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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'The drainage basin'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Fleming, Robert J. (Robert James) 1962. "Prediction of stream channel location from drainage basin boundaries." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/53044.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2001.
"February 2001."
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 17-19).
Common methods of extracting representations of drainage networks from raster digital elevation models for hydrological and geomorphological applications are similar to a class of image processing methods known as grayscale watershed algorithms. These algorithms partition a field of scalar values into connected regions based on a local minimum associated with each region. A related class of image processing algorithms, known as 2-dimensional skeletonization algorithms, reduce a planar shape to a one-dimensional, connected, graph-like structure, called a skeleton, that maintains significant information about the properties of the original shape. The morphological similarity between the skeleton of a region and a drainage network suggest that skeletonization algorithms might be used to relate basin shape to the drainage network within the basin. This idea was examined by applying two 2-dimensional skeletonization algorithms to two drainage basin boundary shapes extracted from digital elevation models to attempt to predict stream channel locations within the basin. The skeletons computed for the two basins studied did not predict the location of principal channels in the interiors of the basins studied. This is due, at least in part, to the fact that these two dimensional algorithms only consider symmetry with respect to plan view basin shape, with no consideration made of relative elevations along basin boundaries or position of the boundary points with respect to the basin outlet. In convex outward salients of the upper reaches of the two basins studied, the position and planform of computed skeletons agree reasonably well with the upper reaches of drainage networks derived from the digital elevation model. This observation suggests a relationship between basin boundary shape and the location and form of the channel network, at least in the neighborhood of the boundary in upper portions of the basins. A brief review of recent results from computational geometry and image analysis suggest several possible methods of extending this analysis to incorporate relative elevation along the boundary and orientation of the boundary with respect to the basin outlet, and possibly resolving this question.
by Robert J. Fleming, Jr.
S.M.
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2

Tomaz, Paula Alves. "Geoecological analysis of weir drainage basin Forquilha, CearÃ, Brazil." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=14650.

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A atualidade à marcada por uma forte exploraÃÃo aos recursos naturais sendo que o resultado da sobre-exploraÃÃo à refletido imediatamente na paisagem. Os ambientes aquÃticos sÃo um dos sistemas que rapidamente respondem as modificaÃÃes instauradas sobre o seu meio, dessa forma, as bacias hidrogrÃficas apresentam-se como Ãreas excelentes para estudos de diagnÃstico, pois podem indicar transformaÃÃes ocorridas em escala espacial e temporal como foi realizado por Gorayeb (2008) e Lima (2012). Foi nesse sentido que se desenvolveu um estudo na bacia de drenagem do aÃude Forquilha, localizada no setor noroeste do estado do CearÃ, regiÃo semiÃrida do estado entre as coordenadas 40Â06â51ââ de longitude oeste e 3Â45â39ââ de latitude sul. A bacia de drenagem do aÃude Forquilha abrange uma Ãrea de 191,83 Km2 e està inserida dentro do municÃpio Forquilha, no distrito de mesmo nome, distante 220 km de Fortaleza. AlÃm do aÃude Forquilha existem na Ãrea outros reservatÃrios de pequeno porte como o aÃude Pocinhos e o Juazeiro. O trabalho teve como objetivo a efetivaÃÃo de uma anÃlise geoecolÃgica, baseada no estudo das paisagens, visando à obtenÃÃo de um diagnÃstico do estado dos recursos naturais. Metodologicamente, utilizou-se da Geoecologia das Paisagens que visa à investigaÃÃo do meio natural atravÃs de um enfoque sistÃmico, desta forma, fundamentando-se principalmente nos trabalhos de Rodriguez; Silva; Cavalcanti (2004); Rodriguez, Silva (2002) e Rodriguez, Silva, Leal (2011). Para isso, realizou-se um levantamento bibliogrÃfico e cartogrÃfico; elaboraram-se mapas temÃticos da bacia na escala de 1:80000 atravÃs das tÃcnicas de geoprocessamento com apoio de produtos cartogrÃficos como a Folha SA.24-X-D-IV Sobral na escala de 1:100.000 (1972) alÃm de imagens de satÃlite Landsat 5 e 8 (2009/2014) que tambÃm serviram como suporte as prÃticas de campo. Com a efetivaÃÃo da anÃlise paisagÃstica, obteve-se a caracterizaÃÃo e a classificaÃÃo da paisagem identificando cinco unidades na bacia onde se apontou suas potencialidades e limitaÃÃes. Com o diagnÃstico, pode-se afirmar que a paisagem da bacia do aÃude Forquilha encontra-se descaracterizada de seus aspectos naturais com processos acelerados de degradaÃÃo, pois identificaram-se diversos impactos negativos na Ãrea como o desmatamento, a degradaÃÃo dos solos e a poluiÃÃo do aÃude Forquilha que apresentou eutrofizaÃÃo na maior parte do ano de acordo com as anÃlises realizadas. Por fim, constatou-se que o uso e ocupaÃÃo do solo na Ãrea vÃm sendo realizado de forma irregular o que indica a necessidade de se propor aÃÃes educativas junto à populaÃÃo e aos ÃrgÃos administrativos responsÃveis pela gestÃo da bacia a fim de viabilizar o uso sustentÃvel dos recursos naturais.
Nowadays has been marked by a strong exploration for natural resources and the result of overexploitation is reflected immediately in the landscape. The aquatic environments are one of the systems that respond quickly to changes brought about it thus the hidrografic basins are presented as excellent areas for studies of diagnostic as they may indicate transformations in spatial and temporal scale as done by Gorayeb (2008) and Lima (2012). It was developed in this sense a study on the river drainage basin the Forquilha dam, located northwest of Cearà semiarid region of the state in the coordinates 40Â06'51 '' west longitude and 3Â45'39 '' south latitude. The river drainage basin Forquilha dam covers an area of 191, 83 km2 and is inserted into the Forquilha municipality in the district of the same name, 220km far from Fortaleza. In addition to the Forquilha dam exist in the area other small reservoirs as the Pocinhos dam and Juazeiro dam. The study aimed to the realization of a geoecological analysis, based on the study of landscapes, in order to obtain a diagnosis of the state of natural resources. Methodologically, it was used the Geoecology of Landscapes that aims to research the natural environment through a systemic approach in this way, basing it primarily on studies of Rodriguez; Silva; Cavalcanti (2004); Rodriguez; Silva (2002) and Rodriguez; Silva; Leal (2011). For this, there was a literature and mapping research; it was prepared thematic maps of the basin in the scale of 1: 80,000 by using geoprocessing techniques with the support of cartographic products as SA.24-XD-IV Sobral leaf on a scale of 1: 100,000 (1984) as well as Landsat 5 satellite images and 8 (2009/2014) which also served to support the practical field. With the conclusion of landscape analysis, obtained the characterization and the landscape classification identifying five units in the basin where they pointed their potentialities and limitations. With the diagnosis, it can be said that the landscape of Forquilha dam basin is uncharacteristic of their natural aspects with accelerated processes of degradation for many negative impacts such as deforestation in the area has been identified, soil degradation and pollution on the Forquilha Weir and eutrophication presented most of the year according to the analyzes. Finally, it was found that the use and occupation of land in the area have been held irregularly indicating the need to propose educational activities among the population and the administrative agencies responsible for basin management in order to enable the sustainable use of natural resources.
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3

Pease, Lindsay Anne. "Characterization of Agricultural Subsurface Drainage Water Quality and Controlled Drainage in the Western Lake Erie Basin." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1461329788.

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4

Ali, Hatem M. M. "Water and salt management strategies in a closed drainage basin." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq44346.pdf.

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5

Stokes, Martin. "Plio-Pleistocene drainage evolution of the Vera Basin, SE Spain." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1289.

