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1
Ptak, Marian J. "Zjazdy książąt śląskich w 1331 roku." Prawo 324 (December 31, 2017): 67–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0524-4544.324.4.
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Congresses of Silesian dukes of 1331 1331 was marked by four congresses of Silesian dukes, all featuring the King of Bohemia and Poland, John of Luxembourg. The first two were closely linked to John’s planned military expedition against Ladislaus the Elbow-High of Poland. The participants of the congress held between 25 and 30 September in Wrocław included the now vassal dukes of Wrocław and Głogów. It was followed by another congress, convened between 1 and 2 October in Głogów and featuring more or less the same participants, during which John of Ścinawa renounced his rights to Głogów, which was a dower dotalicium, Leibgedinge of Constance, the Duke of Głogów’s widow, in favour of the Bohemian king. This created a legal basis for seizing full ducal power over the duchy and combining it with the Duchy of Wrocław he was to inherit after the death of Duke Henry VI 1335. After his failure in the war against Ladislaus the Elbow-High, John of Luxembourg again came to Wrocław and during another congress, on 19 October, featuring the same dukes, he issued several documents with privileges for the city of Wrocław and Wrocław burghers. On the same day Boleslaus of Legnica gave the king Niemcza castle, town and district as a pledge, for a long time in possession of the independent Duke of Świdnica, Bolko, who opposed John of Luxembourg’s policy in Poland and Silesia. The last congress of Silesian dukes that year was held on 13 December in Prague. It featured nine Silesian dukes from the House of Piast and the Bishop of Wrocław. Those absent were the Dukes of Świdnica and Jawor as well as most dukes from Upper Silesia, with the exception of Ladislaus of Bytom and Bolko of Niemodlin. The congress is confirmed by just one document, which refers to the granting of the Duchy of Legnica, to be held jointly in fee investitura simultanea, Gesamtbelehnung, to Duke Boleslaus and his two sons in a compromise between the Polish ducal law and German feudatory law.Die Zusammenkünfte der schlesischen Herzöge im Jahre 1331Im Jahre 1331 fanden vier Zusammenkünfte der schlesischen Herzöge, alle unter Beteiligung von Johann von Luxemburg, dem König von Böhmen und Polen, statt. Die beiden ersten standen in strikter Verbindung mit dem von Johann gegen Władysław I. Ellenlang geplanten Kriegsfeldzug. In den Tagen des 25.–30. September fand die Zusammenkunft in Breslau statt, an der die bereits vasalisierten Herzöge der Linie Breslau und Glogau teilnahmen. An zwei folgenden Tagen, dem 1. und 2. Oktober fand die Zusammenkunft in Glogau in änhnlicher Zusammensetzung statt, an der Johann von Steinau auf die Erbrechte auf das Glogauer Land, das eine Mitgift dotalicium, Leibgedinge der Witwe Konstanze nach dem Glogauer Herzog darstellte, zugunsten des böhmischen Königs verzichtet hat. Dies gab ihm das Recht, dort die volle herzogliche Macht zu übernehmen und das Land mit dem Breslauer Herzogtum zu verbinden, das nach dem Tode des Herzogs Heinrich VI. 1335 an ihn fallen sollte. Nach den Mißerfolgen im Krieg mit Ellenlang erschien er wiederum in Breslau und an der folgenden Zusammenkunft am 19. Oktober unter Beteiligung von denselben Herzögen, stellte er mehrere Dokumente mit Privilegien für die Stadt Breslau und die Breslauer Bürger aus. An demselben Tage überließ Bolesław von Liegnitz dem König Nimptsch Schloß, Stadt und District als Pfand, der schon lange im Besitz des nicht vasalisierten Herzogs Bolko von Schweidnitz stand, der gegen die polnische und schlesische Politik des Luxemburgers war. Die letzte Zusammenkunft der schlesischen Herzöge in diesem Jahr fand am 13. Dezember in Prag statt. Beteiligt waren an ihr neun Herzöge der Piastendynastie aus Schlesien und der Breslauer Bischof. Abwesend waren die Herzöge der Linie Schweidnitz-Jauer und die meisten Oppelner Herzöge mit der Ausnahme des Władysław von Beuthen und des Bolko von Falkenberg. Ihr Stattfinden wird in nur einem Dokument bestätigt, welches die Belehnung des Fürstentums Liegnitz als Gesamtlehn, d. h. der gesamten Hand investitura simultanea, Gesamtlehn an den Herzog Bolesław und seine zwei Söhne feststellt, das ein Kompromiss zwischen dem polnischen herzoglichen Recht und dem deutschen Lehnrecht darstellte.
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Ptak, Marian J. "Zjazd książąt śląskich z 1329 roku." Prawo 321 (December 31, 2016): 115–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0524-4544.321.5.
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The Congress of Silesian dukes of 1329The study examines documents which originated in connection with avisit by the King of Bohemia and Poland, John of Luxembourg, to Wrocław in April and May 1329. So far scholars have pointed primarily to the reduction to vassalage of successive Silesian dukes from the Wroclaw line Bolesław III of Legnica and Brzeg and Głogów line Henry of Żagań, Conrad of Oleśnica and John of Ścinawa. They have stressed the pressure exerted by the Bohemian king, which the various dukes were unable to withstand. The author has attempted to take acloser look at the contents of the extant documents, particularly vassalage documents. They show that the King of Bohemia convened a congress of dukes to Wrocław, during which matters of vassalage were negotiated not only for individuals but also for the various lines. The negotiations featured atwo-person ducal deputation acting as acourt of arbitration. The documents list the dukes’ rights and freedoms with regard to the territories they governed and people settled there as well as the rights of the Bohemian king as the feudal lord. They also regulated the question of mutual relations between the dukes in property and other matters. Consequently, they should be viewed as the first written legislative acts fundamental and constitutional in nature, both in the various duchies and in their association referred to as the Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia.Zusammenkünfte der schlesischen Herzöge aus dem Jahre 1329Zum Gegenstand der Bearbeitung wurden Dokumente, die im Zusammenhang mit dem Aufenthalt des Königs von Böhmen und Polen, des Johann von Luxemburg im April und Mai 1329 in Breslau entstanden sind. In der bisherigen Literatur wird vor allem auf die Vasalisierung weiterer schlesischer Herzöge der Breslauer Boleslaus 3. von Liegnitz und Brieg und Glogauer Heinrich v. Sagan, Konrad v. Oels und Jan v. Scinawa Linie hingewiesen. Hervorgehoben wurde dabei der durch den böhmischen König ausgeübte Druck, dem die einzelnen Herzöge sich nicht widersetzen konnten. Der Verfasser sah in die erhaltenen Dokumente ein und schenkte seine besondere Aufmerksamkeit den Lehensdokumenten. Aus diesen ergibt sich, dass der böhmische König die Zusammenkunft der Herzöge in Breslau einberufen hat, wo man die Angelegenheiten der Lehensverhältnisse nicht nur individuell, sondern auch gruppenweise verhandelte, im Rahmen einzelner Linien unter Beteiligung einer Zweipersonendeputation des Herzogs, die die Funktion eines Schiedsgerichtes erfüllte. In den Lehensdokumenten wurden die bisherigen Rechte und Freiheiten der Herzöge in Bezug auf die ihnen unterliegenden Gebiete und die dort ansässige Bevölkerung sowie die Rechte des böhmischen Königs als den Senior genannt. Sie regelten auch die gegenseitigen vermögensrechtlichen und sonstigen Verhältnisse zwischen den Herzögen. Folglich sind diese Dokumente als erste Rechtsakten eines fundamentalen und verfassungsrechtlichen Charakters anzusehen und das sowohl in den einzelnen Herzogtümern, als auch in ihrer Verbindung, für die der Name Herzogtum Ober- und Niederschlesien gängig ist.
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Markiewicz, Barbara Anna. "Duchy polityczne i duchy w polityce." Civitas. Studia z filozofii polityki 23 (December 15, 2018): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/civ.2018.23.02.
