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1
Chen, Desheng, and Qiaoning Xu. "A Swinging and Self-Actuating Friction Drive Device Used in Large-Scale Rotary Devices." Recent Patents on Mechanical Engineering 13, no. 1 (February 12, 2020): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2212797612666191119102558.
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Background: Large-scale rotary devices often employ friction drives in order to be manufactured easily and usually select a large driving radius to reduce the friction forces needed. In traditional devices, the driver and driven friction wheels are required to be of higher roundness to avoid slipping between them. This makes the driven friction wheel difficult to be machined. In addition, generating adequate contact load between contacting surfaces is essential for friction drives, and the best way to achieve it is self-actuating loading. Objective: The purpose of this paper is to propose and analyze a patent about a new friction drive device, in which the driver friction wheel can roll along with the driven friction wheel throughout, and the contact load between the driver and driven friction wheels can be generated on the torque demand. Methods: By using two swinging gearboxes, the two driver friction wheels are both swinging, and thus both can roll along with the driven friction wheel floatingly. Therefore, the driven wheel can have some deviation in roundness. Besides, this design offers a condition to construct a torque-actuated loading mechanism. Driven by the input torque, each driver wheel turns and exerts a friction force on the driven wheel, and then the driven wheel applies a reactive force to each driver wheel. This reactive force tends to pull the driver wheel to the driven wheel, producing a wedging action. Thus, an appreciable amount of contact load between the driver and driven wheels will be generated. Results: The results show the contact load between the driver and driven friction wheels is directly proportional to the resistant torque acting on the friction drive device. The results also show that a “frictional locking” condition for the device to avoid slipping between the driver and driven friction wheels is needed and it depends on the geometric parameters of the device. Conclusion: A swinging and self-actuating friction drive device is developed by using two swinging gearboxes. Design principles were described and a design example for this friction drive device was demonstrated. This kind of friction drive device not only offers an alternative way to drive large-scale rotary devices, but also develops a new method to realize self-actuating loading for friction drives.
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Yang, Shiyan, Jonny Kuo, and Michael G. Lenné. "Analysis of Gaze Behavior to Measure Cognitive Distraction in Real-World Driving." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 62, no. 1 (September 2018): 1944–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931218621441.
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Cognitive distraction can impair drivers’ situation awareness and control performance in driving. An on-road study was conducted to examine the efficacy in the detection of driver cognitive distraction based on the driver monitoring system developed by Seeing Machines. Participants completed a 25-km test drive on the local public roads whilst engaging in a series of secondary tasks that were designed to trigger different types of cognitive distraction, such as conversation, comprehension, N-back, and route-planning tasks. The findings showed that percent road center (PRC), one of the promising gaze metrics, increased significantly with cognitive distraction when compared to baseline, but failed to distinguish between different forms of cognitive distraction Moreover, PRC’s sensitivity to cognitive distraction was found to be affected by the chosen radius of road center area. These findings of driver cognitive distraction measurement provide data-driven suggestions for the development of real-time driver monitoring systems in the wild.
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Palac, Daniel, Iiona D. Scully, Rachel K. Jonas, John L. Campbell, Douglas Young, and David M. Cades. "Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS): Who’s Driving What and What’s Driving Use?" Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 65, no. 1 (September 2021): 1220–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181321651234.
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The emergence of vehicle technologies that promote driver safety and convenience calls for investigation of the prevalence of driver assistance systems as well as of their use rates. A consumer driven understanding as to why certain vehicle technology is used remains largely unexplored. We examined drivers’ experience using 13 different advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and several reasons that may explain rates of use through a nationally-distributed survey. Our analysis focused on drivers’ levels of understanding and trust with their vehicle’s ADAS as well as drivers’ perceived ease, or difficulty, in using the systems. Respondents’ age and experience with Level 0 or Level 1 technologies revealed additional group differences, suggesting older drivers (55+), and those with only Level 0 systems as using ADAS more often. These data are interpreted using the Driver Behavior Questionnaire framework and offer a snapshot of the pervasiveness of certain driver safety systems.
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Abraham, Hillary, Bryan Reimer, and Bruce Mehler. "Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS): A Consideration of Driver Perceptions on Training, Usage & Implementation." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 1954–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601967.
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As the first phase of a larger project, drivers were recruited to drive for a month one of two different vehicles with a range of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). Training methods for introducing the systems and questionnaire and structured interview methods were tested for collecting driver perceptions and understanding of the technologies. Participant perceptions and selected observations are detailed.
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Farooq, Danish, Sarbast Moslem, Rana Faisal Tufail, Omid Ghorbanzadeh, Szabolcs Duleba, Ahsen Maqsoom, and Thomas Blaschke. "Analyzing the Importance of Driver Behavior Criteria Related to Road Safety for Different Driving Cultures." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6 (March 14, 2020): 1893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061893.
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Driver behavior has been considered as the most critical and uncertain criteria in the study of traffic safety issues. Driver behavior identification and categorization by using the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) can overcome the uncertainty of driver behavior by capturing the ambiguity of driver thinking style. The main goal of this paper is to examine the significant driver behavior criteria that influence traffic safety for different traffic cultures such as Hungary, Turkey, Pakistan and China. The study utilized the FAHP framework to compare and quantify the driver behavior criteria designed on a three-level hierarchical structure. The FAHP procedure computed the weight factors and ranked the significant driver behavior criteria based on pairwise comparisons (PCs) of driver’s responses on the Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ). The study results observed “violations” as the most significant driver behavior criteria for level 1 by all nominated regions except Hungary. While for level 2, “aggressive violations” is observed as the most significant driver behavior criteria by all regions except Turkey. Moreover, for level 3, Hungary and Turkey drivers evaluated the “drive with alcohol use” as the most significant driver behavior criteria. While Pakistan and China drivers evaluated the “fail to yield pedestrian” as the most significant driver behavior criteria. Finally, Kendall’s agreement test was performed to measure the agreement degree between observed groups for each level in a hierarchical structure. The methodology applied can be easily transferable to other study areas and our results in this study can be helpful for the drivers of each region to focus on highlighted significant driver behavior criteria to reduce fatal and seriously injured traffic accidents.
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Schmidt, Jürgen, Mariella Dreißig, Wolfgang Stolzmann, and Matthias Rötting. "The Influence of Prolonged Conditionally Automated Driving on the Take-Over Ability of the Driver." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 1974–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601972.
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Other than during manual and partly automated driving, the driver will not need to constantly observe and correct the path of his/her car with future conditionally automated driving (CAD) systems. The driver will be only responsible to stay alert and be ready to take-over the driving in a preset handover time, if requested. The aim of this simulator study was to examine the reactions of drivers, when requested to take-over after a long, monotonous conditionally automated drive. The conditionally automated drives of 20 drivers (mean driving time of 2:51 ± 0:18 h) were evaluated. To test their reaction and take-over ability, the drivers experienced four easy take-over situations and were additionally challenged with a demanding situation in their worst state regarding fatigue. There was no significant influence found of their fatigue state on the take-over time and quality. The different take-over times in different situations point merely towards an adaption of the drivers’ reactions onto the specific necessities of the different driving situations.