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The Vera Basin is used as a case study to examine the structural evolution and sedimentary response of a basin undergoing uplift and inversion during the Plio-Pleistocene. Particular emphasis is placed on the drainage evolution during that period. Located within the Internal zone of the Betic Cordilleras, the Vera Basin is defined within a large left-lateral shear zone and has evolved as a reponse to isostatic uplift from nappe emplacement during the Oligocene, and by regional compressive tectonics. Since basin formation during the Seravallian, sedimentary fill has been dominantly marine. During the Plio-Pleistocene a switch from marine to continental conditions occurred. These sediments (Cuevas, Espiritu Santo and Salmerbn Formations) represent the final stages of basin fill and form the focus of this study. The Cuevas Formation represents an early Pliocene marine transgression within the Vera Basin. Early sedimentation mulled a pronounced submarine topography produced by a rapid late Miocene fall in sealevel. A broad, shallow shelf platform area existed which opened out to the Pliocene Mediterranean Sea towards the east. Along the northern and western basin margins, wave dominated shorelines were formed. Structural activity was confined to low amounts of basin subsidence and limited left lateral strike-slip movement along the Palomares Fault Zone. The Espiritu Santo Formation marks a major palaeogeographic reorganisation and the final marine phases of the Vera Basin during the mid to late Pliocene. Unsteady strike-slip movement along the Palomares fault zone on the eastern basin margin partially enclosed the Vera Basin by northwards movement of a structurally detached landmass. Gilbert-type fan-delta bodies prograded westwards from the landmass (Sierra Almagrera), infilling the central region of the basin. Early fan-delta sediments were reworked into shoreline areas along the western and northern basin margins. Western margin shorelines retreated northwards as a response to partial enclosure and a gradual lowering of sea-level. Late stages of the Espiritu Santo Formation, saw a fan-delta body prograde from the northern basin margins. Interaction between the basinal and marginal fan-delta bodies enclosed the northern region of the Vera Basin. A swamp/mangrove environment developed within the enclosed northern basin area suggesting a humid, sub-tropical climate. Continental conditions were established during Salmerön Formation times in the late Pliocene. Along the western and northern basin margins, the retreating Pliocene shorelines provided a topography onto which the primary consequent drainage network developed. Three separate drainage systems can be identified on the basis of clast assemblages, palaeocurrents, depositional style and morphological expression. Early deposition was characterised by the progradation of alluvial fans of two drainage systems (Cuevas & Jauro), sourced from the northern and western basin margins. Distal areas of the northern fan system intercalated with an evaporitic playa lake. A third drainage system in the northwest of the basin (Salmerbn) developed within a topographic low between the two fan systems. An increase in structural activity towards the end of the Salmerbn Formation was characterised by a basin wide phase of north-south compression. Uplift and extensional faulting lead to abandonment of the primary drainage network. Fan entrenchment and minor rerouting of sediment supplies marked the establishment of a new secondary consequent drainage network during the Pleistocene. The Pleistocene drainage network records the progressive dissection of the Vera Basin as a response to ongoing regional epeirogenic uplift. During this post-inversion phase the Rios Antas, Almanzora and Aguas developed respectively along the western, northern and southern basin margins as- a series of braided streams. Distal, coastal areas of this drainage network are recorded by a series of Pleistocene shoreline sequences which developed as a response to fluctuating sea-level during the Pleistocene glacial and interglacial periods. Early Pleistocene proximal parts of the drainage network are well preserved. Distal parts of the Pleistocene fluvial system display limited evidence for interaction between the drainage network and shoreline sequences. This lack of preservation relates to the high energy, wave dominated depositional setting of the Pleistocene shoreline areas which reworked fluvial sediment inputs into the shoreline environment. The Plio-Pleistocene evolution of the Vera Basin, and in particular the development of the fluvial during system this period has been highly complex. Despite the importance of sea-level and climatic controls, tectonic activity during this period of basin inversion has been the dominant control on the positioning of the drainage networks, depositional styles and sediment supply.
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Dunn, Sarah M. "Modelling the hydrological effects of land use change in a large UK river basin." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295531.

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7

Bandeen, R. F. "Additional Case Study Simulations of Dry Well Drainage in the Tucson Basin." Water Resources Research Center. The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/306945.

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Final Report to Pima County Department of Transportation and Flood Control District, June 1987.
Executive Summary: Three case study simulations of dry well drainage were performed using the saturated-unsaturated groundwater flow model UNSAT 2. Each case simulated injection of storm water runoff water into a dry well from two five-year, one-hour storm events, separated by a 24-hour lag period. The first case assumed subsurface conditions of a uniform gravelly sand material from land surface to the water table at 100 feet below land surface. The second case assumed the same gravelly sand, underlain by a uniform sandy-clay loam material beginning at 30 feet below land surface and extending to the water table. The third case assumed the same conditions as in Case 2, except for a sandy loam soil replacing the sandy-clay loam material. Simulated subsurface flow of injection water for the first case was primarily vertical. The cross-sectional radius of the 95% saturated portion of the drainage plume reached a maximum of about nine feet during stormwater injection. In the second and third cases, horizontal flow took place at the layer boundary between the gravelly sand and underlying fine material. As a result, the cross-sectional radius of the 95% saturated portion of the drainage plume reached a maximum of about 27 feet for Case 2, and about 21.5 feet for Case 3. Arrival times of injection water at the water table varied from between 0.25 and 0.75 hours (Case 1), and between 130 and 150 hours (Case 2). Attenuation of water-borne pollutants in the vadose zone is related to the degree of exposure of drainage water to soil particle surfaces. The specific surface area of soil particles to which drainage water was exposed was used as an indicator of the relative degree of attenuation that may take place among the three cases. The ratio of specific surface area of soil matrix exposed to the portion of the subsurface reaching a state of 80% saturation was approximately 1 : 16.2 : 5.6 (Case 1 : Case 2 : Case 3).
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8

Meikle, Christopher D. "The Pleistoocene drainage evolution of the Rio Almanzora, Vera Basin, SE Spain." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.500945.

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This study concerns the Pleistocene drainage evolution of the lower reaches of the Rio Almanzora in the Vera Basin, SB Spain. Although the principal aim is to establish the relative importance of tectonics, climate and sea-level controls on the development of this fluvial system, the results contribute to a much wider debate concerning the nature of fluvial system evolution.
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Blum, Astrid Juliette. "Controls on long-term drainage development of the Carboneras Basin, SE Spain." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2220.

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The impact of external and internal controls on long-term drainage evolution can play an important role in the research on global changes. For longer term controls such as tectonics and climate this necessitates the use of a long time-scale such as the Plio/Pleistocene, and the integration of both geological and geomorphological data. This thesis uses data from Plio/Pleistocene alluvial deposits (deltaic and fluvial) of the Carboneras Basin in southeast Spain to address these issues. The Carboneras Basin, an intermontane basin of the Belie Cordillera, was one of the last of a series of sedimentary basins which underwent transition from marine to continental conditions during the Plio/Pleistocene in this region. The basin is still tectonically active, controlled by surface uplift of the basin, differential uplift of the Sierra Alhamilla/Cabrera mountain range and activity along the 40 km long strike-slip Carboneras Fault. This study follows the evolution of a basin-scale drainage network using a multidisciplinary approach to determine the long-term influences of extrinsic and intrinsic controls on the drainage system of the Carboneras basin. Geological and geomorphological data is evaluated to trace the depositional and erosional record of the drainage systems. Palaeogeographic reconstruction of the marine and deltaic Pliocene deposits revealed large fan delta sediments in the northern part of the Carboneras Basin. Detailed field investigations discovered a 'Gilbert' type delta, suggesting the occurrence of a steep palaeocliff created by vertical movements along the Carboneras Fault Zone. Palaeocurrent measurements suggest three fluvial inputs from N-NW directions into the Carboneras Basin: the Rambla de Lucainena, Rambla de Ios Feos and Rio Gafares. The Rio Gafares, responsible for the Gilbert type fan delta, was the biggest and probably most important drainage system in terms of sediment supply to the basin during the Upper Pliocene. After a fall in sea level the transverse, antecedent Rio Gafares evolved developing a staircase of straths and terraces. Four terrace levels have been assigned for the Rio Gafares. Detailed investigations of river terrace deposits established an ongoing connection between the adjacent Sorbas Basin and the Carboneras drainage until the Late Pleistocene. A probable river capture of the Rio Gafares finally limited the catchment size of the river and decreased the sediment supply to the Carboneras Basin. This can be seen in the provenance distribution and the lack of Amphibole-mica-schist, which was used as a marker clast for Nevado-Filabride component, derived from the Sorbas Basin. The terraces of the Gafares system are mainly controlled by tectonically driven uplift of the Sierra Cabrera. Additional to the north-south draining Gafares River a strike parallel river, the Rio Alias, developed south of the mountain front by the confluence of the Rambla de Lucainena and Rambla de los Feos. Four Quaternary terrace levels have been determined for the Rio Alias and have been age correlated to terrace levels of the Sorbas Basin, using pedogenic calcrete stages. A combined examination of the palaeoterrace distribution and modern river network has identified post sedimentary displacement of the river channel across the Carboneras Fault Zone. Three fault strands have been recognized and lateral and vertical displacement along the strike-slip fault has been demonstrated. Mapping fan delta conglomerates revealed vertical movement since the Late Pliocene. The lateral component, calculated from offset terrace conglomerates, has an estimated strike-slip movement of 14 mm I aˉ¹ since the Upper Pleistocene. This study has established the drainage history of the Carboneras Basin indicating the significance of river capture and river re-routing in sediment supply to the basin. The occurrence of four aggradational periods associated with the terrace levels appear to be climate controlled. However the overall incision is a response to uplift. As this uplift was differential, leading to enhanced regional gradients between sedimentary basins, the uplift was indirectly key to re-routing major sediment transport routes (the main rivers) both within and between sedimentary basins, through river capture.
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10

Lowery, James B. "Factors influencing best management practice implementation in Virginia's Chesapeake Bay drainage basin." Master's thesis, This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-01202010-020325/.

