Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'The Duchy of Legnica'

This thesis conducts a legal analysis of the Duchy of Cornwall and how its perceived status has changed over the centuries. The roots of the Duchy date back nearly a thousand years therefore an understanding of the roots of the Duchy and its evolution, focussing on the significant legal issues, over time is necessary to comprehend its present position. The thesis concludes by exploring issues surrounding the contemporary legal status of the Duchy and identifies areas in which there is a convenient ambiguity. In doing so it establishes that while the Duchy and Government describe it as a “private estate” it enjoys privileges and rights which are unique to a “private estate”. In addition it has a significant role in supporting the United Kingdom’s Head of State, the Sovereign, and the heir to the throne. The associated research undertaken in connection with this thesis presents new information which challenges the arguments of those who claim via the Duchy a special constitutional status for Cornwall. The evidence also suggests that the Duchy is not, despite claims to the contrary, publicly accountable in way that is expected in the 21st Century. The possibilities suggested by the Freedom of Information Act 2000 have been utilised and the experience gained will be of value to future researchers. As a consequence of the refusal of public authorities to provide information five complaints have been made to the Information Commissioner and there have been, at the time of writing, four cases in front of the First Tier Tribunal (Information Rights). The material contained within the National Archives has been comprehensively investigated for the first time by anyone with any interest in the Duchy. This has revealed significant new information which although publicly available was not generally known and casts new light on the status of the Duchy. An exploration of the Parliamentary Archives, not previously undertaken, raises questions about the basis of the privileges enjoyed by the Duchy. A similarly detailed review of the legal material, including important court cases challenges the “rights” claimed for the Duchy.

This thesis focuses on the effects of sustained warfare on the consensual Polish-Lithuanian political system with particular attention to the 1715 crisis in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, when the Vilnius Confederation was formed to oppose the Polish king Augustus II's policies. Although the Confederation was stopped by the king in its early stage, it induced the Polish nobility to proclaim the Confederation of Tarnogród in November of 1715. This thesis offers a synthesis of economic, social, and political questions in Lithuania in the period preceding the Confederations of Tarnogród and Vilnius. The dissertation demonstrates that, because of the long-established tendency to neglect Lithuanian political history in favor of studies that focus on Poland, existing scholarship fails to reflect the reality of Lithuanian political culture in the first quarter of the eighteenth century. This study shows that, despite conventionally held beliefs which emphasise chaos and underdevelopment, Lithuania's economy and political system were functioning fairly well during this era. The thesis also disproves deep-rooted myths which portray the Lithuanian nobility as largely subservient to the magnates, and the Lithuanian magnates as entirely subservient to the Russian tsar Peter I. This thesis argues that the genesis of the Vilnius Confederation can rather be associated with the ignorant policy of Augustus who failed to engage in constructive dialogue with his subordinates most of whom suspected Augustus of planning a plot to transform his kingship into an absolute one.

Early modern Lutherans, as is well known, worshipped in decorated churches. They adopted a path of reform that neither disposed of all ornament nor retained all the material trappings of the Catholic church. This thesis studies the fortunes of ecclesiastical art in the Duchy of Württemberg after its Reformation in 1534 and the place images found for themselves in the devotional lives of Lutherans up to c. 1700. The territory was shaped not just by Lutheranism, but initially by Zwinglianism too. The early years of reform thus saw moments of iconoclasm. The Zwinglian influence was responsible for a simple liturgy that distinguished Württemberg Lutheranism from its confessional allies in the north. This study considers the variety of uses to which Lutheran art was put in this context. It addresses the different ways in which Lutherans used the visual setting of the church to define their relationships with their God, their church, and each other. The Dukes of Württemberg used their stance on images to communicate their political and confessional allegiances; pastors used images to define the parameters of worship and of the church space itself; parishioners used images, funerary monuments, and church adornment to express their Lutheran identity and establish their position within social hierarchies. As Lutheranism developed in the seventeenth century, so too did Lutheran art, becoming more suited to fostering contemplative devotion. While diverse in their aims, many Lutherans appreciated the importance of regular investment in the visual. Ducal pronouncements, archives held centrally and locally, surviving artefacts and decoration in churches, and printed sources enable the distinctive visual character of Lutheranism in Württemberg to be identified here.

Subject of the dissertation research is European epistolographic tradition and forms of its acceptance in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, within the 14th – 16th centuries, by emphasizing the aspects of genre and typology, as well as trends of its development. The present paper analyzes the birth and development of the European epistle writing tradition, structure and contents of the epistolographic theory textbook, concept and model of an epistle; similarities and differences of epistle writing textbooks in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, the values influenced by such textbooks and their significance for common education system and culture formation. The dissertation makes a research on the time periods and ways, how the epistolographic tradition reached the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, how it was adopted and functioned in epistle writing of the country, school curricula and cultural life in general. Based on specific examples, the dissertation discloses the changes in variety of epistle writing in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, within the 14th – 16th centuries, stressing out how an epistle, as a former and fairly formal form of business and personal communication in the Middle Ages, is turned into means of self-expression and piece of literature during the period of Renaissance. Key sources of the research performed are the epistle writing textbooks (artes dictandi) published in the 11th – 14th centuries and epistolographic theory works (modi epistolandi), extant from the 15th... [to full text]
Disertacijos tyrimo objektas – europinė epistolografijos tradicija ir jos perėmimo formos LDK XIV–XVI a., išryškinant žanrinius ir tipologinius aspektus, raidos tendencijas. Šiame darbe analizuojama, kaip susikuria ir kaip kinta europinė laiškų rašymo tradicija, teorinio vadovėlio struktūra, turinys, laiško samprata ir modelis; kokie egzistavo panašumai ir skirtumai tarp Viduramžių ir Renesanso laiškų rašymo vadovėlių; kokias vertybes jie formavo; kokią reikšmę turėjo bendroje švietimo sistemoje, kultūros formavimęsi. Tiriama, kada ir kokiu būdu europinė lotyniškosios epistolografijos tradicija perimama LDK, kaip ji funkcionavo lotyniškoje LDK epistolikoje, mokymo programose, kultūriniame gyvenime. Disertacijoje analizuojama, kaip keičiasi LDK epistolikos įvairovė XIV–XVI a., kaip laiškas, Viduramžiais atlikęs gana formalizuotas dalykinio ir asmeninio bendravimo funkcijas, Renesanso epochoje virsta saviraiškos forma, literatūriniu kūriniu. Pagrindiniai atlikto tyrimo šaltiniai – Viduramžių laiškų rašymo vadovėliai (artes dictandi) ir renesansiniai epistolografijos teoriniai veikalai (modi epistolandi). Dvi skirtingas epistolografijos tradicijas šiame darbe iliustruoja Ldk Vytauto (1350–1430) laiškai, kaip Viduramžių kanceliarinės korespondencijos pavyzdys, ir Saliamono Risinskio (? –1625) laiškų rinkinys, kaip humanistinė Renesanso laiškų išraiška. Konstatuojama, kad LDK XIV–XVI a. nebuvo sukurta originalių teorinių laiškų rašymo veikalų, bet buvo remiamasi europiniu... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Based on the example of Vilnius district, the thesis attempts to analyse violent crimes and punishments of the nobility in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 18th century. It reveals the structure of crimes: statistics, motives, criminal environment, social composition of victims and criminals, level of violence, theory and practice of punishments. The study of criminal conduct of the nobility as the leading social class provides the opportunity to take a glance at the society of that time; the thesis analyses its conflicts and ways of their solving, relations within the noble class and with other social classes. The major source of the thesis is castle court and land court books of Vilnius district. The thesis analyses violent crimes: homicide, bodily injury, pain infliction (murders, contusions, duels and others), illegal imprisonment, sexual violence, estate raids, city household attacks, robbery. Sentences of deprivation of honour, exile, tower imprisonment, capital punishment fall under the scope of the thesis. It has been determined that the peak of criminal conduct was reached in the 1740s and 1780s, whereas the lowest number of crimes was recorded in the 1770s. The rural environment featured a higher prevalence of criminal activity. However, a number of crimes committed in Vilnius significantly increased in the final third of the century. The study revealed that the most common crimes were homicide, bodily injury, pain infliction and domain raids; others were less... [to full text]
Disertacijoje, remiantis Vilniaus pavieto pavyzdžiu, nagrinėjami smurtiniai bajorijos nusikaltimai ir bausmės XVIII a. Lietuvos Didžiojoje Kunigaikštystėje. Darbe atkleidžiama nusikaltimų struktūra: statistika, priežastys, erdvė, socialinė aukų bei nusikaltėlių sudėtis, smurto laipsnis, bausmių teorija ir praktika. Per bajorijos kaip valdančiojo luomo nusikalstamumo tyrimą siekiama pažvelgti į to meto visuomenę, tiriami jos konfliktai ir jų sprendimų būdai, bajorijos santykiai tarpusavyje ir su kitais luomais. Pagrindinis darbo šaltinis – Vilniaus pavieto pilies ir žemės teismų knygos. Disertacijoje nagrinėjami smurtiniai nusikaltimai: gyvybės atėmimo, kūno sužalojimo, skausmo suteikimo nusikaltimai (nužudymai, sumušimai, dvikovos ir kiti), nelegalus įkalinimas, seksualinė prievarta, valdų antpuoliai, miesto namų užpuolimai, plėšimas. Tiriamos garbės atėmimo, ištrėmimo, bokšto kalėjimo, mirties bausmės. Nustatyta, kad aukščiausias nusikalstamo pakilimas buvo penktame ir devintame XVIII a. dešimtmečiuose, mažiausiai nusikaltimų užfiksuota aštuntame dešimtmetyje. Daugiausia nusikaltimų vyko kaimo erdvėje. Paskutiniame amžiaus trečdalyje nusikaltimų Vilniuje skaičius smarkiai išaugo. Nustatyta, kad dažniausi nusikaltimai buvo gyvybės atėmimo, kūno sužalojimo, skausmo suteikimo nusikaltimai bei valdų antpuoliai, kiti buvo retesni. Nors Lietuvos Statuto nuostatos buvo griežtos, teisminė ir policinė kontrolė šalyje nebuvo stipri. Daugelis nusikaltimų nebūdavo išaiškinami, o... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Contemporary debate about what marriage is and who should be allowed to enter into it is often based in assumptions about ‘traditional’ historical marriage. The study of marriage in the Middle Ages is particularly relevant: this period saw the emergence of the establishment of many marriage patterns that exist today. Scholarly work on marriage in the Middle Ages has generally focused on the middle and lower classes. Where it has examined elite society, previous literature has often focused only on landed wealth and politics as motives for marriage. This thesis addresses this gap. By exploring how one aristocratic family created and experienced marriage across five generations, I provide an in-depth examination of elite marriage in the medieval period. To that end, I have focused on three major questions: why did the elite classes marry? What was marriage like and what defined a ‘successful’ marriage? What were marriage’s legacies, in the short and long term? The earldom and duchy of Lancaster provides a strong case study to use in answering these questions. As some of the most influential figures of their day, members of this family – both men and women – appear frequently in historical records. The duchy’s absorption of the crown following Henry IV’s accession in 1399 has meant that extant documentation in The National Archives is unusually rich. In addition to these records, I have analysed other evidence, including literature, chronicles and material evidence. I argue that in this family, marriage was a considerably more complicated than is usually appreciated. Motives for marriage extended beyond the acquisition of land or power. They included specific political ambitions, the need to reinforce a weak line of succession, the desire for security, and even love. Most couples had a decent personal relationship, and some developed deep affection for each other. What was perhaps more important, however, were the relationships – with in-laws, step-families, or rulers – that emerged as a result of marriage. These connections were not a mere by-product of marriage, but rather one of its most important functions. Marriages had important legacies. Memorialisation strategies can reflect the quality of a relationship in life, as well as a family’s needs after a spouse’s death. In the longer term, marriage facilitated the creation of networks or claims that could last for generations. This thesis adds new knowledge on the creation and experience of marriage for the elite classes of late medieval England, as well as the public and private lives of those in elite society. By shedding light on marriage’s past, I contribute to understandings of the present and future of this enduring and universal relationship.