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James, Rachel M., and Britton E. Hammit. "Identifying Contributory Factors to Heterogeneity in Driving Behavior: Clustering and Classification Approach." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 10 (May 18, 2019): 343–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119849404.
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Previous research efforts using aerially collected trajectory-level data have confirmed the existence of inter-driver heterogeneity, where different car-following model (CFM) specifications and calibrated parameter sets are required to adequately capture drivers’ driving behavior. This research hypothesizes that there also exist clusters of drivers whose behavior is sufficiently similar to be considered a homogeneous group. To test this hypothesis, this study applies a 664-trip sample of trajectory-level data from the SHRP2 Naturalistic Driving Study to calibrate the Gipps, Intelligent Driver Model, and Wiedemann 99 CFMs. Using the calibrated parameter coefficients, this research provides evidence of the existence of homogeneous groups of driving behavior using the expectation maximization clustering algorithm. Four classification algorithms are then applied to classify the trip’s cluster ID according to driver demographics. Driver age, income, and marital status were most commonly identified as important classification attributes, while gender, work status, and living status appear less significant. The classification algorithms, which sought to classify a trip’s behavioral cluster ID by the driver-specific attributes, achieved the highest accuracy rate when predicting the desired velocity car-following parameter clusters. This effort illustrates that some drivers drive sufficiently alike to form a cluster of similar behavior; moreover, it was confirmed that driver-specific attributes can be utilized to classify drivers into these homogeneous driver groups.
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Hanowski, Richard J., Robert J. Carroll, Walter W. Wierwille, and Rebecca L. Olson. "Light Vehicle-Heavy Vehicle Interactions: A Preliminary Assessment Using Critical Incident Analysis." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, no. 22 (September 2002): 1844–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204602214.
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Two recently completed on-road in situ data collection efforts, one involving local/short haul trucking and the other long-haul trucking, provided a large data set in which to conduct an examination of critical incidents (crashes and near-crashes) that occurred between light vehicles and heavy vehicles. Video and non-video data collected during the two studies were used to characterize critical incidents that were recorded between light vehicle and heavy vehicle drivers. Across both studies, 210 light vehicle-heavy vehicle (LV-HV) critical incidents were recorded. Of these, 78 percent were initiated by the light vehicle driver. Aggressive driving on the part of the light vehicle driver was found to be the primary contributing factor for light vehicle driver initiated incidents. For heavy vehicle driver initiated incidents, the primary contributing factor was poor driving technique. The results suggest that efforts at addressing LV-HV interaction incidents should focus on light vehicle drivers who drive aggressively. Additionally, it is recommended that heavy vehicle drivers might benefit from improved driver training that includes instruction on defensive driving.
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Mueller, Alexandra S., Ian J. Reagan, and Jessica B. Cicchino. "Addressing Driver Disengagement and Proper System Use: Human Factors Recommendations for Level 2 Driving Automation Design." Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making 15, no. 1 (January 20, 2021): 3–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1555343420983126.
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Level 2 driving automation has the potential to reduce crashes; however, there are known risks when using these systems, particularly as they relate to drivers becoming disengaged from driving. This paper provides data-driven recommendations for Level 2 driving automation design using the best currently available methods to encourage driver engagement and communicate where and how a system can safely be used. Our recommendations pertaining to driver engagement concern driver management systems that monitor the driver for signs of disengagement and return the driver to the loop using a multimodal escalation process with attention reminders, countermeasures for sustained noncompliance to the attention reminders, and proactive methods for keeping drivers engaged with respect to driver-system interactions and system functionality considerations. We also provide guidance on how the operational design domain (ODD), driver responsibilities, and system limitations should be communicated and how these systems must be self-limited within the ODD. In addition, we discuss the benefits and limitations of training to emphasize the importance of making these systems intuitive to all users, regardless of training, to ensure proper use. These recommendations should be applied as a whole, because selectively adhering to only some may inadvertently exacerbate the dangers of driver disengagement.
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Desmond, Paula A., Peter A. Hancock, and Janelle L. Monette. "Fatigue and Automation-Induced Impairments in Simulated Driving Performance." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1628, no. 1 (January 1998): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1628-02.
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A driving simulator study investigated the effect of automation of the driving task on performance under fatiguing driving conditions. In the study, drivers performed both a manual drive, in which they had full control over the driving task, and an automated drive, in which the vehicle was controlled by an automated driving system. During both drives, three perturbing events occurred at early, intermediate, and late phases in the drives: in the automated drive, a failure in automation caused the vehicle to drift toward the edge of the road; in the manual drive, wind gusts resulted in the vehicle drifting in the same direction and magnitude as the “drifts” in the automated drive. Following automation failure, drivers were forced to control the vehicle manually until the system became operational again. Drivers’ lateral control of the vehicle was assessed during three phases of manual control in both drives. The results indicate that performance recovery was better when drivers had full manual control of the vehicle throughout the drive, rather than when drivers were forced to drive manually following automation failure. Drivers also experienced increased tiredness, and physical and perceptual fatigue symptoms following both drives. The findings have important implications for the design of intelligent transportation systems. Systems that reduce the driver’s perceptions of task demands of driving are likely to undermobilize effort in fatigued drivers. Thus, the results strongly support the contention that human-centered transportation strategies, in which the driver is involved in the driving task, are superior to total automation.
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Corbett, Claire. "Dangerous Drivers or any Driver?" Criminal Justice Matters 51, no. 1 (March 2003): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09627250308553510.
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Davoli, Luca, Marco Martalò, Antonio Cilfone, Laura Belli, Gianluigi Ferrari, Roberta Presta, Roberto Montanari, et al. "On Driver Behavior Recognition for Increased Safety: A Roadmap." Safety 6, no. 4 (December 12, 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety6040055.
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Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADASs) are used for increasing safety in the automotive domain, yet current ADASs notably operate without taking into account drivers’ states, e.g., whether she/he is emotionally apt to drive. In this paper, we first review the state-of-the-art of emotional and cognitive analysis for ADAS: we consider psychological models, the sensors needed for capturing physiological signals, and the typical algorithms used for human emotion classification. Our investigation highlights a lack of advanced Driver Monitoring Systems (DMSs) for ADASs, which could increase driving quality and security for both drivers and passengers. We then provide our view on a novel perception architecture for driver monitoring, built around the concept of Driver Complex State (DCS). DCS relies on multiple non-obtrusive sensors and Artificial Intelligence (AI) for uncovering the driver state and uses it to implement innovative Human–Machine Interface (HMI) functionalities. This concept will be implemented and validated in the recently EU-funded NextPerception project, which is briefly introduced.