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11

Rodríguez, Tribaldos Verónica. "Epeirogeny of South America and evolution of Parnaíba Basin, northeast Brazil." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/273673.

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It is recognised that some proportion of South American large-scale topography has been generated by convection within the Earth's mantle. Yet, spatial and temporal patterns of dynamic topography remain poorly understood. Variation of present-day dynamic topography can be mapped in the oceans by calculating residual depths with respect to the well-known age-depth relationship. Along the margins abutting South America, anomalies with amplitudes of $\pm1$ km and wavelengths of $\sim10^{3}$ km are observed. Onshore, dynamic topography is investigated by analysing a range of disparate datasets. Positive long-wavelength free-air gravity anomalies and slow shear-wave mantle velocities correlate with high plateaux of the Borborema Province and the Central Andean Altiplano. Admittance analyses of these regions are used to gauge dynamic support. Admittance of $ > 20$ mGal km$^{-1}$ at wavelengths $ > $ 500 km suggests partial dynamic support. In this context, inverse modelling of longitudinal river profiles is applied to retrieve a continental-scale uplift history. Erosional parameters are calibrated against an independently derived uplift history of the Borborema Province that reveals uplift in the last 30 Ma. Results suggest that the bulk of South American regional topography grew during Cenozoic times. In the Central Andean Altiplano and Southern Patagonia, most uplift occurred in the last 20 Ma. In both areas, widespread Cenozoic magmatism suggests that youthful uplift might be related to asthenospheric upwelling. Uplift histories are used to predict sediment flux to the Amazon Fan, which reveals that onset of the delta is a direct consequence of intensified Andean uplift. Analysis of the Parna\'iba cratonic basin of northeast Brazil is carried out to evaluate long-term evolution of vertical motions and to understand the mechanisms driving this basin's subsidence. Joint interpretation of a deep seismic reflection profile that traverses the basin and receiver function analyses reveal a 3 km thick basin underlain by three crustal blocks. Moho depths of 38--43 km are observed beneath the Amazon craton west of the basin, whereas depths of 35 km are found underneath the Borborema Province to the east. The Moho is located at 38--42 km depth beneath the basin. Stratigraphic architecture from shallow seismic reflection profiles reveals undisturbed deposition between Palaeozoic and Mesozoic times. Rift-type structures are locally imaged. Subsidence analysis reveals thermally-driven subsidence with thermal time constants of $\sim$ 70--80 Ma. Assessment of crustal thickness variations indicates that minimal extension of up to 80 km, with small stretching factors (up to 1.15), is plausible beneath Parna\'iba. One- and two-dimensional strain rate histories suggest that pre-Silurian rifting followed by thermal subsidence is possible if a minimum of 1 km of syn-rift deposition occurred. Basin-wide erosional unconformities are observed throughout the sedimentary section and correlate with departures from long-term subsidence trends. These steps are interpreted as transient uplift events that led to development of ephemeral landscapes, suggesting that dynamic topography could have played a role in the evolution of this Phanerozoic basin.
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Smith, Jonathan Stanley. "Source-to-sink analysis of rift basin tectonics and sedimentation." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/sourcetosink-analysis-of-rift-basin-tectonics-and-sedimentation(fb54f092-9075-465c-83c0-e88346341e62).html.

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This thesis investigates the development of regional drainage patterns within intra-continental rift basins using remote sensing data, field studies and numerical models. By examining modern-day extensional settings, such as the Basin and Range, USA, and the East African Rift System (EARS), this study elucidates the controls upon regional source-to-sink systems and assesses the findings in relation to existing, conceptual tectono-stratigraphic and drainage models. Rift basins are generally well studied and facies models well established. However, there is a tendency to overlook the regional perspective. Many drainage evolution studies and tectono-stratigraphic models focus upon the development of individual basin-bounding faults and half-grabens, often overlooking the influence of regional-scale drainage evolution upon landscape and stratigraphic development. On a regional scale, extensional basins are segmented into numerous sub-basins, which: (i) exist at different elevations; (ii) subside at different rates; (iii) vary in their degree of fluvial connectivity; and, (iv) may experience significant shifts between erosional and depositional regimes as drainage networks evolve. Through observations of the Basin and Range, and three-dimensional numerical modelling, it is shown how sub-basins with identical tectonic and climatic boundary conditions can exhibit vastly different stratigraphic fills depending on the degree of fluvial connectivity and their relationship to adjacent sub-basins. In addition, drainage integration is recognised as an overlooked, yet important process in the source-to-sink evolution of rift basins. Drainage integration between sub-basins of varying elevations is shown to cause widespread erosion and sediment bypass in the upstream basin, while contemporaneously increasing sediment supply to the downstream basin. A case study of the Tecopa Basin shows drainage integration as a powerful driver of base level fall and landscape transience in the absence of significant tectonic or eustatic controls. The differential gradients created by base level fall cause further upstream drainage rearrangements. To understand the evolution of regional hinterland drainages, two rift segments of varying maturity are compared. The Okavango Rift Zone represents a rift initiation phase segment while the Albertine Rift represents a rift climax phase segment. Through analysis of the contributing drainage patterns a model is proposed where early rift drainage is dominated by antecedent directions, with large, low relief, low slope catchments. As rifts mature catchments increase in relief and slope but reduce in asymmetry as the influence of antecedent drainage direction is reduced via tectonic tilting, drainage reversals and ponding. The thesis concludes that current tectono-stratigraphic models of sub-aerial rift settings commonly overlook the role of inter-basin erosion, under-appreciate the influence of antecedent drainage direction in hinterland input, and over-emphasise the role of axial rivers. Future tectono-stratigraphic models should acknowledge distinctions based upon the degree of fluvial connectivity (isolated or integrated sub-basins) and the regional position relative to adjacent sub-basins (upstream and terminal and sub-basins).
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Swearingen, Thomas. "Geochemical interpretation of the watershed within the Snake River drainage basin, Montezuma, Colorado /." Connect to resource, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/36787.

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14

Tikalsky, Bryan P. "An 828 Year Streamflow Reconstruction for the Jordan River Drainage Basin of Northern Utah." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2007. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2028.pdf.

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15

Wallin, Andrea. "Nutrient transport modelling in the Daugava River basin." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-88873.

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Övergödning utgör ett av de allvarligaste hoten mot Östersjöns miljö. Storleken av näringsbelastningen till havet behöver därför bestämmas med hjälp av tillgängliga matematiska modeller. Modellen ”Generalised Watershed Loading Functions” (GWLF), en ickedistribuerad parametermodell som uppskattar hydrologi och månatlig näringsbelastning, tillämpades på avrinningsområdet till Daugava som mynnar i Östersjön. Syftet med studien var att genom modellering av historisk transport av näringsämnen till Östersjön ta fram parametrar och indata som sedan kan användas vid applicering av GWLF på omkringliggande avrinningsområden. Data från 1990-talet användes för kalibrering av modellen och data från 1980-talet för validering. Årlig kvävebelastning modellerades med R2värdet 0,78 för kalibreringsperioden. Modellerad årlig kvävebelastning för valideringsperioden underskattades med ungefär 30 % vilket troligen beror på att kvävekoncentrationer i grundvatten och ytavrinning minskade mellan 1980- och 1990-talen.

Fosforbelastningen underskattades jämfört med rapporterade värden vilket troligen beror på att enskilda avlopp inte inkluderades och att rapporterade punktutsläpp är för låga.

Modifikationer av modellen föreslås för prediktion av näringsbelastningar under lång tid och behovet av harmoniserad, uppdaterad och lättillgänglig data för näringstransportsmodellering diskuteras.


Eutrophication is one of the most serious threats to the Baltic Sea environment. Nutrient loading into the sea therefore needs to be quantified by available mathematical models. The Generalised Watershed Loading Functions (GWLF), a lumpedparameter model that predicts hydrology and monthly nutrient loads, was applied to the Daugava River Basin, discharging into the Baltic Sea. The aim of the study was to model historic transport of nutrients into the Baltic Sea and thereby produce estimates of parameters and input data needed for a spatial extension of the GWLF to surrounding river basins.

