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Rounsefell, Vanda Barbara. "From egocity to ecocity : an ecological, complex systems approach to humans and their settlements." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phr8595.pdf.
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Farmar-Bowers, Q. "Making sustainable development ideas operational /." Connect to thesis, 2004. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00001440.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Melbourne, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering and School of Anthropology, Geography and Environmental Studies, 2005.Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 223-241).
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Hicks, Ashley A. "Community Capacity for Positive Human Development: The Role of Social Service Agencies." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306516714.
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Ram, Justine. "Distribution and sustainable development in a natural resource-based economy." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/469/.
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There is still some ambiguity about what is sustainable development. From an economic point of view it involves maintaining a stock of assets for posterity that is equal to or greater than the stock of assets of the current generation. This is the basis of the capital approach to sustainable development. To measure how sustainable an economy is, based on the capital basis of sustainable development, multilateral institutions such as the World Bank use wealth accounting combined with the genuine savings approach to measure how well economies are saving for the future, net of current asset depreciation. These measures are useful for telling policy makers how their policies are contributing to sustainability and whether their economies are on a sustainable development path. Although these measures tell which assets are being depleted and the level of savings required, they do not tell why inadequate savings or inadequate investments might be occurring and how these assets are distributed among income groups within the economy. These measures are also not linked explicitly with the development prospects of the country and the needs of the current generation. This thesis attempts to assess if distributional outcomes affect how much countries save and therefore whether this has any impact on sustainability. To examine the impact of distribution on sustainability, a case study of Trinidad and Tobago (T&T) is conducted. T&T has had a negative genuine savings rate for most of the last two decades, primarily due to the excessive exploitation of its natural resources (oil and natural gas) without sufficient savings or reinvestment of the revenues from these resources. Has the distribution of these resource rents had any impact on saving outcomes? An attempt is made to answer these questions by assessing how government expenditure is distributed and who benefits most from the exploitation of the natural resources. The analyses contained within the thesis show that expenditure on energy subsidies, the distribution of human capital and the overall distributions of rents are all regressively distributed.
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White, Peter. "A phenomenological exploration of ecological consciousness development." View thesis, 2009. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/43551.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Western Sydney, 2009.A thesis presented to the University of Western Sydney, College of Arts, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Includes bibliographies.
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Manternach, Dean P. "The contributions of Catholic social teaching toward a global ethic of sustainable development, 1978-1992." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1993. http://www.tren.com.
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Gari, Josep A. "The political ecology of biodiversity : biodiversity conservation and rural development at the indigenous and peasant grassroots." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365588.
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Lam, Wai-ching. "The level of economic development in China." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25017949.
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Flores, Panizo Maria Luisa. "Ecological footprint analysis for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25438876.
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Bradley, Hannah R. "Implications of Land Development on Nomadic Pastoralism: Ecological Relaxation and Biosocial Diversity in Human Populations." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/68.
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Nomadic pastoralism is an ancient subsistence strategy, historically balanced and in continuity with sedentary societies. Sedentarization of nomads occurs normally because of ecological disasters, economic opportunities, urbanization, and government policy. In this paper, I examine the effect of changing land use patterns on nomadic pastoral populations in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, using biogeographic methodology to further explore the contemporary relationship between humans and their environments. Nomadic population information gleaned from diverse ethnographic studies, and GIS data on anthropogenic biome distributions, were used to calculate changes in nomadic population, area of developed land, and nomadic/sedentary population density over the last century in seven countries. There was a significant decrease in the proportion of national populations practicing nomadic pastoralism (paired t-test, p=0.0038, n=7), but no significant overall change in total nomadic populations (paired t-test, p=0.41, n=7); nomadic population decreased in all countries but Sudan and Somalia. There was also no significant change in undeveloped land available for nomadic pastoralism (mean change -12.5%, S.D. ±15.8, paired t-test p=0.07, n=7), though the area of land available for nomadic pastoralism decreased in most countries. There was a negative linear correlation between land development and nomadic population when Somalia and Sudan were omitted (r2=0.84). Nomadic population density decreased in most countries, but increased in Somalia and Sudan. Some nomadic populations may be experiencing an extinction debt effect, where habitat loss combines with increased population density (Somalia, Sudan), but in most others where the population seemed to decrease more rapidly than would be expected due to habitat loss (Saudi Arabia, Mauritania, Iraq, and Afghanistan). The variable relationship between density and habitat loss implies that social factors often overshadow the ecological: though there is a correlation between habitat loss and nomadic population decline, causation is unclear. Despite the limitations of this study, nomadic populations do seem to have a natural balance with their cultural and biological environments that is disrupted by changes in social dynamics with sedentary populations and their subsequent environmental impacts. The loss of cultural diversity inherent in this disruption may decrease the flexibility and adaptability of the overall biosocial human ecosystem.
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Pugh, Rhiannon. "Regional innovation policy and economic development : the case of Wales." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2014. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/65852/.
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This thesis presents a case study of Welsh innovation policy from the period of political devolution (1999) to the present day (2014), exploring the role of regional government as a driver of innovation and economic development. It proposes a multi-theoretical framework to be employed in the study of real world innovation interventions, to illicit nuanced insights into the Wales case study, and also to test the applicability of key regional innovation theories in a weaker region context. The four regional innovation theories identified as the most prominent in both academic literature and policy, and incorporated into the conceptual framework of this study are: systems of innovation, clusters, the learning region, and the triple helix. The case study presented consists of a systematic review of Welsh innovation and related policy since devolution and in-depth interviews with key stakeholders in the Welsh innovation system. The Welsh approach to innovation is found to have evolved in three distinct phases, whereby innovation is prioritised differently relative to other policy spheres, and the dominant approach to innovation varies over time. Innovation interventions have met with varying levels of success, and, interestingly, the most prominent approaches have been, on the whole, less successful in Wales. This thesis argues that no one theory is ideally suited to the analysis and development of innovation policy in weaker regions; instead it draws on the strengths of the four key theories identified. It argues against a “one-size-fits-all” approach to innovation policy, premised on exporting models from exceptional leading regions in a manner that is geographically, historically, and culturally blind. It supports a move away from normative approaches to the study and practice of innovation policy, instead drawing on the different theoretical elements that are particularly relevant to the case in question.
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James, Marie-Eva. "The practice of local partnership in rural development : the cases of Newent (UK) and Sault (France)." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2001. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/3020/.
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This research is concerned with the practice of local partnerships in the promotion of rural development with particular reference to two case study areas, Newent in the UK and Sault in France. In recent years, local partnership working has become increasingly common in the promotion of rural development. It is presented by academics, politicians, policy makers and practitioners as 'inherent' and 'imperative' to the preparation and implementation of rural development programmes today. However, there still exists limited understanding and knowledge about local partnership working in practice and the validity and importance of such statements. To advance this understanding the present research had four main objectives organised around the identification and the exploration of four main issues: the reasons, the processes, the outcomes and the implications of the local partnership practice in rural development. The author has sought to elucidate the subject by means of a detailed exploratory study involving the longitudinal observation of two particular examples of local partnerships. Two case study areas were selected, both with an active history of rural development initiatives and partnership working at parish or commune level. Newent is a small town in the Forest of Dean, which has sought to address growing socio-economic decline in recent years by preparing and implementing a regeneration strategy through local partnership working. Sault is a village in Provence, which has had to respond to depopulation and various economic difficulties as well as the closure in 1996-98 of the military base of Albion. Qualitative data on local partnership evolution and operation, collected in both areas between 1998 and 2001, was assembled from documentary research, semi structured interviews and direct observation at meetings. This investigation has allowed the identification of various explanations for the recent increase in the practice of local partnership in rural development, explanations which are mainly associated with the underlying context of the rural development process today and with the meaning of the partnership concept itself. From this investigation local partnership working in rural development has emerged as a long-term, progressive, comprehensive and pragmatic process that is organised over time. Its existence and longevity depend primarily on the local context, the existence of opportunities, the issues to be addressed, a broad mobilisation of local/rural actors, a flexible local space, some local re-organisation as well as regular and concrete achievements. In this respect, the most commonly reported outcomes of local partnership working pertain to the process of partnership working more than to the tangible outputs that may have resulted from it. These meet the initial expected benefits from such a practice as for example broader participation, greater reciprocity between rural development actors and territories, and an increase in local capacity for development action.