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Radhakrishnan, Vishnu, Natasha Merat, Tyron Louw, Michael G. Lenné, Richard Romano, Evangelos Paschalidis, Foroogh Hajiseyedjavadi, Chongfeng Wei, and Erwin R. Boer. "Measuring Drivers’ Physiological Response to Different Vehicle Controllers in Highly Automated Driving (HAD): Opportunities for Establishing Real-Time Values of Driver Discomfort." Information 11, no. 8 (August 8, 2020): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info11080390.
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This study investigated how driver discomfort was influenced by different types of automated vehicle (AV) controllers, compared to manual driving, and whether this response changed in different road environments, using heart-rate variability (HRV) and electrodermal activity (EDA). A total of 24 drivers were subjected to manual driving and four AV controllers: two modelled to depict “human-like” driving behaviour, one conventional lane-keeping assist controller, and a replay of their own manual drive. Each drive lasted for ~15 min and consisted of rural and urban environments, which differed in terms of average speed, road geometry and road-based furniture. Drivers showed higher skin conductance response (SCR) and lower HRV during manual driving, compared to the automated drives. There were no significant differences in discomfort between the AV controllers. SCRs and subjective discomfort ratings showed significantly higher discomfort in the faster rural environments, when compared to the urban environments. Our results suggest that SCR values are more sensitive than HRV-based measures to continuously evolving situations that induce discomfort. Further research may be warranted in investigating the value of this metric in assessing real-time driver discomfort levels, which may help improve acceptance of AV controllers.
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Fan, Chaojie, Shufang Huang, Shuxiang Lin, Diya Xu, Yong Peng, and Shengen Yi. "Types, Risk Factors, Consequences, and Detection Methods of Train Driver Fatigue and Distraction." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (March 24, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8328077.
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Train drivers’ inattention, including fatigue and distraction, impairs their ability to drive and is the major risk factor for human-caused train accidents. Many experts have undertaken numerous studies on train driver exhaustion and distraction, but a systematic study is still missing. Through a systematic review, this work aims to outline the types, risk factors, consequences, and detection methods of train driver fatigue and distraction. The effects of central nervous fatigue and cognitive distraction in train drivers during driving are caused by rest and sleep schedules, workload, automation levels, and mobile phones. Furthermore, train drivers’ fatigue and distraction can cause loss of concentration and slow reaction, resulting in dangerous driving behaviour such as speeding and SPAD. Researchers have combined subjective reporting, physiological parameters, and physical factors to construct detection algorithms with good results to detect train driver fatigue and distraction. This review offers recommendations for researchers looking into train driver fatigue and distraction. And it can also make valuable recommendations for future studies about railway traffic safety.
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Danilovic, Milorad, Anton Poje, and Slavica Antonic. "Noise exposure of a tractor driver at skidding of wood assortments in hilly-mountaineous areas." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 110 (2014): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf1410045d.
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The first phase of transport of forest products (skidding) in Serbia is usually performed by skid trails with adapted agricultural tractors. The educational base ?Goc - Gvozdac? compartment 21 was the selected object of this research. Data recording was carried out in June 2011. The vehicle driven by the driver was an IMT 565 DV tractor. The organizational form of work was 1T + 1P (tractor driver and assistant). The microphone of a Bruel & Kjaer 4189 noise measuring instrument was mounted on the helmet of the tractor driver in accordance with the ISO 9612: 2012 standard. The recording was performed with a Bruel & Kjaer 2250 instrument. The values of the following parameters with appropriate filters: LAeq (dB(A)), LAIeq (dB(A)), LCpeak (dB(C)), LZeq (dB) were measured. The measured exposure of the workers to noise was the highest in the course of the main productive time (empty or full drive). It was found that the eight-hour exposure to noise of the driver (88 dB (A)) exceeds the limit value of daily exposure according to European legislation. The results show that it is necessary for drivers to use hearing protection equipment when transporting wood with the studied transportation vehicle.
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Mongin, Olivier. "De Taxi Driver à Drive." Esprit Janvier, no. 1 (2012): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/espri.1201.0043.
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Freiberger, Sandra N., Patrick Turko, Martin Hüllner, Reinhard Dummer, Grégoire B. Morand, Mitchell P. Levesque, David Holzmann, and Niels J. Rupp. "Who’s Driving? Switch of Drivers in Immunotherapy-Treated Progressing Sinonasal Melanoma." Cancers 13, no. 11 (May 31, 2021): 2725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13112725.
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Mucosal melanoma can be driven by various driver mutations in genes such as NRAS, KIT, or KRAS. However, some cases present with only weak drivers, or lacking known oncogenic drivers, suggesting immunotherapy over targeted therapy. While resistance mechanisms to immunotherapy in cutaneous melanoma have been uncovered, including alterations in JAK1/2, B2M, or STK11, a switch of oncogenic drivers under immunotherapy has not yet been observed. We report three cases of metastatic sinonasal melanoma that switched oncogenic drivers from KRAS, KIT, or no driver to NRAS during or after immunotherapy, thereby showing progressive disease. One of the cases presented with three spatially separate driver mutations in the primary tumor, whereas the NRAS clone persisted under immunotherapy. In comparison, three different control cases receiving radiotherapy only did not show a change of the detectable molecular drivers in their respective recurrences or metastases. In summary, these data provide an important rationale for longitudinal molecular testing, based on evidence for an unforeseen recurrent event of molecular driver switch to NRAS in progressing sinonasal melanoma. These findings provide the basis for further studies on a potential causal relation of emerging NRAS mutant clones and immunotherapy.
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Ivanov, Kirill A., Natalia V. Kamardina, Igor K. Danilov, and Vladimir N. Konoplev. "Method of biocontrol of vehicle driver fatigue." RUDN Journal of Engineering Researches 22, no. 2 (October 2, 2021): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8143-2021-22-2-217-224.
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This article describes an example of negligence of drivers transporting passengers and methods of solving it using modern inventions. One of these troubles is driving a car and moving passengers by taxi driver in a tired state. Since not every driver can correctly assess their psycho-physical condition, so to do this, scientists began to create devices for tracking human behavior when he drives vehicle. The purpose of implementing driver fatigue monitoring systems is to ensure road safety and preserve lives and property of citizens. The use of these systems is to facilitate the work of emergency services and taxi company owners, taxi drivers and their passengers. In our article we want to touch on the problem of overwork, specifically taxi drivers, since their work activity is socially significant and non-compliance with the norms of work and rest periods can lead to tragic consequences. Modern taxi drivers often rely on a strong body of car and electronic gadgets in an unexpected situation on the road. Therefore, when driving a car, despite being overworked, they allow themselves to relax beyond the limit and dont react in time if an emergency occurs. We have studied options for implementing driver fatigue monitoring systems and offer to install them on a taxi car.
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Perterer, Nicole, Susanne Stadler, Alexander Meschtscherjakov, and Manfred Tscheligi. "Driving Together Across Vehicle." International Journal of Mobile Human Computer Interaction 11, no. 2 (April 2019): 58–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmhci.2019040104.
