brouwer, Mitzy Kennis, Alishia Williams, Pim Cuijpers, and Claudi Bockting. "Psychological factors for the onset of depression: a meta-analysis of prospective studies." BMJ Open 11, no. 7 (July 2021): e050129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050129.

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ObjectivesA comprehensive overview of the evidence for factors derived from leading psychological theories of the onset of major depressive disorder (MDD) that underpin psychological interventions is scarce . We aimed to systematically investigate the prospective evidence for factors derived from the behavioural, cognitive, diathesis–stress, psychodynamic and personality-based theories for the first onset of MDD.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.MethodsDatabases PubMed, PsycINFO, Cochrane and Embase and published articles were systematically searched from inception up to August 2019. Prospective, longitudinal studies that investigated theory-derived factors before the first onset of MDD, established by a clinical interview, were included. Screening, selection and data extraction of articles were conducted by two screeners. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation criteria were used to estimate level of confidence and risk of bias. Meta-analysis was conducted using random-effects models and mixed-method subgroup analyses.Primary and secondary outcome measuresEffect size of a factor predicting the onset of MDD (OR, risk ratio or HR).ResultsFrom 42 133 original records published to August 2019, 26 studies met the inclusion criteria. Data were only available for the cognitive (n=6585) and personality-based (n=14 394) theories. Factors derived from cognitive theories and personality-based theories were related to increased odds of MDD onset (pooled OR=2.12, 95% CI: 1.12 to 4.00; pooled OR=2.43, 95% CI: 1.41 to 4.19). Publication bias and considerable heterogeneity were observed.ConclusionThere is some evidence that factors derived from cognitive and personality-based theories indeed predict the onset of MDD (ie, dysfunctional attitudes and negative emotionality). There were no studies that prospectively studied factors derived from psychodynamic theories and not enough studies to examine the robust evidence for behavioural and diathesis–stress theories. Overall, the prospective evidence for psychological factors of MDD is limited, and more research on the leading psychological theories is needed.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42017073975.

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Wagner, Janelle, John Chaney, Kevin Hommel, Nicole Andrews, and James Jarvis. "A Cognitive Diathesis-Stress Model of Depressive Symptoms in Children and Adolescents With Juvenile Rheumatic Disease." Children's Health Care 36, no. 1 (April 30, 2007): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02739610701316878.

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Koolhaas, J. M., P. Meerlo, S. F. de Boer, J. H. Strubbe, and B. Bohus. "Social stress in rats: An animal model of depression?" Acta Neuropsychiatrica 7, no. 2 (June 1995): 27–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0924270800037479.

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Our current understanding of the physiological mechanisms underlying depressive disorders is not only based on behavioral, neuroendocrine and pharmacological studies in depressed humans, but also on experimental studies in a wide variety of animal models of depression. Ideally, the two approaches should operate in close interaction, each providing additional information to the other approach. However, in practice the animal model approach seems to be rather independent from the human studies. In a critical evaluation of the available animal models of depression, Willner concluded that none of the models fulfilled the criteria of a sufficient face, construct and predictive validity. Although this evaluation was made ten years ago, we feel that the situation has improved very little since that time. Most animal models fail to sufficiently mimic both the etiology and the symptomatology of human depressive disorders. With respect to the etiology, stress and major life events are generally considered to be an important factor in the development of depression. Most of the animal models however use stressors which bear little or no relationship to the biology of the species, i.e. to the situations an animal may meet in its everyday life in a natural habitat. Moreover, these models do not pay attention to the temporal dynamics of the disease. In humans, the disease is characterized by its gradual onset, which is often preceded by symptoms of anxiety. Moreover, a relatively large number of patients suffers from recurrent episodes of depression, which tend to occur with decreasing intervals and increasing duration and severity. If we want to improve our knowledge of the causal mechanisms of depression, animal models which allow an experimental analysis of the temporal dynamics of the disease are essential.

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Cole, David A., Lachlan G. Peeke, and Chris Ingold. "Characterological and behavioral self-blame in children: Assessment and development considerations." Development and Psychopathology 8, no. 2 (1996): 381–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095457940000715x.