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Zakrzewski, Witold. "Bourdieu i duchy." Stan Rzeczy, no. 2(11) (November 1, 2016): 290–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.51196/srz.11.21.
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Grębecka, Zuzanna. "Świętować, nie świętować? Kontrowersje wokół dwudziestej rocznicy wyjścia wojsk (post)radzieckich z Legnicy." Przegląd Humanistyczny 61 (September 4, 2017): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.4133.
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This article deals with the controversy surrounding the celebration of the 20th anniversary of the withdrawal of the (post)Soviet troops from Legnica – the former garrison town of the Northern Group of Soviet Army. The author presents the concepts of commemorating the jubilee by municipal authorities and socio-cultural institutions, as well as particular events organized in the anniversary year, and the overall picture the celebrations created. Furthermore the media and social reactions to this particular shape of the jubilee year are analyzed with a particular focus on the intense debate on the socio-cultural project “20 Years After...” organized by the Helena Modrzejewska Theatre in Legnica. This example serves to illustrate the mechanisms of official memory and counter-memory.
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Szczepański, Andrzej. "Oświata żydowska w powojennej Legnicy (1945–1968)." Biuletyn Historii Wychowania, no. 29 (February 4, 2019): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bhw.2013.29.7.
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Education in post-war Legnica (1945–1968)When the war activities came to a close, first Jews started to come into town, mainly the former prisoners from Gross-Rosen concentration camp, and then the displaced rescued in the territory of the Soviet Union. The newcomers soon opened their own educational facilities and in the school year 1946/1947 in Legnica there were: a kindergarten, a foster house, a heder, a primary school with Hebrew as the language of lecture, a kibbutz and a Hebrew primary school. The educational pluralism did not last long because from the school year 1950/1951 there remained just one state-controlled Jewish school (the other facilities had been closed). The kindergarten was the only exception and although it received the status of a public institution it preserved Jewish character until mid-50s. The subsequent years brought significant fluctuation of teachers and students as many of them left Poland in the first half of the 1950s, whereas from 1956 more newcomers arrived from the USSR. On September 1, 1959 a high-school class was launched in the local primary school. In the 1960s the emigration of Jews from Legnica increased significantly, which resulted in smaller number of students. A breakthrough year was 1968, when, because of too small number of children (38 in total), on August 31 the Jewish high-school and primary school ceased to exist
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Kalniuk, Tomasz. "New Sacred Places in Contemporary Poland: Ethnographic Case Study of Two Miracles in Sokółka and Legnica." Journal of Religion in Europe 14, no. 1-2 (July 26, 2021): 55–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18748929-20211419.
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Abstract Events that happened in Poland in 2008 and 2013 related to the alleged miracles in Sokółka (in the Podlasie region) and Legnica (in the Silesia region) seriously affected the native ‘sacrosphere.’ Sensational information about the unusual events polarized public opinion by confronting secular and religious worldviews. At the same time, the increase in the devotion of the faithful was accompanied by folklore-forming mechanisms, adding new threads to the ‘miraculous story.’ Ethnographic research performed in the newly founded sanctuaries reveals elements of sensuality specific to folk religiosity. Miracles displaying the motif of blood build the reputation of Sokółka and Legnica as new holy places, attracting pilgrims and tourists from Poland and abroad. Contrary to pessimistic predictions of widespread secularization, there was a revival of the so-called ‘traditional piety.’ Folk religiosity revealed its vitality.
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Romanowski, Marcin. "Schulz, duchy i meblościanka." Schulz/Forum, no. 13 (October 28, 2019): 86–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/sf.2019.13.06.
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The paper presents an analysis of the “Schulzoid” novel by Dominika Słowik, Atlas: Döppelganger, which addressed the topic of passing from adolescence to adulthood during the Polish systemic transformation. The author’s starting point is the famous interpretation of Schulz’s fiction by Artur Sandauer in his essay “The Degraded Reality” [Rzeczywistość zdegradowana], based on a claim that Schulz represented in his own way the experience of the decomposition of the known world as a result of the capitalist expansion in the early 20th century. The analysis focuses on the figure of the grandfather and the transformation itself. The former is the central character in the narrator’s mythology of childhood: he keeps telling fascinating stories about life at sea, on the other hand being a fantasist who tries to alleviate his sense of exclusion from the new reality. The systemic transformation has been represented in Słowik’s novel by a series of antinomies as well. The nostalgic and sublime descriptions of the material conditions at the turning point have been combined with the pictures of degradation and trash. Then the novel is placed against the background of the literature of the 1990s, summed up by Olga Drenda’s essay, Duchologia polska. Słowik remembers the material conditions of the period of the systemic transformation and the trashy, though also sentimental, aesthetics of the historical moment when she and other authors of her generation were children. This makes the author of the paper compare their writing with Schulz’s postulate of the return to childhood. Yet in Schulz’s fiction childhood is the source of a private mythology – the images that constitute the writer’s imagination. The writers of the 1990s make a turn toward the reminiscences of childhood to revise critically the myths of the historical turning moment and to articulate their own and their generation’s experience of the transformation.
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Shneyder, Vadim M. "THE HERITAGE OF THE GRAND DUCHY OF LITHUANIA IN MODERN BELARUS." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Eurasian studies. History. Political science. International relations, no. 4 (2020): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2686-7648-2020-4-109-117.
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The article examines issues related to the perception of the historical and cultural heritage of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in modern Belarus. It is emphasized that during the years of independence, interest in the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in Belarus has grown. The memory of the era of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania is preserved, including at the official level. As an example, the author points out the implementation of the state program “Castles of Belarus”. By the help of this program a number of projects for the restoration of architectural monuments of the period of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were implemented. Another example of interest in this era is the construction of new monuments to outstanding figures of the period of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in different cities of Belarus. A special place in the historical memory of Belarus is occupied by Franciscus Skorina – a famous scientist, educator and printer of the first book in Belarusian language. However, not all heritage sites of the era of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania are equally perceived in Belarus. Thus, the symbolism of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania is, first of all, the coat of arms of “Pahonia”, which was one of the state symbols of Belarus in 1991–1995 – today it is practically not in demand at the state level and is used primarily by opposition political parties and social movements. The basis of the historical policy pursued by the leadership of Belarus remains the appeal to the Soviet experience. Nevertheless, it can be assumed that the era of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania occupies an important place in the historical memory of Belarusians and the interest in this period among the citizens of Belarus will gradually grow.
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Dawczyk, Maciej. "Granice Państwa Kościelnego w II połowie VIII wieku w świetle wczesnych źródeł historycznych." Politeja 16, no. 1(58) (October 31, 2019): 65–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.16.2019.58.05.
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Borders of the Papal State in the Second Half of 8th Century in the Light of Early Sources
In 756 as the result of donation made by frankish king Pepin papacy formally controlled duchy of Rome, part of former exarchate of Ravenna (earlier directly submitted to Ravenna), larger part of duchy of the Pentapolis and probably duchy of Perugia. Papacy claimed belonged to Lombards territory of plenaria iustitiae (part of Pentapolis and duchy of Ferrara) as well. In 765 king Desiderius transfered to papacy not plenaria iustitiae but some parts of Tuscany, duchy of Benevento and duchy of Spoleto. In 774 took place frankish intervention which destroyed lombard kingdom. Frankish king Charlemagne conveyed to pope Hadrian I new territories (lombard Tuscany, Corsica, Spoleto, Benevento, Istria, Veneto) and confirmed old donations. However the pope had not possibility to really take over these lands. In 781 as the recompensation king conveyed to Hadrian southern part of Lombard Tuscany, territory of Sabina, part of Campania and confirmed territories in exarchate and Pentapolis. Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily were added as well. In 787 papacy received next part of Campania. Determination of the shape of the territories practically controlled by the pope is very difficult because in many lands there were problems with introduction of real papal reign.
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Ilciów, Adam. "Civic Platform in Legnica in the Years 2001–2015." Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego. Acta Politica 38 (2016): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/ap.2016.38-04.