This thesis studies the formation of the earldom of Lancaster from disparate elements of confiscated honours, in particular the earldom of Leicester, seized by the Crown in 1265, and the earldom of Derby which passed to the Crown through the disinheritance of Robert de Ferrers in 1266. There are three main sections, A study of both earls, their history and the methods by which the Crown took their earldoms in order to re-grant them, in the form of an appanage, to Edmund of Lancaster (1267-96), Henry III's second son. It also analyses the attempts of their families to regain their patrimony. The honours of Tutbury and Leicester were extensive, thus the thesis concentrates on the lands of these honours which fall within the midland counties. The effects of the civil war upon the tenantry, and the holdings of both honours are studied to ascertain whether change or continuity is the overriding factor. The bond between lord and tenant is also examined. The second section deals with the last days of Thomas of Lancaster (1296-1322) and the Crown's confiscation of his lands; the earldom was faced with total abeyance. The third section studies the revival in the fortunes of the earldom under the management of Henry of Lancaster (1326-45). Through astute political manoeuvre and a defiant use of the power afforded him by his retinue, he regained the great majority of the lands over which Edmund of Lancaster had held sway. A further central theme examines the position of the widows involved in the confiscations: Eleanor de Ferrers, Eleanor de Montfort and Alice of Lancaster, Their difficulty in obtaining seizin of their dowers led to a corresponding lack of personal and financial security.

Lietuva visais laikais garsėjo savo miškais. Nepražengiamos girios stebindavo į mūsų kraštą negausiai užklydusius svetimšalius. Savo prisiminimuose apie Lietuvos Didžiąją Kunigaikštystę jie sutartinai akcentuodavo stulbinamą girių didumą bei žvėrių įvairovę. Iš visų miško teikiamų dovanų žmogui galėtume išskirti medžius. Mediena buvo nepamainomas šilumos šaltinis, pagrindinė statybinė medžiaga. XVI amžiuje, Vakarų Europoje smarkiai išaugus medienos gaminių poreikiui, miškas, jo gaminiai Lietuvoje po truputį tapo viena iš pagrindinių eksporto prekių.
Lithuania has always been famous for own forests. Rarely foreigners who for some reason had a possibility to see our nature were surprised by its heavy forests. In the memories of Grand Ducky of Lithuania they were always highlighting the shocking immensity of the forests and the big variety of animals. Out of all the gifts offered by the forest we should distinguish the trees. The wood was invaluable source of heat as well as the main building material. In the sixteenth century in Western Europe the demand for wood products increased which led to increase of Lithuania‘s wood export. Wood became the main export product.

The present dissertation in its essence is an interdisciplinary (i.e. historical, musicological and liturgical) research. The primary aim of this work is to settle the explicit, historically and methodologically correct general view of the plainchant within the concrete historical, cultural and geographical location in a defined period of time. The object of the dissertation is the expression and development of the Gregorian chant in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as represented in a variety of sources. The time period examined is from 1387 to 1795 (i.e. from the Latin Baptism of the state until the fall of the Republic of Two Nations). However, the main focus is for the period of the 15th to the 17th centuries. The principal methods used in this research are: the historical, musicological and source analysis, the descriptive, retrospective, and comparative. All of these methods are coordinated with the principles of the methodology, developed by Prof. Laszlo Dobszay and his school.
Disertacija savo esme yra tarpdisciplininis (muzikologinis-istorinis-liturginis) tyrimas. Pirminis darbo tikslas yra sudėlioti kuo aiškesnį, istoriškai bei metodologiškai korektišką šio fenomeno visuminį vaizdą konkrečioje istorinėje-kultūrinėje bei geografinėje erdvėje chronologiškai apibrėžtu laikotarpiu. Disertacijos tyrimo objektas — grigališkojo choralo raiška ir raida, atsispindinti išlikusiuose įvairiuose šaltiniuose, konkrečioje istorinėje geografinėje Lietuvos Didžiosios kunigaikštystės erdvėje apibrėžtu istoriniu laikotarpiu. Laiko rėmai, kuriais remiamasi šioje studijoje, iš dalies sąlygoti valstybės istorinių aplinkybių, o iš dalies ir pačių išlikusių šaltinių. Tyrimo chronologinės ribos apsiriboja 1386-1795 m., t.y. nuo lotyniškojo valstybės Krikšto iki Abiejų Tautų Respublikos žlugimo. Pagrindinis dėmesys teikiamas XV-XVII a. periodui. Pagrindiniai tyrime naudojami metodai yra šaltinių analizė, apra-šomasis, retrospekcinis, lyginamasis, istorinis ir muzikologinis analitinis metodai. Visa tai grindžiama ir koordinuojama, pagal prof. Laszlo Dobszay ir jo mokyklos išplėtotą metodologiją.

The dissemination of monastic culture int he Grand Duchy of Lithuania had a profound effect on the country’s cultural life. By the seventeenth century quite a few Christian religious orders had sent their members to settle here. Since the Christianization of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1387 monastics became instrumental in creating, preserving and enhancing the institutions of religious and secular learning and in transmitting Western cultural goods, artefacts, and intellectual skills. When the first Franciscan and Dominican friars settled in the territory of pagan Lithuania in the beginning of the thirteenth century, they sought acceptance within the local society and laid foundation for the arrival of Roman Catholic Church in theselands. The official Christianization of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania led to even more active expansion of monastic networks and activities. The latter extended to various domains of culture and social life, catering to theneedsofdifferentclasses. Living in isolated communities, some of them under a strict rule,monks and mendicant friars were harbingers of Western civilization in many areas of the country’s life (like medicine, agronomy, gastronomy) and social domains, including learning and arts.

Šiame tyrime atsigręžiama į komunikacijos istoriją, nagrinėjant šią istorinę problemą socialinių struktūrų ir socialinių institucijų kontekste. Chronologinė darbo pretenzija liečia XVI - XVII amžių laikotarpį, regioninė - Radvilų Biržų kunigaikštystę (toliau – BK), sociostruktūrinė – tos kunigaikštystės visuomenę. Darbo tema – XVI - XVII a. Radvilų Biržų kunigaikštystės visuomenė, temos problema – šios visuomenės struktūra ir ją palaikanti socialinė komunikacija. Siekta išsiaiškinti kokių ryšių saistoma buvo minėta lokalinė visuomenė, kaip tie ryšiai susidarydavo, kaip BK atveju reiškėsi bendrieji visai LDK būdingi socialiniai ryšiai, o kaip veikė saviti, tik šiai valdai būdingi kontaktai, kokius socialinius darinius be luominių kūrė tie kontaktai. Mėginta nustatyti, kiek galėjo siekti ir siekė BK gyventojų ryšių horizontai Biržų valdos, LDK ir tarptautiniu lygmeniu. Tyrimu siekta išsiaiškinti kaip veikė to meto visuomenės ryšių traukos centrai (dvaras, bažnyčia, pilis, miestas ir kt.). Pagrindinės probleminės tyrime naudojamos sąvokos yra komunikacija ir lokalinė visuomenė. Pasirinktas tirti 1589-1655 m. laikotarpis žymi nuoseklią Biržų miesto ir visos valdos raidą nuo įsitvirtinimo iki smukimo pradžios. Tai dinamiškiausias Biržų pilies egzistencijos laikotarpis. Darbo tikslas - BK visuomenės komunikacijos, vykusios betarpiško institucinio ir socialinio bendravimo erdvėje, analizė. Remiantis išlikusiais šaltiniais siekta rekonstruoti BK visuomenės struktūrą ir ją... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The paper looks back at the history of communication analysing this historical issue in the context of social structures and social institutions. In terms of chronological limits, the research attempts to date back to the period of the 16th-17th centuries; in respect of regional borders, it encompasses the Duchy of Biržai (hereinafter referred to as the “DB”), whereas in terms of socio-structural aspects, the study attempts to analyse the society of the Duchy. The subject of the thesis is the society of the Duchy of Biržai in the reign of the Radvilas during the 16th-17th centuries; the issue under analysis is the structure of this society and the social communication maintaining it. It is attempted to identify the types of contacts binding the afore-mentioned local society, the origins of those links, the manner of manifestation of the social contacts within the DB community, which were common to the entire Grand Duchy of Lithuania (hereinafter referred to as the “GDL”), and the specific contacts inherent to this domain only as well as the social formations created by these contacts apart from those determined by the estate-based society. The paper seeks to identify how far-reaching could have been and actually were the horizons of the contacts of the DB residents at the level of Biržai domain, the level of the GDL and the international level. The research of the contacts maintained should be useful in answering the question of how the centres of public communication (estate... [to full text]

Ypač pavojingos užkrečiamosios ligos ištisus amžius sėjo mirtį pasaulyje. Nuo XIX a. susirgimai šiomis ligomis Europoje registruoti rečiau nei Viduramžiais, o pastaraisiais amžiais tos ligos tapo retenybe. Tačiau Pasaulio sveikatos organizacija įspėja – turime išlikti budrūs, nes sergamumas maru, cholera ir kitomis ypač pavojingomis užkrečiamosiomis ligomis vis dar stebimas kai kuriose Azijos valstybėse (Indija, Kinija), Arabijoje, Afrikoje. Pagal Pavojingų ir ypač pavojingų užkrečiamųjų ligų, dėl kurių ligoniai, asmenys, įtariami, kad serga pavojingomis ar ypač pavojingomis užkrečiamosiomis ligomis, asmenys, turėję sąlytį, ar šių ligų sukėlėjų nešiotojai turi būti hospitalizuojami, izoliuojami, tiriami ir (ar) gydomi privalomai, sąrašą (toliau Pavojingų ir ypač pavojingų užkrečiamųjų ligų sąrašas), ypač pavojingoms užkrečiamosioms ligoms priskiriamos:  maras,  cholera ar sukėlėjo nešiojimas,  beždžionių raupai,  geltonoji karštligė,  virusinės hemoraginės karštligės. Šiame magistro darbe dižiausias dėmesys skiriamas maro istorinei raidai Lietuvoje XIV – XVIII a. a., kadangi ši liga darė didžiausią įtaką tautos demografiniam kitimui mūsų nagrinėtu laikotarpiu. Šis darbas užpildys medicinos ir visuomenės sveikatos istorijos spragą, kurioje labai trūksta duomenų apie minėtų amžių ypač pavojingas užkrečiamąsias ligas. Darbe taip pat pateikta informacija apie sifilio protrūkius Lietuvoje. Sifilis, pagal aukščiau minėtą Pavojingų ir ypač... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The especially dangerous contagious diseases were very important in every century. From the 19th century comparing to the Medieval centuries there were less cases of especially dangerous contagious diseases in Europe and at the last time that cases became very rare. But the World Health Organization warns – people have to stay careful because various dangerious contagious diseases like plague or cholera are still common in such Asia countries like India, China, in Africa continent and in Arabic countries too. According to the Health Care minister’s order of Dangerous and especially dangerous contagious diseases, the especially dangerous contagious diseases are classified like that:  Plague,  Cholera,  Monkey’s variola,  The yellow fever,  The viral haemorrhage fever. On this Master’s Final Thesis the most information is concentrated on plague history in Lithuania in 14th – 18th centuries, because plague was the most important reason of the country’s population demographic changes. These Thesis will fill the section of medicine’s history part of the contagious diseases in 14th – 18th centuries. The syphilis is mentioned on that Thesis too, because this disease is classified as dangerous contagious disease on the list of dangerous contagious diseases by the order of minister. Cholera and variola are important for Lithuania’s medicine history too, but knowing because the diseases started in a country just from the 19th century, so we are... [to full text]