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AbstractA new instrument, the Why It Happened questionnaire, was developed for assessing characterological and behavior self-blame in two samples of third- through ninth-grade children (Sample 1: n = 121; sample 2: n = 322). Children's responses were very consistent within specific classes of negative events but only moderately consistent across time. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of open-ended and self-rating responses, respectively, revealed that children's self-blame attributions were only moderately consistent across different classes of negative events, and that children's tendency to make characterological and behavioral attributions were unrelated for academic events and moderately correlated for social events. Multiple regression revealed that characterological self-blame about academic and social events were not significantly related to self-reported depression until ninth grade. Implications for cognitive diathesis-stress models of depression for children are discussed.

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Chang, Edward C., Tina Yu, Olivia D. Chang, and Jameson K. Hirsch. "Hope and trauma: Examining a diathesis-stress model in predicting depressive and anxious symptoms in college students." Personality and Individual Differences 96 (July 2016): 52–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.060.

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Brozina, Karen, and John R. Z. Abela. "Behavioural inhibition, anxious symptoms, and depressive symptoms: A short-term prospective examination of a diathesis-stress model." Behaviour Research and Therapy 44, no. 9 (September 2006): 1337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.09.010.

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Brand, Sarel Jacobus, and Brian Herbert Harvey. "Exploring a post-traumatic stress disorder paradigm in Flinders sensitive line rats to model treatment-resistant depression I: bio-behavioural validation and response to imipramine." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 29, no. 4 (August 30, 2016): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/neu.2016.44.

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ObjectiveCo-morbid depression with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is often treatment resistant. In developing a preclinical model of treatment-resistant depression (TRD), we combined animal models of depression and PTSD to produce an animal with more severe as well as treatment-resistant depressive-like behaviours.MethodsMale Flinders sensitive line (FSL) rats, a genetic animal model of depression, were exposed to a stress re-stress model of PTSD [time-dependent sensitisation (TDS)] and compared with stress-naive controls. Seven days after TDS stress, depressive-like and coping behaviours as well as hippocampal and cortical noradrenaline (NA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) levels were analysed. Response to sub-chronic imipramine treatment (IMI; 10 mg/kg s.c.×7 days) was subsequently studied.ResultsFSL rats demonstrated bio-behavioural characteristics of depression. Exposure to TDS stress in FSL rats correlated negatively with weight gain, while demonstrating reduced swimming behaviour and increased immobility versus unstressed FSL rats. IMI significantly reversed depressive-like (immobility) behaviour and enhanced active coping behaviour (swimming and climbing) in FSL rats. The latter was significantly attenuated in FSL rats exposed to TDS versus unstressed FSL rats. IMI reversed reduced 5HIAA levels in unstressed FSL rats, whereas exposure to TDS negated this effect. Lowered NA levels in FSL rats were sustained after TDS with IMI significantly reversing this in the hippocampus.ConclusionCombining a gene-X-environment model of depression with a PTSD paradigm produces exaggerated depressive-like symptoms that display an attenuated response to antidepressant treatment. This work confirms combining FSL rats with TDS exposure as a putative animal model of TRD.

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Summers, C., J. Ciesla, and C. Bean. "1084 Depression and Stress Generation: Can Sleep Quality Bridge the Gap?" Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.1080.

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Abstract Introduction The stress generation literature has established a bidirectional relationship between depression and stress. Not only do stressful life events predict depressive episodes, but a depressive history is also linked to increased, future stressors. One relevant mechanism that has received little attention to account for this relationship is sleep. Sleep difficulties are intertwined with depression, both as a predictive and maintenance factor. Beyond depression, sleep disruption is also a factor in a plethora of stressful events, from an increased risk of automotive accidents to higher reports of interpersonal conflict. The present study explored the role of sleep quality to account for depression’s association with stressors. Methods Ninety-six college students (Age: M = 19.56, SE = .20) reported on their depressive symptoms before undergoing a two-week, online diary, where they reported on sleep quality and the number of stressors experienced. A generalized structural equation model (GSEM) was used to test the relevance of sleep quality to account for baseline depressive symptoms predicting average differences in stressors over the diary. Within the GSEM, a multilevel model was used to explore the daily, within-person association between sleep quality and the number of stressors reported. Results Baseline depression was predictive of poorer sleep quality (b = .01, p < .001) and more stressors across the diary (b = .02, p = .017). Sleep quality mediated the effect of depression on stress generation (b = .002, p = .036), accounting for 13% of the variance. On a daily level, poorer sleep quality the night before predicted more stressors the next day (b = .16, p = .027). Conclusion The results suggest that sleep quality is a relevant mechanism in the prediction of future stressors from depression. Sleep difficulties may represent a pivotal area of future research and intervention target in breaking the cycle between depression and stress generation. Support Hammen, C. (1991). Generation of stress in the course of unipolar depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 555-561. Tsuno, N., Besset, A., & Ritchie, K. (2005). Sleep and depression. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66, 1254-1269.