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Varonin, Vasil. "The Problem with the State Sovereignty of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania during the Reign of Alexander Yahailavich (1492–1501)." Ukraina Lithuanica. Studìï z ìstorìï Velikogo knâzìvstva Litovsʹkogo 2021, no. 6 (October 12, 2021): 18–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ul2021.06.018.
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The death of Kazimir IV Yahailavich in 1492 led to the break of the personal union between the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania. These two states had got separate monarchs, who became the sons of Kazimir – Jan Olbracht and Alexander. The period of 1492–1501, the Alexander’s reign in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, was a serious test for the independence of this state. The transition from a personal to the more formal dynastical union had been thrown the Grand Duchy before a hard dilemma. On the one hand it wanted to keep the alliance with Poland that already had a long historical tradition, was supported by a large body of agreements and provided its benefits. On the other hand the Grand Duchy sought to defend its sovereign rights that the Poland had not recognized always. There are a number of facts that could proof the perception by Poland and Jan Olbracht of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Alexander as subordinated powers. For instance, Jan Olbracht named himself as a Supreme Duke of Lithuania. He used to conclude international agreements in the name of Aleksandr. The King of Poland tried to appoint the Catholic bishops in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In his tern Alexander sometimes emphatically referred to him as his elder brother in official documents. He also used to mint coins with the coat of arms of not only the Grand Duchy of Lithuania but also the Kingdom of Poland. Specific features at that time was that they were strongly conditioned by the family ties of two monarchs. All of Kazimir’s sons, including Jan Olbracht and Alexander sought to maintain family and dynastic unity, to support each other. It came in full force in the international relations. For example two or even three of the Yahajlavichy brothers could enter into an agreement with foreign states. In general, we can say that some signs of dependence of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania on Kingdom of Poland, which still be traced, belonged mainly to the external, symbolic attributes of statehood. They hardly hurt the fundamental principles of sovereignty of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The more acute problem was the union between the two states. The conditions to elect Alexander as a King of Poland was a new bilateral agreement. The Piotrkau-Mielnik Union of 1501 became such an agreement. In actual fact, it covered a fusion of two states into the one country, one king, one soim (parliament) and so on. But this plan had never become truth. The ratification of the union was postponed for a long time in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and in 1505 it was denied any approves at all. As a result, the states turned back to the personal union, to that type of relations exciting before 1492. For the Grand Duchy of Lithuania it meant to keep on the sovereign state status.
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Jurkevičius, Andrius. "Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės rusėniški regionai – tarp Rytų ir Vidurio rytų Europos." Lietuvos istorijos metraštis 2021/1 (June 7, 2021): 29–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33918/25386549-202101002.
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ANNOTATION. It is said in historiography that when the core lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania became Christian in 1387, the Europeanisation process started in the state. But little account is taken of the differences between its political nucleus and the peripheral regions, which consisted of Ruthenian lands. The article investigates whether the Europeanisation process in the Ruthenian lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania really started after 1387. It also aims to find out which European region or regions those lands could be assigned to. For this, it seeks to clarify in the article how Europe was understood in the 13th to 16th centuries, and what kind of changes took place in the Ruthenian lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania during that time. KEYWORDS: Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Kievan Rus’, Europe, Europeanisation, westernisation.
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Lewandowski, Krzysztof. "Draisine railway of the Dolina Bobru." Transportation Overview - Przeglad Komunikacyjny 2019, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35117/a_eng_19_02_01.
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The basis of this article is the proposal to use bicycle rail trolleys as preventive measures before draisining the Dolina Bobru railway line. This tourist attraction can be promotion for the poviat of the Lwówek Śląski. This can help to reconstruction of the regular rail connection between Legnica-Złotoryja-Lwówek Śląski-Jelenia Góra.
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Khorosheva, Aleksandra. "Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and Unification of Germany in 1871." ISTORIYA 12, no. 6 (104) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840016148-1.
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Based on published sources, as well as documents from the Archive of the Foreign policy of the Russian Empire, introduced into scientific use for the first time, the article relates the place of Grand Duchy of Luxembourg during the Unification of Germany. The author analyses the attitude of European states — Prussia, France, Belgium and especially the attention of Russia — toward Luxembourg during the crises of 1867 and after the neutralization of Grand Duchy. Studying German policy over the XIX century in regard to Luxembourg, the author comes to the conclusion that economic dependence from Germany determined future foreign orientation of Grand Duchy.
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Гурская [Hurskaia], Юлия [IUliia]. "Многоязычие в Великом княжестве Литовском в зеркале древних фамилий." Acta Baltico-Slavica 37 (June 30, 2015): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/abs.2013.004.
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Multilingualism in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as reflected in old antroponymsThis article analyses historical anthroponyms in the Vitebsk and Mogilyov areas of Belarus. The dialects of this area are categorised as transitional within the Balto-Slavic, West-East Slavic and Russian-Belorussian dialect continua. The materials used for the study are business texts from the 15–17th centuries as well as birth registers of the 17th and 18th centuries.The analysis has shown that in the eastern part of Belarus, the surnames of ancient knightly clans of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania are related to the history of a given territory. The anthroponyms reflect the phonetic, lexical, word-formation processes that have taken place in the languages of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. What is characteristic, the anthroponyms in the analysed region often mix and impose ranks. This has been caused by the difficulties in the development of antroponyms, as well as the interference of different languages and the cultural specifics of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
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Wirawan, Vani. "Kajian Tertib Administrasi Pertanahan Tanah Kasultanan dan Tanah Kadipaten Setelah Berlakunya Perdais Yogyakarta." Jurnal Ilmiah Penegakan Hukum 6, no. 2 (December 3, 2019): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/jiph.v6i2.2989.
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<h1>The writing of this law aims to review and analyze the orderly administration of land to the Sultanate Land (SG) and the Duchy Land (PAG) after the enactment of the Yogyakarta Special Region Law, and the current pattern of management and utilization of the Sultanate and Duchy Land based on regional land policies in the context of creating welfare Public. The legal research writing method used is normative legal research using the law approach and sociological approach. The results of the study can be summarized as follows: First, that the results have occurred TSM Land Administration in Discipline and sustainability is seen from the number of Sultan Ground (SG) and Pakualaman Ground (PAG) that have been issued as many as 3,766 certificates from a total of 13,944 fields spread throughout the DIY Region. Second, the current pattern of management and utilization of the Sultanate of Land (SG) in DIY is legally formally managed by Panitikismo as a manifestation of the container / body that deals with, manages, and utilizes SG Ngayogyakarta Sultanate, based on Law Number 3 of 1950 concerning the Establishment of DIY and emphasized by DIY Perdais Number 1 of 2017 concerning Management and Utilization of Sultanate Land and Duchy Land. For the Duchy Land (PAG) management, control and utilization must obtain permission from the Pakualaman Duchy.</h1>
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MICHALSKI, RAFAŁ. "BADANIA LABORATORYJNE REDUKCYJNEGO PRAŻENIA ŻUŻLA POOŁOWIOWEGO Z IMN ODDZIAŁ LEGNICA." RUDY I METALE NIEŻELAZNE 1, no. 7 (July 5, 2016): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15199/67.2016.7.1.
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Waluyo, Sukarjo, and Redyanto Noor Ary Setyadi. "The Existence of Jipang Village as a Collective Builder Cepu Community in Blora Regency." E3S Web of Conferences 202 (2020): 07012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020207012.