Šio darbo objektas yra Lucko (1507-1536 m.) ir Vilniaus (1536-1555 m.) vyskupo, kunigaikščio Pauliaus Alšėniškio dvaras ir klientūra. Šio darbo tikslas yra nustatyti Pauliaus Alšėniškio klientų ir dvariškių vietą XVI a. I pusės Lietuvos Didžiosios kunigaikštystės visuomeninėje struktūroje. Naudodamiesi istoriografija apsibrėžėme keturias skirtingas patronato formas, atsispindėjusias Pauliaus Alšėniškio aplinkoje: asmeninį patronatą, regioninį patronatą, politinė klientūra bei bažnytinė klientūra. Darbo struktūrą parėmėme šiuo skirstymu. Šio darbo įžanginę dalį sudaro, įvadas, šaltinių ir literatūros apžvalga, teorinių patronato ir klientūros klausimų aptarimas. Darbo dėstomąją dalį sudaro penki skyriai. Pirmasis skyrius yra skirtas Pauliaus Alšėniškio dvaro problemoms: dvaro pareigūnų ir dvariškių identifikavimui bei kasdienio veikimo problemoms. Antrasis dėstymo dalies skyrius skirtas „regioniniam“ patronatui. Jame nagrinėjame pagrindinių Pauliaus Alšėniškio valdų – Alšėnų, Volpos ir Punios bajorų santykius su Pauliumi Alšėniškiu bei jų statusą valstybėje. Trečiasis dėstomosios dalies skyrius skirtas klientūrai siaurąja – politinio patronato prasme. Šiame skyriuje mes aptariame Pauliaus Alšėniškio klientus LDK didžiojo kunigaikščio dvare bei jų socialinio mobilumo klausimus. Ketvirtasis dėstomosios dalies skyrius skirtas Pauliaus Alšėniškio klientūra jo pagrindinėje veiklos sferoje – katalikų bažnyčioje. Šiame skyriuje mes identifikavome jo klientus dvasininkus Lucko ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The research object of this thesis is the court ant the clientage (client system) of duke, bishop of Lutsk (1507-1536) and Vilnius (1536-1555) Paul of Holshany. The aim of this research is to identify the status of courtiers and clients of Paulo f Holshany in the context of social structure of Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL). After reviewing newest historiographical positions on the subject of social structure of 16th century GDL, we have identified 4 different spheres of patronage (personal patronage, regional patronage, political patronage (clientage proper), and institutional patronage), which have been researched by other historians and therefore we have divided our work accordingly. This thesis begins with (review of sources and theoretical framework of patron-client relations). Main body of this work is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is dedicated to identifying the courtiers and members of the court of Paul of Holshany and the problems of the everyday existence of this institution. The second chapter is dedicated to the problems of regional patronage in the main landholdings of the duke-bishop – Volpa, Holshany and Punia. Third chapter is dedicated to the clientage proper – political clients of Paul of Holshany and the political influence he had in the GDL. The Fourth chapter explores the system of clientage that Paul of Holshany created in his main sphere of work – the Catholic Church. We dedicate this chapter to identify the church – clients in the... [to full text]

Etude du rôle des banquiers piémontais au service des ducs de Brabant et de leurs rapports avec les différents pouvoirs: Prince, noblesse et villes.

Estimation de leur fonction économique et sociale au sein de la société urbaine brabançonne.
Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Following the article on church choires in Greater Poland the author publishes another work on secular choral ensembles in the Great Duchy of Poznan (at that time occupied by Prussia). The article brings comprehensive information on the development of secular choirs, the changing number of their members, the character of their activities, the repertoire.

Following the article on church choires in Greater Poland the author publishes another work on secular choral ensembles in the Great Duchy of Poznan (at that time occupied by Prussia). The article brings comprehensive information on the development of secular choirs, the changing number of their members, the character of their activities, the repertoire.

La thèse montre des opinions et avis de Français de l’époque sur le Duché de Varsovie présentés dans les différentes sources françaises des années 1807-1813, tout comme, la correspondance politique et militaire officielle, des mémoires et souvenirs des militaires français, et enfin des journaux parisiens, de la littérature, de la poésie et des pièces théâtrales. La première partie montre comment l’état polonais était vu par les diplomates français séjournant dans le Duché. Elle présente l’image politique assez critique de l’état, de ses institutions, des hommes de pouvoir, du gouvernement, des sentiments du peuple et des opinions des habitants du pays concernant les Français, les nouvelles résolutions politiques et juridiques. Dans la deuxième partie, les descriptions et de nombreux mémoires et souvenirs des militaires fournissent une image critique du pauvre pays polonais, de la vie quotidienne très différente de ses habitants, leurs coutumes. La troisième partie montre Duché de Varsovie par l’intermédiaire de la presse quotidienne, des ouvrages historiques publiés à l’époque en France, des romans et de la poésie, les pièces de théâtre. Cette image du Duché influencée par la propagande napoléonienne montre l’état allié bien gouverné, et l’image positive des Polonais
The thesis furnishes the opinions of Frenchmen at that time about Duchy of Warsaw presented in different French sources of the period 1807- 1813 such as political and military official letters, memories of military Frenchmen, Parisian press, literature, poetry and theater playwrights. First part of the work shows how the polish country was seen by French diplomats who had been staying in Duchy of Warsaw in that period. The author focuses first on the political image of the country which is rather critical, secondly on the institutions, thirdly on the men in power, then on the government, on the people’s attitudes and the opinions of the inhabitants of the country about Frenchmen, and finally on the new political and legal solutions. In the second part of the work, there many descriptions, as well as memories of military men which form together an critical view of the poor polish country, different lifestyles and customs of its inhabitants. In that part, we can find as well geographical information about the climate and various and vivid descriptions of polish towns and polish countryside. In the third part, we come across the image as it was seen in everyday press, historical books edited at that period in France, fictions, poetry and plays. We find out that the image of Duchy of Warsaw, strongly influenced by the Napoleonic propaganda is positive. It comes out that the polish allied country was well governed

Les stalles de l'ancien duché de Bretagne forment un corpus exceptionnel du point de vue de l'art autant que de l'histoire. Cette thèse en propose une approche globale depuis leur inventaire jusqu’aux mécanismes de leur création en passant par l’iconographie. Dans un premier temps, le recensement de ce mobilier a révélé la présence d’une dizaine de groupes encore en place, soit plus de 300 sièges comportant plus de 1000 éléments sculptés, réalisés pour l’essentiel entre la findu XVe et le milieu du XVIe siècle. Par ailleurs, les documents d’archives permettent la compréhension du contexte de création, les exigences des commanditaires et le travail des huchiers. Ces derniers apparaissent comme des travailleurs indépendants, très qualifiés et bénéficiant d’un savoir-faire étendu. Les modalités de la commande diffèrent selon leszones géographiques et linguistiques concernées, et selon les commanditaires, a fortiori dans le contexte politique de cetteépoque. Le rôle joué par la noblesse francobretonne est ici déterminant, notamment dans la diffusion des motifs italiens. L’iconographie des stalles bretonnes constitue, enfin, un point essentiel de ce travail par la richesse des motifs et la variété des références. L’ouverture du duché au commerce international à la fin du Moyen Âge contribue à la diffusion des modèles et aux échanges artistiques. Mêlant dans un joyeux syncrétisme thèmes religieux et profanes, images du Gothique international et vocabulaire de la première Renaissance, les sculptures des stalles mettent en scène la vision d’un monde, celle du clergé, où cohabitent discours moral, herméneutique chrétienne et culture carnavalesque
The choir stalls of the ancient Duchy of Brittany present an exceptional corpus from the historical point of view as well as from that of the history of art. This thesis focuses on this particular church furniture, supplying its inventory, a study of its iconography and the history and conditions of its creation. The first step of the inventory reveals about ten groups of choir stalls still preserved in Breton churches, which, at least, represent more than 300 stalls and a thousand of sculptures. Themajority of those groups were created between the last decades of the 15th century and the middle of the 16th century. Furthermore, archives give a certain number of useful information for the comprehension of a context of their creation, patrons’ wishes and woodcarvers’ work. Carvers appear to be qualified independent workers possessing an important experience and qualification. The conditions of work depend on geographic and linguistic areas, type of patronage and, afortiori, the specific political and religious context of this period. For example, the Franco-Breton nobility plays a key role in this context, especially in the diffusion of Italian motifs. Iconography of the choir stalls is, finally, of a high interest because of the richness of motifs and the variety of references used in its. The opening of the duchy to the world trade in the late Middle Ages contributes to the diffusion of models and the development of artistic exchanges. Mixing in joyful syncretism religious and profane themes, images from International Gothic and new vocabulary of the first Renaissance, the choir stalls’ carvings of Brittany show us the clerical vision of a world, where moralistic meanings, Christian hermeneutic, satirical views of the society and carnival culture are merged together without contradiction

Il genere del cosiddetto “poema sacro” fu uno dei più frequentati nella letteratura italiana tra il XVI e il XVIII secolo, ma le opere afferenti a questa categoria letteraria sono state a lungo ignorate dai critici. La mia ricerca si propone di studiare una sezione limitata di tale enorme produzione, ossia le opere in volgare pubblicate nel Ducato di Milano, coprendo un arco temporale che va dal 1566 al 1706. Sulla base di una rigorosa analisi dei componimenti, spesso poco studiati o del tutto sconosciuti, questo lavoro intende delineare le peculiari declinazioni dell'epica sacra nella realtà milanese, fortemente influenzata dall'indirizzo culturale proposto da Carlo e Federico Borromeo. Gli autori dei poemi considerati sono Sisto Poncello, Giovanni Maria Paroli, Cesare Della Porta, Ettore Colombo, Annibale Guasco, Giacomo Turamini, Antonio da Brugnato, Bernardino Baldi, Antonio Biaguazzone, Giulio Fe', Lelio Guidiccioni, Ambrogio Ferro, Francesco Antonio Tomasi, Francesco Pallavicini, Stefano Rossi, Giacinto Faggi, Giuseppe De Maltraversi, Pietro Paolo Giletti, Alessandro Ghirardelli, Basilio Bertucci.
The so-called “sacred poem” was one of the most successful genres of the Italian literature between the 16th and the 18th century, but the works belonging to this category have usually been ignored by critics. My research aims at studying a limited part of this enormous literary production, considering the vernacular poems published in the Duchy of Milan between 1566 and 1706. On the basis of a meticulous analysis of the texts, often scarcely studied or completely unknown, I intend to determine the features of the sacred epic in the Milanese environment, which was strongly influenced by the cultural policy promoted by Carlo and Federico Borromeo. The authors of the poems are Sisto Poncello, Giovanni Maria Paroli, Cesare Della Porta, Ettore Colombo, Annibale Guasco, Giacomo Turamini, Antonio da Brugnato, Bernardino Baldi, Antonio Biaguazzone, Giulio Fe', Lelio Guidiccioni, Ambrogio Ferro, Francesco Antonio Tomasi, Francesco Pallavicini, Stefano Rossi, Giacinto Faggi, Giuseppe De Maltraversi, Pietro Paolo Giletti, Alessandro Ghirardelli, Basilio Bertucci.