Calibration data were taken from the 1990’s and validation data from the 1980’s. Yearly nitrogen loads were modelled with an R2 value of 0.78 for the calibration period. Predicted yearly nitrogen loads for the validation period were about 30 % lower than reported values, probably depending on decreasing groundwater and runoff concentrations between the 1980’s and 1990’s. Phosphorus loads were underestimated compared to reported values, the main reason probably being the exclusion of septic systems and too low reported point sources.

Modifications of the model are suggested for longterm predictions of nutrient loads and the need for harmonised, uptodate and generally accessible data for nutrient transport modelling discussed.

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Jackson, Richard E. "Geochemistry of coalbed natural gas produced waters in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1799840421&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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17

Williams, Afeefah. "The morphodynamic characteristics of erosional headcuts in Palmiet (Prionium serratum) wetlands." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6600.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc
Gully erosion and headcut migration has been at the crux of wetland degradation in South Africa. The resulting erosion and draining effect has seen more than 50% of wetlands in the country degraded. This study investigated the degradation of indigenous Palmiet, peat forming, wetlands through headcut erosion. This was done by exploring the relationship between headcut migration rate and morphodynamic characteristics through the use of multiple regression analysis. Wetlands investigated in this study occurred in the Kromme River catchment and Nuwejaars River catchment, in the Eastern Cape and Western Cape respectively. Morphodynamic characteristics assessed include headcut dimensions, gully characteristics, soil characteristics and drainage basin characteristics. These parameters were determined either through infield assessment, image analysis or laboratory analysis. Three headcut migration rate types were calculated through a combination of infield measurements and image analysis techniques executed within ArcGIS. These migration rate types include apex advancement (m/a), gully expansion (m2/a) and volume erosion (m3/a). Statistical analysis revealed significant relationships between morphodynamic characteristics and both volume erosion and gully expansion. Morphodynamic characteristics such as drop height, apex width, gully width, drainage rate and sand content were found to have a direct relationship with migration rates, whereas characteristics such as average drainage basin slope, clay content, silt content, SOM content and soil saturation were found to have an indirect relationship with headcut migration rates. Results provide insight into the headcut migration process, its influencing factors and the potential for headcut migration rate prediction. An evaluation of these results using WET-Health found that the wetland management tool captures wetland geomorphic controls to an accuracy of 68% and 70%. Furthermore, the influence of morphodynamic characteristics on migration rates contributes to the wetland rehabilitation process as it allows for the identification of headcut sites most susceptible to erosion. This will then allow for timely wetland rehabilitation, decreasing the rate of net wetland degradation and improving the management and efficiency of wetland restoration.
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18

Silva, Karina da. "Os recrutamentos militares e as relações sociedade-Estado na Capitania/Província de São Paulo (1765-1828) /." Franca : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93301.

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Orientador: Marisa Saenz Leme
Banca: Wilma Peres Costa
Banca: Denise Aparecida Soares de Moura
Resumo: Os recrutamentos militares foram uma realidade na Capitania de São Paulo, desde o século XVIII. Os conflitos na Bacia do Prata, na busca de delimitar as fronteiras da América portuguesa e espanhola, exigiram a organização de uma estrutura militar no Brasil. Para sediar essa estrutura foi escolhida a referida Capitania. A união de interesses, de segmentos da elite paulista e da Coroa portuguesa, possibilitou a consolidação da militarização da Capitania ao longo da segunda metade do século XVIII. Todavia, a dinamização da economia e da sociedade paulista, a partir das últimas décadas do século XVIII e início do XIX, entrou em conflito com a militarização ali desenvolvida. O presente trabalho buscou analisar as diferenças entre os recrutamentos realizados em São Paulo nesses dois momentos, focando as relações entre a sociedade e o Estado na organização e manutenção da estrutura militar.
Abstract: The military recruitment had been a reality in São Paulo, since the 18th century. The conflicts at the Silver Drainage Basin, in search to delimit the Portuguese and Spanish America borders, they had demanded to orgazine the military structure in Brazil. Hosting this structure São Paulo Captainship was chosen. The union of interests, segments of São Paulo’s elite and the Portuguese Crown, made it possible the militarization of Captainship consolidation throughout the second half of 18th century. However, the joining of the economy and the paulista society, from the last decades from the 18th and beginning of 19th century, it got in conflict with the militarization developed there. The current paper searched to analyze the differences between the recruitment fulfilled in São Paulo at these two moments, focusing the relations between the society and the State over the organization and maintenance of the military structure.
Mestre
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19

Sackfield, Christy L. "Phosphorus release and storage by two isolated wetlands in the northern Lake Okeechobee drainage basin." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0011847.

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20

Hoeinghaus, David Joseph. "Food web architecture in natural and impounded rivers of the Upper Parana drainage basin, Brazil." Diss., Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4845.

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Freshwater ecosystems are some of the most threatened on the planet. Efforts to conserve, restore, or otherwise manage large rivers and the services they provide are hindered by limited understanding of the functional dynamics of these systems. This shortcoming is especially evident with regard to trophic structure and energy flow. In this study I use natural abundances of carbon and nitrogen isotopes to examine patterns of energy flow and food-chain length of large-river food webs characterized by different landscape-scale hydrologic features. Ten locations along an approximately 500 km stretch of the Upper Paraná River Basin, Brazil, provided the setting for this work. Carbon derived from C3 plants and phytoplankton were the dominant energy sources across all webs, but relative contributions differed among landscape types (low-gradient river, high-gradient river, river stretches downstream of reservoirs, and reservoirs). Increases in food chain length corresponded with higher relative importance of phytoplankton derived carbon, likely due to size-structured effects of the phytoplankton-zooplankton-secondary consumer trophic link. River impoundment corresponded with decreased ecological and economic efficiency of fisheries production, an important ecosystem service provided by many tropical rivers.
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21

Addo, James Nii Kamuah. "Examination of an Abandoned Underground Lake in the Scott Hollow Drainage Basin, Southeast West Virginia." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1237398337.

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22

Song, Meining. "Understanding the mechanisms of oxidation of pyritic shale in mining waste and the influence of shale properties on acid mine drainage in the Pilbara Basin." University of Western Australia. Centre for Petroleum, Fuels and Energy, 2010. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2010.0107.

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[Truncated abstract] The influence of environmental conditions and properties of pyritic shale in the mining waste from Mt. Whaleback in Western Australia, in particular the inclusions and encapsulation of pyrite on the oxidation of pyritic shale and its subsequent acid mine drainage, was studied by employing an isothermal batch reactor system and QEMSCAN technique. The experimental technique was validated by comparing the experimental results obtained in this study with the literature data. It was found that the presence of water significantly accelerates the rate of shale oxidation. Weathering of the shale samples was found to influence the O2 consumption rate. It was also found that shale properties have a major effect on the oxidation rate and thereby affect the acid generation. Static test methods (Sobek and Lawrence) were employed to test the Neutralisation Potential (NP) of more than 100 actual and composite samples including pyritic shale samples, rock samples, mineral samples, various pyrite-mineral, pyrite-shale, and pseudo-shale blends. The influence of sample properties (bulk elemental composition, and mineralogy), test technique (Sobek and Lawrence) and associated variables (acid strength and volume) on the acid neutralisation potential of the samples was studied. It was found that the Sobek method produced consistently higher NP results under comparable acid conditions to those obtained with the Lawrence method. The theoretical NP values of individual minerals were calculated based on the mineral composition combined with the acid neutralising equations and ideal chemical formula. ... To experimentally model the major mineral phases, 11 minerals were used to produce pyrite-mineral blends and pseudo-shales, whose compositions mimic those of the actual shales studied. Mineral blends were employed to evaluate and contrast their individual acid generation or neutralisation behaviour with binary and higher order interactions. Blends of pyrite with some selected shales were also employed in this study. It was found that interactions can occur between the multiple mineral components which can enhance the rate of acid generation beyond that of the individual behaviour. It was found that the products from the pre-oxidation of shales, the properties and morphology of a sample such as the surface area, encapsulation, the mineralogy and pH all play a significant role in the acid generation and neutralisation rates. However, the absolute rate of acid generation appears to be most sensitive to the components such as Fe3+, which contribute to its reaction mechanisms. This investigation has provided a scientific insight into the acid generation and neutralisation behaviour of pyritic shale in relation to its mineralogy. It was found that the relative instantaneous rates of acid generation and consumption for individual minerals can be significantly different to that of their total potentials for acid generation and neutralisation. The significantly different behaviour of the actual and pseudo shales suggests that at low pH, there may be other mechanisms underlying the net capacity and rates of shales to generate or consume acid than bulk mineralogy. These findings have significant implications to the mining industry operating in reactive grounds.
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23

Williams, Kristi. "Macroinvertebrate and crayfish communities in the Meramec River drainage basin an investigation at multiple spatial scales /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4580.