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The problem of locality and local wisdom in Indonesia has become a problem that has got much attention in the post-Reformation 1998. Cepu District in Blora Regency is now starting to rise to revitalize the glory of the Jipang Duchy in the past. Meanwhile, Duke of Arya Penangsang who ruled Jipang in the mid-16th century was a symbol of their hero. The chronicle of Babad Tanah Djawi and the Javanese Mataraman/inland culture have built a hegemonic representation whose traces are manifested in the art of Solo kethoprak (Mataraman). Meanwhile, Kethoprak Pati (coastal area) which accommodates spoken stories in Coastal Java builds a representation that has a resistance pattern. Cepu is a city that inherits the existence of the figure of Arya Penangsang and Kadipaten Jipang. The revitalization of the glory of the Jipang Duchy in Cepu is a resistance patterned representation. The existence of Jipang Village [1] as a collective memory builder of the Cepu community in Blora Regency is very important. Jipang Village, in the past was the capital of the Jipang Duchy, which is currently seen as important by the Cepu community. This research shows that there are three important things related to the existence of Jipang Village. First, Arya Penangsang and the Duchy of Jipang for the Cepu Community. Second, the construction of the collective memory of the Cepu people. Third, the material culture of Arya Penangsang and the Duchy of Jipang.
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Barzdajn, Władysław, Wojciech Kowalkowski, and Robert Tomczak. "Comparing Scots pine regeneration established by sowing and planting at various times of year." Forest Research Papers 80, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/frp-2019-0019.
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AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the practical feasibility of two forest regeneration methods using Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L. To this end, comparative experiments were established in the Złotoryja and Legnica Forest Districts. The site in Złotoryja had been clear cut, while the experimental plot in Legnica was established at a location damaged by wind in 2009 and cleared from wind throws and wind-broken trees before the experiment. Four different dates for sowing and two for planting were chosen in order to investigate the potential forest regeneration with respect to time. Both experiments were established according to the same design: a complete random block design with five replication blocks. To each plot we applied approximately 53 g (1.2 kg/ha) of seeds and planted 230 seedlings (10 200 seedlings/ha). In 2017, the height of the pine trees was recorded and their increment in height was measured in 2016 as well as 2017. A preliminary analysis of results was conducted using ANOVA for multiple experiments in order to identify significant differences and to then combine variables to form homogeneous groups to which the Duncan multiple range test could be applied. For growth traits, the ANOVA showed significant differences between experimental sights as well as a significant interaction of factors with the experimental site. In terms of planting, April was the most advantageous resulting in the greatest tree height in both forest districts, while in the Legnica Forest District the saplings planted in April also showed the greatest annual increments. Among the sowing dates, the most advantageous was the winter sowing, while the April sowing date produced the least desirable results. In conclusion, both sowing and planting are effective methods to establish pine cultures in coniferous forest.Furthermore, both methods may be performed at the currently recommended spring date, but they may also be postponed to summer and winter dates provided favorable weather conditions prevail.
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Pytasz-Kołodziejczyk, Anna. "The aquatic resources of the royal lands in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in times of the last Jagiellonians (in view of legal norms)." Open Political Science 2, no. 1 (August 28, 2019): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/openps-2019-0005.
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AbstractIn the 13th and the 14th century, grand dukes had the exclusive right to dispose of aquatic resources of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and they kept it up to the 15th century despite the distribution of rights to royal aquatic resources which lasted since the reign of Vytautas. Aquatic resources of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania could be used not only by their heritable owners and lessees, but also by local people who were allowed to fish ducal lakes and rivers by virtue of the customary law.Since the second decade of the 16th century, grand dukes became more and more interested in the economic productivity of royal land of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and in particular in the exploitation of the aquatic resources. It was mainly caused by the increasing financial needs of the Lithuanian treasury connected with the Muscovite-Lithuanian wars and the economic activities of Queen Bona and Sigismund II Augustus. The monarchs signed legal regulations, which concerned their royal land in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. These regulations provided better management of the royal land and protected fish from excessive catch.
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Mrówczyńska, Maria, and Jacek Sztubecki. "Approximation of the process of changes in deformation of land surface using artificial neural networks." E3S Web of Conferences 55 (2018): 00009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185500009.
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Artificial neural networks are an interesting method for modelling phenomena, including spatial phenomena, which are difficult to describe with known mathematical models. The properties of neural networks enable their practical application for solving such problems as: approximation, interpolation, identification and classification of patterns, compression, prediction, etc. The article presents the use of multilayer feedforward artificial neural networks for describing the process of changes in land surface deformation in the area of the Legnica-Głogów Copper Mining Centre, located in the southern part of the Fore Sudetic Monocline. Results provided by geodesic monitoring, which consists of land surveying and interpreting data obtained in this way, are undoubtedly significant in terms of identifying the impact of mining on the land surface the results of measurements carried out by precise levelling in the years 19672014 were used to determine changes in land deformation in the Legnica-Głogów Copper Mining Centre. The concept of a flexible reference system was used to assess the stability of points in the measurement and control network stabilized in order to determine vertical displacements. However, the reference system itself was identified on the basis of the critical value of the increment of the square of the norm of corrections to the observations.
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Szymański, Jarosław. "The oldest gold mining law in Silesia." Studenckie Prace Prawnicze, Administratywistyczne i Ekonomiczne 35 (June 11, 2021): 333–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1733-5779.35.21.
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In Silesia, the beginnings of gold mining date back to the turn of the 12th and 13th centuries. The first attempt to legally regulate gold mining was the short mining act found in the municipal book of Lwówek Śląski, dated to the first half of the 13th century. In 1342 Dukes of Legnica, Wenceslaus I and Louis I, issued such a law for Złotoryja. These legal acts, particularly the one of Złotoryja, are the most important regulations regarding the medieval gold mining in Silesia. They relied on the local traditions and experiences; therefore, they feature no borrowings from the Czech or Saxon mining legislation. This can be explained with the “ancient” tradition of gold mining in the area of Złotoryja and Legnica, which allowed for development and establishment of native legal solutions. By ordering to write down such local rules, the dukes confirmed the individual mining traditions of their duchies, which was favourable from their perspective because the tradition pointed to exclusive right of the duke, without accounting for mining local governing bodies. This article presents the oldest legislation regulating gold mining in Silesia. It provides the Polish translation of the laws of Lwówek and Złotoryja, and discusses major rules in comparison to analogical legislation functioning in Bohemia.
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Pidhorbunskyi, Mykola. "The Spread of Lutherance in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Its Influence on the Education Development and Music Culture." Bulletin of Kyiv National University of Culture and Arts. Series in Musical Art 4, no. 2 (December 3, 2021): 248–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31866/2616-7581.4.2.2021.245808.
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The purpose of the article is to determine the influence of Lutheranism on education and musical culture in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The research methodology includes cultural and historical analysis, which made it possible to analyze and investigate the influence of Lutheranism on musical culture in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Source studies and music-theoretical methods were used during the search and analysis of church-singing collections. The biographical method of research was used to systematize information about the life and work of theologians, composers and theorists. The scientific novelty of the research is the thorough analysis of the Lutheranism influence on education, book publishing and musical art. The first church chanting collections have been identified, in which a gradual transition from monody to polyphony is traced. Conclusions. In the process of studying the influence of Lutheranism on education and musical culture in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, it was established that one of the main ways of introducing Protestant ideas was the education of gentry and bourgeois Ukrainian youth in Western European Lutheran universities. The competition between Orthodox, Catholic and Protestant schools that existed in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania contributed to the development of education in the country. In the 16th century, Vilno was a printing centre of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, where printers competed with each other, publishing books in different languages and with opposite religious positions. During this period, thanks to the Lithuanian Protestants, church chanting collections were published. The chants in the first collections combined the stylistic tendencies of Protestant chorales, Czech reformers, and the traditions of local craftsmen.
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Wojnicka-Janowska, Ewa. "Zróżnicowanie parametrów geotechnicznych gruntów spoistych południowo-zachodniej Polski." Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska 26, no. 3 (September 15, 2017): 298–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/pniks.2017.26.3.29.
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The basis for the design of engineering structure or its elements is knowledge of the subsoil, in particular its geotechnical parameters. The study is a regional analysis of the variability of geotechnical parameters of clay soil of south-western Poland, stratigraphically classified as Neogene formation. The publication uses the author’s own study complemented by archival research of clay soil samples from Legnica and Głogów. The test results were statistically analyzed and presented in tabular form.