La baronía de Serra fue la primera en ser repoblada tras la expulsión morisca. La Tesis analiza el proceso repoblador, prosopografía de linajes, inmigración vizcaína, evolución demográfica, distribución de tierras y casas, aprovechamientos agrarios, producciones, tributos señoriales, diezmos, vida social, patrimonio... Los Folch de Cardona/Duques de Montellano, pleitearon por conservar esta posesión contra los duques de Cardona/Segorbe. El malestar de los vasallos culminó en 1839 con la interposición de una demanda popular para reversión de la baronía a la Corona, demanda que prosperó por la disposición y concesiones de la duquesa de Montellano en su testamento de 1837. Filiberto Mahy, completó la liquidación de bienes privativos sin que los vecinos de Serra soportaran gravosas cargas, como sucedió en otros lugares. En 1835 fue anexionada al término de Serra la desamortizada Cartuja de Portaceli.
Serra was the first barony to be populated after the Moorish expulsion. This thesis analyses the repopulating process, prosopography of lineages, Viscain immigration, demographic evolution, distribution of lands and houses, agrarian exploitations, tributes, tithes, social life, heritage... The Folch de Cardona family, later Montellano dukes, litigated against the Cardona/Segorbe dukes to maintain the property. The discomfort of the vassals culminated in 1839 with interposition of a popular demand for the reversal of the barony to the Crown, demand which prospered thanks to the goodwill and concessions made by the Montellano duchess in her testament in 1837. Philibert Mahy completed the liquidation of separate properties without Serra’s neighbours having to bear any burdensome charges, as happened in many other cases. In 1835, the disentailed Charterhouse of Portaceli district was annexed to Serra’s.

La production hagiographique écrite pendant la période ducale en Normandie (911-1204) n’a jamais fait l’objet d’une étude exhaustive et rigoureuse. Il était impossible d’avoir des données statistiques précises et certaines sur les caractéristiques, même simplement quantitatives, de cette production : sa division par siècles, les rapports entre les textes d’auteurs connus et ceux rédigés par des anonymes, la répartition entre le nombre des saints antiques ou médiévaux, les sous-genres hagiographiques (vitae, passiones, miracula, translationes), les « typologies de sainteté » (évêque, abbé, laïc, femme, etc.). Cette situation, préjudiciable à la critique des textes, est due tout d’abord à la difficulté du traitement des textes hagiographiques sur le plan de l’histoire de la littérature: trop d’auteurs restent anonymes, beaucoup de textes ne sont pas datés et leur lieu de production demeure incertain. Ainsi, si l’hagiographie est une source essentielle de l’histoire normande, les conditions de sa production et de sa diffusion n’ont pas été étudiées de manière globale, ni donné lieu à la constitution d’outils de recherche.La présente thèse vise à combler cette lacune, à la fois en créant un Repertorium (avec une base de données « chrono-géo-hagiographique », permettant une cartographie de la production normande médiévale) des textes hagiographiques écrits pendant la période 911-1204, et en ouvrant la réflexion critique et historique sur ce corpus. Il s’est agi ainsi de rechercher et de comprendre les foyers de production hagiographiques ; de montrer les relations entre les textes, les auteurs, les bibliothèques, les établissements où ces documents ont été produits ; de comprendre le travail des auteurs (recherche et usage des sources, choix littéraires) ; d’expliquer les motifs (religieux, pastoraux, liturgiques, mais aussi politiques et économiques) qui sont à la base de l’écriture hagiographique médiévale
Hagiographic production written during the ducal period in Normandy (911-1204) has never been the subject of an exhaustive and rigorous study. It was impossible to have precise and certain statistical data on the characteristics, even if only quantitative, of this production: its division by centuries, the relationships between the texts of known authors and those written by anonymous authors, the distribution between the number of ancient or medieval saints, the hagiographic subgenres (vitae, passion, miracula, translations), the "typologies of holiness" (bishop, abbot, laity, woman, etc.). This situation, which is detrimental to the criticism of texts, is due first of all to the difficulty of processing hagiographical texts in terms of the history of literature: too many authors remain anonymous, many texts are not dated and their place of production remains uncertain. Thus, if hagiography is an essential source of Norman history, the conditions of its production and dissemination have not been studied in a global way, nor have they given rise to the creation of research tools.This thesis aims to fill this gap, both by creating a Repertorium (with a "chrono-geo-hagiographic" database, allowing a mapping of medieval Norman production) of hagiographic texts written during the period 911-1204, and by opening critical and historical reflection on this corpus. The aim was to research and understand the centres of hagiographic production; to show the relationships between the texts, authors, libraries and institutions where these documents were produced; to understand the work of the authors (research and use of sources, literary choices); to explain the motives (religious, pastoral, liturgical, but also political and economic) that are at the basis of medieval hagiographic writing

Aquesta tesi tracta sobre les relacions entre el rei Ferran II i la Diputació del General del Principat de Catalunya en els primers anys del seu regnat. L’estudi fa especial menció als anys que la principal institució del país va estar intervinguda pel monarca, període que s’inicia l’any 1488 fins el 1494, i la posterior reforma que es va dur a terme amb la introducció del sistema insaculatori per a escollir als seus alts càrrecs, mesura acordada a les Corts celebrades a Barcelona, l’any 1493. L’objectiu de la investigació és analitzar de forma detallada tota la correspondència que es conserva entre el sobirà i els diputats per a conèixer, de primera mà, els motius que van portar al rei d’Aragó a prendre la seva decisió, plantejant també fins a quin punt aquesta va ser necessària. La decisió d’intervenir la Generalitat va generar, des de la segona meitat del segle XIX, un ampli debat entre els historiadors catalans, no sense polèmica. Per una banda estaven els que veien, en la determinació reial, una clara voluntat de controlar i “castellanitzar” la Diputació després dels anys que aquesta havia liderat la oposició al seu pare, el rei Joan II, en el transcurs de la Guerra Civil entre els anys 1462 i 1472. Per l’altra banda estaven els que consideraven, amb Jaume Vicens Vives al capdavant, que la monarquia només buscava reorganitzar -redreçar- la institució sanejant-la econòmicament i modificant el seu sistema de renovació de càrrecs per evitar irregularitats i favoritismes entre els seus membres. La tesi està organitzada en vuit apartats. Després d’una breu introducció, el primer capítol realitza una revisió de tota la bibliografia relacionada i publicada en relació amb la Diputació del General, des de la seva creació en les Corts de Cervera de 1359 fins a la mort de Joan II. Aquest repàs fa referència a totes les publicacions que tracten el període des del segle XV fins els nostres dies. El segon capítol analitza el funcionament de la Diputació a partir de la seva pròpia legislació. Aquest apartat és fonamental per a conèixer la seva estructura de govern i ajuda a comprendre millor els canvis que aniran introduint-se: també es complementa amb un breu repàs als instruments de poder dels que disposava la monarquia en el Principat. En el tercer, s’entra directament en el gruix del treball a partir del creuament de la correspondència entre el monarca i la institució, la majoria de la qual, es troba a l’Arxiu de la Corona d’Aragó, a Barcelona. En aquest capítol es recullen les primeres decisions del rei relacionades amb la Diputació i el propi Principat, i com aquesta va acollir al seu nou sobirà. L’apartat finalitza amb la segona arribada de Ferran a Barcelona i la celebració de les Corts de 1480-1481. El quart capítol tracta dels esdeveniments que es van seguir a continuació i les delicades relacions entre les dues parts, a causa de la introducció d’una nova inquisició a Catalunya i l’aixecament dels pagesos de remença. El següent capítol explica de forma exclusiva el trienni anterior a la intervenció reial, al considerar-lo clau per a entendre els fets posteriors. L’apartat sis narra de forma breu i amb detall l’estratègia i els preparatius reials per a portar a terme la intervenció, fent-la coincidir amb el moment de la renovació dels seus càrrecs, l’estiu de 1488. El setè capítol recull la part central de la investigació: explica com el monarca controlà la institució i les seves actuacions. La resistència del Regne de Granada portarà al sobirà a iniciar una segona intervenció en el moment de renovar novament als diputats i oïdors, aquesta vegada el juliol de 1491. Amb la caiguda de la ciutat el gener de 1492, el rei torna a Barcelona on celebrarà Corts i introduirà el sistema d’insaculació. Tot i que el nou model evitava possibles corrupteles, permetia a la monarquia controlar les llistes dels possibles candidats. L’extensió i el detall de la investigació ens porten a unes conclusions on posem en dubte algunes de les tesis dominants sobre el període. Mentre que compartim la idea generalitzada que la intervenció va permetre sanejar els comptes de la institució, creiem que a nivell polític i institucional es va perdre la oportunitat d’assentar un model de millor coordinació entre la monarquia i la Generalitat. Tot i que el rei sabia el paper que jugava com a garant de les Constitucions i les Lleis del Principat, Ferran va veure en la institució, com els seus avantpassats, un instrument ideal per recaptar impostos. El redreç econòmic va ser real mentre que a nivell polític només va servir per augmentar els seus mecanismes de control.
This Thesis approaches the relationship between king Ferran II from the Aragon crown and the General Princedom Deputation of Cataluña during the first years of his reign. Apart from analyzing this period, this study focuses on the intervention made by the monarch on the institution during 1488-1494. It also studies the change done afterwords on the Court in 1493, in which the new members were elected. The main goal was to analyze the letters between the ruler and the deputies in order to understand why he made the decision to do so and what where the factors that influenced him. This research also has a section that studies all the existing biography related to the generalitat (institution created from 1359 to 1479) and another chapter with an organization chart of this institution. This research also explains the political structure in the Cataluña monarchy. The main core of this work relies on the changes that king Ferran II tried to do and how he was lead to doing them. Some of the examples would be the riot of the peasants (remences), the new inquisition or the Pallars war. During the course of this study we can see what were the aspects which influenced the king on changing and creating a new council. Last but not least, after detailing with the reform done by the monarch we come to the conclusion that this intervention helped in great deal the economy but it didn't politically. King Ferran II didn’t take advantage of his position to create new relationships between the monarchy and the institution which lead to huge conflicts during the mid XVI specially during the XVII century. Finally we also add an appendix with more than a hundred original documents.