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Most research on vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication is technology-driven, or focused on driver-to-driver interaction. Social communication between drivers and passengers across vehicles, with the same destination, is often neglected. Communication is influenced by context and occupant behavior, and has a significant effect on the collaborative driving scenario. An exploratory in-situ study with seven groups of two driver/co-driver pairs each, located in two separate vehicles, was conducted. On a predefined route, different subtasks had to be solved in a collaborative way. The study revealed a significant influence of different social factors, such as driving behavior, and contextual factors such as weather conditions, or vehicle shape and size. Findings delivered important insights and a deeper understanding on collaborative driving that may influence future V2V communication technologies. Additionally, the collaborative driving behavior of the driver/co-driver pairs could be transferred to a multi-agent framework.
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Misra, Shantanu, Vedika Parvez, Tarush Singh, and E. Chitra. "A Portable Driver Assistance System Headset Using Augmented Reality." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.6 (July 4, 2018): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.6.15071.
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Vehicle collision leading to life threatening accidents is a common problem which is incrementing noticeably. This necessitated the need for Driver Assistance Systems (DAS) which helps drivers sense nearby obstacles and drive safely. However, it’s inefficiency in unfavorable weather conditions, overcrowded roads, and low signal penetration rates in India posed many challenges during it’s implementation. In this paper, we present a portable Driver Assistance System that uses augmented reality for it’s working. The headset model comprises of five systems working in conjugation in order to assist the driver. The pedestrian detection module, along with the driver alert system serves to assist the driver in focusing his attention to obstacles in his line of sight. Whereas, the speech recognition, gesture recognition and GPS navigation modules together prevent the driver from getting distracted while driving. In the process of serving these two root causes of accidents, a cost effective, portable and holistic driver assistance system has been developed.
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Tan, Yun Long, and Hong Fei Jia. "Establishment and Validation of Mainline Driver Type Model at Expressway-Ramp Merging Area." Applied Mechanics and Materials 409-410 (September 2013): 1392–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.409-410.1392.
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The driver characteristic is an important factor that affects driver behaviors, however, the existing driver behavior models little consider the influence of driver own characteristic differences on the driver behaviors. As the driver mental and physical behaviors in the process of driving are uncertainty and ambiguity, the mainline vehicles at expressway-ramp merging area are selected as research object, and the fuzzy clustering theory is introduced. In order to describe the mainline drivers characteristics accurately, the mainline vehicle acceleration, the relative speed of the current mainline vehicle to the all mainline vehicles and the lag gap of the mainline vehicle are selected to cluster by the fuzzy clustering method, and the driver type distribution model is built by K-S test method. Then, the driver type distribution data as a key parameter is incorporated into the expressway merging model, in order to represent the effect of driver characteristic on drive behavior. Finally, the microscopic traffic simulation system MTSS is taken as the simulation plat to build simulation model and validate the built mainline driver type model, the output results from the simulation system are compared with the field data, the satisfactory results indicate that the built driver type model can be used to describe the impact of driver type on driving behavior.
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Li, San Bo. "The Application and the Driver Design of Double Axis Step-Drive Electromotor in the Motorcycle Meter." Advanced Materials Research 201-203 (February 2011): 594–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.201-203.594.
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The traditional motorcycle meters are driven by the separate motors, these devices are simple and easy to be controlled, stable performance, but dial space has not been fully utilized. This paper introduces the double index show of motorcycle speed and speed，focus on analysis of dual-axis stepper motor driven connections, drive mode and the driver circuit design. The results of experiment and application shows that the coaxial two-pointer motorcycle display instrument has good repeatability, good linear scale, fast response, no jitter, high reliability and relatively small size and many other advantages, instrumentation stepper motor driver with dual-axis motor instrument design meet the relevant requirements of motorcycle meter, can be easily to achieve motor servo system driven synchronous control of double axis step-drive electromotor.
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Żołna, Małgorzata Maria. "SAFETY SPEED RULE IN THEORY AND PRACTICE." International Journal of Legal Studies ( IJOLS ) 2, no. 2 (December 29, 2017): 39–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.2219.
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This article considers an important issue, very often appearing in the case law (judicial decisions) and doctrine, namely the principle of safety speed rule, according to which the driver is obliged to drive at a speed ensuring control over the vehicle, take into account the driving conditions and to drive in an non-intrusive way for other drivers. Both exceeding the speed allowed in a given area, as well as driving a vehicle at a speed clearly hindering the movement of other road users is connected with imposing a penalty ticket and penalty points on the driver of the vehicle. The article provides an analysis of the provisions of the Road Traffic Law, justification of the Provincial Administrative Court in Szczecin, as well as the accident in which the driver significantly exceeded the allowed speed, which led to the road accident where the second driver died on the spot.
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Abbasi, Affan, Asif Faruque, Sajib Roy, Robert Murphree, Tobias Erlbacher, and Alan Mantooth. "Gate Driver Design in a 1 μm SiC CMOS Process for Heterogeneous Integration Inside SiC Power Module." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2020, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 000281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2380-4505-2020.1.000281.
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Abstract In this paper, the design and implementation of a gate driver in SiC CMOS process is presented for heterogeneous integration (HI) inside the commercial SiC power module. The output stage of the gate driver circuit includes four-pull up (QP 1,2,3,4) and four-pull down (QN 1,2,3,4) transistors to vary current drive strength. The output stages are driven by tri-state buffer chains that are controlled by comparator based control circuits. The driver is tested over temperature up to 300°C. At higher temperatures, the peak drive current (under full strength with no external load) increases with the output swing remaining the same. Variation of the driver’s output pull-up and pull-down stage at higher load capacitance is also discussed in this paper. The driver circuit layout is optimized to utilize the maximum die area allowed by the process. The gate driver layout is 4.8mm × 4.8mm. The bond pads and layout orientation are configured for flip-chip packaging but can also be used for wire-bonding.
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Lee, John D. "Driving Safety." Reviews of Human Factors and Ergonomics 1, no. 1 (June 2005): 172–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/155723405783703037.
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Driving is a common and hazardous activity that is a prominent cause of death worldwide. Driver behavior represents a predominant cause, contributing to over 90% of crashes. In this review, I will focus on how driver behavior influences driving safety by describing the types of crashes and their general causes, the driving process, the perceptual and cognitive characteristics of drivers, and driver types and impairments. Evidence from each of these perspectives suggests that breakdowns of a multilevel control process are the fundamental factors that undermine driving safety. Drivers adapt and drive safely in a broad range of situations but fail when expectations are violated or when feedback is inadequate. The review concludes by considering driving safety from a societal risk management perspective.
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Tang, Yuzhou, Xiaodang Peng, Shiyong Xu, Mingju Bai, Lifang Lin, and Haihan Sun. "Study on Driver Gaze Characteristics in Sight Distance Limited Section of Mountain Highway Based on Visual Information." Journal of Mathematics 2022 (January 6, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9482875.