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Padalinski, U. A. "The social biography of the Lublin Diet’s participant (1569): Peter Kisel and Cimafiej Hurka." Journal of the Belarusian State University. History, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2019-2-10-21.
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The article explores the biographies of Peter Kisel and Cimafiej Hurka, who represented the Viciebsk district at the Diet of 1569 and directly participated in the conclusion of the Union of Lublin. For a long time in historiography, attention was paid only to the most influential figures of this Diet. However, the simple, «unremarkable» representatives of the wide circles of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania’ nobility played their role in the negotiations on the union. Interests and ideas, conscious and values, and finally, the personal experience of these people directly determined their social and political position, and therefore, to one degree or another, the life of the entire state. The aim of research is to reflect the most important forms of social activity of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania’ petty and middle nobility in the second half of the 16th century on the example of two Viciebsk noblemen’s unique destinies. It shows the influence of the military and political events of the 1560s on political activities of Peter Kisel and Cimafiej Hurka. The Livonian War’s experience definitely influenced their position on the conclusion of the union between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish Kingdom in 1569. The author concludes that it was the cardinal transformations of the 1560s (state reforms, the establishment of the Commonwealth) that allowed them to actively participate in a public life of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It also enabled Kisel and Hurka noble families to take a firm place among the political elite of the Viciebsk district for a long time. It is emphasized that a detailed study of «unremarkable» noblemen’s biographies provides advanced research of the noble estate of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
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Janicki, Arkadiusz. "Otto Hermann von der Howen. Od kurlandzkiego patrioty do bezwzględnego poplecznika interesów rosyjskich w Księstwie Kurlandii i Semigalii." Studia Historica Gedanensia 12, no. 1 (2021): 210–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23916001hg.21.033.15093.
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[Otto Hermann von der Howen. From Courland Patriot to Merciless Henchman of Russian Interests in the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia] The article describes the evolution of political activities of Otto Hermann von der Howen (1740–1806). He was one of the most influential politicians in the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia in the last decades of the state’s existence. When beginning his political activity he followed values instilled in him by his father and acted in the well‑understood interests of the duchy. He opposed Russian influences in Courland. He was not afraid of taking risks or sacrificing himself for the causes of his homeland and paid for his uncompromising attitude with three years of imprisonment in a Russian citadel. After his release he once more began to participate in the political life of the duchy, yet he discarded the ideals of youth and made politics his source of income. Witnessing the increasing influences of the Russian Empire in Courland he became their greatest advocate and stood at the head of the “Russian party” in the country. He did not follow any moral principles anymore. Not only did he deprive the Duke of Courland of considerable amounts of money, without any scruples, but also denied him his authority in the state. Otto Hermann von der Howen decisively contributed to the unconditional and direct incorporation of the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia to the Russian Empire, after 234 years of its existence. He was hated by his contemporaries and considered an anti‑hero by later generations. The article is the first such comprehensive (although certainly non‑exhaustive) a presentation of political activities of Otto Hermann von der Howen in Polish historiography.
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Pytasz-Kołodziejczyk, Anna. "The evolution of the laws regulating access to forests and aquatic resources of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania until the mid-16th century." Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 11, no. 1 (October 25, 2020): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.5966.
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In the 13th and the 14th century, grand dukes had exclusive rights to the forests and aquatic resources of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. They maintained these rights in the 15th century despite the fact that the rights to royal forests and aquatic had been widely distributed since the reign of Vytautas. Beginning in the second decade of the 16th century, grand dukes became increasingly interested in the productivity of land belonging to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, in particular forests and aquatic resources. Their concern was largely motivated by the financial burden placed on the Lithuanian treasury in connection with the Muscovite- Lithuanian wars and the economic reforms implemented by Queen Bona and Sigismundus II Augustus. The monarchs passed laws regulating access to royal land in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. These regulations improved the management of royal land, protected forests against illegal logging and prevented excessive exploitation of water fauna (especially fish)
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Freza‑Olczyk, Mariola. "Stepmother and stepson: Duchess Matilda in the power struggle after the death of her husband Barnim I, the Duke of Pomerania." Studia z Dziejów Średniowiecza, no. 23 (December 17, 2019): 83–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/sds.2019.23.03.
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This essay presents the diplomatic relations between the Pomeranian Duke Bogusław IV and his stepmother, Duchess Matilda. Bogusław was the first son of Duke Barnim I and his second wife, Duchess Margaret of Mecklenburg. The first aim is to describe some general information relating to their personal life. Another crucial objective is to explore in greater detail the political situation in the Duchy of Pomerania towards the end of the 13th century and in the early 14th century. This is a complex problem because of the numerous conflicets between Duke Bogusław IV and the Margraviate of Brandenburg. His stepmother, Duchess Matilda, was a daughter of Margrave Otto III of Brandenburg. This fact had an immense influence on their diplomatic relations. In 1295, the Duchy of Pomerania was divided between Duke Bogusław IV and his half‑brother, Otto I. According to this agreement, Bogusław received Wolgast, and Otto Szczecin. The paper shows that in all likelihood Duchess Matilda contributed to this division of the duchy.
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Kozlovskaya, Natalia V. "Horodlo Union and the formation of the nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the assessment of contemporary historiography." Journal of the Belarusian State University. History, no. 2 (May 19, 2021): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2021-2-61-73.
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The article analyses achievements of contemporary historiography in the study of the role and significance of the Gorodel Union of 1413 in the formation of the gentry class of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The key subjects of scientific research of Polish, Lithuanian, Belarusian, Ukrainian and Russian historians are identified. It is emphasised that these subjects, as a rule, are not an independent historiographical problem and act as part of a broader research discussion about the causes and results of the Union of 1413 in the system of relations between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland. In conclusion, it is noted that despite the differences in the interpretation of a number of specific issues, researchers generally agree in the statement that the acts of the Gorodel Union and the heraldic adoption, both in their content and in their consequences, are one of the key stages in the process of forming the nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
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Rychel-Mantur, Dominika. "Tadeusz Matuszewicz – twórca czy grabarz Konfederacji Generalnej Królestwa Polskiego?" UR Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 19, no. 2 (2021): 22–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/johass.2021.2.2.
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The day before of Franco-Russian 1812 war, on June 28th the Seym of the Duchy of Warsaw established the General Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland, which restored the Kingdom of Poland. Tadeusz Matuszewicz, the Minister of Revenue and the Treasury, expressed the already famous words: “So Poland will arise. What am I saying? There is Poland now, or rather it has never ceased to be”, which caused patriotic euphoria and movement among the members in the Seym chamber. Members of the Confederation, which Napoleon understood as an armed uprising, having no powers, soon lost their enthusiasm, and their activity was actually publishing propaganda brochures. After defeat in Russia, Napoleon blamed the failure on his ambassador in the Duchy of Warsaw, Dominique de Pradt, who started to critise the government of the Duchy of Warsaw. This article presents the role of Tadeusz Matuszewicz in the establishment and final failure of the General Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland.
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Dvornichenko, A. Yu. "“Lithuania” and “Russia” in the Reflection of Travelogues: from Karpini to Herberstein." Nauchnyi dialog, no. 3 (March 27, 2021): 380–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2021-3-380-396.
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The so-called travelogues, that is, “notes” (“legends”) of foreigners about the Russian state, are considered. The main attention is paid to the representation in these literary works of the spatial representations of their authors in connection with the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (the Lithuanian-Russian state). The relevance of the study is due to the lack of demand for travelogues, despite the fact that they found themselves in the field of vision of large, sometimes famous historians. Another aspect of relevance is shown — the topicality of the study of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania itself and the travelogues, as such. The results of a comparative analysis of the spatial perception system of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by the authors of travelogues up to the famous “Notes” by Sigismund Herberstein are presented. In this regard, first of all, the idea of the relationship between “Lithuania”, “Russia” and “Muscovy” in the geographical space of Eastern Europe is analyzed. It is concluded that the spatial representations of those who traveled through these territories or wrote on the basis of available information changed over time, reflecting, albeit in a distorted form, the complex processes of socio-political and ethnic development that took place in Eastern Europe, where the so-called Kievan Rus’, there were new, young states: the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Russia, which actually grew up on the same ethnic basis.