Luynes est une petite ville de Touraine située sur la rive nord de la Loire à 15 km à l’ouest de Tours. Au cours des deux derniers millénaires elle fut le siège d’un important site gallo-romain, nommé Malliacum, puis d’une seigneurie sous le nom de Maillé, devenue baronnie, érigée en comté en 1572, puis enfin créée en duché-pairie sous le nom de Luynes en 1619. Elle conserve de nombreux vestiges de toutes ces périodes. Rares sont les auteurs qui se sont penchés sur cette histoire et sur ces patrimoines, le plus souvent sans références. Notre thèse se propose d’effectuer une analyse critique historiographique, de rechercher et vérifier les sources, d’établir une chronologie argumentée du Moyen Age à l’Epoque moderne, et de définir les identités architecturales et paysagères de la ville. Après avoir présenté l’héritage médiéval et renaissance de ce territoire, le cœur de notre travail suit ensuite une approche progressive et chronologique centrée sur l’âge moderne : premièrement sur les ducs de Luynes, deuxièmement sur la création, les composantes et l’évolution administrative et socio-économique du duché-pairie, troisièmement sur l’étude de la ville, sur ses paysages, son organisation urbanistique, son bâti et ses jardins. L’attention est plus particulièrement portée sur le XVIIe siècle : sur la personnalité du second duc de Luynes, sur ses acquisitions et réformes et sur ses travaux et fondations monumentales. Au cours de ce siècle la ville connait bien des transformations dues aux contextes, au développement de l’artisanat de la soie, à l’organisation du territoire dont la ville est la capitale, ainsi qu’à la volonté et aux conceptions bien marquées de son puissant seigneur, longtemps proche des jansénistes. Il construira ou transformera plusieurs édifices à l’architecture sobre et dépouillée mais à l’organisation parfois subtile et originale. Dans le même temps les marchands-fabricants locaux bâtiront des demeures utilisant un appareil peu répandu en damier de brique et pierre. Un état de lieux au cours du XVIIIe siècle termine cette présentation
Luynes is a small town in Touraine located on the north bank of the Loire, 15 km west of Tours. For the last two millennia it’s been the seat of an important Gallo-Roman site, named Malliacum, then it was a seigniory under the name of Maillé, that became a barony, erected in county in 1572, then finally it’s been created in ducal peerage as Luynes in 1619. Luynes conserves many vestiges of all these periods. Very few authors have studied this history and heritage, most of them did it without references. Our thesis proposes to undertake a critical historiographical analysis, to research and verify the sources, to establish a reasoned chronology from the Middle Ages to modern times, and to define the architectural and landscape identities of the town. After presenting the medieval and renaissance heritage of this territory, the heart of our work follows a gradual and chronological approach centred on the modern age. First we focus on the dukes of Luynes, second on the creation, the components and the administrative and socio-economic evolution of the duchy-pair, third on the study of the town: its landscapes, its urban organization, its buildings and its gardens. Particular attention is paid to the 17th century: the personality of the second Duke of Luynes, his acquisitions and reforms and his monumental works and foundations. During this period, the town experiences many transformations due to the contexts, to the development of silk craftsmanship, to the organization of the territory in which the town is the capital, and to the will and the well-marked views of his powerful lord, long-time close to the jansenists. He will build or transform several buildings with sober and bare architecture but sometimes with a subtle and original organization. At the same time, local trader- manufacturers will build mansions using a rare brick and stone checkerboard. An overview throughout the eighteenth century ends this presentation

L’historiographie récente a souvent considéré la politique artistique de Christine de France, duchesse et régente de Savoie (1619-1663), fille de Marie de Médicis et de Henri IV, comme déterminante pour maintenir la stabilité du duché au moment critique où les petits États européens périclitent. Or, cette vision d’un État intermédiaire survivant aux conquérants environnants (France, Espagne) par l’habile politique de prestige de « Madame Royale » est à renouveler. Au décès de son époux Victor-Amédée Ier de Savoie elle assure la régence de ses fils, statut qui lui est immédiatement contesté par ses beaux-frères les princes de Carignan, plongeant le duché dans la guerre civile (1638-1642). Le grand dessein de Christine fut de porter ses ambitions royales comme celles de la maison de Savoie, mais le terreau sur lequel elle a semé fut en grande partie celui de ses prédécesseurs ayant déjà posé les marqueurs de l’identité culturelle dynastique. Dans leur sillage, elle fut la mécène de la "comittenza" monumentale, à l’éclat immédiat relayé par la gravure : doter l’urbanisme de Turin et sa « Couronne de délices » de dimensions auliques, offrant les cadres prestigieux d’entrées solennelles et de fêtes de cour impressionnantes ; s’auréoler d’alliances illustres ; diffuser une image gravée prestigieuse du duché. En revanche, son rapport aux arts présente des inégalités, la peinture ou la sculpture n’innervant pas ses actions et encore moins ses appétences personnelles : Madame Royale n’a pas embrassé l’esprit de l’« Honnête Femme » de la République des Lettres alors qu’elle fut en politique une « Femme Forte », au service de sa dynastie. Sa longue régence n’ayant rien d’un statu quo a permis une stabilisation salvatrice de l’État, dans une alliance avec la France qui, loin d’être une subordination, a eu pour effet d’en assurer l’indépendance relative. Quant à ses propres représentations, elle utilise au début de son règne l’imagerie régalienne dans ses portraits pour ensuite changer de cap dans son âge mûr physique comme politique : à partir de sa régence jusqu’à la passation effective de pouvoir à son fils Charles-Emmanuel II, elle choisit une définition d’elle-même plus authentique et plus empreinte de dévotion
Recent historiography has often considered the artistic policy of Christine de France, duchess and regent of Savoy (1619-1663), daughter of Marie de’ Medici and Henri IV, as decisive in maintaining the stability of the duchy at a critical time when small European states collapsed. However, this vision of an intermediate State surviving the surrounding conquerors (France, Spain) through the skilful artistic policy of « Madame Royale » needs to be revisited. Upon the death of her husband Victor-Amédée I of Savoy, she assumed the regency of her sons, a status which was immediately challenged by her brothers-in-law, princes of Carignan, plunging the duchy into civil war (1638-1642). Christine’s great vision was to carry her royal ambitions as well as those of the House of Savoy, but the soil on which she sowed was largely that of her predecessors who had already laid the markers of the dynastic cultural identity. In their wake, she was the patron of the monumental comittenza, with immediate brilliance relayed by engraving : to endow the town planning of Turin and its « Corona di delizie » of aulic dimensions, offering the prestigious frames of solemn entrances and impressive court festivities ; to be proud of illustrious alliances ; to spread over a prestigious engraved image of the duchy. On the other hand, her relationship with arts shows inequalities, painting or sculpture not innervating her actions and even less her personal appetites : Madame Royale did not embrace the spirit of the « Honnête Femme » of the Republic of Letters while she was in politics a « Femme Forte » at the service of her dynasty. Her long regency, which had nothing to do with the status quo, allowed a salutary stabilization of the State, in an alliance with France which, far from being a subordination, had the effect of ensuring its relative independence. As for her own representations, at the beginning of her reign she used royal imagery in her portraits and then changed course in her mature physical and political age : from her regency to the actual transfer of power to her son Charles-Emmanuel II, she chose a more authentic and devotional definition of herself

L’Avranchin occupe au sein du duché de Normandie une position frontalière, partageant ses confins occidentaux avec la Bretagne, le Maine et la seigneurie de Bellême. Territoire envisagé à la fois comme interface, périphérie et interstice, c’est également un espace vécu, résultat d’une dynamique propre, animée par les sociétés qui l’habitent. À travers son rapport au pouvoir et ses ambitions locales, le groupe aristocratique, dont la formation résulte d’un processus complexe et ancien, constitue une composante essentielle de l’identité frontalière.Loin d’être une région désertique, l’Avranchin présente au IXe siècle une organisation politique et sociale dans laquelle les familles aristocratiques s’intègrent. Cette société, dont on ignore le caractère endogène ou exogène, apparaît comme le produit manifeste du regnum neustrien. Elle se révèle notamment par le prisme des anciennes circonscriptions administratives, l’action royale ou encore le rôle des évêques et des ermites. Affectées par les profondes transformations du royaume carolingien, les familles aristocratiques sont touchées par l’influence des puissants groupes familiaux des Rorgonides puis des Robertiens, dont la stratégie de domination de l’espace se fait ressentir jusque dans l’Avranchin. La poussée bretonne du milieu du IXe siècle et la domination politique des comtes de Rennes accentuent le caractère composite et multiscalaire de cette société.Lorsque les ducs de Normandie, puis les comtes de Mortain, étendent leur autorité sur l’Avranchin au cours du XIe siècle, le groupe aristocratique présente une certaine forme de continuité. La mise en place d’un espace institutionnel résulte d’une construction habile, parfois fruit d’une politique d’accommodation et de compromis, et s’appuie sur des familles extérieures au territoire ou anciennement implantées dans l’Avranchin. Celles-ci façonnent leur pouvoir autour de nouvelles logiques et de nouvelles fidélités, induites par le contrôle ducal ou comtal, la détention d’offices administratifs ou la garde de forteresses. Elles ordonnent également leurs territoires suivant leurs propres dynamiques, parfois autour d’une fondation prieurale ou d’une fortification. Réseaux de relations élargis et de vassalité, cercles familiaux ou de voisinage montrent que les horizons de cette aristocratie ne s’arrêtent pas aux limite de ses possessions, ni à celles à l’Avranchin.Bien que n’ayant jamais engendré de vastes honneurs ou de grandes entités seigneuriales, les familles aristocratiques jouent un rôle essentiel le long des frontières. Parfois en appui de l’autorité ducale, mais bien souvent suivant leurs propres intérêts et au-delà de la maîtrise politique de la frontière, elles influent grandement sur les fluctuations du pouvoir dans les espaces périphériques de l’Avranchin où leurs interventions prennent diverses formes. La fondation de l’abbaye de Savigny en 1112-1113 éclaire cette société complexe, fortement marquée par les réseaux d’influence et d’alliance, où espace vécu et géographie des pouvoirs des familles aristocratiques façonnent l’espace frontalier
Avranchin occupies a border position within the Duchy of Normandy, sharing its western borders with Brittany, Maine and the lordship of Bellême. Territory considered at the same time as interface, periphery and interstice, it is also a living space, result of it own dynamic, organized by the societies that inhabit it. Through its relationship to power and its local ambitions, the aristocratic group, whose formation is the result of a complex and ancient process, constitutes an essential component of border identity.Far from being a desert region, Avranchin presents in the ninth century a political and social organization in which aristocratic families are integrated. This society, whose endogenous or exogenous character is unknown, appears as the obvious product of the Neustrian regnum. It is revealed in particular by the prism of the former administrative districts, the royal action or the role of bishops and hermits. Affected by the profound transformations of the Carolingian kingdom, aristocratic families are affected by the influence of the powerful family groups of Rorgonids and Robertians, whose strategy of domination of space is felt even in Avranchin. The Breton thrust of the middle of the ninth century and the political domination of the counts of Rennes accentuate the composite and multiscalar character of this society.When the dukes of Normandy, then the counts of Mortain, extend their authority over Avranchin during the eleventh century, the aristocratic group presents a certain form of continuity. The establishment of an institutional space is the result of a skilful construction, sometimes the result of a policy of accommodation and compromise, and relies on families outside the territory or formerly located in Avranchin. These shape their power around new logics and new loyalties, induced by the ducal or comtal control, the holding of administrative offices or the guarding of fortresses. They also organize their territories according to their own dynamics, sometimes around a prioral foundation or a fortification. Networks of extended relations and vassalage, family or neighborhood circles show that the horizons of this aristocracy do not stop at the limits of his possessions, nor at those in Avranchin.Although they have never generate vast honors or great seigniorial entities, aristocratic families play an essential role along the borders. Sometimes in support of the ducal authority, but often according to their own interests and beyond the political control of the border, they greatly influence the fluctuations of power in the peripheral areas of Avranchin where their interventions take various forms. The founding of the abbey of Savigny in 1112-1113 sheds light on this complex society, strongly marked by networks of influence and alliance, where the living space and geography of the powers of the aristocratic families shape the border area