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Thesis (M.S.) University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (June 27, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.
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24

Higgitt, Sandra Rosemary. "A palaeoecological study of recent environmental change in the drainage basin of the Lac d'Annecy (France)." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321589.

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A palaeoecological study of sediments from the Lac d'Annecy has been undertaken in order to assess the impact of man on soil vegetation systems in the lake basin. The geology of the drainage basin is dominated by weakly magnetic calcareous Jurassic and Cretaceous deposits, but natural soil forming processes and artificial burning have produced assemblages of strongly magnetic minerals within topsoil's of the catchment area. These can be characterized by mineral magnetic parameters which are preserved as the eroded soil fractions become incorporated within the lake sediments. Man's impact on the landscape appears to have been most dramatically felt from c. 1100 AD; fossil pollen assemblages give evidence for widespread forest clearance, associated with arable and pastoral farming activities, which are thought to reflect the earliest intensive agricultural development of the higher slopes within the catchment area. At the same time there is a marked change in the nature of the sedimentary matrix. An increase in the concentration of major cations and magnetic minerals indicates a regime of more intensive soil erosion and a change in the magnetic mineral assemblage itself indicates a shift in the relative importance of different catchment sources to the total allochthonous material flux. Reconstruction of environmental change during more recent centuries has been aided by reference to primary and secondary documentary sources of evidence relating to past patterns of land-use. The mixed farming system of the eighteenth century, characterized by a regime of relatively intensive arable cultivation, was not particularly well-suited to the natural environment. A decrease in the concentration of major cations and magnetic minerals, together with a decline in the total sediment accumulation rate from the midnineteenth century onwards, is thought to reflect a fall in the rate of loss of material from catchment surfaces. It has been suggested this was related to a shift in focus of the rural economy from the semi-arable, semi-pastoral subsistence agricultural system to one which concentrated increasingly on the breeding of livestock for the local dairying industry.
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25

Gaujot, Ryan Cooley. "Geology, surface hydrology, and fish habitat relationships in the upper Shavers Fork drainage basin, West Virginia." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2002. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2388.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2002.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 85 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 62-69).
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26

Giron, Efrain. "Development of a SWMM-GIS Flood Model for New Orleans Drainage Pumping Station No 4 Basin." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2005. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/261.

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An urban flood damage model for the drainage area serve by Pump Station No. 4 (Prentiss, New Orleans, Louisiana) has been completed. This study presents the research effort needed to develop a stormwater management model (SWMM) integrated with GIS that includes a Damage Model to estimate the losses produced by storm events on flood prone areas. The latest LIDAR data are used for the topography. The drainage area for this study covers approximately 3218 acres, with elevations ranging from -9 ft to 6 ft above sea level. The runoff produced is pumped into Lake Pontchartrain via London Outfall Canal. The study area includes a pump station with a capacity of 106 m3/s and a complex drainage system including a 10 ft siphon that drains the runoff on the western side. The hydrology and hydraulic routing for the watershed was estimated using the U.S. EPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) and the input of the model was created using a geodatabase composed of nodes, conduits and subcatchment areas developed in ArcGIS 8.2. The GIS was designed to take advantage of the importing node and graphic capabilities of the SWMM. Since all features used by SWMM were georeferenced, node flood elevation data were transferred back for display in geographic space. This approach allows for a more accurate volume computation of flooded areas by using Boolean operations on a Triangular Irregular Network (TIN) surface of node elevations and a TIN surface of LIDAR elevation data. Flood volumes were obtained for the study area by simulating a series of rain events. These flood volumes were then incorporated into a Damage model to estimate damage rating curves for the study area. The 1:100 year damage was estimated to be 17.2 million of dollars (2005 US dollars). The average annual flood damage was estimated to be 5.5 million of dollars (2005 US dollars). The developed Annual Flood Maps can be used to set rational flood insurance rates or to plan improvements to the drainage system. This information can be used by FEMA and by the private insurance industry of the State
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27

Buller, Ty Bradford. "Aspects of Cyclic Sedimentation in the Upper Mississippian, Mauch Chunk Group, southern West Virginia and southwest Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/48123.

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Late Mississippian, Mauch Chunk Group strata constitute a westward-thinning clastic wedge of strata up to 1000m thick that developed in the Central Appalachian Basin over a ~ 7 million year time interval. Included within the Mauch Chunk Group are multiple incised-valley fills and a distinctive prodeltaic succession of laminated sandstones and mudstones. Calculated estimates of drainage basin areas for incised-valley fills in the Mauch Chunk Group range from > 1,000,000 km2 for the Stony Gap Sandstone to < 100,000 km2 for the Princeton Formation. Drainage area estimates are consistent with detrital zircon geochronology and petrographic data and suggest that the Stony Gap and Ravencliff incised-valley fills were derived from distal, northern and northwestern cratonic sources that dispersed sediment into NE-SW-oriented, longitudinal incised-valley drainages and that the Princeton Formation was derived from proximal tectonic highland sources along the eastern margin of the Appalachian Basin which dispersed sediment into a transverse incised-valley. The Pride Shale overlies the Princeton incised valley fill and records a hierarchy of tidal periodicities is preserved in the Pride Shale. Microlaminated, semi-diurnal sandstone-siltstone/shale couplets record the dominant ebb tide of the day. Up to 17 semi-diurnal couplets are stacked into neap-spring (fortnightly) tidal cycles. Neap-spring cycles are arranged in thickening and thinning that record seasonal cycles driven by the annual monsoon. Total organic carbon (TOC) values are a proxy for annual climatic cycles. TOC contents are higher within intermonsoonal and lower within monsoonal components of annual cycles reflecting, respectively, lesser and greater dilution by terrestrial flux.
Master of Science
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28

Anderson, Charles Kenneth. "Water quality, storm flow, and wadi fan geology in the lower Semail drainage basin, Sultanate of Oman." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1985_252_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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29

Fung, Lai-kuen, and 馮麗娟. "An Investigation of the stream water chemistry in a small drainage basin in Shek Kong, Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B22288077.

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30

Fung, Lai-kuen. "An Investigation of the stream water chemistry in a small drainage basin in Shek Kong, Hong Kong." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22288077.

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31

Ranjan, Pranay Ranjan. "Institutions, Property Rights, and Innovations in Agricultural Drainage: Insights from the Western Lake Erie Basin of Ohio." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1471221739.

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32

Knight, John Bruce. "A microprobe study of placer gold and its origin in the lower Fraser River drainage basin, B.C." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/24829.

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The compositions, in terms of Au, Ag, Cu, and Hg, of about 1200 placer and lode gold grains from the Fraser River drainage were determined by microprobe analysis. The lode samples are from the Bralorne and Cariboo Gold Quartz mines. Seventeen placer samples are from the Cariboo district and the Bridge River, Fraser River and their tributaries. Bralorne gold and many placer grains contain Hg which ranges up to 6%. Evidence is presented to show that this Hg is primary. Placer gold grains also contain Cu, ranging up to 31%, but high-Cu gold has little Ag or Hg. The compositional data were used to define populations on Hg-Cu-Fineness plots for each sample location. A comparison of the populations shows that placers located near lodes reflect these sources but that simple downstream transport of the gold cannot explain the populations found far from known sources. In order to explain the population found in downstream placers it is necessary to postulate contributions from undiscovered lodes, fossil placers, or other unknown sources. Many placer grains from the Fraser River have rims that are nearly pure gold. The rimming is thought to have taken place in an "intermediate collector" (fossil placer?) by leaching of Ag. Rimmed gold is not found in the Bridge River. From the data on the composition of the gold one is able to divide the Fraser River drainage into two metallogenic provinces: a Cu-Hg-rich province that includes the Bridge River drainage and a Cu-Hg-poor province typified by the Cariboo region. The data from the lode deposits suggest that the deposits can not only be uniquely characterized but that it may be possible to distinguish zoning within the lodes. In addition, it appears that much of the Cu- and Hg-rich gold is associated with ultrabasic rocks and major faults.
Science, Faculty of
Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of
Graduate
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33

Freitas, Luís Guilherme Pereira Antunes. "Planeamento de restauro fluvial do Rio Alcoa." Master's thesis, ISA/UTL, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/5321.