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In order to study the gaze behavior characteristics of drivers in mountainous road sections with limited sight distance, the real vehicle test is carried out by using Smart Eye Pro 5.7 noninvasive eye tracker. Combined with the sight distance change rate theory, 6 typical test representative mountainous sections are selected to study the gaze distribution law and gaze duration of drivers in different mountainous sections. The research shows that when the driver drives on the test section with the most unfavorable sight distance of 44 m, 50 m, and 56 m, the fixation characteristics of “from far to near” are significant, and the long fixation duration accounts for a large proportion of the driver. When the driver drives on the section with the most unfavorable sight distance of more than 70 m, i.e., the sight distance change rate of less than 1.33, the fixation characteristics of “from far to near” disappear. The driver’s fixation stability increases, the fixation freedom increases, and the proportion of medium and long fixation duration decreases. The data analysis provides a theoretical basis for drivers to pass safely in mountainous sections.
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Krasnova, Oleksandra, Brett Molesworth, and Ann Williamson. "Understanding the Effect of Feedback on Young Drivers’ Speeding Behavior." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 60, no. 1 (September 2016): 1986–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601452.
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The aim of the present study was to empirically investigate the effect of various types of feedback on young novice drivers’ speed management behavior. One hundred young drivers, randomly allocated to five groups, completed three test drives using a computer-based driving simulator. For four groups, feedback was provided after an 11km drive and focused on speeding behavior, the safety implications of speeding or the financial penalties if caught speeding or all three. The fifth group was a no-feedback control. Driver speed management performance was examined in two 11km drives immediately following the receipt of feedback and one week post feedback. The results showed that all types of Feedback were effective in improving young drivers’ speed management behavior compared to the control group. Providing feedback about financial implications of speeding was found to be the best in improving young drivers’ speed management behavior across all tested conditions. These findings have important implications for the development of a new approach to improve young drivers’ speed management behavior.
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Yoshizama, Akira, Hiroyuki Nishiyama, Hirotoshi Iwasaki, and Fumio Mizoguchi. "Estimation of Cognitive Distraction from Driver Gazing." International Journal of Software Science and Computational Intelligence 9, no. 2 (April 2017): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijssci.2017040104.
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In their study, the authors sought to generate rules for cognitive distractions of car drivers using data from a driving simulation environment. They collected drivers' eye-movement and driving data from 18 research participants using a simulator. Each driver drove the same 15-minute course two times. The first drive was normal driving (no-load driving), and the second drive was driving with a mental arithmetic task (load driving), which the authors defined as cognitive-distraction driving. To generate rules of distraction driving using a machine-learning tool, they transformed the data at constant time intervals to generate qualitative data for learning. Finally, the authors generated rules using a Support Vector Machine (SVM).
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Luffman, Ingrid, and Arpita Nandi. "Seasonal Precipitation Variability and Gully Erosion in Southeastern USA." Water 12, no. 4 (March 25, 2020): 925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12040925.
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This study examines the relationship between gully erosion in channels, sidewalls, and interfluves, and precipitation parameters (duration, total accumulation, average intensity, and maximum intensity) annually and seasonally to determine seasonal drivers for precipitation-related erosion. Ordinary Least Square regression models of erosion using precipitation and antecedent precipitation at weekly lags of up to twelve weeks were developed for three erosion variables for each of three geomorphic areas: channels, interfluves, and sidewalls (nine models in total). Erosion was most pronounced in winter months, followed by spring, indicating the influence of high-intensity precipitation from frontal systems and repeated freeze-thaw cycles in winter; erosion in summer was driven by high-intensity precipitation from convectional storms. Annually, duration was the most important driver for erosion, however, during winter and summer months, precipitation intensity was dominant. Seasonal models retained average and maximum precipitation as drivers for erosion in winter months (dominated by frontal systems), and retained maximum precipitation intensity as a driver for erosion in summer months (dominated by convectional storms). In channels, precipitation duration was the dominant driver for erosion due to runoff-related erosion, while in sidewalls and interfluves intensity parameters were equally important as duration, likely related to rain splash erosion. These results show that the character of precipitation, which varies seasonally, is an important driver for gully erosion and that studies of precipitation-driven erosion should consider partitioning data by season to identify these drivers.
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Trindade, Nielson S., Artur H. Kronbauer, Helder G. Aragão, and Jorge Campos. "Driver Rating: a mobile application to evaluate driver behavior." South Florida Journal of Development 2, no. 2 (May 17, 2021): 1147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.46932/sfjdv2n2-001.
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The combination of data from sensors embedded in vehicles and smartphones promises to generate great innovations in intelligent transportation systems. This article presents Driver Rating, a mobile application to evaluate the behavior of drivers based on the data gathered from vehicles´ and smartphones´ sensors. The Driver Rating application analyzes five variables (fuel consumption, carbon dioxide emission, speed, longitudinal acceleration, and transverse acceleration) to evaluate driver´s behaviors while driving. To test the Driver Rating application and identify its potentialities, an experiment was carried out on an urban environment, showing promising results regarding the classification of drivers’ behavior.
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Ohberg, Annakatri, Antti Penttila, and Jouko Lonnqvist. "Driver suicides." British Journal of Psychiatry 171, no. 5 (November 1997): 468–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.171.5.468.
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BackgroundTo study driver suicides, all motor vehicle driver fatalities in Finland from 1987 to 1991 were analysed.MethodCases were collected from all driver fatalities (n=1419), as those that accident investigation teams considered possible suicides (n=99). Drivers committing suicide classified according to ICD–9 by two forensic pathologists were selected as cases (n=84). Drivers of unintentional motor vehicle fatalities served as the control group.ResultsWhile 5.9% of all driver fatalities were classified as suicides, the figure given in the official statistics was 2.6%. Driver suicides accounted for 1.2% of all suicides. Fifty per cent of driver suicides were committed by men aged between 15 and 34 years. The victims had often suffered from life-event stress, mental disorders and had alcohol misuse problems. The cases were usually head-on collisions between two vehicles with a large weight disparity.ConclusionsMisclassification of driver suicides does not significantly influence the total suicide rate. However, people who commit suicide by this method could often be recognised, and prevention of these events would improve traffic safety.
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Tanprasert, Thitaree, Chalermpol Saiprasert, and Suttipong Thajchayapong. "Combining Unsupervised Anomaly Detection and Neural Networks for Driver Identification." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6057830.
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This paper proposes an algorithm for real-time driver identification using the combination of unsupervised anomaly detection and neural networks. The proposed algorithm uses nonphysiological signals as input, namely, driving behavior signals from inertial sensors (e.g., accelerometers) and geolocation signals from GPS sensors. First anomaly detection is performed to assess if the current driver is whom he/she claims to be. If an anomaly is detected, the algorithm proceeds to find relevant features in the input signals and use neural networks to identify drivers. To assess the proposed algorithm, real-world data are collected from ten drivers who drive different vehicles on several routes in real-world traffic conditions. Driver identification is performed on each of the seven-second-long driving behavior signals and geolocation signals in a streaming manner. It is shown that the proposed algorithm can achieve relatively high accuracy and identify drivers within 13 seconds. The proposed algorithm also outperforms the previously proposed driver identification algorithms. Furthermore, to demonstrate how the proposed algorithm can be deployed in real-world applications, results from real-world data associated with each operation of the proposed algorithm are shown step-by-step.