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Lindquist, Michael. "Collaborating sustainable development in cross-cultural environments /." Title page, table of contents and introduction only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envl747.pdf.
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Buckley, Carina A. "A matter of evolutionary life and death : an ecological model of growth and development in Homo erectus." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2005. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/192759/.
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This thesis investigates the evolutionary ecology of Homo erectus, focussing on the differential impact of the environment on the species' life history strategy. Departing from previous studies in taking an integrated approach, it examines the related factors of age-specific mortality, encephalisation, and the rate and energetic burden of growth, in order to identify the mechanism by which H. erectus adapted to a diverse range of climates and environments, and how thoroughly that adaptation was achieved. An exploration of the environmental tolerance of H erectus is framed within a model that shows regions that comprised the core of the species, where tolerance is highest and conditions are optimum for growth and reproduction, and periphery regions which fall towards the extremes of tolerance and have repercussive effects on encephalisation, juvenile mortality and growth. Life history traits should vary accordingly, allowing the development of a model for the relationship between environmental variation and the differential evolution of H. erectus. The work is organised thematically. Having provided an overview of evolutionary ecology and introduced the concept of paleo-demes as a means of organising, grouping and understanding the fossils of H. erectus, I address the shortcomings of the r-K dichotomy with a study of age-specific mortality. This work is then applied to patterns of encephalisation, and the energetic implications bf increasing brain size are addressed. A comparative study of two modern human populations supports the prediction that stability of environment translates into stability of growth, and these findings are applied to H. erectus. I demonstrate that H erectus exhibited a long-term trend of an increasing cranial capacity, but that this was not uniform across the species and had varying success, with subsequent energetic stress in the young resulting in high juvenile mortality in some areas. I conclude that the model of core and periphery relates to the latitude of the environment, and that H. erectus was an adaptable and flexible species with a number of strategies available to maximise survival in a range of environmental conditions.
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De, Robles Robert, and Ha-won Jhung. "The Holistic Value-Added Approach to Sustainable Development: : A strategy to reduce the friction between human-ecology and economics." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-125041.
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McCurdy, Jason D. "The effects of human development on avian diversity along an urban-rural gradient in Iowa City, Iowa." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2016. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2119.
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The human population is rapidly urbanizing. While this will undoubtedly present challenges for humans it will also place pressure on birds in these areas. To better manage these spaces in a manner that promotes avian biodiversity, we must first come to understand how human development affects the distribution and abundance of bird species and guilds within cities and if patterns observed previously in large cities can be extended to smaller ones.
Breeding birds were surveyed along a gradient of increasing urbanization in Iowa City, Iowa, during the summers of 2014 and 2015. Study areas included a forested park, recreational park, low density residential area, medium density residential area, high density/mixed-use area, and urban core. Birds were censused a total of four times at each site using variable circular plot counts. Landscape characteristics were measured using a high resolution land cover dataset and tree canopy model. Regression models were developed to investigate relationships between the bird community and land cover characteristics.
Bird species richness, diversity, and evenness all decreased with increasing urbanization, while biomass and the number of individuals peaked in the urban core. The community shifted from non-native, resident, granivorous, multi-brooding building nesters in highly developed areas to native, migrant, invertivorous, single-brooding, tree and tree cavity nesters at the least developed sites. Regression models indicated varied relationships among landscape characteristics and species richness and community prevalence of functional guilds. Native, migratory, invertivorous, tree cavity-nesting, and single-brooding species showed negative relationships to variables measuring the built environment, while non-native, resident, granivorous, building nesting, and multi-brooding species showed positive relationships to these measures.
Overall, the response of avian functional guilds to varying levels of urban intensity in Iowa City were remarkably similar to the results of previous studies. This suggests that much of what has been learned previously concerning avian responses to human development can be extended to planning and implementing conservation strategies in smaller cities.
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Butler, Colin David. "Inequality and sustainability." View thesis entry in Australian Digital Theses Program, 2002. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20030324.171924/index.html.
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Matsubayashi, Jun. "Spatio-temporal changes of salmon consumption by brown bears: An example of human-induced alterations in marine-terrestrial linkage." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/199137.
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Al, Darmaki Ibrahim Abdul Rahman. "Globalisation and urban development : a case study of Dubai's Jumeirah Palm Island mega project." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2008. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/67552/.
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Mega projects have become an important new development strategy in globalizing cities, and a new or emerging form of development in economic, technological, social and political life, influenced by global flows of capital. Despite being acknowledged as an important factor in globalizing economies, the role of mega projects has failed to receive appropriate research attention in terms of analysis of the various advantages and disadvantages that they carry. This research seeks to achieve a better understanding of the nature of urban development, and its implications for Dubai. The research involves an assessment of whether urban mega projects actually develop as a result of globalisation processes and draws conclusions on conflicting discussions about economic growth and social change. The research aims to establish Dubai’s attitudes towards urban mega projects and globalisation, focusing on the ways the phenomenon is conceptualized, and on understanding the impacts of the new urban paradigm, with particular reference to the Jumeirah Palm Island mega project. The research sets out to examine three key issues; firstly what are the effects of global economic factors and foreign direct investment, and how have economic factors have become a catalyst for development? Secondly, the thesis considers the technological and architectural features of large-scale development. Thirdly, it focuses on new social trends and the extent of public participation, and analyses the political dimensions of globalisation. The research reveals that whilst there are some similarities with other mega projects around the world, the Jumeirah Palm Island mega project is the product of a unique development policy. There are many global elements in the Palm Island development but there is also a significant regional dimension, as in many of the underpinning capital flows. It is argued that the adoption of a mega projects policy may have had negative consequences on the indigenous population of Dubai, which has become a minority 12% of the total population.
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Hägglund, Solveig. "Sex-typing and development in an ecological perspective." Göteborg, Sweden : Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis, 1986. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/14586360.html.
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Noetzel, Lacy D. "Creation care and holistic mission Christian responsibility for the care of water resources /." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2003. http://www.tren.com.
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Mfune, Orleans. "From fortresses to sustainable development : the changing face of environmental conservation in Africa, the case of Zambia." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3082/.
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Environmental conservation in many parts of Africa has for a long time been a centralized matter in which resource management was dominated by the application of the fortress conservation model which posits a sharp divide between people’s livelihoods and conservation. This highly centralised approach confined environmental decision making to bureaucratic circles and excluded local actors who live within or around conservation areas from participating in the resource governance process. In addition, environmental conservation was concentrated in areas designated as protected areas while human dominated landscapes were assumed to be of marginal ecological value. Over the past three decades, however, the rise of sustainable development as a new construct for environment and resource management has seen the emergence of new conservation strategies that challenge the dominance of the fortress conservation model. In Zambia, in contrast to the exclusionary discourse associated with fortress conservation, the embracing of policies derived from the sustainable development discourse has resulted in the adoption of new conservation strategies that emphasise local actors’ participation in resource management and extend conservation policy and practice to agricultural environments. In this regard, this thesis examines the changing nature of environmental conservation in Africa, using the case of Zambia. In particular, the research questions the way in which the new strategies are being contextualized and translated into practice at the local level. It examines the extent to which the new strategies represent the realities and interests of local actors who interact with environmental resources on a day-to-day basis. Drawing on political ecology and livelihoods’ perspectives, the research uses two local level studies from Chongwe district of Zambia to examine this shift in the direction of natural resource policy and practice. By combining insights from political ecology and livelihoods thinking, it links a critical review of conservation discourse and policy with field level studies and thus provides an enhanced understanding of processes of society-environment interactions. While the findings show a definitive shift in policy rhetoric from fortress conservation to sustainable development, the translation of sustainable development initiatives into practice is fraught with both conceptual and practical difficulties, such that the initiatives are far from representing the realities and interests of local actors.