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Barakhvostov, P. A. "Grand Duchy of Lithuania: institutional transplantation experience." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Humanitarian Series 65, no. 4 (November 5, 2020): 424–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/2524-2369-2020-65-4-424-431.
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This paper analyzes the evolution of the institutional matrix of the GDL and establishes two stages in it. The first (prefederative) is characterized by institutional diffusion, from the Kingdom of Poland in the first place, whereas the second is linked with the formation of the Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania. It is shown that, as the formed federation united societies with distinct types of dominating institutions, institutional transplantation occurred from the more economically developed country to the other. Such integration leads not only to positive implications but also to the mutation of the transplanted institutions (strengthening of serfdom during the transition to the more progressive folwark agriculture). Transfer of the Western European system of fideicommissum inheritance turned out to be an institutional pitfall since the indivisible manors – ordynacii – presented a case of a state within a state, with their owners relying on the redistributive institutions at the microlevel (within their estates) and pursuing the market institutions at the macrolevel (within the country as a whole) in order to cement their economic position.Peculiarities of the political sphere conditioned the transformation of the sociocultural subsystem of the GDL’s institutional matrix. Roman Catholicism expanded rapidly, undermining the religious tolerance that the Grand Duchy had hitherto been known for. The elements of subsidiary ideology, coming from Poland, were understood as giving exceptional rights only to the szlachta stratum; acquisition of the golden liberties was equated with conversion to Catholicism and the use of the Polish language.The consequences of these policies were the following: Polonization and mass conversion to Catholicism among the propertied classes; widespread resentment among the worseoff, morphing into popular uprisings in the XVII century; alignment of property, confession, and language groups in the society, which moved the social inequality issue into the ethnic dimension and contributed to interethnic strife in the lands of the former GDL in the centuries to come.The absence of efficient governmental management of institutional transplantation caused an institutional crisis, which, with the political elites being disunited, was the reason for the entire social system to disintegrate.
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Ciuciura, Theodore. "Provincial Politics in the Habsburg Empire: The Case of Galicia and Bukovina." Nationalities Papers 13, no. 2 (1985): 247–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905998508408024.
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The creation of an Austrian province, titled “The Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria” (“with the Grand Duchy of Cracow” added later) was the result of the first partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772. The addition of this territory to the already imposing number of Habsburg's realms was ostensibly based on the dubious claim of the Hungarian kings to sovereignty over the medieval Ruthenian (Ukrainian) realm of Galicia and Volhynia. Under the subsequent Polish rule, the southern part of this duchy was organized as thewojewództwo ruskie(Ruthenian [Ukrainian] Province), which was one of the several provinces in the so-calledZiemie Ruskie(Ruthenian Lands) of the Commonwealth, or rather of theKorona(Kingdom of Poland),vis-à-visthe Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Galicia as an Austrian creation included small parts of the adjacent Ruthenian provinces of Podilia (Podole), Volhynia and Belz, (i.e. Galicia proper), and in the west also the province of Cracow, with territorial enclaves, really medieval relics, such as the “Duchy of Oświȩcim [Auschwitz]” and “Duchy of Zator” (i.e. the non-historical “Western Galicia”). Under Austrian rule, Galicia became a common home for Ukrainians (officially called Ruthenians) in the eastern counties and Poles in the western counties. Many Poles lived in Galicia proper. The Polish or Latin-Polish culture deeply influenced the Ukrainian population. However, it stubbornly, though inarticulately, maintained a sense of ethnic community with the Ukrainians who lived under the Russian imperial rule. A prominent Polish historian (and for more than a decade President of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Cracow), Stanislaw Smolka, ascertains the “common features” of the “ethno-historical indivudiuality” known in Polish history as Ruś (Ruthenia) which had been “dormant through the centuries but never moribund [obumarla].” This Ruthenia “at the present attempts to find for herself a new distinguishing name and wants it to be ‘Ukraine'.” He also determines “the historical continuity” in the past of the old Ruthenia of Yaroslav and Monomakh and the “Ruthenian Lands” of the Commonwealth.
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BURBA, DOMININKAS, and ARNAUD PARENT. "ŠEIMYNINIS KONFLIKTAS XVIII AMŽIAUS VILNIUJE: BANDYMAS NUNUODYTI PROFESORIŲ ŽANĄ EMANUELĮ ŽILIBERĄ 1782 M. / ANALYSE D’UN DRAME FAMILIAL À VILNIUS AU XVIIIÈME SIÈCLE: LA TENTATIVE D’EMPOISONNEMENT DONT FUT VICTIME LE DR JEAN-EMMANUEL GILIBERT EN 1782." Lietuvos istorijos metraštis 2019/2 (November 19, 2019): 89–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.33918/25386549-201902004.
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ANNOTATION. The article analyses an episode in the life of Frenchman Jean-Emmanuel Gilibert, professor of natural sciences, who in the 18th century resided in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and lectured at the Principal School of Lithuania, namely – an attempt to poison him in 1782. Based on the court files and the personal correspondence between the Professor and his wife, details of the incident and the reaction of those involved are reproduced. KEYWORDS: Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vilnius, the Principal School of Lithuania, Jean Emmanuel Gilibert, poisoning, family conflicts, court files, inquiries, students.
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Крумаленко, М. В. "ПОЛІТИКА ДЕРЖАВИ ЩОДО ПРАВОСЛАВНОЇ ЦЕРКВИ У ВЕЛИКОМУ КНЯЗІВСТВІ ЛИТОВСЬКОМУ." Наукові праці Національного університету “Одеська юридична академія” 13 (May 14, 2019): 539–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32837/npnuola.v13i0.300.
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У статті розглядається проблема висвітлення правового становища руської православної церкви у Великому князівстві Литовському. Проаналізовані праці литовських, білоруських, українських, російських, польських вчених та дослідників інших країн, в яких піднімається проблематика правового становища руської православної церкви.
In the article the author examined the problem of legal position of Russian orthodox church in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The author analyzed the study of Lithuanian, Belorussian, Ukrainian, Russian, Polish scientists and researchers from other countries, dedicated to the problems of legal position of the Russian orthodox church in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
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Hopej, Malwina. "The essence of true HOMELAND. The ways of understanding the value of the HOMELAND by young Poles from Poland and Ukraine having Polish citizenship or formal adherence to the Polish nation." Review of Nationalities 7, no. 1 (December 1, 2017): 279–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pn-2017-0008.
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Abstract The article shows the conceptualization of concept Homeland – results of the survey conducted on a group of young Poles living in Lvov, Mościska (Mostyska), Wrocław and Legnica. The aim of this research is comparison of the understanding of Homeland by Poles living in different countries. The article consists of two parts: the first presents a description of the research method used by a team of linguists working under Prof. Jerzy Bartmiński’s leadership, which I used working on the second part, compiling the respondents’ answers.
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Jurgaitis, Robertas. "Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės egzuliantų integracijos problemos XVIII a.: Smolensko vaivadijos atvejis." XVIII amžiaus studijos T. 7: Giminė. Bendrija. Grupuotė, T. 7 (December 31, 2021): 293–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.33918/23516968-007013.