Cette thèse porte sur les relations entre la noblesse et le prince dans les duchés de Lorraine au coursd'une période qui s'étend des années 1620 à 1737. Elle les explore dans le cadre d'un renforcement du pouvoirducal et dans une période de transition troublée.Dans cet État souverain des confins, la noblesse représentée par quelques puissantes familles issues del'ancienne chevalerie incarne l'élite sociale, morale, et politique. Étroitement associée aux responsabilités, elleest affectée au premier plan par les ruptures qui scandent le XVIIe siècle : la guerre, l'occupation française etl'exil. Autant d'évènements qui déstabilisent le service princier et éprouvent la fidélité au duc, fondementessentiel des rapports de la noblesse au pouvoir. Cette étude revisite les notions de service, de devoir etd'honneur, constitutives de l'identité nobiliaire.Après plus d'un demi-siècle de désordres, la paix de Ryswick (1697) ramène la stabilité et le princeretrouve ses duchés. Le rétablissement de l'État s'effectue dans une dialectique entre tradition et changement. Lanoblesse qui aspire à retrouver sa place auprès du duc est confrontée à de nouvelles incertitudes qu'elle surmontegrâce à la résurgence de la faveur princière et au prix d'une recomposition de l'ordre.L'équilibre des forces est mis à mal en 1729 avec l'avènement de François III dont le destin se joue pardelàles frontières. Détaché de son territoire patrimonial, le jeune souverain rompt le lien avec la noblesselorraine et met fin à l'impératif absolu du service princier.L'étude des relations entre la noblesse et le duc durant le long XVIIe siècle est une réflexion sur lasociété politique d'un État aux limites sensibles et aléatoires.

Cette thèse envisage les liens entre la ville de Bruxelles et ses campagnes, dans leurs aspects économiques et sociaux. Elle étudie l'impact de l'espace régional (partie de l'ancien pagus de Brabant) sur les conditions d'émergence de la ville et l'impact, ensuite, de la ville sur les structures régionales, en particulier aristocratiques.

Une première partie fait le point sur la croissance rurale et urbaine, sur ses protagonistes, ses modalités et sa chronologie. Que sait-on de l’espace régional avant l’an mil ?Comment se mettent en place les nouvelles structures seigneuriales laïques et ecclésiastiques attestées dans la région à partir du XIe siècle ?Comment se produisent les débuts du développement urbain pour la même époque ?Une deuxième partie tente de faire le point sur le rôle dans la région du prince territorial. Originaire de Louvain, mais implanté dans la région de Bruxelles dès le XIe siècle, quelle assise foncière y détenait-il ?Quelle politique monastique y a-t-il menée ?Quelle stratégie féodale et clientélaire a-t-il adoptée face à la société régionale en vue de construire et de développer son autorité seigneuriale ?Ce volet se consacre spécialement à l’étude et à l’évolution du groupe aristocratique traditionnel, notamment son rapport au prince et à la ville, de même qu’à l’émergence des nouveaux acteurs sociaux et à leur confrontation avec le prince et la société seigneuriale/The Ph.D Thesis considers the links between the city of Brussels and its countryside, in their economic and social aspects. It studies the impact of the regional space (part of the former pagus of Brabant) on the conditions for urbanisation and the impact of the city on regional structures, particularly aristocratic
Doctorat en philosophie et lettres, Orientation histoire
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

L’empire de Constantinople, après un siècle (969-1085) de domination sur de vastes portions de l’Orient (Cilicie, Chypre, Syrie du Nord et Djézireh), et de rayonnement au-delà jusqu’à Jérusalem, dut reconstituer sa présence dans cet espace à partir de la fin du XIe siècle. L’arrivée de nouveaux acteurs chrétiens autonomes, Francs et Arméniens, compliqua l’équation politique de l’Empire, qui ne devait plus uniquement reconstruire sa domination sur ses anciens sujets, mais aussi compter avec ces forces. L’empire de Romanie vécut en Orient, parallèlement aux Croisades, une intense phase de redéfinition de sa réalité régionale, de ses modalités de fonctionnement et de son rôle politique. Cependant, cette expérience, qui se prolongea sur près de deux siècles, ne saurait se limiter à une simple projection de puissance de Constantinople sur cette périphérie. Malgré les bouleversements qui frappèrent le cœur de l’Empire de 1081 à 1289, la référence impériale se maintint en Orient sous les Comnènes, les empereurs latins et nicéens, puis sous les premiers Paléologues. Le processus ne fut durable que grâce à la redéfinition progressive de l’identité impériale locale. Ses contours varièrent par l’adjonction d’éléments hétérogènes, contribuant à complexifier l’empreinte de l’empire de Romanie en Orient. La Romanie orientale fut une solution à l’équation politique des pouvoirs locaux (la principauté d’Antioche, le comté de Tripoli et les royaumes de Chypre et d’Arménie principalement) pour réussir leur intégration régionale en la conjuguant avec un héritage impérial constantinopolitain, incluant l’Orient helléno-arabe
The empire of Constantinople, after a century (969-1085) of domination over large part of oriental territories (Cilicia, Cyprus, North Syria and Djezireh) during which it exerted its influence over Jerusalem, had to restore its influence in this space from the end of the eleventh century. The arrival of new autonomous Christian players, Francs and Armenians, complicated the empire’s political equation, which had not just to rebuild his domination over its old subjects, but also had to allow for these forces.The empire of Romanie lived in the East, at the same time of the Crusades, an intense period of redefinition of its regional reality, of its modes of running and of its political role. However, this experience, which lasted for two centuries, can’t be confined to a simple projection of Constantinople’s powerful onto this periphery.Despite the disruptions which hit the heart of the empire, from 1081 to 1289, the imperial reference persisted in the East under the Comneni, the Latin and Nicene emperors, and under the firsts Paleologues.The process was lasting because of the gradual redefinition of regional imperial identity. Its contours were varied by the addition of heterogenic elements, which contributed to complicate the imperial mark in the East.Oriental Romania was a solution to the political equation of local authorities (Principality of Antioch, the County of Tripoli and the kingdoms of Cyprus and Armenia mainly) to succeed in their regional integration, combined with an imperial Constantinopolitan heir, including the Hellenic and Arabic East

The thesis is based on a field research carried out on Java primarily in communities gathered around the ritual dance called jathilan - an ancient, exorcistic and unique trance dance which operates with a binary opposition of good and bad forces. The aim is to extend the field of knowledge about this ritual and to enrich the existing sources of the insight into the issue of participation in jathilan and related factors. Interviews with research participants bring unique testimonies that are set into the context of the Javanese rural community. The central topic of the study is the motivation and the experience of the participants of jathilan with emphasis on the central motif of jathilan - trance and kesurupan (obsession). Great space is also devoted to the religious dimension of the jatihlan and its reflection by the participants themselves. The thesis approaches this phenomenon from three perspectives: 1) As a way to strengthen local communities, popular culture and regional cultural identity. 2) As a manifestation of religious syncretism on Java and how this syncretism is reflected by the main actors in Jathilan. 3) As a dynamic social, artistic and religious phenomenon under transformative conditions. All these perspectives are examined by the optics of jathilan participants, analyzed and set...

Niniejsza praca poświęcona jest stronnictwu Zygmunta III Wazy w Wielkim Księstwie Litewskim w latach 1603–1621. Składa się ze wstępu, czterech rozdziałów i zakończenia. Wstęp zawiera omówienie stanu badań, źródeł, metodologii, struktury pracy oraz uzasadnienie przyjętych ram chronologicznych. W rozdziale pierwszym wyjaśniono specyfikę systemu klientalnego w Wielkim Księstwie Litewskim w pierwszej połowie XVII w. Autorowi zależało na komparatystycznym ujęciu zagadnienia, przy czym punktem odniesienia nie była wyłącznie Polska, ale także zjawisko klientelizmu w innych europejskich państwach (zwłaszcza we Francji). Kolejny rozdział dotyczy kształtowania się relacji pomiędzy dworem a czołowymi litewskimi magnatami. Zostały w nim także określone polityczne cele Zygmunta III. W rozdziale trzecim przeanalizowano kariery i kwalifikacje polityczne sympatyzujących z królem magnatów litewskich, a ponadto zaprezentowano skład i strukturę ich fakcji. Ostatni rozdział stanowi problemowe ujęcie zagadnienia praktyki sprawowania władzy w Wielkim Księstwie. Rozpoczyna go omówienie polityki nominacyjnej jako sposobu organizowania zaplecza politycznego monarchy, natomiast w dalszej kolejności scharakteryzowano inne narzędzia służące tronowi do zarządzania elitą władzy. Osobne podrozdziały poświęcono działalności stronnictwa królewskiego na płaszczyźnie sejmikowej i na sejmach walnych oraz generalnej ocenie wpływu polityki Wazy na ewolucję systemu władzy. Zakończenie pracy pokrótce przedstawia zmiany, które zaszły w litewskim życiu publicznym na przestrzeni lat 20. XVII w. Na końcu pracy zamieszczone zostały aneks oraz bibliografia.
The present dissertation is devoted to the followers of king Sigismund III Vasa in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania between 1603 and 1621. It consists of the preface, introduction (in which state of research, chronological range, sources, methodology, and structure of the work are presented), four chapters and conclusion. The first chapter covers the specific features of the system of clientage in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the first half of the seventeenth century. Author intended to take a comparative approach while discussing the specific of Lithuanian clientage. However, the Polish Crown wasn’t the only reference point; reader can also find multiple references to patron-clients ties in other European countries as well, especially France. The second chapter is dedicated to relations between court and members of the Lithuanian elite. The matter of king’s policy and his main goals are also analyzed. The third chapter, which is essential part of the dissertation, focuses on Lithuanian followers of Sigismund III. It contains an analysis of careers of leading Lithuanian royal adherents, composition and structure of their factions, and political qualifications of so-called “new people” as well as the representatives of the old elite. Last chapter is a problematic approach to the issue of exercising power in Lithuania in practice. It begins with a discussion on king’s nomination policy and the distribution of goods as a method of building the monarch’s political base and support, and managing the ruling elite. Separate subsections show the royal party’s dietine (sejmikowa) and parliamentary activity, and offer a general assessment of the impact of king's policy on the evolution of the system of power. In conclusion, a look into the political situation in Lithuania in the 1620s is provided in order to illustrate the changes that took place in Lithuanian public life. At the end, an appendix and bibliography are featured.