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Hjert, Carl-Johan. "People vs. Wildlife : Buffer zones to integrate wildlife conservation and development?" Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Life Sciences, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-728.
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Tanzania is famous for it’s beautiful nature and rich wildlife. Proud of it’s natural heritage, Tanzania has dedicated over 20% of it’s territory as protected areas to shield the wildlife from human interference. But the wildlife is regarded as a menace by the local communities that lives close to the impressive national parks. At the same time, the increasing human population threatens the survival of the large migratory species in the parks by blocking vital dispersal areas.
This essay describes the human/wildlife conflict around Tarangire National Park and focuses on communities close to park borders. The intention is to examine if a buffer zone could solve the conflict in this area. By studying the political ecology of wildlife conservation in Tanzania, from local to global scale and through a historical perspective, it is concluded that the poor state-society relation as experienced in local communities is a crucial factor for the diminishing wildlife.
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Lam, Wai-ching, and 林惠展. "The level of economic development in China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3195358X.
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Al-Busaidi, Mohammed. "The struggle between nature and development : linking local knowledge with sustainable natural resources management in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar Region, Oman." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3906/.
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Increasing awareness about the necessity for natural resources protection represents worldwide recognition of its importance as an important tool in mainstream development. This growing recognition is accompanied by a growing awareness about the importance of activating natural resource management systems to achieve greater sustainability. At present, experiences and studies in this field show the need for the participation of all stakeholders in the processes of decision making in natural resource management. There is also a need to initiate natural resource governance that ensures effective management to benefit sustainable development, the later representing a key foundation for environmental and natural resources management. Moreover, investigations of the prospects of applying traditional knowledge systems and their integration with Western scientific knowledge produces numerous calls to revisit this knowledge where it has proven useful in environmental and natural resources management, both in theory and practice. In this spirit, this thesis investigates the effectiveness of the natural resources management system in Oman using Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar Region (AAR) as a case study, and linking this management system with the local people’s practices, which rely on their traditional environmental knowledge. Based on theories and concepts of natural resource management and sustainability, multiple research methods were used to explore the strengths and weaknesses in the system of natural resources management in the region, to analyze the advantages of traditional practices and knowledge systems, and thus, to deepen the understanding of the continuous struggle between nature and development. Results indicated that although Oman is rich in environmental policies, represented by laws and legislation that theoretically govern protection of the environment, the transformation of these policies into practice is troubled by practical obstacles. On the natural side, there are volatile climatic conditions, and on the human side, there is inefficiency of planning and a lack of means and tools to implement sustainable natural resources management programmes. Both obstacles expose environmental sustainability to uncertainty. However, as this research points out, traditional environmental knowledge and management practices systems used by local people in the AAR are characterized by useful interpretations of environmental dynamics to guide the direction of resource utilisation and management, and to address any uncertainty on the course toward sustainability.
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Harper, Sally Anne. "Towards the development of a "green" worldview, and criteria to assess the "green-ness" of a text Namibia Vision 2030 as example /." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05312009-012155.
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Woodcock, Lowell. "Islands of inequality : the environmental history of Tobago and the crisis of development and globalisation in the Caribbean 1763–2007." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2010. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/2349/.
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This thesis explores the origins and logic of the interplay between landscape and public policy in the Caribbean island of Tobago. Tobago is the location of the world's oldest protected tropical forest, established in 1763. This was the first but by no means the last occasion when particular policies have been formulated to regulate the relationship between land, commerce and people in Tobago. The thesis traces the emergence of particular ethics of land use and property in the Tobago from 1763 up to the present day and their interplay within the logic of policy. The central research aim was to analyse the disjuncture between the intention of government development plans in Tobago, and the actual outcome of those plans for the people and landscape. This was approached both by ethnographic field study, and by archival and oral historical work that could discern the historical development of the language of modern policy. The project involved the writing of an environmental history of Tobago and an ethnographic account of debates and trends in contemporary environment and development policy in Tobago. The fieldwork revealed many gaps in the existing literature with respect to Caribbean environmentalism and the history of Caribbean landscapes. The detailed archival research, coupled with a revised theoretical frame that it supports, should reframe and improve modern debates concerning environment and tourism. Drawing together the findings of the thesis research is intended to help form a new understanding of the origins of contemporary Caribbean policy processes, the beliefs from which they derive, the debates they generate and their interaction with the physical environment.
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Patalano, Samuel Joseph. "The development and construction of a model environmental study area." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1993. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/827.
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Lui, Gabriel Henrique. "Ocupação humana e transformação da paisagem na Amazônia brasileira." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-25112008-102846/.
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Poucos ambientes terrestres deixaram de sofrer algum nível de interferência humana. As populações pré-históricas tiveram um papel importante na formação de determinadas paisagens e, como conseqüência, suas ações contribuíram para as características das paisagens atuais. Na Amazônia, tais transformações antropogênicas são inferidas por indícios de: (1) queimadas; (2) assentamentos; (3) ilhas de florestas manejadas; (4) diques em formatos geométricos; (5) terra preta; (6) campos elevados; (7) redes de transporte e comunicação; (8) estruturas para manejo da água e da pesca; entre outros. A partir da colonização européia no século XVI, a ocupação humana na região começou a receber novas influências. As relações com os recursos naturais estabelecidas pelas populações pré-colombianas foram muito pouco consideradas. A introdução de novas ferramentas e o choque cultural provocado pelos colonizadores alterou o nível de mobilização da energia do meio para as atividades produtivas humanas, ocasionando mudanças nos modos de vida das populações. A partir de meados do século XX, a implantação dos programas institucionais de colonização deu origem a uma nova motivação para a transformação das paisagens, pela qual a extração dos produtos florestais passou a ser uma atividade secundária, para dar lugar a uma lógica de supressão da floresta para introdução de novos elementos, que seriam produzidos para atender a um contexto externo. Além disso, o espaço passou a ser delimitado em propriedades privadas, que só seriam reconhecidas em função da supressão da floresta para dar início às atividades produtivas. Dessa forma, houve um crescimento exponencial na escala espaço-temporal das transformações das paisagens. Por meio da complementação e do confronto das perspectivas evolutivas, históricas e sociais, o presente trabalho se propôs a caracterizar as diferentes dinâmicas de ocupação nas paisagens amazônicas. O período estudado abrange desde a chegada do ser humano até os dias de hoje, buscando entender como o desenvolvimento da organização social e das tecnologias foi capaz de modificar as paisagens no passado e como o faz atualmente. Os dados foram analisados em função de um seqüenciamento temporal. Três dinâmicas de ocupação distintas foram caracterizadas e nomeadas em função dos diferentes níveis de transformação da paisagem, ao longo dos contextos históricos do período de estudo: Dinâmica da Diversificação (9000 a.C. e 1600 d.C.); Dinâmica da Simplificação (1600 d.C. e 1960 d.C.) e Dinâmica da Supressão (a partir de 1960 d.C.). Como uma das conclusões, assumiu-se que o conceito de paisagem depende da existência de dois elementos: natureza e humanidade. Enquanto esses dois elementos coexistirem, a paisagem sempre estará presente, independente de suas qualidades. Dessa forma, nos 11000 anos de convivência entre a humanidade e a floresta amazônica, não foi a sustentabilidade da paisagem que foi ameaçada e sim a sustentabilidade das próprias sociedades que dependem dela. Esse complexo cenário ecológico, social e econômico ao qual a Amazônia está atualmente submetida, tem como principal característica a presença de 85% das áreas ainda em bom estado de conservação. Tal proporção confere ao Brasil a responsabilidade de desenvolver novas técnicas de gestão ambiental que considerem as especificidades regionais, combinando o desenvolvimento econômico do país com a conservação da mais importante floresta tropical do mundo.In this planet, very few environments are free from anthropogenic disturb. The prehistoric populations used to play significant roles for the formation of some kind of landscapes; the consequences of their actions contributed to the present landscape characteristics. At the Amazon, these transformations are inferred from anthropogenic vestiges, such as: (1) burned areas in the forest; (2) human settlements; (3) managed forest islands; (4) geometrical ditches; (5) dark soils; (6) raised fields; (7) transportation and communication networks; (8) water and fish management structures; among others. The established ways of natural resources uses by pre- Columbian population were looked to down since European colonization in the sixteenth century. The introduction of new tools and cultural shock given by European settlers changed the level of energy necessary to human productive activities, changing the population ways of life. From the middle of the twentieth century, the diffusion of institutional settlement programs led to new motivations for landscape transformation, through which the extraction of forest products has become secondary activity, and give rise to a logic of forest suppression and introduction of new production lines to external context. Furthermore, the land was delimited as private properties, which would only be recognized after forest removal in order to start productive activities. Therefore, there was an exponential growth in space-time scale of landscape transformations. Through complementation and interface among evolutionary, historical and social perspectives, this work has proposed to characterize the different settlement dynamics in the Amazon landscapes, since the arrival of human beings up to now, in order to understand how the development of social organization and technologies was able to change the landscapes in the past, and how they do it today. The data were analyzed as a temporal sequencing. Three distinct settlement dynamics were characterized and nominated considering different levels of landscape transformation, along the historical contexts of the studied periods in this work: (1) Dynamic of Diversification (9000 BC to 1600 AD); (2) Dynamic of Simplification (1600 AD to 1960 AD); and (3) Dynamic of Suppression (from 1960 AD on). A conclusion was assumed that landscape concept depends on the existence of two elements: nature and mankind. While these two elements coexist, the landscape will always be present, despite their characteristics. Thus, in 11000 years of coexistence between mankind and Amazon forest it was not threatened the landscape sustainability, but the sustainability of the societies themselves. This complex ecological, social and economical situation which Amazon is currently undergoing has as main characteristic the presence of 85% of this area in good conservation conditions. Such ratio gives to Brazil the responsibility to develop new environmental management techniques that consider the regional specificities, matching sustained economic development of the nation and conservation of the most important tropical forest of the world.