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Oron-Gilad, Tal, and David Shinar. "Driver fatigue among military truck drivers." Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 3, no. 4 (December 2000): 195–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1369-8478(01)00004-3.
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Saldanha, John P., C. Shane Hunt, and John E. Mello. "Driver Management That Drives Carrier Performance." Journal of Business Logistics 34, no. 1 (March 2013): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jbl.12007.
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Ehsani, Johnathon P., C. Raymond Bingham, and Jean T. Shope. "Graduated Driver Licensing for New Drivers." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 45, no. 1 (July 2013): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2013.03.005.
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Melton, Kerry, and Sandeep Parepally. "Domiciling Truck Drivers More Strategically in a Transportation Network." International Journal of Applied Industrial Engineering 2, no. 1 (January 2014): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaie.2014010103.
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The authors propose a method to better domicile truck drivers in a relay-point highway transportation network to obtain better solutions for the truck driver domiciling and sourcing problem. The authors exploit characteristics of the truckload driver routing problem over a transportation network and introduce a new approach to domicile, source, and route truck drivers while more inclusively considering performance and cost measures related to the driver, transportation carrier, and customer. Driver domicile and relay-point locations are exploited to balance driver pay and recruiting costs and driving time. A mixed integer quadratic program will determine where driver domiciles are located to base drivers, source drivers, route drivers, etc. while considering key costs related to transporting truckload freight over long distances. A method to improve driver domicile locations is introduced to enhance driving jobs and driver sourcing, but not at the expense of the transportation carrier and customer. A numerical experiment will be conducted.
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Wynne, Rachael A., Vanessa Beanland, Gemma J. M. Read, and Paul M. Salmon. "You look familiar: Learner driver hazard identification on familiar and unfamiliar roads." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 63, no. 1 (November 2019): 2001–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181319631291.
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Road traffic injuries remain a leading cause of death worldwide, especially for individuals aged 15-29 years. The ability to perceive and respond appropriately to hazards while driving is closely related to driving experience and schemata. Although many studies focus on differences between novice and experienced drivers, the learner driver population is often under-represented. In this paper we present stage one of a longitudinal study of learner drivers designed to assess hazard identification over the period spent learning to drive under supervision. Participants viewed videos of driving scenarios and were asked to identify hazards and potential hazards. There were ten videos, five from local familiar locations and five from an unfamiliar foreign location. Findings showed no significant difference between the locations, whereas there were significant differences between the number of hazards across the five presented road types (motorway, hinterland, urban, suburban, city). This suggests that with limited driving experience, the schemata adopted by learner drivers in local areas are readily applied to areas that they have not previously driven in.
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Hall, Jonathan V., and Alan B. Krueger. "An Analysis of the Labor Market for Uber’s Driver-Partners in the United States." ILR Review 71, no. 3 (June 29, 2017): 705–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019793917717222.
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Uber, the ride-sharing company launched in 2010, has grown at an exponential rate. Using both survey and administrative data, the authors provide the first comprehensive analysis of the labor market for Uber’s driver-partners. Drivers appear to be attracted to the Uber platform largely because of the flexibility it offers, the level of compensation, and the fact that earnings per hour do not vary much based on the number of hours worked. Uber’s driver-partners are more similar in terms of their age and education to the general workforce than to taxi drivers and chauffeurs. Most of Uber’s driver-partners had full- or part-time employment before joining Uber, and many continue in those positions after starting to drive with the Uber platform, which makes the flexibility to set their own hours especially valuable. Drivers often cite the desire to smooth fluctuations in their income as one of their reasons for partnering with Uber.
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Bryden, Kelly Jane, Judith Charlton, Jennifer Oxley, and Georgia Lowndes. "Older driver and passenger collaboration for wayfinding in unfamiliar areas." International Journal of Behavioral Development 38, no. 4 (April 17, 2014): 378–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025414531466.
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Passenger collaboration offers a potential compensatory strategy to assist older drivers who have difficulty driving in unfamiliar areas (wayfinding). This article describes a survey of 194 healthy, community-dwelling older drivers and their regular passengers to investigate how passengers assist drivers, and to identify the characteristics of drivers and passengers who regularly collaborate to assist with wayfinding. Three aspects of passenger assistance were investigated: Pre-trip planning, directional guidance and searching for visual cues. Results revealed a high incidence of collaboration amongst drivers and passengers who regularly drive together. Collaboration was dependent on the perceived wayfinding abilities of the driver by both passenger and driver, suggesting that passengers are more likely to help if they think they will be of assistance. This information provides baseline information on which future research can examine the safety benefits of passenger assistance in wayfinding.
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Novgorodov, Dmitrii, and Aleksandr Tarasov. "The improvement of organizational and legal mechanisms of admission of novice drivers to traffic on roads." Полицейская деятельность, no. 2 (February 2020): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0692.2020.2.33103.
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The research object is social relations connected with the admission of novice drivers to traffic on roads and the issue of driver’s licences. The research subject is the set of normative acts of the Russian Federation regulating the admission of drivers to traffic on roads, and the statistical data of the State Road Safety Unit on road accidents with novice drivers whose driving experience is up to 2 years. The authors analyse road accidents with novice drivers, identify the main reasons of accidents and offer the solutions to these problems. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the fact that the analysis of traffic accidents helped to outline the problems that should be solved within the shortest possible time in order to reduce the number of road accidents caused by novice drivers. In this context, the authors suggest introducing changes into the legislation of the Russian Federation which would allow for the declaration of driver’s licences issued in other states invalid, as well as the exchange of non-Russian driver’s licences for Russian ones only after adequate training and passing the exams. Besides, the authors suggest introducing the possibility for juveniles who passed the exams to drive a vehicle before they arrive the age of 18 with particular restrictions and accompanied by an experienced driver.
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Farooq, Danish. "Statistical Evaluation of Risky Driver Behavior Factors that Influence Road Safety based on Drivers Age and Driving Experience in Budapest and Islamabad." European Transport/Trasporti Europei 80, ET.2020 (December 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.48295/et.2020.80.2.