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Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
The European Union established a framework for Community action in the field of water policy. Considering the need for the natural resources protection and conservation, the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC Directive was adopted, involving the efforts of all Member States in the task of achieving good status for all waters, in which the aim of achieving good ecological state for natural ecosystems can be included. Within this context, the main objectives of this study are: the characterisation and quantification of the degradation degree in the fluvial ecosystem of the Alcoa river drainage basin, and to that end it was used the Predictive Ecological State methodology; and planning restoration actions for the most degraded stretches of the river system which deteriorate under the effect of human actions. Based on the results obtained, a Map of River Corridor Conservation Status was developed for the Alcoa river catchment area with the intend of revealing the degree of degradation of the river streams, and a Map of River Restoration Planning was developed which summarizes the restoration actions to be implement in the drainage basin.
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34

Wu, Changhong. "Acid mine drainage prediction techniques and geochemical modelling: case study on gold tailing dams, West Rand, Witwatersrand basin area, South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8401.

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Doctor Scientiae
Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) is identified as one of the contributors to environmental hazard in the gold mining region of South Africa, as caused by the mining operational activities performed by mining industries in South Africa. This effect motivates the development of AMD prediction techniques application and geochemistry modelling using gold tailing dams located in West Rand area, Witwatersrand Basin as a case study. Control strategies are devised to assess, understand and measure the acidic potential generation of waste materials in ensuring the right method required to analyse risks caused by AMD to environment. The method encompasses mineralogical and geochemical analysis of 93 samples collected, AMD prediction, test modification and geochemical modelling. This method was appropriately applied to understand the basic mechanisms involved in controlling acid generation, assessing prediction procedure and selecting the right prediction tools. Study objectives are attained by performing a series of experimental lab tests on the samples collected from the two major tailing dams (Mogale and Gold One_1 tailings). Results derived from the lab experiments (XRD and SEM-EDS) show presence of mineral phases characterised with the surface feature of samples, and unknown substances of samples were identified. Geochemical characterisation was performed by XRF and ICP-MS to determine the major oxides elements and trace elements, respectively. Leco test generate total sulphur and total carbon. Multistatistical analysis is used to interpret the data derived from geochemical characterisation process to explicate the metal and trace elements distribution and occurrence. Initial samples were screened and categorised based on paste pH and EC using kinetic tests to determine acid-forming and neutralising minerals in samples and static tests to determine acid generation potential in samples. Net Acid Producing (NAPP) was mathematically calculated from Acid Neutralising Capacity (ANC), Maximum Potential Acidity (MPA) and total Sulphur. Results obtained from the Paste pH demonstrate that samples collected from 1 meter downward the holes to 10 meters, with a few meters samples in hole T003 at Gold One_1 are non-acidic while the remaining tailing samples are acidic. ANC/MPA ratio was applied to assess the risk of acid generation from mine waste materials. Graphical illustrations of the Acid Base Account (ABA) are plotted to demonstrate the net acidic generation potential trends of samples, which were classified into non-acid forming, potential acid forming and uncertain categories. Results integration between ANC, Single Addition Net Acid Generation (NAG) test and NAPP were used to classify acid generation potential of the samples. Leachate collected from leaching column test were analysed for pH, EC and chemical element by ICP-MS. The leaching column test used to analyse samples (T004) and (T001) collected from the two major tailings was set up for a 4-month experiment. Study findings present environmental assessment report on the two investigated gold tailing dams in Witwatersrand Basin area. Other findings are improved understanding of the application and limitations of various existing AMD prediction methods for assessment of gold mine waste and conceptual geochemical modelling developed to test appropriate methodology for AMD potential at a given gold mine site.
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35

BARRETO, ANA BEATRIZ DA CUNHA. "ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER RECHARGE AND SUSTAINABLE RESOURCES IN A SMALL CRYSTALLINE FRACTURED ROCK DRAINAGE BASIN WITH NUMERICAL MODELING." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2010. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=16715@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
A avaliação da recarga subterrânea e de sua variação temporal e espacial, em bacias hidrográficas, é essencial para estudos de sustentabilidade de recursos hídricos e requer, na maior parte das vezes, o uso de um modelo numérico de fluxo 3D. Geralmente, dados como mapas geológicos e pedológicos estão disponíveis, a localização e geometria das principais feições estruturais podem ser identificadas a partir de imagens de satélite, em ambiente SIG, e dados de hidrologia superficial e de elevação de terreno são fáceis de conseguir. No entanto, para se utilizar um modelo numérico que forneça uma primeira avaliação da sustentabilidade de uma explotação, é necessário alimentá-lo com dados de propriedades hidráulicas consistentes com a faixa de valores representativos dos tipos de rocha que compõe a bacia. Uma revisão de dados hidrogeológicos de uma série de localidades mostra que, enquanto as propriedades hidráulicas das rochas fraturadas apresentam uma grande variação em seus valores, quando analisadas de forma indiscriminada, ao serem agrupadas por tipo litológico, apresentam uma faixa de variação mais restrita (i.e. granito fraturado vs. gabro fraturado). Há um grande volume de dados relativos a projetos de disposição de lixo radioativo, mineração e engenharia civil, em diversos sítios ao redor do mundo, em que foram feitas investigações detalhadas do meio fraturado. Dados de um determinado maciço fraturado podem ser usados em outro, não investigado, como uma primeira aproximação, desde que possuam o mesmo tipo litológico e pertençam a ambientes tectônicos semelhantes. Este tratamento foi utilizado para modelar a vazão sustentável de uma pequena bacia de drenagem no Noroeste Fluminense. Dados relativos às estruturas dominantes e aos sistemas de fraturas foram extraídos de imagens de satélite, fotos aéreas e de afloramentos, e tratados em ambiente SIG. O modelo de fluxo subterrâneo foi construído com dados de elevação do terreno, mapas geológicos, registros hidrológicos históricos bem como mapas pedológicos e de uso da terra. O programa FEFLOW (Diersch, 1998) foi usado para simular a distribuição espacial e temporal da recarga subterrânea na bacia e diferentes cenários de explotação de água subterrânea. O modelo mostrouse capaz de fornecer uma primeira aproximação das reservas subterrâneas da bacia e de avaliar a relação entre o fluxo subterrâneo e dos cursos d’água superficiais, em condições naturais e nos cenários de explotação, sendo assim uma ferramenta útil para análises de sustentabilidade de exploração destes recursos.
The estimation of groundwater recharge and its spatial and temporal variability in a drainage basin is essential for sustainability assessments and requires, in most cases, the use of an appropriate 3D numerical flow and transport model. For most drainage basins, the bedrock and overburden geology maps exist, the location and geometry of major structural features can be identified using available GIS databases, and surface water and terrain elevation data at an appropriate scale are readily available. In order to use 3D models to provide an initial assessment of the sustainability of the groundwater resource extraction of a specific drainage basin, the 3D model has to be populated with hydraulic properties that are consistent with the range of values that are representative of the rock types that underlie the drainage basin. A review of hydrogeological data from a number of sites shows that while there is a wide range in the hydraulic properties of fractured rocks in general, the range for individual rock types is more constrained, (i.e. fractured granite versus fractured gabbro). There is a great amount of hydrogeological data from fractured rock masses that have been investigated in detail as part of nuclear waste, mining and civil engineering projects around the world. Data from a specific site can be used as a first approach in another one, not investigated, once they have the same geologic characteristics and tectonic environment. This approach was used to model the sustainable groundwater yield of a small drainage basin in Southeast Brazil. Data on major structures and fracture systems were extracted from satellite images, aerial photos and outcrop expositions using GIS environment. The groundwater flow model was constructed using terrain elevation data, geology maps, hydrological records, as well as soil type and land use maps. FEFLOW (Diersch, 1988) was used to simulate the spatial and temporal distribution of groundwater recharge in the basin, using different pumping scenarios. The model was capable to yield a good estimation of groundwater resources in the watershed, as a first approach, and to assess groundwater and surface water relations in natural conditions and in stress scenarios being a useful tool for sustainability analysis of groundwater exploitation.
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36

Röja, Kristin. "The effect of snow-cover area change, precipitation and temperature on streamflow in Tärnaån drainage basin, northern Sweden." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-186867.