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Vaughan, James W. "Growth and change in a paradigmatic region : is it sustainable? does planning make a difference? /." View online, 2006. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/dissertations/AAI3252700/.
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Davies, Gabrielle. "Living with landmines : mine action, development and wellbeing in post-conflict societies : a case study in Cambodia." Thesis, University of Bath, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.675718.
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It is widely recognized that landmines pose a significant threat to the development and recovery of post-conflict societies. What is less well understood is the impact that these weapons have on the everyday lives and wellbeing of affected people and the environments in which they live. This thesis therefore seeks to deepen this understanding by presenting the findings from community-level qualitative research undertaken in Cambodia, one of the most heavily mined countries in the world. I argue that it is essential to consider the effect that landmines have on people, the environments in which they live, and the relationships between people and environment. In order to explore this, I build on the notion of ‘wellbeing ecology’ introduced by White & Jha (2014). Wellbeing ecology is a place-sensitive approach that considers the inter-connected and dynamic social, economic, emotional, physical and spiritual relationships that people have with each other and their environments over time. By their very presence, landmines represent a threat to both social and natural systems. They also reconstitute people’s experience of place. I explore this in particular through the notion of contaminated landscapes, which draws on and takes forward work on therapeutic landscapes in health geography. My data reveals that local people and mine action actors understand the effects of landmines differently. While mine action actors focus predominantly on material impact, local people conceptualise landmine impact in a more holistic way, referring to its social, emotional, spiritual, psychological and physical meanings. Data from the village highlights the importance of place for wellbeing, revealing that living in a contaminated landscape negatively affects people’s quality of life materially, relationally and subjectively. This demonstrates how a wellbeing ecology approach can usefully add to the understanding of the experience of living with landmines and the effect this has on quality of life.
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Bergman, Helena. "Att öppna vägar genom kaos : Uppdrag och nätverk kring förskolebarn som upplevt trauma." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för utbildningsvetenskap (UV), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-37611.
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Följande undersökning behandlar förskolans uppdrag och samverkan kring barn som upplevt trauma. Syftet är att undersöka hur olika professionsföreträdare för yrken närliggande förskolepersonalens (BVC-sjuksköterskor, socionomer, förskolepsykologer & förskolechefer) upplever förskolans roll i arbetet med barn som drabbats av trauma. Studien fokuserar hur olika professionsföreträdare nära förskolan upplever förskolans uppdrag och vilken relevans deras förväntan har gentemot de styrdokument som förskolan lyder under. Därtill undersöks hur samverkan för att öppna möjligheter för barn som drabbats av trauma, att utvecklas, lära och bidra, ser ut i praktiken. Kvalitativa intervjuer har genomförts med åtta personer. Intervjuer och styrdokument har bearbetats fenomenologiskt så att essensen av det sagda och skrivna tagits fram. Resultatet visar på förväntan på att förskolan tar en aktiv roll i arbetet för barn som upplevt trauma. Förskolans omgivning önskar enligt intervjupersonerna ett mer tillitsfullt samarbete mellan förskolepersonal och vårdnadshavare. Likaså efterlyses ett förebyggande hälsoarbete mellan deltagarnas egna professioner och förskolepersonal. Ett inslag av misstro mot förskolepersonal blandas med tilltro till förskolan som potentiell arena för positiv samhällsutveckling. Resultatet analyseras först i jämförelse mellan intervjuer och styrdokument. Därvid framkommer att intervjupersonernas förväntan på förskolan är i samklang med styrdokumentens uppdragsbeskrivning. Samverkansupplevelserna analyseras utifrån Danermarks teori för samverkanskvalitet vilket visar på samverkansbrister i styrning, struktur och samsyn enligt intervjupersonernas upplevelser. Ett tänkt barn sätts som fallstudie in i Bronfenbrenners utvecklingsekologiska modell, som belyses med Ungars, Ghazinours och Richters resiliensteori. Då synliggörs hur intervjupersonernas upplevelse av samverkan kring barn som erfarit trauma berör hela barnets utvecklingsekologiska sammanhang. Analysen visar att kvalitativ samverkan är en förutsättning för att barnet ska ta sig ur ett posttraumatiskt stress-syndrom. Det samhälleliga uppdraget för förskola och nätverk blir att ge barnet många användbara verktyg och tillfällen för att ta sig genom kaos till fortsatt utveckling och lärande.
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Shearer, Megan Marie. "Tibetan Buddhism and the environment: A case study of environmental sensitivity among Tibetan environmental professionals in Dharamsala, India." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2904.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate environmental sensitivity among environmental professionals in a culture that is assumed to hold an ecocentric perspective. Nine Tibetan Buddhist environmental professionals were surveyed in this study. Based on an Environmental Sensitivity Profile Insytrument, an environmental sensitivity profile for a Tibetan Buddhist environmental professional was created from the participants demographic and interview data. The most frequently defined vaqriables were environmental destruction/development, education and role models.
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Hewitt, Joseph. "Disability, development and financial exclusion : a study of the socio-economic barriers to accessing microfinance encountered by people with physical disabilities in Kampala, Uganda." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/50926/.
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This thesis explores the variety of barriers to accessing microfinance that people with disabilities in Uganda experience. The research is based upon both quantitative and qualitative data collected in the capital Kampala in 2014, and comprises of 223 questionnaires with people who have a permanent physical disability and 26 interviews with representatives of both microfinance institutions and disabled persons organisations in Uganda. Analysis of the quantitative data suggests that people with disabilities are able to access credit from formal financial providers such as commercial banks, microfinance institutions and savings and credit cooperatives, but at lower rates than the national average. Despite dominant narratives of microfinance which promote it as means to reduce financial exclusion, just 5% of the survey sample of people with disabilities had gained access to credit through a microfinance institution. The thesis goes on to examine the multitude of factors which impact the ability of people with disabilities to access such services, including the affordability of credit, the design of financial products, physical accessibility, social discrimination and self-exclusion. It also provides an assessment of the ways in which such barriers may be reduced, for example, through the employment of field agents, greater utilisation of mobile money platforms and the design of specific products targeted at people with disabilities. In addition, the research considers the impact that commercialisation has had on the microfinance sector in Uganda, and in particular the effect a move to a for-profit model has had on the accessibility of microfinance for people with disabilities. The thesis concludes by offering specific recommendations to reduce barriers to access, including collecting increased levels of data on current usage of small-scale loans by people with disabilities, strengthening relationships between disability organisations and microfinance institutions, and more rigorous enforcement of the existing Federal disability legislation in Uganda.