Thesis "The Orthodox civilization? Genesis of Russian political religion through the prism of civilizational analysis" has a historico-theoretical character. It presents an analysis of origins and evolution of two most important Russian ideologies which were expressed in religious terms. Using the civilizational perspective and by reconstructing of factual and mental context of two Russian ideologies, this thesis polemizes with religious determinant of Russian civilization. Instead, it establishes an issue of religio-political nexus, which seems to be more successful for thinking about civilizational specifics of Russia. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

The presented diploma thesis deals with the church policy of the Bohemian King John of Bohemia in relation to Upper Lusatia and the Duchy of Wrocław. The areas which thanks to John's successful territorial policy have become an integral part of the Bohemian Kingdom for several centuries. As the named countries belonged to the indivisible dominions of the Bohemian ruler, he was able to fully develop there his donor activities. The research is based on an analysis of available sources especially of a diplomatic nature and is also focused on narrative sources. The aim of this work is to analyse and interpret John's relationship to church institutions especially chapters and monasteries in defined regions. Attention is also paid to the ecclesiastical patronage of Henry of Jawor a longtime competitor of John of Bohemia in the struggle for Upper Lusatia, who ruled over Görlitz until 1329 and over part of Upper Lusatia until the end of his life († 1346). The work would like to contribute to the evaluation of John's support for church institutions, which was aimed at strengthening his position in these areas. Keywords: John of Bohemia; Henry of Jawor; Upper Lusatia; Silesia; Duchy of Wrocław; church policy; donation; confirmation

Rozprawa składa się z przedmowy, wstępu (w którym przedstawiony został stan badań, baza źródłowa, metodologia i struktura pracy) oraz z trzech rozdziałów. W pierwszym, dotyczącym urzędu horodnictwa, zarysowano jego ogólne dzieje i specyfikę, a także problematykę historii i kompetencji urzędu horodnictwa wileńskiego oraz relacji między tamtejszym horodnictwem a derewnictwem. Zaprezentowane zostały również zagadnienia finansów urzędu oraz informacje o kolejnych horodniczych wileńskich.Rozdział II poświęcony został jurydyce horodnictwa wileńskiego. Punkt wyjścia stanowi definicja i ogólna charakterystyka jurydyk w Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów oraz dane dotyczące jurydyk wileńskich. Następnie omówiono nazwę, genezę i topografię jurydyki horodnictwa wileńskiego oraz wygląd i funkcje Domu Horodniczego. Oddzielne podrozdziały poświęcono działalności sądu jurydyki (w tym praktyce stosowania prawa) oraz jej personelowi (głównie podhorodniczym).Ostatni, III rozdział dotyczy jurydyczan horodnictwa wileńskiego. Zaprezentowana została w nim ogólna charakterystyka tej społeczności, jej życie religijne, sytuacja materialna, a także konflikty. Przybliżono również biografie dwojga jurydyczan: Barbary Ławrynowej Dauborowej i Wilhelma Polla. Zasadniczą część pracy zamyka zakończenie zawierające wnioski płynące z analizy zgromadzonych materiałów, a dalej zamieszczono: aneks, wykazy zestawień, tabel, wykresów, planów, ilustracji, fotografii, tablic i aneksów, a także bibliografię.Praca wypełnia lukę w historiografii nowożytnego Wilna, przybliżając temat rozpoznany dotychczas w niewielkim stopniu. W rozprawie podjęto próbę przedstawienia tytułowej problematyki z różnych punktów widzenia, stąd też stanowi ona wkład w rozwój kilku dziedzin badań historycznych, takich jak historia społeczna i gospodarcza, historia religijności oraz prawa i administracji.Wilno rozumiane jest w niniejszej pracy nie jako miasto sensu stricto, lecz jako aglomeracja, składająca się z jednostek o różnym statusie prawnym. Jurydyka horodnictwa wileńskiego wykazywała pewną swoistość, lecz jednocześnie stanowiła nieodłączną część tego złożonego organizmu. Jurydyczanie utrzymywali np. więzi rodzinne, towarzyskie, wyznaniowe i zawodowe z mieszkańcami innych jurysdykcji, niniejsza praca pozwala zatem zbudować pełniejszy obraz dziejów Wilna.
The dissertation consists of the preface, introduction (in which state of research, sources, methodology, and structure of the work are presented), and three chapters. The first chapter covers the definition, history, and competencies of the office of horodniczy (castle supervisor) in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in general, and particularly in its capital city. The relations between horodnictwo (the office of horodniczy) and derewnictwo (the office of wood supervisor) in the city of Vilnius are also analysed.Chapter 2 is dedicated to the jurydyka (the legal and territorial entity subordinate to Vilnian horodnictwo). It begins with a definition and general profile of jurydyki (plural form of jurydyka) in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and some remarks concerning the jurydyki in Vilnius. The name, origins, and topography of the jurydyka of Vilnian horodnictwo, as well as the appearance and functions of the House of Horodniczy are then discussed. Separate subsections are dedicated to describing the activity of the court of the jurydyka, including the practical implementation of the law, and to describing the staff of the jurydyka (mainly podhorodniczy, the deputy horodniczy).Chapter 3, the last chapter, concerns the inhabitants of Vilnian horodnictwo jurydyka. The general profile of the community, its religious life, material status, as well as conflicts are presented. The biographies of two inhabitants, Barbara Ławrynowa Dauborowa and Wilhelm Poll, are described in detail. The essential part of the work is closed with an overview which contains the conclusions based on analysis of the collected source material. Following this, an appendix, the list of listings, tables, graphs, plans, pictures, photographs, and appendices that were used as references in this work, and bibliography are provided.The work fills a gap in the historiography of Early Modern Vilnius by casting light on the topic of horodnictwo and its jurydyka, which has been poorly recognized thus far. In the dissertation, an attempt is made to present issues from different points of view, thus it contributes to the development of several fields of historical research, such as social and economic history, as well as the history of religious life, law, and administration.In the presented work, Vilnius is understood not as a city in the strict sense, but as an agglomeration consisting of units of different legal status. The jurydyka of Vilnian horodnictwo was a specific but inherent part of this complex agglomeration. The inhabitants of the jurydyka maintained family, social, confessional, and professional relationships with the residents of other jurisdictions, thus the presented work makes it possible to gain a more complete and coherent view of the history of the capital city of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

Rozprawa doktorska skupia się na osobowości Filona Kmity Czarnobylskiego (przed 1527 – 1587), starosty orszańskiego (1566) i wojewody smoleńskiego (1579). Główny cel pracy polegał na rozpatrzeniu kariery starosty orszańskiego i jego świadomości jako przedstawiciela ruskiej szlachty w Rzeczypospolitej w dobie Unii Lubelskiej. Ta osoba została wybrana na głównego bohatera niniejszej pracy dzięki licznej zachowanej korespondencji, która w trakcie badań pomogła uzyskać odpowiedzi na szereg pytań dotyczących historii Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego i jego stosunków z Moskwą. Właśnie ta korespondencja stała się podstawą źródłową niniejszej pracy. Wcześniejsze badania biografii i korespondencji Filona Kmity przeważnie skupiały się na niektórych aspektach jego służby wojskowej i stylu literackiego jego listów. Nadzorowana przez Kmitę działalność dyplomatyczna i wywiadowcza została omówiona w niektórych pracach dotyczących historii wojny inflanckiej i stosunków państwa polsko-litewskiego z Moskwą. Jednak aktywność Kmity na tym polu nigdy nie stała się przedmiotem oddzielnego opracowania. Istnieje również potrzeba przygotowania nowej biografii Filona Kmity. Pierwszy rozdział niniejszej pracy skupia się na rekonstruowaniu drzewa genealogicznego Filona Kmity, związkach pokrewieństwa i powinowactwa, które demonstrują najważniejsze powiązania Kmitów z rodzinami Chodkiewiczów, Hornostajów, Sapiehów, Kapustów i licznym gronem krewnym w ziemi kijowskiej i bracławskiej. Drugi i trzeci rozdziały opisują militarną, dyplomatyczną i pograniczną rolę urzędu starosty orszańskiego, zmianę jego statusu przed wojną inflancką i podczas piastowania tego urzędu przez Kmitę. W tej części zostały omówione obowiązki Kmity w stosunku do przekraczających granicę misji dyplomatycznych. Analiza korespondencji Kmity pozwoliła również zrozumieć zmiany zachodzące w hierarchii wywiadu litewskiego w czasie wojny inflanckiej. W ostatnim rozdziale została przeanalizowana korespondencja Filona Kmity z jednej strony jako część kultury publicznej Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego i jednocześnie jako część ruskiej tradycji literackiej i ustnej. Listy Filona Kmity zostały zbadane z perspektywy „wspólnot wyobrażonych”. Rozprawa również przyczyniła się do badań nad epoką przez ustalenie losu oryginalnego rękopisu zawierającego korespondencję Filona Kmity z lat 1573-1574 i odnalezieniem nieznanej badaczom kopii tego rękopisu.
The PhD dissertation researches the personality of Filon Kmita Czarnobylski (before 1527 – 1587), Smolensk Palatine (1579) and Orsha’s Captain (1566). The main objective of the dissertation was to explore his career path and look into an identity of a representative of Ruthenian Nobility at the time of the Union of Lublin. The choice of that particular historical figure for this research was determined by his vast, well-preserved correspondence, which helped to answer to the scope of questions connected to the history of Grand Duchy of Lithuania and its relations with Muscovy. This correspondence also served as a primary source for the research. Earlier research on Kmita’s letters includes mainly his military service and some aspects of his writing style. Intelligence and diplomatic activities supervised by Kmita were discussed to some extent in several works on the history of Livonian war and relations of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth with Muscovy. However, Kmita’s activity on those fields was never addressed in separate research. Also, there is still a need for a new biography of Filon Kmita. The first chapter focuses on the reconstruction of Filon Kmita’s ancestry, his marriages and principal affinities, which demonstrate his main connections with families of Chodkiewicz, Hornostaj, Sapieha, Kapusta, and large scope of his relatives in Kyiv and Bratslav lands. The second and third chapters describe Kmita’s military, diplomatic and border service, as well as the change of role of Orsha’s captain before Livonian war and during Kmita’s holding of this office. In this part, I also discuss Kmita’s responsibilities towards diplomatic missions, crossing the border in Orsha. The study of the correspondence made it possible to understand the changes in the hierarchy of Lithuanian intelligence during the Livonian war. In the last chapter, I analysed Kmita’s correspondence as a part of the public culture of Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and at the same time, as a part of Ruthenian written and oral literary tradition. His letters were studied from the perspective of the idea of “imagined communities”. The dissertation contributed to studies of that period by restoring the history of the original manuscript of Kmita’s letters from 1573-1574 and locating another, previously unknown copy of those letters.