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Driver behavior is considered as one of the most influential factors on road safety. Most of the drivers on road involve in risky driving attitudes which cause fatal and seriously injured road accidents. This study aims to evaluate and compare the risky driver behavior factors that influence road safety based on drivers age and driving experience for Budapest and Islamabad. To achieve this, the study utilized the well-proved driver behavior questionnaire (DBQ) designed on a three-point scale to analyse statistically the driver behavior responses on perceived road safety issues. The study overall results found that drivers with age group ‘18-21 year’ and drivers with driving experience less than one year are more likely to involve in risky driver behavior factors as compared to other studied groups. Furthermore, the Budapest drivers with age group ‘18-21 year’ and driving experience less than one year are more concerned in risky driver behavior factors such as ‘disregard speed limit’, ‘failing to use personal intelligent assistant’ and ‘frequently changing lanes’. While Islamabad drivers with the same demographic characteristics are more concerned in several risky driver behavior factors as compared to other age and driving experience groups. Moreover, ANOVA analysis was run to measure the statistical significance of risky driver behavior factors between designated groups of drivers. Finally, relative risk (RR) was measured to compare that how much times one driver group is more likely to involve in risky driver behavior factors as compared to the other driver group in the sample. The study highlighted the most frequent risky driver behavior factors for each observed group to help the local policymakers to solve related road safety issues.
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Hennessy, Dwight A., and David L. Wiesenthal. "The Relationship Between Driver Aggression, Violence, and Vengeance." Violence and Victims 17, no. 6 (December 2002): 707–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vivi.17.6.707.33719.
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A distinction is made between mild driver aggression and driver violence as unique constructs that differ mainly in frequency of occurrence and severity of outcome. Drivers completed questionnaires assessing the likelihood of engaging in mild driver aggression, the frequency of past driver violence, driving vengeance, and willful violations. Violence was predicted by the interaction of mild aggression and vengeance, such that violence was greater among aggressive drivers, but only for those with elevated levels of vengeance. Driver violence was also predicted by the interaction of mild aggression and violations. Specifically, violence was greater among aggressive drivers reporting traffic violations. The present findings suggest that mild driver aggression and driver violence are linked within a small group of drivers that hold other dangerous driving attitudes and behaviors as part of their typical driving repertoire.
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Wörle, Johanna, Ramona Kenntner-Mabiala, Barbara Metz, Samantha Fritzsch, Christian Purucker, Dennis Befelein, and Andy Prill. "Sleep Inertia Countermeasures in Automated Driving: A Concept of Cognitive Stimulation." Information 11, no. 7 (June 30, 2020): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info11070342.
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When highly automated driving is realized, the role of the driver will change dramatically. Drivers will even be able to sleep during the drive. However, when awaking from sleep, drivers often experience sleep inertia, meaning they are feeling groggy and are impaired in their driving performance―which can be an issue with the concept of dual-mode vehicles that allow both manual and automated driving. Proactive methods to avoid sleep inertia like the widely applied ‘NASA nap’ are not immediately practicable in automated driving. Therefore, a reactive countermeasure, the sleep inertia counter-procedure for drivers (SICD), has been developed with the aim to activate and motivate the driver as well as to measure the driver’s alertness level. The SICD is evaluated in a study with N = 21 drivers in a level highly automation driving simulator. The SICD was able to activate the driver after sleep and was perceived as “assisting” by the drivers. It was not capable of measuring the driver’s alertness level. The interpretation of the findings is limited due to a lack of a comparative baseline condition. Future research is needed on direct comparisons of different countermeasures to sleep inertia that are effective and accepted by drivers.
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Wilson, Derrick Ashietey Yebuah, Gang Tian, Gabriel Dodzi Pekyi, Michael Novor Addo, Prince Owusu Sarkodie, and Afako Jephthah Kwame. "Institutional Drivers for Corporate Social Responsibility of Ghanaian Firms." European Journal of Business and Management Research 6, no. 1 (February 24, 2021): 212–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2021.6.1.731.
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The concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has dominated the academic space with a significant number of studies focusing on attempting to establish the relationship between corporate responsibility and firm performance. Minimal empirical attention is, however, accorded to attempting to establish what drives corporate responsibility among firms. This study sought to examine the institutional drivers for CSR practices of firms in Ghana using a mixed-method approach. An interview was conducted with personnel in charge of executing their respective firm’s corporate responsibility initiatives to obtain a firsthand insight into the level of appreciation for CSR among Ghanaian firms as well as to identify the drivers for CSR. The drivers for CSR were classified into internal and external institutional drivers. The study sourced for data for its analysis by administering questionnaires to 100 respondents. Responses were quantitatively analyzed using a regression technique. Among the internal drivers for CSR, it was found that only board commitment to CSR was a significant and positive driver of corporate responsibility. International trade relations, the media, and the local community were similarly found to be significant and positive drivers of CSR among the external drivers. Regulations was found to be a significant driver for CSR but impacted on corporate responsibility negatively. It is recommended that incentives by the government, award schemes, and enforcement of CSR reporting be implemented to drive a broad adoption of CSR among firms in developing nations.
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Rosalina, Shinta, Nurhadi Nurhadi, and Yuhastina Yuhastina. "Stereotypes Against Female Online Ojek Drivers in Surakarta." HUMANISMA : Journal of Gender Studies 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30983/humanisme.v5i1.4190.
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<p><em>This study investigated the stereotypes of female online motorcycle taxi drivers, who pinned the stereotype of female online motorcycle taxi drivers, and why the stereotype of female online motorcycle taxi drivers in Surakarta emerged. This study used a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. Sources of data used were primary data sources and secondary data sources—the data collected by interviews and observations. The informant retrieval technique used was snowball sampling and purposive sampling. This study indicated that </em>(1)<em> The stereotype of online motorcycle taxi drivers arises from a sub-culture in a society where men are closely related to masculine characteristics while women are feminine. So, working as a driver in a society closely related to masculine people creates stereotypes for women. </em>(2)<em> In the process, the stereotype of female online motorcycle taxi drivers appeared in most of the people who interacted with them, such as customers, fellow online motorcycle taxi drivers, and their families. </em>(3) <em>The reason for the emergence of a stereotype among female motorcycle taxi drivers is that women's driving proficiency is not the same as men's. In general, women who drive on a man are considered less common in some societies. Especially if the female drivers still receive orders at night, some community members and fellow male drivers consider it to be precarious and endangering to women. </em></p><p><em><br /></em></p><p><em>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana stereotip driver ojek online perempuan, siapa yang menyematkan stereotip driver ojek online perempuan dan mengapa stereotip driver ojek online perempuan di Kota Surakarta muncul. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi. Sumber data yang digunakan adalah sumber data primer dan sumber data sekunder. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa (1) Stereotip pada driver ojek online muncul dari adanya sub budaya dalam masyarakat bahwa laki-laki erat dengan sifat maskulin sedangkan perempuan dengan sifat feminim. Sehingga, ranah pekerjaan sebagai driver yang di masyarakat erat dengan kaum maskulin membuat munculnya stereotip pada perempuan. (2) Dalam prosesnya stereotip terhadap driver ojek online perempuan muncul pada sebagian besar orang yang berinteraksi dengannya seperti customer, rekan sesama driver ojek online dan keluarga. (3) Alasan munculnya sebuah stereotip pada driver ojek perempuan berkaitan dengan kemahiran dalam mengemudi perempuan tidak sama dengan kaum laki-laki. Secara umum perempuan yang memboncengkan seorang laki-laki dianggap kurang lazim bagi sebagian masyarakat.Terlebih jika di malam haridriver perempuan yang masih gadis masih menerima orderan hal tersebut dianggap oleh sebagian masyarakat maupun dari teman sesama driver laki-laki sangat beresiko dan membahayakan diri perempuan.</em></p><p><em><br /></em></p>
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Wu, Tong, Nikolas Martelaro, Simon Stent, Jorge Ortiz, and Wendy Ju. "Learning When Agents Can Talk to Drivers Using the INAGT Dataset and Multisensor Fusion." Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 5, no. 3 (September 9, 2021): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3478125.