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Baldia, Christel M. "Development of a protocol to detect and classify colorants in archaeological textiles and its application to selected prehistoric textiles from Seip Mound in Ohio." Connect to resource, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1122567876.
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Silveira, Simone de Biazzi Avila Batista da. "A mediação como intervenção educativa ambiental na ecologia das relações familiares." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FURG, 2013. http://repositorio.furg.br/handle/1/6059.
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A Educação Ambiental constitui-se em um campo onde as discussões acerca das relações humanas devem ser privilegiadas. Neste sentido o presente trabalho apresenta uma pesquisa desenvolvida na cidade do Rio Grande-RS, extremo sul do Brasil, que teve por objetivo verificar a hipótese de que existe um enfoque pedagógico/educativo na mediação familiar, analisar as aproximações existentes entre as dinâmicas de mediação com a Abordagem Bioecológica do Desenvolvimento Humano (BRONFENBRENNER & MORRIS, 1998), com a Psicologia Positiva (SELIGMAN, 2011) e com a Educação Ambiental, numa perspectiva transformadora (LOUREIRO,1997, 2004 ), bem como observar como as famílias podem ser impactadas por estes processos. A metodologia foi construída tendo como olhar a abordagem bioecológica do desenvolvimento humano de Bronfenbrenner (2011), que situa os fenômenos estudados dentro de um contexto ecológico, numa abordagem sistêmica afinada com os sentidos da educação ambiental, e se constituiu na inserção ecológica da pesquisadora nos ambientes pesquisados. O estudo foi realizado em dois ambientes distintos onde se realiza a mediação familiar e apontou como resultados que os processos educativos estão presentes nos procedimentos de mediação familiar, no ambiente físico onde se processa, na linguagem utilizada, na abordagem pessoal, bem como na condução dos processos, estando adequada ao tempo do conflito. No tocante aos impactos produzidos nas famílias, observou-se a necessidade que as mesmas ainda possuem de uma autoridade que lhes garanta certezas jurídicas, bem como as dificuldades do estabelecimento de autonomia para suas próprias decisões, tudo isto fruto de uma construção histórico-social que estabeleceu como parâmetros de condução de conflitos a litigiosidade e adversariedade. Foi observado, no entanto, que a mediação contribui para a construção de um importante caminho no sentido da autonomia, estando afinada com os reclamos de uma educação ambiental transformadora.
Environmental education is in a field where discussions about human relations should be privileged. In this sense, this paper presents a research carried out in Rio Grande-RS, southern Brazil, and aimed to verify the hypothesis that there the pedagogical approach / education of family mediation, analyse the existing approaches between the dynamics of mediation with the approach Bioecological Human Development (Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 1998), with the Positive Psychology (SELIGMAN, 2011) and the Environmental Education, transformative perspective (Loureiro, 1997, 2004), and observe how families can be impacted by these processes. The methodology has been built to look like bioecological approach to human development of Bronfenbrenner (2011), who studied the phenomena located within an ecological context, a systemic approach attuned sense of environmental education, and consisted in the ecological insertion of researcher in environment studied. The study was conducted in two distinct environments where it is held and family mediation as results showed that educational processes are present in family mediation procedures, the physical environment in which processes in the language used in the personal approach as well as in the conduct of processes and is suitable for the time of the conflict. Regarding the impacts produced in families, there is a need that they still have an authority that guarantees legal certainty, and the difficulties of establishing autonomy for their own decisions, all the result of a historical and social construction that established as parameters driving the conflict and adversarial litigation. It was noted, however, that mediation contributes to the construction of an important pathway for autonomy, being tuned to the demands of environmental education processing.
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Flores, Panizo Maria Luisa. "Ecological footprint analysis for the Hong Kong Special AdministrativeRegion." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3125455X.
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Gustafsson, Collén [Gustafsson} Kristina, and Helene Lindström. "Utredningar av socialt utsatta barn : en genomlysning av risk- och skyddsfaktorer." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-32622.
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The aim of this study is to, from a child’s family relations, describe the usage of terms relating to factors of risk and safety in science and in investigations concerning children in need of protection. It is also of importance in what way the terms are used when the Social Services suggest that measures should be taken, and in which way the children have been heard in the investigations. The issues raised in this study are: (a) How is the current life situation and life quality of the children discussed? (b) The value of factors concerning risks and protection. (c) How is the children’s own descriptions taken in to consideration? (d) Is gender issues considered? (e) How is Lagerberg’s model (Lagerberg, 1998) useful in investigations? The method of analysis is mainly qualitative however it is combined with analysis of literature relevant to the study. The empirical material has been obtained from social files concerning recommendations of placing children in alternative homes. The study includes 13 cases when recommendations have been given according to the Social Services Act (SoL) or to the Care of Young Persons Act (LVU). The cases concern children between the age 7 and 12 years old in two communities in the middle of Sweden. The result of the study is given in terms of risks, safety and quality of life. When needed, it is also given in terms of gender. For instance, the study shows that the children are able to talk about their situation in 50% of the cases. Furthermore, it shows that girls tend to talk more about their concerns about their family situation than boys do. The ambition is that this study will be of assistance for the Social Services in cases concerning children in need. Keywords: Child perspective, attachment, ecology of human development, gender, factors of risk, protective factors, life quality and prognoses.
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Otto, Jonathan. "CARBON FORESTRY: PURSUING CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION THROUGH MARKET-BASED FOREST CARBON SCHEMES IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO." UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/geography_etds/28.
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Forest carbon projects seek to alleviate rural poverty and mitigate global climate change by facilitating the flow of capital from actors looking to offset CO2 emissions to land managers willing to engage in offset-oriented reforestation, afforestation, and forest preservation activities. In Mexico, forest carbon schemes have been pursued within the country’s national Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) program, and through REDD+ pilot projects and separate voluntary initiatives. In this dissertation, I explore one voluntary project, Scolel’ Te, which is managed by the non-governmental organization (NGO), AMBIO. Focusing on the case of Scolel’ Te, I show how forest carbon projects undermine social relations in ways that weaken participating communities and threaten project success. First, I examine how carbon forestry market integration undermines social relations by pushing risk on participant labor and encouraging the establishment of disenfranchising labor arrangements. Second, I analyze how farmer participation in Scolel’ Te undermines social relations within broader community settings. Such effects, I argue, are only visible when analyzing the social ramifications of carbon forestry within the context of intra-community social relations. Finally, drawing on labor studies, I critically re- assess the role of participatory methods in carbon forestry, suggesting that they undermine the social relations of production between farmers and project managers, thereby threatening project success. This analysis demonstrates how shifting market dynamics, historical factors, and labor processes converge in the context of carbon forestry, and underscores the implications of such work for participating farmers and carbon forestry more broadly.
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Burns, Michael Edmund Reid. "Co-evolutionary relationships between environmental ethics and environmental assessment." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52735.