Praca ma na celu przedstawienie francuskiego modelu postępowania egzekucyjnego w Księstwie Warszawskim i Królestwie Polskim w latach 1808–1823 z uwzględnieniem praktyki polskiego wymiaru sprawiedliwości oraz prac legislacyjnych w Radzie Stanu oraz próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie czy wszechobecny w ówczesnej debacie publicznej sprzeciw wobec francuskich rozwiązań egzekucyjnych doprowadził do przywrócenia modelu znanego w okresie przedrozbiorowym, czy może to przywrócenie dawnych rozwiązań nazywanych „narodowymi” było w istocie rodzima korektą, która tworzona była, paradoksalnie, w oparciu o wzory francuskie i formalizm znany z napoleońskich kodyfikacji. Tematyka teorii i praktyki postępowania egzekucyjnego, jak i postępowania cywilnego w ogóle, z francuskiego kodeksu postępowania cywilnego z 1806 r. na ziemiach polskich była dotychczas w naukach historycznoprawnych poza zainteresowaniem badaczy, którzy skupiali się raczej na Kodeksie Napoleona i prawie cywilnym materialnym. Rozprawa stoi na stanowisku, że polska praktyka sądowa najpierw wypełniła francuską procedurę cywilną pozakodeksową treścią wynikającą z tradycji staropolskiej oraz doświadczeń pruskich, a następnie tak zmodyfikowaną procedurę zaakceptowała i uznała niemal za rodzimą w akcie obrony przed ustawodawstwem rosyjskim. W okresie Księstwa Warszawskiego i początku Królestwa Polskiego odwoływano się do przedrozbiorowych polskich rozwiązań egzekucyjnych, które rozumiane były bardzo powierzchownie – jak polityczne hasła, znaczenia których nie pamiętano lub nie rozumiano. Rozprawa składa się z wprowadzenia, pięciu rozdziałów i zakończenia wraz z bibliografią. Wstęp zawiera szczegółowy katalog źródeł – drukowanych i rękopiśmiennych – na których oparta została praca. Wśród nich dominowało ustawodawstwo z epoki rozszerzone o źródła praktyki sądowej. W rozdziale pierwszym przedstawione zostały ogólne zagadnienia związane z francuską procedurą cywilną, jej recepcja w XIX-wiecznej Europie, krótka charakterystyka samego postępowania cywilnego wraz z organizacją sądownictwa w Księstwie Warszawskim i w Królestwie Polskim oraz modele egzekucji sądowej w przedrozbiorowej Polsce, a następnie w Prusach. Rozdział drugi poświęcony jest urzędnikom egzekucyjnym — czyli burgrabiemu i komornikowi sądowemu w Polsce, a huissier de justice we Francji — ich historii, kompetencjom, pozycji w wymiarze sprawiedliwości oraz różnic, które wynikały z pozakodeksowych aktów normatywnych obu państw. Rozprawa skupia się również na ewolucji i zmianach, które dotknęły profesji urzędnika wykonawczego w Polsce i we Francji ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem jego korzeni i odmiennej tradycji w obu państwach. W rozdziale trzecim omówione zostały szczegółowo najważniejsze środki egzekucyjne — w porządku kodeksowym — zapowiedzenie, zajęcie i sprzedaż ruchomości oraz zajęcie i sprzedaż nieruchomości z uwzględnieniem środków odwoławczych służących stronom, na różnych etapach egzekucji sądowej. Znajduje się tam również omówienie problematyki stosowania moratorium dla dłużników w Księstwie Warszawskim i w Królestwie Polskim ze względu na szczególny związek tej instytucji ze sprzedażą licytacyjną nieruchomości, a także z tzw. sumami bajońskimi. Kwestia związana z obrotem nieruchomościami była szczególnie doniosła na co dodatkowo nałożyła się trudna sytuacja kredytowa licznych właścicieli ziemskich na początku XIX w. w związku z zadłużeniem powstałym jeszcze w czasach pruskich. Praca wykazuje, że zarówno wierzyciele jak i dłużnicy bardzo szybko nauczyli się posługiwać środkami zarówno w poparciu, jak i przeciw egzekucji sądowej wedle francuskiej procedury cywilnej. Rozdział czwarty dotyczy dwóch instytucji o znacznej doniosłości praktycznej, a które w samym Kodeksie z 1806 r. na tle całości przepisów o egzekucji wyroków wydają się ledwie dostrzegalne: aresztu cywilnego, czyli przymusu osobistego dłużników w sprawach cywilnych, będącego de facto nadzwyczajnym środkiem egzekucyjnym, oraz pomocy wojskowej udzielanej w przypadku napotkania przez burgrabiego lub komornika sądowego oporu przeciwko czynnościom egzekucyjnym. Stanowiły one duży problem ze względu na konieczność współpracy pomiędzy wymiarem sprawiedliwości, administracją municypalną, a także wojskową. Rozprawa wykazuje, że liczne rządowe akty normatywne nie znajdowały lub znajdowały z trudem po licznych interwencjach wymiaru sprawiedliwości zastosowanie w praktyce, co dotyczyło zarówno nieprawidłowości przy areszcie cywilnym, jak i pomocy wojskowej w egzekucji – obie instytucje w znacznym stopniu ingerowały w wolność i bezpieczeństwo mieszkańców. W rozdziale piątym przedstawiona została częściowa reforma egzekucji sądowej w Królestwie Polskim w 1823 r., której celem miało być zastąpienie francuskiego modelu postępowania egzekucyjnego modelem narodowym zgodnie z powszechną i bardzo ostrą krytyką rozwiązań francuskich w przedmiocie egzekucji sądowej, towarzyszącej procedurze cywilnej niemal od momentu jej wprowadzenia w Księstwie Warszawskim. Zawiera on szczegółową analizę przepisów zgodnie z metodą dogmatyczną, a także projektów postanowień namiestnika Królestwa Polskiego na różnych etapach pracy w Radzie Stanu i Radzie Administracyjnej. Pracę wieńczy zakończenie, podsumowujące najważniejsze tezy oraz ustalenia, w którym wykazano, że treść dwóch postanowień namiestnika z 1823 r., mające być w zamyśle swoistym prowizorium do czasu przyjęcia narodowego kodeksu procedury cywilnej, mimo antyfrancuskiej retoryki legislatorów była oparta na rozwiązaniach francuskich (język, technika etc.) z niewielkimi modyfikacjami, które w praktyce zamieniły najważniejszy środek egzekucyjny – sprzedaż licytacyjną nieruchomości – na licytacyjne wydzierżawienie. „Prowizorium” to przetrwało aż do 1876 r., kiedy weszła w życie rosyjska procedura cywilna. Autor rozprawy dowodzi, że nauka polska nie zauważyła, że sama sprzedaż licytacyjna w systemie prawnym przetrwała i sporadycznie można ją było spotkać w praktyce egzekucyjnej później, co prowadzi do konkluzji, że uzgodnienie francuskiego prawa egzekucyjnego z polskimi warunkami i tradycją doprowadziło do stworzenia instytucji, która cieszyła się większą popularnością niż poprzednia, mająca jedynie francuską proweniencję.
A dissertation presents French model of enforcement proceedings in the Duchy of Warsaw and in the Kingdom of Poland from 1808 to 1823 including practice of Polish justice system as well as legislative work of State Council and other legislative bodies and committees. The main goal of this dissertation is to check the hypothesis whether the ubiquitous opposition against French enforcement proceedings solutions led to restoration in 1823 model from “old Poland”, i.e. from times before the last partition of Poland (1795), or whether that restoration of national solutions was indeed Polish modern reform based on French patterns and formalism taken from Napoleonic codes rather than based on ancient Polish customary law. The subject of the theory and practice of enforcement proceedings, as well as civil proceedings in general, from the French code of civil procedure of 1806 in Poland was beyond the interest of researchers (legal historians) who focused more on Napoleonic Code and civil law. This dissertation firmly states that Polish judicial practice in the first place filled French procedure with contents, deriving from Polish legal tradition and Prussian experience, that did not have any ground on legal text (codes) and then accepted it as “own” and even “national” in the defence process against the attempts to introduce Russian legislation in Poland. A dissertation consists of an introduction, five chapters, and conclusions. Introduction includes large and thorough catalogue of historical sources (printed and manuscripts) which were essential for the title subject. Chapter one introduces methodology and main issues regarding French civil procedure, its reception in XIX Century Europe, short description of this procedure as well as judicial organisation in the Duchy of Warsaw and in the Kingdom of Poland, model of enforcement proceedings from Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth era and later in Prussia. Second chapter focuses on courts’ enforcement officials – bailiff (burgrabia or komornik) in Poland and a huissier de justice in France. It includes a professional tradition, powers, place within justice system and comparative differences which resulted from other-than-codes normative acts (lower in hierarchy of legal texts as for example national regulations). That part includes evolution and changes that occurred to enforcement officers in both Countries from 1808 to 1823 and later as a symbol of strong national tradition that could not have been changed despite having the same French code of civil procedure. Third chapter is devoted to the system of enforcement proceedings mean and institutions in the code of civil procedure order: execution’s announcement (zapowiedzenie), seizure of movable property, foreclosure of immovable property, court’s bidding sale of seized goods with proper description of theory and practice of legal remedy and appellation for both parties – debtor and creditor – during every stage of civil and enforcement proceedings. I try to describe problems of moratorium for creditors in the Duchy of Warsaw regarding enforcement proceedings as it was applied only to the fraction of all cases and bidding sale of seized goods. A large part was devoted to the issue of sums of Bayonne (sumy bajońskie), however they were rather of political matter than judicia. The general view of the chapter is that real estate issue was essential for the Polish state because of the fact that it was the biggest asset of the nobility estate which was in very bad condition as the property was usually highly indebted. However, Polish debtors did not need much time to learn details of French enforcement proceedings means to use it to protect their property as they exploited a formalism of code of civil procedure of 1806 in many ways with great support of attorneys. Fourth chapter carries out description and conceptualisation of two particular and practical institutions. First, I introduce “civil arrest” .i.e. special kind of prison for debtors which was a mean to recover a debt by putting a debtor into the prison (run for non-criminals convicts only). Second, I describe the institution of military help within enforcement proceedings which was granted for bailiffs in case if they met any resistance during their professional duties. I reconstruct both institutions using a very rare historical sources from judicial and extrajudicial archives as it was a field of cooperation of prosecutors and bailiffs from the one side and the army and municipal administration from the other side. I show that especially local administration faced many problems with implementation of the provisions of the code of civil procedure. These wrongdoings were traced and corrected by the national government but their big number and recurrence shows deep problems of state institutions. Chapter five focuses on partial reform of the enforcement proceedings law from 1823 which was believed to switch from French model into Polish (national) one. It includes a very detailed description and meaning of provisions of two legal acts – regulations of the Viceroy (Namiestnik) of the Kingdom of Poland. In the conclusions I highlight the most important thesis and findings of the dissertation. So-called “national” regulations from 1823 were indeed heavily based on French model and logic and were in force for almost 53 years despite the fact that their creators’ intentions were rather temporarily. I firmly stand on the thesis that Polish researchers did not recognize that the most essential French institution – bidding sale of immovable property – was not forbidden, but there was another institution added to the system – bidding lease of the immovable property – that was far more popular than the French one.

This master thesis examines the political and particular media situation in 1832, with the stress on spreading the liberal ideas and their attempt to influence the public via one typical German journal for this period. Over six months, there was an extraordinary situation in Baden, when the censorship was restricted and suddenly there arose, for this period, unexpected possibilities for journalists. As a reaction to reduction of censorship, the journal Der Freisinnige was established. Although its existence was short-lived, manifestation of liberal values and reflection of contemporary opinions is evident. This journal was more important and powerful than any other because of the cooperation with one of the main initiators of liberalism, Karl von Rotteck, who was also active in politics. This connection of two roles was very powerful. Freedom of speech, understood as one of the major liberal demands, allowed the practical promotion of liberal ideas among citizens. This case study pays attention to this particular year, within the political inclinations and tendencies over the period 1815-1832 of the Grand Duchy of Baden and former German Confederation. There were clear connections to the events in the first third of the nineteen century, that made the short-time fall of censorship happen. At the...