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This paper examines sensor fusion techniques for modeling opportunities for proactive speech-based in-car interfaces. We leverage the Is Now a Good Time (INAGT) dataset, which consists of automotive, physiological, and visual data collected from drivers who self-annotated responses to the question "Is now a good time?," indicating the opportunity to receive non-driving information during a 50-minute drive. We augment this original driver-annotated data with third-party annotations of perceived safety, in order to explore potential driver overconfidence. We show that fusing automotive, physiological, and visual data allows us to predict driver labels of availability, achieving an 0.874 F1-score by extracting statistically relevant features and training with our proposed deep neural network, PazNet. Using the same data and network, we achieve an 0.891 F1-score for predicting third-party labeled safe moments. We train these models to avoid false positives---determinations that it is a good time to interrupt when it is not---since false positives may cause driver distraction or service deactivation by the driver. Our analyses show that conservative models still leave many moments for interaction and show that most inopportune moments are short. This work lays a foundation for using sensor fusion models to predict when proactive speech systems should engage with drivers.
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Storm, E., E. M. Campbell, W. J. Hogan, and J. D. Lindl. "Nova Upgrade Program: Ignition and beyond." Laser and Particle Beams 11, no. 2 (June 1993): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600004882.
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The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) Program is addressing the critical physics and technology issues directed toward demonstrating and exploiting ignition and propagating burn to high gain with ICF targets for both defense and civilian applications. Nova is the primary U.S. facility employed in the study of the X-ray-driven (indirect drive) approach to ICF. Nova's principal objective is to demonstrate that laser-driven hohlraums can achieve the conditions of driver-target coupling efficiency, driver irradiation symmetry, driver pulseshaping, target preheat, and hydrodynamic stability required by hot-spot ignition and fuel compression to realize a fusion gain.The LLNL ICF Program believes that the next major step in the national ICF Program is the demonstration of ignition and moderate gain (G ≤ 10). Recent theoretical and experimental results show that the ignition drive energy threshold can be reduced significantly by operating indirectly driven targets at radiation temperatures ∼ 1.3–1.6 times higher (thereby achieving higher implosion velocity) than originally proposed for the Laboratory Microfusion Facility (LMF). (Temperatures of ∼ 1.3 times higher have already been demonstrated on Nova.) Specifically, it should be possible to demonstrate ignition and propagating with burn about 1–2 MJ of laser energy as against the 5–10 MJ necessary for the high-yield LMF. LLNL proposes to upgrade the existing Nova facility to 1–2 MJ (2- to 4-ns pulses) and demonstrate ignition and propagating burn to moderate gain with appropriately scaled hydrodynamic equivalents of high-yield targets.Once moderate gain has been demonstrated at 1–2.0 MJ on the Nova Upgrade, investigations into improving, by about 50%, the coupling efficiency between the driver and the capsule could provide gains >20 at about 1 MJ or less. A database for gain below 1-MJ driver energies could lead to a low-capital-cost Engineering Test Facility (ETF) for a first inertial fusion energy engineering reactor. Because the capital cost for both the target chamber and the driver scale with size, there is the opportunity to realize large savings by lowering the required driver energy necessary to demonstrate the technology for a first demonstration power plant. A target gain, G ∼ 25, at a driver energy, ED ∼ 0.75 MJ, would be self-sustaining for a driver efficiency of ∼10% and a thermal-to-electric conversion efficiency of ∼33% and at 12 Hz would generate ∼10 MW of gross electric power. Although the cost of electricity would be high, the combination of low capital cost and early demonstration of reactor technology would be an attractive step in the development of inertial fusion energy.
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Malimath, Deepa, and Komal Jain. "Driver Drowsiness Detection System." Bonfring International Journal of Software Engineering and Soft Computing 6, Special Issue (October 31, 2016): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.9756/bijsesc.8243.
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Melgaço, Lucas, and Rosamunde Van Brakel. "Smart Cities as Surveillance Theatre." Surveillance & Society 19, no. 2 (June 25, 2021): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v19i2.14321.
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In this opinion piece, we challenge the dominating view that surveillance in smart cities is driven by surveillance capitalism alone. Whilst this literature unpicks important factors and trends, we argue that a focus on surveillance capitalism as a sole driver risks ignoring the more intricate realities of surveillance assemblages. They are often propelled by many different desires and power relations (Haggerty and Ericson 2000). We argue for a more nuanced analysis of the drivers instead, taking into account practices in other countries beyond the United States and the United Kingdom. We argue that much of the existent research skews the picture due to inherent bias, and seldom observed drivers are revealed when smart city developments in different countries such as Belgium and Brazil are considered. We suggest that what we call “surveillance theatre,” the performative uses of surveillance that characterize security discourses, is an overlooked yet important driver of smart city development. Such a driver is particularly evident when it comes to security discourses.
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Song, Woojin, Fu L. Woon, Alice Doong, Carol Persad, Louis Tijerina, Pooja Pandit, Carol Cline, and Bruno Giordani. "Fatigue in Younger and Older Drivers: Effectiveness of an Alertness-Maintaining Task." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 59, no. 6 (May 16, 2017): 995–1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720817706811.
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Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of an alertness-maintaining task (AMT) in older, fatigued drivers. Background: Fatigue during driving increases crash risk, and previous research suggests that alertness and driving in younger adults may be improved using a secondary AMT during boring, fatigue-eliciting drives. However, the potential impact of an AMT on driving has not been investigated in older drivers whose ability to complete dual tasks has been shown to decline and therefore may be negatively affected with an AMT in driving. Method: Younger ( n = 29) and older drivers ( n = 39) participated in a 50-minute simulated drive designed to induce fatigue, followed by four 10-minute sessions alternating between driving with and without an AMT. Results: Younger drivers were significantly more affected by fatigue on driving performance than were older drivers but benefitted significantly from the AMT. Older drivers did not demonstrate increased driver errors with fatigue, and driving did not deteriorate significantly during participation in the AMT condition, although their speed was significantly more variable with the AMT. Conclusion: Consistent with earlier research, an AMT applied during fatiguing driving is effective in improving alertness and reducing driving errors in younger drivers. Importantly, older drivers were relatively unaffected by fatigue, and use of an AMT did not detrimentally affect their driving performance. Application: These results support the potential use of an AMT as a new automotive technology to improve fatigue and promote driver safety, though the benefits of such technology may differ between different age groups.