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Thesis (PhD) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The dissertation traces the development of environmental assessment and environmental ethics as these disciplines have evolved independently in response to the global environmental crisis. The aim is to determine the extent to which they can promote the integration of the dissociated objective and subjective spheres of human valuation of the environment. This is a necessary condition, it is argued, for arresting the pathology in the human-environment relationship. The study concludes that both disciplines were initially trapped in narrow, monistic approaches, which rendered them largely ineffective. However, their evolutionary advancement, and a common grounding in a radical conceptualization of sustainable development, greatly enhances their usefulness in environmental decisionmaking.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die verhandeling ondersoek die evolusionêre ontwikkeling van omgewingsimpakbepaling en die filosofie van omgewingsetika, na die ontstaan van die twee disiplines in reaksie tot die globale omgewingskrisis. Die studiedoelwit is om te bepaal tot watter mate hulle die integrasie van die gedissosieerde objektiewe en die subjektiewe sfere van menslikeomgewingswaardering kan bevorder. Daar word geredeneer dat sodanige integrasie noodsaaklik is om die patologie in die verhouding tussen die mens en sy omgewing te stuit. Die belangrikste gevolgtrekking is dat beide disiplines, tydens hulle aanvangsstadia, vasgeval was in 'n monistiese benadering wat hul doeltreffendheid belemmer het. Die onlangse ontwikkeling van omgewingsimpakbepaling en omgewingsetika, sowel as 'n gemeenskaplike uitgangspunt binne 'n radikale vertolking van volhoubare ontwikkeling, versterk grootliks hulle bruikbaarheid vir omgewingsbesluitneming.
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Silva, Fabio Deboni da. "Histórico, classificação e análise de centros de educação ambiental no Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-25052005-144205/.
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Este estudo buscou mapear Centros de Educação Ambiental (CEAs) de todas as regiões brasileiras com o objetivo de levantar subsídios para entender as origens desse movimento, quais suas interfaces com a literatura do ambientalismo e da educação ambiental brasileira; pontuar o que são os CEAs na atualidade, o que fazem, como e para quem; para propor quais as principais categorias de CEAs existentes no país, como eles dialogam com princípios-chave do movimento ambientalista e da educação ambiental; dentre outras características no tocante à temática dos CEAs na atualidade. Foram enviados dois questionários a uma base de dados de 500 instituições do campo da Educação Ambiental, retornando 101 respondidos por Centros de Educação Ambiental de 23 Unidades Federativas brasileiras. Esta foi a amostra trabalhada, o que possibilitou maior segurança nas discussões e análises tecidas. Concluiu-se que há uma diversidade de tipos de CEAs, sendo possível a proposição de oito classes, cada uma delas com foco de atuação distinto. Também se verificou e se experimentou a possibilidade de adoção de processos simples e complexos para a construção de classificações tipológicas para este tipo de iniciativas. Constatou-se um preocupante distanciamento entre o discurso e a prática dos CEAs no tocante a dois princípios-chave adotados - diálogo e participação. Há uma concepção simplificada do papel potencial que CEAs podem cumprir no cenário da educação ambiental brasileira.This study looked for mapping the Environmental Education Centers (EECs) from all Brazilian regions aiming gathering assistance in order to understand the origins of this movement and which are its interfaces with the environmentalism and with the Brazilian environmental education literature. It also aimed defining the EECs nowadays, what, how and to whom they do it in order to propose which are the main categories of EECs in the country, how they relate to the main principles of the environmental movement and to the environmental education. Other features in relation to the EECs themes nowadays were also aimed. Two questionnaires were sent to the database of 500 institutions from the Environmental Education field. From this amount, 101 questionnaires answered by the Environmental Education Centers from 23 Brazilian Federative Units were sent back. This was the sample used in this work, making possible safer discussion and analyses. It is concluded that there is a diversity of types of EECs, being possible the proposition of eight classes, each one with a distinct focus. The possibility of adoption of simple and complex processes for the construction of a type classification for this kind of initiative was also verified and experimented. It was noticed a worrying distance between the speech and the practice of the EECs in relation to two key principles adopted dialog and participation. There is a simplified conception of the potential role that the EECs can have on the Brazilian Environmental Education scenario.
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Toros, Tulu. "Restorative urban design: toward a design method for mitigating human impacts on the natural environment through urban re/development." Diss., Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18809.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Environmental Design & Planning Program
Lee R. Skabelund
The Restorative Urban Design (RUD) calls for a new urban design and planning approach targeting environmentally responsible re/development of urbanized areas through ecologically responsive impact mitigations. If implemented in a systematic manner, such re/developments can help move urban areas toward the successful restoration of the natural environment of which they are an inseparable part. The RUD model advocates more rigorous assessment and mitigation of urban impacts by carefully evaluating the environmental performance of urban re/developments within five primary dimensions: Atmosphere (emissions, pollutants, ozone depletion); Hydrosphere (stormwater, domestic water, wastewater); Lithosphere (land use, land cover, food and wastes); Ecology (habitat resilience, biodiversity, population and resources); and Energy (renewability, reduction and efficiency, transportation). The model relies on a scenario-comparison process in order to evaluate and optimize the performance of urban re/development projections through four critical scenarios, which are respectively: 1) Natural Baseline (NBASE); 2) Historic Progression (HPROG); 3) Trajectory Forecast (TFORE); and 4) Restorative Projection (RPROJ). The RUD Case Study illustrates how the principles and strategies of Restorative Urban Design can be applied specifically to a typical (densely developed) urban area, namely River North District in Chicago Metropolitan Area. The case study focuses exclusively on mitigation of a single critical human impact on the natural environment: Anthropogenic CO₂ Emissions. The case study focuses on the design assumptions by which the restorative urban re/development scenarios might exceed beyond the full mitigation of emissions into the global remediation by 2040. The restorative projections illustrate that only a certain portion of emissions can be effectively mitigated onsite (5 to 55%), and that the remainder of projected emissions (45 to 95%) need to be mitigated offsite in order to achieve the necessary sequestration and storage. The restorative research suggests that the mitigation of major human impacts on the natural environment – not only CO₂ emissions but also other major impacts – are likely to require significant urban transformations. Moving beyond the strategies of preservation and/or conservation, the restorative approach asserts that comprehensive environmental restoration is achievable if urban impacts are adequately estimated and then entirely mitigated onsite as well as offsite through a systematic process of urban re/development.
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Shade, Lindsay. "Politics below the Surface: A Political Ecology of Mineral Rights and Land Tenure Struggles in Appalachia and the Andes." UKnowledge, 2017. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/geography_etds/50.
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This dissertation examines how confusion and lack of access to information about subsurface property rights facilitates the rapid acquisition of mineral rights by mining interests, leaving those who live 'above the surface' to contend with complicated corporate and bureaucratic apparatuses. The research focuses on the first proposed state-run large scale mining project in Ecuador, believed to contain copper ores, and on the natural gas hydrofracking industry in three counties in north central West Virginia. Qualitative and visual methods, including mapping, are employed to determine (i.) how the geography of subsurface ownership patterns is changing, (ii.) links between changes in subsurface ownership and surface ownership, and (iii.) how these changes are facilitated or impeded by institutional and governance practices.
Rights and permit acquisitions are facilitated by state institutions, which often have strategic interests in mineral development. Accordingly, this research also considers the role of state strategy with respect to the establishment, bureaucratic management, and enforcement of vertical territory, which reflects the state’s interest in and sovereign claim over subterranean resources to benefit the nation. The research finds that the historical separation of subsurface property rights from the surface is associated with a persistent weakening of surface holder claims to land in favor of mining development, and that this weakening has contributed to the long-term persistence of absentee ownership and control over land in Ecuador and West Virginia. Viewing subsurface land deals from the perspective of those whose lives are disrupted on the surface, I conclude from this work that mundane practices such as deed transfers and local micropolitics about land use are significant factors in the lead up to larger scale violences and silences, such as forced displacement and even political imprisonment of activists opposed to extraction.
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Etienne, Freed. "Urban Growth and Segregation in the Roanoke, Virginia, Metropolis: The Effects of Low-Density Development on Low-Income Populations and Racial Minorities." VCU Scholars Compass, 2006. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1393.