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Snow cover is a fundamental component of the world’s cryosphere and plays an important role in the hydrological cycle. It is significant as a human water resource but can also be an influencing factor in flood and drought generation. Snow cover shows a great variability and understanding local snow cover and its effect on streamflow is therefore of importance. In this study, the effect of snow-cover area (SCA) change, precipitation and temperature on streamflow and its variability during the season, is studied in Tärnaån drainage basin in northern Sweden with the aim to see whether streamflow levels in Tärnaån drainage basin are mainly controlled by SCA change, precipitation and temperature, or if it is necessary to also consider other influencing factors. This aim will be reached by using MODIS snow-cover data products derived from satellite imagery, meteorological and hydrological data for the drainage basin and by visually analysing SCA changes, streamflow, precipitation and temperature data as well as performing a Pearson moment-product correlation analysis between some of these variables. The results show that the effect of SCA changes, precipitation and temperature on streamflow vary over the studied time period which is also shown by differing correlation coefficients for different sub-periods. The strongest correlations are shown between SCA change and streamflow and between temperature and streamflow during sub-period 2 and sub-period 3 respectively. It is further clear that other variables than SCA change, precipitation and temperature influence streamflow and need to be considered to correctly predict streamflow levels in Tärnaån drainage basin.
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37

Rawn, Dorothea Florence Kenny. "The transport and deposition of current use pesticides and PCBs to surface waters in the Red River drainage basin." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0014/NQ32019.pdf.

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38

Anderson, John R. II. "The Effects of High Density Septic Systems on Surface Water Quality in Gwinnett County, Georgia." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2010. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/geosciences_theses/28.

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Gwinnett County, Georgia experienced rapid growth in the 1970’s without the infrastructure so septic systems were installed for residential homes. The number of septic systems grew to over 85,000 with a density of 487 septic systems per square mile. This study mapped the distribution of septic systems to determine regions of potential pathogen surface water. This study addressed what potential health risks do high density septic systems have on surface water quality and how can the history of Gwinnett County assist in future development in the Metropolitan Atlanta area? It was found that the density of septic systems has reduced the surface water quality for streams in the Yellow and Alcovy River basins. An average rainfall cause septic flushing and an increase in the fecal coliform. Other trends observed in the surface water quality of increased BOD, water temperature, and various metals also indicated this flushing effect.
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39

Flores, Diego Moraes. "Análise geomorfológica da bacia do ribeirão Balainho / Suzano - SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8135/tde-10122012-113000/.

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Esta pesquisa consistiu na análise geomorfológica e em um conjunto de levantamentos dos aspectos físicos da bacia hidrográfica do Ribeirão Balainho. O trabalho baseou-se no mapeamento morfométrico e morfográfico, além de observações de campo para o levantamento das características morfológicas da referida bacia. Os dados coletados visaram também estabelecer as características morfoestruturais e morfoesculturais, a fim de indicar áreas com maior potencialidade a processos denudativos. Para tal, optou-se pela utilização de cartografia geomorfológica de detalhe (1: 25.000) por meio da fotointerpretação de fotografias aéreas e de técnicas de mapeamento (morfografia) apresentadas por Tricart (1965) e Verstappen e Zuidam (1975). Quanto às técnicas na confecção das cartas morfométricas, estas se basearam nos apontamentos de Spiridonov (1981), Cunha, Mendes e Sanches (2003). As modificações morfológicas observadas, sobretudo os processos lineares de erosão foram associados a causas distintas em cada setor compartimentado da bacia (alta, média e baixa bacia), devido a características geológicas, morfológicas, pedológicas, de cobertura superficial e de usos distintos do solo.
This research is consisted of a set of data about the physical aspects of the Ribeirão Balainhos drainage basin. The study is based on morphometric and morphografic mapping and on field observations for the attainment of morphological characterization of the drainage basin. The data collected aimed to determine the morphostructural and morphosculpture characteristics, with the goal of point the areas with higher risks to suffer denudation process. For this, it was chosen the detailed geomorphological cartography (1:25.000), by the photointerpretation of aerial photographs and mapping technics (morphography), given by Tricart (1965) and Verstappen and Zuidam (1975). By the technics used in creation of the morphometrics charts, they were based on Spirodonov (1981), Cunha, Mendes and Sanches (2003) notes. The morphological changes viewed, especially the linear erosions processes, were associated to different reasons in each sector compartmented of the basin (upper, middle and lower), due the geological, morphological, pedological, surface coverage soil and land uses characteristics.
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Sousa, Maria LosÃngela Martins de. "Geoenvironmental diagnosis of sub-basin river figueiredo, CearÃ: Subsidies for Environmental Planning." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9684.

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FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
A presente pesquisa aborda a contextualizaÃÃo geoambiental da sub-bacia hidrogrÃfica do rio Figueiredo, como um subsÃdio ao planejamento ambiental. Tem-se como principal objetivo realizar uma anÃlise ambiental integrada da sub-bacia, destacando a capacidade de suporte dos seus recursos naturais e as formas de uso e ocupaÃÃo. Assim, a pesquisa se estruturou em trÃs etapas principais. A primeira està voltada à pesquisa documental, bem como ao levantamento de dados secundÃrios da Ãrea de estudo. A segunda diz respeito ao levantamento da base geocartogrÃfica e de imagens de satÃlites. A terceira se volta à parte prÃtica atravÃs dos trabalhos de campo, interpretaÃÃo das imagens de satÃlites e produÃÃo cartogrÃfica. Como principais resultados, verificou-se que a sub-bacia possui os seguintes sistemas ambientais: planÃcies fluviais e Ãreas de inundaÃÃo sazonal, depressÃo sertaneja, que se divide nos sertÃes de Alto Santo, Iracema/Potiretama, Pereiro/ErerÃ, cristas residuais, maciÃo residual do Pereiro e patamares da chapada do Apodi. Esta sub-bacia apresenta processos de degradaÃÃo ambiental e riscos de desertificaÃÃo, pois possui condiÃÃes climÃticas semiÃridas e atividades humanas que comprometem a capacidade de suporte dos seus recursos naturais, entre elas a pecuÃria, a agricultura e o extrativismo vegetal, cujas tÃcnicas de utilizaÃÃo sÃo inadequadas. Neste contexto, o reconhecimento das potencialidades e limitaÃÃes naturais da bacia à de suma importÃncia para as diretrizes ambientais.
This research approaches the issue of integrated studies as an aid to environmental planning, having as the case study the sub-basin of the Rio Figueiredo. This river is one of the main tributaries of the Jaguaribe drainage basin, located in the eastern portion of the state of Ceara, Brazil. It has as its main objective to conduct an environmental analysis of the integrated sub-basin, highlighting the carrying capacity of its natural resources and ways to use and occupation, with a view to supporting environmental planning. For this purpose, its specific objectives are: to identify the environmental systems and types of use and occupation of their natural resources to investigate the main environmental problems in the sub-basin set, relating the causes and consequences; make a list of the floristic composition of the environmental systems aiming to realize the environmental degradation from the loss of biodiversity. This research was structured in three main stages. The first one is focused on documentary research, as well as the collection of complementary data on the study area. The second concerns the collecting of the geocartographic base data and satellite images. The third will discuss a practical field work through the interpretation of satellite images and cartographic production. The main results showed that the sub-basin has four environmental systems: fluvial plains and areas of seasonal flooding, depression hinterland, which is divided in the backlands of Alto Santo, Iracema/Potiretama, Pereiro/ErerÃ, residual ridges, Pereiro residual massive and the heights of the Apodi plateau. This sub-basin presents processes of environmental degradation and desertification risk, because it has semi-arid climatic conditions and human activities that compromise the carrying capacity of its natural resources, including livestock, agriculture and extraction plant, whose techniques are unsuitable for use. In this context, the recognition of the potential and limitations of the natural area is of great importance to the environmental guidelines.
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41

Thies, Jane E. "Mapping of hydrogeology of underground mines in the Upper Freeport coal seam, northern Appalachian Basin, WV-PA-MD." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2007. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5439.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2007.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 86, [22] p. : ill. (some col.), col. maps. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 58-63).
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42

Wilson, Leah 1977. "Analysis of Atlantic salmon habitat distribution and sensitivity to forest extraction in the Cascapédia River drainage basin using a GIS." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=79202.

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The relationships between local and catchment-wide land use patterns and the spatial distribution of stream habitat variables within the Grande Cascapedia drainage basin were investigated using a geographic information system (GIS). Stream habitat variables including substrate composition and channel morphology were sampled at 48 study sites, ranging from highly disturbed to relatively pristine forest conditions in 2nd to 5th order tributaries. Land use and geology-structure variables were extracted for each catchment at four spatial scales using a GIS. The transition between pool-riffle and boulder-rapid morphologies occurred between channel gradients of 1.5% and 1.7%. The surface grainsize distribution is affected by the hydraulic power of the reach, while the subsurface grainsize distribution is associated with the degree of valley incision. The amount of logging within a 1 km radius of a sample site increases the occurrence of fine sediment within the substrate. There was, however, a surprising lack of relationship between the majority of road density metrics and the level of fines within the substrate.
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43

Arango, Irene. "Sulfur isotopic characterization of bedrock, alkaline lakes, and evaporitic sediment from a closed-drainage basin on the Oregon basalt plateau." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3232579.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Geological Sciences, 2006.
"Title from dissertation home page (viewed July 11, 2007)." Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-08, Section: B, page: 4307. Adviser: Lisa M. Pratt.
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44

Abegunde, Oluseyi Ayokunle. "Geologic and geological assessment of Acid Mine Drainage and heavy metals contamination in the West Rand, Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4785.