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Irving, Joanne Boyd, Robert D. Coursey, Monte S. Buchsbaum, and Dennis L. Murphy. "Platelet monoamine oxidase activity and life stress as predictors of psychopathology and coping in a community sample." Psychological Medicine 19, no. 1 (February 1989): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700011041.

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SynopsisThe present study, using a diathesis-stress model, attempted to confirm prior findings with platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and stress in a middle-aged, non-clinic population. One hundred and seventy-eight adult males from a statewide community club were tested for platelet MAO activity and stressful life events and were also given a variety of psychological measures of both psychopathology and psychosocial coping. The data were examined both for correlations across the total sample and for a comparison of high-risk groups (top and bottom 15% of MAO activity) with a middle MAO group. Low platelet MAO activity was related to a higher incidence of contact with mental health professionals, and more frequent use of alcohol and cigarette smoking. High MAO activity was related to higher levels of anxiety and somatization. High levels of stress were related to increased psychosocial problems reported for female and family members, higher scores on two schizophrenia-related MMPI scales (schizophrenia and paranoia subscales), but fewer idiosyncratic associations, elevated hypomanic, depression, and anxiety scores, increased alcohol use, and increased use of prescribed antianxiety and sedative medication. Neither MAO nor stress were related to current levels of psychosocial coping. Moreover, no interaction effects were uncovered for MAO activity and stress combined.

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Morris, Matthew C., Chrystyna D. Kouros, Natalie Hellman, Uma Rao, and Judy Garber. "Two prospective studies of changes in stress generation across depressive episodes in adolescents and emerging adults." Development and Psychopathology 26, no. 4pt2 (November 2014): 1385–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579414001096.

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AbstractThe stress generation hypothesis was tested in two different longitudinal studies examining relations between weekly depression symptom ratings and stress levels in adolescents and emerging adults at varied risk for depression. The participants in Study 1 included 240 adolescents who differed with regard to their mothers' history of depressive disorders. Youth were assessed annually across 6 years (Grades 6–12). Consistent with the depression autonomy model, higher numbers of prior major depressive episodes (MDEs) were associated with weaker stress generation effects, such that higher levels of depressive symptoms predicted increases in levels of dependent stressors for adolescents with two or more prior MDEs, but depressive symptoms were not significantly related to dependent stress levels for youth with three or more prior MDEs. In Study 2, the participants were 32 remitted-depressed and 36 never-depressed young adults who completed a psychosocial stress task to determine cortisol reactivity and were reassessed for depression and stress approximately 8 months later. Stress generation effects were moderated by cortisol responses to a laboratory psychosocial stressor, such that individuals with higher cortisol responses exhibited a pattern consistent with the depression autonomy model, whereas individuals with lower cortisol responses showed a pattern more consistent with the depression sensitization model. Finally, comparing across the two samples, stress generation effects were weaker for older participants and for those with more prior MDEs. The complex, multifactorial relation between stress and depression is discussed.

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Morgan, Jonathan, Cara E. Curtis, and Lance D. Laird. "Stress and Hope at the Margins." Archive for the Psychology of Religion 39, no. 3 (December 2017): 205–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15736121-12341345.

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For many people across the world, experiences of depression include features that extend beyond the biopsychiatric model, which predominates in research on the relationship between religious and spiritual coping and depressive symptoms. How does attending to these diverse experiences of depression challenge our understanding of the dynamic between religiosity and depression? This paper presents thirteen qualitative interviews among economically marginalized mothers in the metro-Boston area. Analyzing these narratives presents a complex picture of the way chronic situational stress lies beneath their experiences of depression. From this expanded view of depressive experiences, we analyze the religious coping strategies of social support and meaning making to reveal the holistic, yet often ambiguous, ways these mothers engaged religious and spiritual resources to forge hope amidst chronic stress.

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Journal articles on the topic 'The diathesis-stress model of depression'

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