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This dissertation examines urban growth patterns in the Roanoke, Virginia, metropolis. It draws on the literature of contemporary human ecology and social area analysis to examine the effects of low-density development on low-income populations and racial minorities. The continuous spread of residential development beyond the boundaries of the central city and older suburbs into more distant, once rural areas is segregating the metropolitan area by race and income. Since the prominence of the so-called "Chicago School" of urban sociology (1913-1940), contemporary urban sociologists have outlined theories and methods to examine how American urban areas have changed and why. This dissertation is not about urban problems and solutions. It is about familiarizing readers with the theories of human ecology and social area analysis and their utility for explaining contemporary urban spatial patterns. If we are to get better and more equitable metropolitan areas, we must find out what really creates our urban areas, physically, economically, and socially. We must reach a deeper understanding of the forces and processes that have shaped them. Finally, we must understand the social consequences to urban life, relative to concentration of poverty and racial minorities in central cities. Toward that end, this study uses the statistical techniques called Social Area Analysis and Factorial Ecology to examine and describe the social-spatial patterns of the Roanoke, Virginia, metropolis, focusing on poverty and race. Specifically, the study uses 1980, 1990 and 2000 census data and the U.S. Geologic Survey of Land Use Cover to compute the factor analysis, construct the Socio-Economic Status (SES) index, rank the metropolis' census tracts based on the SES factors and develop the ecological growth model for the Roanoke metropolis. The analyses of the SES areas reveal that the metropolis' growth model is a combination of Ernest Burgess' concentric zone theory and Harris and Ullman's multiple nuclei model. Ultimately, the significance of this study lies not in the creation of an alternative theory of urban spatial patterns, but as an opportunity to amend more traditional approaches of human ecology so as to include racial segregation and income polarization as influences on metropolitan spatial patterns, and to produce a more integrated and accurate theoretical framework. This dissertation is organized as follows: Chapter 1 provides a brief introduction to the study. In Chapter 2, relevant literature regarding urban spatial patterns and contemporary human ecology is reviewed. Chapter 3 provides a thorough explanation of the research methodology. In Chapter 4, the results of the social area analysis and factor analysis are presented. GIS maps are also used to show the SES areas or multiple spatial patterns in the metropolis, especially the areas of concentrated poverty and race. In Chapter 5, the evolution of the metropolis' growth pattern is reviewed, and a contemporary ecological growth model is developed for the Roanoke metropolis. This model is then compared against the traditional human ecology growth models, including concentric zone theory, sector model theory and multiple nuclei theory. Chapter 6 concludes with a brief discussion of the consequences of the metropolis' growth pattern and the utility of the human ecological perspective for explaining contemporary urban spatial patterns, and suggestions for further research.
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Johansson, Martin, and Anders Wahlman. "Vad är det viktigaste i pojkars utveckling inom fotboll? : Ur ett miljöperspektiv." Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Institutionen för idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-3730.
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Syfte Syftet med uppsatsen är att försöka få reda på ny kunskap om vad som kan vara den optimala miljön för en fotbollsspelare på pojksidan. Tanken med studien är också att jämföra hur kulturen i Stockholm och Halmstad ser ut gällande prestige, högsta serie, selektering, specialisering, föräldrar, värdering av att vinna i ung ålder, tränarens roll, faciliteter och vad har föreningarna för möjlighet gällande träningstimmar (bilaga 4). Dessa faktorer kan vara avgörande i varje individs utveckling. Frågeställningar Vad är en optimal miljö för en pojkfotbollsspelare att utvecklas i? Vad är skillnaderna och likheterna mellan miljön i Stockholm och Halmstad? Metod Detta är en kvalitativ studie bestående av intervjuer med en semistrukturell intervjuguide. Tre spelare från Stockholm och tre spelare från Halmstad har intervjuats och de svar som framkommit har analyserats och diskuterats med hjälp av tidigare forskning inom ämnena: faciliteter, familj, tränare, filosofi & kultur, skador, status i skola och nyckeln till framgång. Resultat Resultaten visade på att alla individer är olika, och att det som hjälper en person att slå igenom och ta sig till landslaget kanske inte fungerar för en annan. Flertalet intervjupersoner har lyft familjen som den viktigaste faktorn för att de ska ha lyckats, medan andra har lyft fram deras inre motivation som den avgörande faktorn för deras fotbollsspelande. Gällande plantider så fanns det betydligt fler i Halmstad än i Stockholm sommartid, men under vintern så var det Stockholm som hade flest tider och detta berodde på tillgängligheten till konstgräsplaner. Slutsats I studien så har svaren från intervjupersonerna analyserats och mikrosystemet var den delen som ansågs vara viktigast av stegen ur utvecklingsekologin. Då genom att du måste känna en trygghet i den närmiljö du har. Att hela tiden känna att du kan lita på någon och få feedback från dessa personer. Detta kan både fälla eller stärka en spelare. Vissa spelare passar bättre in med mer regler medan andra passar in med fria tyglar. Här gäller det för spelarna att hitta sin egna väg att gå. De andra nivåerna påverkar givetvis också människan, men i den här studien fann vi mikronivån den viktigaste nivån.
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Aronsson, Hanna. "On Sexual Imprinting in Humans." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Zoologiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-57270.
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In this thesis I investigate whether human sexual preferences develop through sexual imprinting. Sexual imprinting is the acquisition of sexual preferences through non-rewarded experiences with parents and siblings during an early sensitive period and it is known to exist in many other animals. Learning is often sex specific so that males, for instance, learn to prefer as sexual partners individuals that look like their mother, and avoid individuals that look like their father. First, sexual imprinting in animals and humans is reviewed and compared to prevailing evolutionary views presupposing genetically determined sexual preferences. Further, by means of web surveys, I have explored the relationship between childhood exposure to parents with certain natural and cultural traits and sexual attraction to these traits in a partner. Cultural traits were included because it is unlikely that preferences for them are genetically determined adaptations. Parental effects varied between traits. For instance, in heterosexual males, a positive effect of mother was found on attraction to smoking, but not glasses, while a negative paternal effect was found on attraction to glasses, but not smoking. However, when maternal and paternal effects were investigated for a large number of artificial and natural traits, including smoking and glasses, an overall positive effect of opposite sex parent emerged in both heterosexual males and females. Additionally, in the last study we explored a sexual preference for pregnant and lactating women. Results suggest that exposure to a pregnant and lactating mother had an effect if it occurred when the respondent was between 1,5 and 5 years old. In conclusion, these results suggest that human sexual preferences are the result of sex specific learning during a sensitive period. Sexual imprinting should therefore be recognised as a plausible explanation to human sexual preferences that deserves further scientific investigation.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.
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Gustafsson, Angelica, and Jon Oskarsson. "Sociala nätverkets betydelse för vägen ur hemlöshet : En narrativ studie." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för socialt arbete - Socialhögskolan, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-78504.
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The aim of this study was to use stories from three people who previously lived in homelessness to increase the knowledge of the social network's impact on the process of exiting homelessness. In order to answer our questions, whether the social network facilitated or hindered the way out of homelessness, we have used a narrative method to take advantage of these person's life stories. As a theoretical perspective, we used the ecology of human development, based on the idea that human development occurs in interaction with their environment at different levels. Results showed those interviewees' networks had a significant impact on their path out of homelessness and that these relationships both facilitated and hindered this process. At the same time, these relationships affected our interviewees in different ways and were found in various areas of life, which indicates that there is more than one way out of homelessness. However, common patterns emerged in these stories that said that the relationships facilitated consisted of those who have supported and encouraged our interviewees in their way out of homelessness. While hindering relations consisted of those who disbelieved in the interviewees abilities and not supported when needed most.
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Button, Brandi Nichole. "Plain & Simple: The Will to Live Sustainably in an Unsustainable World." TopSCHOLAR®, 2013. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1275.
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Sustainability is a buzzword covering a variety of fields and subjects. For the purposes of my research sustainability is “the ability to keep going over the long haul. As a value, it refers to giving equal weight in your decisions to the future as well as the present” (Gilman 1). The sustainability movement refers to activists, educators and researchers who are dedicated to finding high quality ways of living in the world that are environmentally benign for all who are now living as well future generations to come (Gilman 1). This research focuses on three women who engage in voluntary simplicity— “simplicity that is voluntary-consciously chosen, deliberate, and intentional- [and] supports a higher quality of life” (Elgin 4). The complexity of the subject of sustainability is why I chose to narrow my focus to such a worldview and because much of my educational background is in Gender and Women’s Studies I specifically focus on women. Feminist ethnographic methods of participant observation are utilized as well as rhetorical analysis. I examine the attentive roles that have afforded these women the ability to form intimate social as well as ecological relations in their community. The observations are recorded in a narrative form and contribute to the growing knowledge base of sustainability as well as resilience studies. The lack of sustainable practices on a large scale in our country affects every citizen who lives here through environmental problems like climate change and peak oil. The narrative form allows the research I have collected to maintain an accessible language which is important in reaching a greater audience beyond that of academia. The narrative shows easy, manageable sustainable choices and changes that can be applied at the micro as well as macro level. These choices and changes are not exhaustive or all inclusive; rather they are suggestions for those who are interested in joining the sustainability movement.