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Masters of Science
Over the years, South Africa has produced over 468 million tons of mine waste yearly, in which gold mining waste accounted for 221 million tons (47%) of all mine waste produced, making it the largest, single source of waste and pollution. The exposure of these mine wastes such as tailings dams, waste rocks to oxidation and leaching has been the source of heavy metal release into the environment. This study assessed the magnitude of possibly leachable metals, its distribution and associations and predicted the AMD load discharge over time, from Mogale’s tailings dam into the environs in Randfontein area, Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa. Fifty-one tailings dam samples were analysed for their mineral and multi-elements contents. Petrography studies was done by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) technique to determine the mineralogical composition. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) techniques were used to determine the multi-elements content in the tailings dam samples. The dataset were evaluated using multivariate statistics, Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and geochemical mass balance techniques. From the results, the tailings dam lithology was grouped into four distinct layers. The uppermost oxidized layer is siliceous and contains the highest SiO2 (87.32%) contents, which is with the lowest contents in Tot/S, U, As, Zn, Ni, Co, and Cu. A downward decrease in SiO2 (76.39%) contents occurs, coupled by an increase in Fe2O3, Tot/S, U, As, Zn, Ni, Co, and Cu, reaching maximum contents in layer 3. Layer 4 is the least weathered horizon. The cluster analysis grouped the samples into four sub-clusters based on the variation in SiO2 and Al2O3 contents. Factor analysis (83.542% total data variance) related the four controlling factors of element distribution to the occurrence in ore elements (sulphides), silicates, mining additives and refractory minerals. Elements of the same origin show a similar concentration trend down hole in the GIS interpolation analysis. The geochemical mass balance showed variable gain and loss of oxides and trace elements within each layer. Based on the variation patterns of the Tot/S contents and other mobile elements, about 0.164kg/tonne/yr(±0.02) of the tailings materials are leached yearly. Layer 1 is the most altered. This assessment and prediction study therefore gives an insight to the geochemical behaviour of an abandoned tailings dam, highlighting its extent of oxidation. However, the interaction between the oxidized zone and transition zone should be given more attention, to determine the actual extent of damage.
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45

Richardson, Janet Cristine. "Antecedent fluvial systems on an uplifted continental margin : constraining Cretaceous to present-day drainage basin development in southern South Africa." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14429/.

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Reconstructing drainage evolution has important implications for constraining long-term source-to-sink configurations. Furthermore, the analysis of ancient landscapes can support research in geomorphological concepts such as steady state and landscape evolution modelling. Techniques such as cosmogenic dating and morphometric analysis have rarely been applied to investigate the long-term drainage evolution of systems draining southern South Africa. This study focusses on the large-scale antecedent Gouritz catchment, Western Cape. Integrating provenance, cosmogenic and geomorphological (planform / morphometric indices) evidence indicates the trunk rivers are Cretaceous or older in age (i.e. principal topography of Mesozoic age). The trunk rivers fed huge volumes of sediment offshore during large-scale Mesozoic exhumation of southern South Africa with remnant coeval deposits in onshore extensional basins. However, there is a mismatch of onshore exhumation and offshore deposition and material is now found on the Falkland Plateau; separating source-to-sink by 6000 km. During exhumation, large scale pediments formed that grade to individual base levels and should be taken as individual features, not ‘surfaces’ correlated across the continent. A second phase of pediment evolution occurred in the mid-Cenozoic, dissecting the pediments and eroding small catchments into the Cape Fold Belt. These smaller order streams are strongly affected by the tectonic grain of the fold belt, whereas the trunk rivers are not, which is shown by variation in morphometric indices. The lack of correlation between catchment properties and denudation rates indicate the system has decoupled and that allogenic factors are now dominant. Due to the low rates of denundation, weathering is currently the rate limiting factor. However, during the early evolution of the catchment, tectonic activity was more dominant than the present day. The ancient catchment is in geomorphic steady-state, and highlights the need for further research into long-term landscape evolution, and linkage to offshore depositional records.
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46

Abrahams, Jamie-Leigh Robin. "Geochemistry of Gold One tailings and associated contaminant transport into the Randfontein area, Witwatersrand Basin." University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6376.

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Magister Scientiae - MSc (Earth Science)
The city of Randfontein, in the Witwatersrand, hosts several slimes and tailings storage facilities which pose potential threat to the environment in the form of acid mine drainage (AMD). The latter, readily scavenges toxic metals, contaminating surrounding soils and water resources, thereby potentially compromising the overall environmental- and public health of the area. To this end, three slimes sections (section T001, T002 and T003) from the Gold One Millsite Slimes Complex were investigated, with the aim of understanding metal release from the slimes dam into the Randfontein area. To achieve this, the mineralogical and geochemical factors controlling metal release were investigated using combined core log analysis, cluster and discriminant analysis, x-ray diffraction analysis, bulk geochemical analysis, acid base accounting methods and selective sequential extraction procedures.
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47

Spurgeon, V. Leanne. "Sedimentology of historic and prehistoric deposits in the drainage basin of Deep River and Muddy Creek on the Piedmont of North Carolina." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1268.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2000.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 152 p. : ill. (some col.), maps. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 62-64).
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48

Lawson, Desiree L. "An analysis of vegetation and environmental parameters at mitigated wetland sites located in the upper Scioto River drainage basin, Central Ohio." Huntington, WV : [Marshall University Libraries], 2004. http://www.marshall.edu/etd/descript.asp?ref=490.

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49

Childre, Mark Tilman. "Hydrogeologic controls on the occurrence and movement of groundwater discharged at Magic Springs in the Spring Branch Creek drainage basin| Spring Branch, Texas." Thesis, The University of Texas at San Antonio, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1538300.

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The hydrogeologic controls, flow velocities and paths, groundwater delineation, and physical characteristics in a joint controlled dendritic conduit-spring system have been characterized. The known conduit branches from C My Shovel (CM) Cave with 4475 meters (m) of measurable passages and tributaries. Surface entrance to CM Cave is located 1360 m upstream from discharge at Magic Springs.

Four storm events were measured characterizing the dynamics. The maximum discharge of these four events was 1.2 m3/s (41 ft3 /s) with 0.08 m3/s (3 ft3/s) baseflow conditions at Magic Springs. The characteristic shape and response of discharge are well defined with a rise time between 5.5 and 6.5 hours (hr). The half flow period time (t0.5) ranges between 12.9 and 15.7 hr, depending on peak discharge. The rise time and t0.5 occur in less than one day and the conduit volume exceeds 0.5 x 106 m3. The conduit-spring system drains within 3.7 to 7.5 days after the storm event. The thermal effects are event driven, maintaining 85% of the temperature change over 1300 m. The spring discharge has total dissolved solids around 350 mg/L and is chemically stable.

The field component of this study include a karst density survey, four dye traces, and continuous monitoring of specific conductance, pressure, temperature, water-level stage height, and discharge at Magic Springs and in the conduit below CM Cave. The general karst density survey identifies caves and dolines within given area. There is a sinking stream that transfers flow from Spring Branch Creek into the conduit system and two focused regions in a karst plain having densities of 20 and 44 karst features/0.16 km 2.

Hydrographs and chemographs show patterns interpreted as pulses of dilute water recharging through exposed caves, sinkholes, and sinking streams. These pulses have minimal reaction with the rock or matrix during recharge, which is superimposed on baseflow from the joint controlled dendritic conduit-spring system in this karst terrane.

The groundwater drainage basin has been defined. The dye tracing results identified groundwater piracy across surface water divides and helped define the groundwater drainage basin. Groundwater velocities were measured between 1800 m/d and 3000 m/d under baseflow conditions. The discharge at Magic Springs under these four storm events showed velocities between 8,700 and 15,120 m/d.

An autosampler and charcoal packets were both employed during dye tracing. Both detected fluorescence from all four injection sites. The measured velocities ranged between 1865 up to 2929 m/d under baseflow conditions. All dye trace tests were conducted under baseflow. Under baseflow conditions, dye was only traced to the Magic Springs locations from the eleven charcoal monitoring locations.

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50

Bhadha, Jehangir H. "Pore water transport mechanisms and soil diagenesis in an impacted isolated wetland within the Lake Okeechobee drainage basin implications for internal nutrient loading. /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0024854.

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