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PROBLEMS OF INTEGRATION OF EXILES IN THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY GRAND DUCHY OF LITHUANIA: THE CASE OF SMOLENSK VOIVODESHIP The exiles of Smolensk Voivodeship, who moved from Moscow territories occupied by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the late seventeenth century and established in currently ethnic part of Lithuania, in the eighteenth century were faced with the issues of socio-economic integration, relocation of institutions of self-government and preservation of their functionality. Although the Sejm of the Commonwealth of Both Nations through the Constitutions put considerable efforts to legitimize the disposition of property intended for the exiles, and ultimately recognize it as private property, this had to be done quite periodically (1699, 1703, 1717, 1775, and 1786). Similarly, the Sejm of the Commonwealth of Both Nations was forced to constantly remind about the need to ensure the activities of the institutions of self-government of the exiles in Smolensk Voivodeship, and to legitimize the changed locations of their activities (1667, 1736, 1764, 1768, and 1791). State possessions in the elderships of Vilnius and Trakai voivodeships and in the economies of Alytus and Grodno were distributed as socio-economic support to the exiles in Smolensk Voivodeship. According to the administrative territorial division of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, these possessions were concentrated in several powiats (counties), namely Grodno (Ožė and Perloja elderships), Kaunas (Alvitas or Paširvinčiai elderships) and Ukmergė (Obeliai and Utena elderships). However, in the second half of the eighteenth century, the exiles of Smolensk Voivodeship managed to acquire real estate in Vilnius, the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, especially after the abolition of the Jesuit order in 1773 when the property of the order was put on sale. In the period of 1667–1777, institutions of self-government of the exiles in Smolensk Voivodeship operated in Vilnius, the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and this Vilnius period provided them with additional opportunities, as it first increased the political significance of the Smolensk Voivodeship dietines (sejmiki). However, the political combinations of Antoni Tyzenhaus, the treasurer of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which reflected the position of the royal court, as well as economic and political interests, impacted the dietines of the exiles of Smolensk Voivodeship, which since 1777 moved to Alytus in the territory of Trakai Voivodeship (dietine of Smolensk Voivodeship) and Žiežmariai (dietine of Starodub powiat). The study revealed, that in the eight decade of the eighteenth century attempts were made to strengthen Alytus as the administrative centre of Alytus economy, and radical infrastructural transformations were implemented. Analysis of the description of the new buildings erected in Alytus in 1780–1783 and the map of Alytus economy in 1781 revealed, that the exiles in Smolensk Voivodeship were provided with modern public infrastructure, which contributed to more efficient activities of Smolensk land court, Chancellery and the dietine. Keywords: exiles, powiat courts, dietines, Smolensk Voivodeship, Starodub powiat, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the eighteenth century.
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Zaklukiewicz, Tomasz, and Piotr Briks. "Fourteenth general meeting and 55th Symposium of Polish Biblicists Legnica, 18-20.09.2017." Colloquia Theologica Ottoniana 1 (2018): 301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/cto.2018.1-15.
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Kowalski, Dawid, Magdalena Wróbel, and Justyna Rybak. "Ecotoxicological studies on the impact of copper smelter “Legnica” on living organisms." Inżynieria Ekologiczna 19, no. 3 (June 1, 2018): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12912/23920629/91029.
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Lavrov, Aleksandr. "A 1646 Case of “Ordeal by Water” of Individuals Accused of Witchcraft in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania." Russian History 40, no. 3-4 (2013): 508–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763316-04004014.
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This article analyzes a single withcraft case that was investigated in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. That case appears on the surface to have been typical of the majority of surviving trials. It was a rural trial that reflected the tensions and conflicts in peasant society and did not exhibit any features of learned demonology. Both the accused and accusers came from the same social status (the status was not even specified in the case), the exception being one of the defendants who was the wife of a minor official. The case is, nevertheless, unusual and idiosyncratic in terms of both the accusation against the defendants and the procedure employed to decide their fate. The suspected witches were charged with spoiling the harvest, a charge that was fairly rarely voiced in the witchcraft trials of the Grand Duchy, and were subjected to ordeal by water. In order to understand the logic behind the implementation of the ordeal, the essay draws upon materials from Westphalia and Ancient Rus’ in addition to those stemming solely from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
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Olbrycht, Paweł. "Immigrants in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and Its Public Security." Historia i Polityka, no. 36 (43) (June 1, 2021): 115–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/hip.2021.017.
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The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is one of the smallest European countries – both in terms of area and population. As in the case of the so-called European micro-states (with less than 500,000 inhabitants – Luxembourg alone has slightly more), it is characterized by a high economic level, especially the living standards of its inhabitants.
As the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s statistical data show (official OECD website), the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is the wealthiest Member State of the European Union in terms of average annual income per capita (gross domestic product per capita). Due to this fact, foreigners-immigrants continuously come to this country by seeking better living conditions there. It was, therefore, reasonable to explore how this high proportion of immigrants in Luxembourg’s society influences the public security of that country. Luxembourg has one of the highest economic immigration rates in Europe, the number of its citizens is continually growing, and yet the crime rates are among the lowest in the world.
The article aims to explore the impact of the presence of many immigrants in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg on public security of that country. The article focuses on the main threat to public safety, i.e., crime – in the analysed case: the crime committed by foreigners-immigrants.
The main research problem took the form of the question: To what extent does the presence of a significant number of immigrants affect the public safety of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg? The main hypothesis took the form of the assumption that the presence of large numbers of immigrants does not have a significant adverse effect on the public safety of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.
The adopted research method was the analysis of statistical data using the technique of content analysis (desk research). World Bank statistics were used as the primary source of information, while articles from scientific journals and reports from Luxembourg public administration bodies as supplementary sources.
To deepen the exploration and understanding of the migration conditions of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the article presents its history as well as economic and social characteristics.
The research was carried out as part of the Research Project No. 146/WNB/65/DzS called: “The Migration Policy of the Republic of Poland as an Indicator of Its Internal Security”, carried out at Faculty of Security Studies of General Tadeusz Kościuszko Military University of Land Forces (Wrocław, Poland).
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Jackson, Myles W. "Natural and Artificial Budgets: Accounting for Goethe's Economy of Nature." Science in Context 7, no. 3 (1994): 409–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889700001769.
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The ArgumentThis article explores the relationship between Goethe's administration of the duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach and his investigation of nature. The notion of the budget was crucial to both enterprises. In Goethe's morphological and mining works, nature's budgets were a heuristic tool by which one could elucidate natural processes. Goethe applied his epistemological approach of investigating nature to the realm of social order. Law, order, balance, and budget formed the basis of Goethe's financial reform of the duchy. He tried, unsuccessfully, to construct artificial budgets, which were intended to mirror natural budgets to guide his plans of reform.
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Godek, Sławomir. "Kilka uwag o książce Oskara Kaneckiego Sądy kapturowe Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego (1572–1764), Sopot: Wydawnictwo Arche Marek Tokarczyk, 2020, ss. 341." Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa 14, no. 3 (September 3, 2021): 369–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844131ks.21.027.14092.
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Some Remarks on Oskar Kanecki’s Book Sądy kapturowe Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego (1572–1764) [Interregnum courts of law in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1572–1764)], Sopot: Wydawnictwo Arche Marek Tokarczyk, 2020, pp. 341 Oskar Kanecki’s book considerably broadens the state of knowledge of the judiciary of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania during the interregnum periods (16th–18th century). The work deals with the genesis, organisation and process before these courts in an interesting and wide-ranging way. It seems that a drawback of the book is the incomplete use of the Statute of Lithuania and legislation.
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Sliesoriūnas, Gintautas. "LIETUVOS RESPUBLIKONŲ SUVAŽIAVIMAI VILNIUJE 1701 M.: BANDYMAI ĮTVIRTINTI ANTISAPIEGINIO JUDĖJIMO IŠKOVOTĄ VALDŽIĄ." Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė Visuomenė. Kasdienybės istorija, T. 4 (October 8, 2018): 246–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33918/10.33918/xviiiastudijos/t.4/a11.