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Fabri, Adriano. "Ecovilas: uma análise comparativa a partir das dimensões da sustentabilidade." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1362.
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O projeto de dissertação tem como tema central a sustentabilidade, assunto que está cada vez mais em evidência devido à crise socioambiental vivida pela sociedade contemporânea. Analisar o nível de desenvolvimento das práticas relacionadas com as dimensões da sustentabilidade (ecológica, social, econômica e cultural) presentes nas ecovilas é o seu objetivo principal. A pesquisa é exploratória utiliza método bibliográfico para a contextualização teórica e para o embasamento empírico faz uso de levantamento de dados por amostragem (survey) com a aplicação de questionário on-line a representantes de (50) cinquenta ecovilas originárias da América Latina, a qual resultou em (9) nove respostas efetivas, das quais foram selecionadas 2 (duas) ecovilas para a realização das visitas de campo. Visa à investigação da forma como os moradores das ecovilas se relacionam entre si, com a natureza e quais tecnologias utilizam. Entre os resultados encontrados, ressalta-se o mapeamento das principais práticas, além do nível de desenvolvimento destas de acordo com a percepção dos respondentes e da observação realizada em campo. Finalmente destaca-se que os resultados encontrados na pesquisa podem auxiliar no aprimoramento de comunidades já existentes e no planejamento de novas iniciativas.The dissertation project is focused on sustainability, an issue that is increasingly evident due to the environmental crisis in contemporary society. Analyze the level of development of practices related to the dimensions of sustainability (ecological, social, economic and cultural) present in the ecovillage is your main goal. The research is exploratory uses literature method for the theoretical context and the empirical support makes use of data sample survey by applying online questionnaire to representatives of (50) fifty ecovillages from Latin America, which resulted in (9) nine effective responses, of which were selected two (2) ecovillages to carry out the field trip. Visa to the investigation of how the residents of the ecovillage relate to each other, with nature and which technologies they use. Among the results, we emphasize the mapping of the main practices, and the development level of these according to the perception of the respondents and observation performed in the field. Finally, we highlight that the results found in the research may help in the improvement of existing communities and planning new initiatives.
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Garrote, Valquiria. "Os quintais caiçaras, suas características sócio-ambientais e perspectivas para a Comunidade do Saco do Mamanguá, Paraty-RJ." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-24092004-114015/.
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Esta dissertação teve como objetivo caracterizar e analisar dezenove quintais caiçaras na comunidade do Saco do Mamanguá, localizada no município de Paraty RJ, do ponto de vista social, econômico e etnoecológico em estreita associação com os fatores externos de pressão presentes no contexto regional. A orientação metodológica adotada seguiu os princípios da pesquisa-intervenção em combinação com métodos e técnicas utilizadas nas ciências sociais, etnoecológicas e diagnósticos participativos. Os atuais e principais fatores de pressão vivenciados por esta comunidade são parte de um processo histórico, que teve início, principalmente, com a abertura da estrada Rio-Santos, cujo maior impacto foi o estímulo ao turismo na região, tendo como conseqüência direta o avanço da especulação imobiliária, contato crescente das comunidades caiçaras com centros de consumo, extração predatória de plantas com valor econômico e a criação de Unidades de Conservação na região, como uma medida de proteção. Estes fatores foram analisados do ponto de vista de seus impactos sociais, econômicos ambientais e culturais na reorganização dos sistemas tradicionais de produção e manejo dos recursos naturais da comunidade do Saco do Mamanguá, com enfoque no uso da terra, em especial, nos sistemas de produção quintais. Uma das conseqüências mais evidentes foi a perda de território e de mobilidade interna dos grupos familiares, resultando na diminuição dos espaços para plantios - roçados e quintais e, por fim, na delocalização alimentar e aumento da dependência de produtos externos. Embora os itens alimentícios comprados na cidade representam 60,2% do total de alimentos citados nos levantamentos, os recursos locais ainda contribuem com 39,7% dos itens alimentares, sendo que 13,7% são provenientes dos quintais, que oferecem, principalmente, frutas e, em menor quantidade, verduras, plantas medicinais e condimentares. Isso mostra a importância dos quintais para a segurança alimentar das famílias. Nos dezenove quintais estudados foram encontradas 347 espécies, com uma média de 64 espécies por quintal, evidenciando sua riqueza em diversidade. Outro aspecto importante observado foi complexidade da estrutura dos quintais. Em todos eles foram observados três principais estratos: o estrato herbáceo com predominância de plantas ornamentais; o estrato arbustivo com espécies destinadas, principalmente, à alimentação e o estrato arbóreo, composto por espécies frutíferas e nativas, cujo ambiente sombreado produzido determina as demais espécies dos estratos inferiores, que, em geral, são espécies perenes, pouco exigentes em manejo e luminosidade e destinadas principalmente à alimentação. Considerando que os quintais são sistemas complexos, cujos fatores influenciam na sua forma, função e manutenção, foram observadas diferentes zonas de manejo. Ao caracterizar os quintais procurou-se enfatizar suas funções e valores, incluindo aqueles reconhecidamente intangíveis, dificilmente mensuráveis, ligados ao valor estético, ao lazer e ao aspecto emotivo. Isso permitiu dar visibilidade à contribuição dos quintais para a qualidade de vida das famílias e para a segurança alimentar e, através desses valores e dos sistemas de manejo já praticados, incentivar, futuramente, a formulação de novas práticas agroflorestais em sintonia com os princípios do desenvolvimento sustentável para a região.This dissertation had the objective of characterizing nineteen homegardens in the Saco do Mamanguá community, located in the Paraty County RJ. Social, economical and ethnoecological aspects were addressed in close association with external pressure factors in the regional context. Research-intervention methodology was used, as in social sciences, ethnoecology and participatory diagnosis. Present and main pressure factors affecting this community are part of a historical process, that started with the opening of the Rio-Santos highway. Its biggest impact was the stimulus for tourism, causing the expansion of real estate exploitation, constant contact of the local people with urban centers, predatory extractions of economically valued plants and the creation of Conservation Units in this region, as a means of protection. These factors were analyzed from the stand point of the social, economical, environmental and cultural impacts on the reorganization of the traditional production systems and natural resource management at the Saco do Mamanguá, focusing land use, and specially homegardens. One of the most evident consequences was the loss of territory and internal mobility of the families, resulting in the decrease of land for cultivation gardens and fields of plantation and at last, the food delocalization and increase of dependence on external products. Although food bought in the city represent 60.2% of the total cited in the surveys, local resources contribute with 39.7%, from which 13.7% come from homegardens, which supply mainly fruits and in less quantity vegetables, medicinal plants and condiments. These data show the importance of home gardens in the families food and health supply. Besides, from the 19 home gardens studied, we found 347 species of plants, with an average of 64 species per garden, showing their richness in diversity. Another important aspect was the structural complexity of these gardens. All of them presented three main strata: herbs (dominated by ornamental plants); shrubs (mostly for food); and trees (dominated by fruits) in which shades are occupied by other perennial species. Considering that these gardens are complex systems, one can observe different zones of management. While characterizing these gardens, their function and values were emphasized, including the intangible ones, hardly measured, related to esthetical values, to leisure and to emotional aspects. These aspects give visibility to the gardens contribution to life quality of those families and their health security, and through these values and the management systems already in practice, to stimulate in the future the formulation of new agroforestry practices that are in tune with the principles of sustainable development.