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The article analyses two conventions of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania republicans, aristocracy and nobility that won the power in Lithuania at the end of 1700, which took place in Vilnius in 1701. First of the conventions in Vilnius took place 0n May 2–14, 1701. The second convention in Vilnius started meetings in same year, from July 23 through to August 12, 1701. The article discusses documents that were approved in these conventions, location of the gatherings and their significance in the sequence of republican conventions in 1698–1703. The analysis is focused on the influence of the conventions in establishing a new form of republican confederate governance in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, also assessing the international and military context of the conventions. The conventions of the republicans of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, having gathered for two meetings in Vilnius in 1701, were the most important political events in the life of Lithuanian state. In the course of these conventions the supreme Lithuanian state power of the time, the nature of which was quite special – close to confederate, decided on the most important issues, facing the new authority, established after the victory by the republicans against the Sapiehas, the aristocrats of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania who by the end of the seventeenth century had reached the status of hegemons. These conventions at the capital of Lithuania were extraordinary events that attracted key politicians of the time and some active nobility, which would not participate in great numbers but still were more actively than at other forums, such as inaugurations and sessions of the Lithuanian Tribunal. Republican conventions were initiated in 1698 and ended in 1703. Both 1701 conventions held their meetings in Vilnius alongside the Vilnius sessions of the Lithuanian Tribunal. First of the conventions took place at the eve of the Sejm of the Republic, and the second one soon after the Sejm, thus problems discussed in the conventions were closely related to the agenda of the Sejm of the Polish and Lithuanian state. Keywords: Grand Duchy of Lithuania, eighteenth century, Great Northern War, Lithuanian Civil War, the Sapiehas, August II, confederation, republicans, Vilnius.
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Ramonaitė, Monika. "The Career of the Doctor of Medicine and Philosophy Stefano Lorenzo Bisio in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania." Lithuanian Historical Studies 21, no. 1 (2017): 31–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25386565-02101003.
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The doctor of medicine and philosophy Stefano Lorenzo Bisio (1724–1800?) worked in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania between 1762/3 and 1787. During this quarter of a century, he earned renown as a private physician to magnates, an innovator in the science of medicine, and as one of the founders of academic medicine in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Regardless of this, only one of the last stages of Bisio’s career has received much attention in historiography so far, his becoming the first head of the College of Medicine, established at Vilnius University in 1781. In this article, I seek to give as comprehensive as possible a presentation of Bisio’s entire career in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, discussing thoroughly his academic activities and achievements. Through these achievements, I hope to show that he was one of the first to apply West European anatomical, pathological and clinical medical knowledge from the Age of Enlightenment, which itself was undergoing qualitative breakthroughs, in the GDL. In the article, I also correct and present new biographical facts about S.L. Bisio, his birth and death dates, work and education placesfamily, and work relations.
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Grabowska, Katarzyna. "Przekształcenia w obrębie systemu imiesłowów czynnych w języku starobiałoruskim na przykładzie wybranych latopisów białorusko-litewskich." Studia Wschodniosłowiańskie 20 (2020): 207–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/sw.2020.20.15.
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This article focuses on 16th-century written monuments of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, representing the first and second Belarusian-Lithuanian redactions. Their common part – the Chronicle of Grand Dukes of Lithuania – was created in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The article analyses the changes occurring in the system of Old Belarusian active participles and compares them with all-Ruthenian state. The analysis has shown that in the participle system, on the one hand, some forms, such as inflectional forms of complex declension of active participles, tended to decline. On the other hand, a new morphological category was emerging, namely, undeclinable adverbial present and past participle.
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Monkiewicz, Jerzy, Katarzyna A. Rogowska, Anna Mielnikiewicz, and Andrzej Grosicki. "Correlation Between the Concentration of Lead in the Blood of Dogs and People Living in the Same Environmental Conditions." Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 58, no. 3 (October 1, 2014): 473–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bvip-2014-0072.
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Abstract The studies, conducted between 2010 and 2012, involved 102 dogs and 505 people from Lower Silesia (LS), 104 dogs and 578 people from the Legnica - Głogów Copper Mining Region (LGCMR), and 101 dogs and 897 people from the Upper Silesian Industrial Region (USIR). A significant positive correlation between blood lead concentration (BLC) in dogs and people living in the same environment was found. Moreover, the data revealed an increase in BLC in dogs and people with the progressive aging of the body. The highest average BLC in dogs and humans were reported in the LGCMR followed by USIR and LS.
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Popiołek, Edward, Zdzisław Kłeczek, Zygmunt Niedojadło, Ryszard Hejmanowski, Wojciech Skobliński, Paweł Sopata, Tomasz Stoch, and Artur Wójcik. "An Analysis Of The Interaction During Simultaneous Use Of Copper Ore And Salt Deposits In The LGOM Mines With Regard To Displacement And Deformation Of Rock Mass." Archives of Mining Sciences 60, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 535–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amsc-2015-0035.
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Abstract Excavation of the two bedded deposits of mineral resources in a small vertical distance may cause additional increased mining risks (rock mass deformation, rock bursts and mining tremors, threat to land surface). This paper considers the impact of excavation of the copper ore deposit on the bed of rock salt located above it and the opposite, in terms of displacements and deformations. We used the theoretical models of processes verified by previous in situ observations in the mines of the Legnica-Głogów Copper Mining District. We analysed the potential for reducing the risks, among others, through coordination of mining works.
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Żelichowski, Ryszard. "Poles and Finns under Russian rule." Studia z Geografii Politycznej i Historycznej 8 (December 30, 2019): 47–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2300-0562.08.03.
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An attempt to compare Russian Tsar Alexander I was the head of the Grand Duchy of Finland, which the Russian army captured in 1809 as a result of the Russo-Swedish war. The final act of the Congress of Vienna of June 1815 decided to establish the Kingdom of Poland. Beside the title of Grand Duke of Finland tsar, Alexander I was awarded the title of the King of Poland. From that moment on, for over one hundred years, the fate of the Grand Duchy of Finland and the Kingdom of Poland was intertwined during the rule of five Russian tsars.
The aim of this paper is to answer the question whether two different ways on the road to independence – romantic Polish way with national uprisings, and pragmatic Finnish, relative loyal to the Russian tsars – had an impact on their policy towards both nations. The Kingdom of Poland and the Duchy of Finland were autonomous, were in a personal union with Russian tsars, had their own constitutions, parliaments, armies, monetary systems and educational structures, and official activities were held in Polish (Polish Kingdom) and Swedish (in the Grand Duchy of Finland). Both countries also had their own universities.
The first national uprising in the Kingdom of Poland, which broke out in November 1830, resulted in a wave of repression. The Constitution was replaced by the so-called The Organic Statute, the Sejm (the Parliament) and the independent army were liquidated. The Kingdom was occupied by the mighty Russian army, and in 1833 martial law was introduced. The second national uprising of January 1863 led to another wave of repression and intensive Russification of Polish territories. In 1867, the autonomy of the Kingdom of Poland, its name and budget were abolished. From 1872 the Polish language was only an optional choice. After 1863, the policy of the Russian authorities changed towards the Grand Duchy.
A session of the Finnish parliament (Eduskunta) was convened for the first time since 1809, the new parliamentary law allowed the dissemination of the Finnish language. After the deadly assault on Alexander II in 1881, his son Alexander III made attempts to limit also Finland’s autonomy. The years 1899–1904 were called the first period of Russification in Finland (“the first period of oppression”). The Manifesto of June 1900 introduced obligatory Russian language in correspondence of officials with Russia. In 1901, the national Finnish army was liquidated. In Russia this was the beginning of the process of the empire’s unification into one cultural, political and economic system. After a short thaw as a result of the 1905 revolution in Russia, the Grand Duchy of Finland, the so-called “second period of oppression” and anti-Finnish politics took place. During the great war of 1914–1918, the Grand Duchy was on the side of Russia. The territories of the former Kingdom of Poland were under German rule since 1915. After the outbreak of the revolution in Russia, the Eduskunta (on 6 December 1917) passed a Declaration of Independence. After a short period of regency, on 19 July 1919, the Finns adopted the republican system with a parliamentary form of government.
On 11 November 1918 Germany surrendered on the Western Front. On that day, the Regency Council in Warsaw handed over military authority to the Polish Legion commander Józef Piłsudski. Although Poland still had to fight for the final shape of the state, the 11th of November 1918 is considered the first day of recovered Polish independence.