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Journal articles on the topic 'The Ethics Committee'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Douglas-Jones, Rachel. "Committee as Witness." Cambridge Journal of Anthropology 39, no. 1 (2021): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/cja.2021.390105.

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This article explores the ethics review committee as a contemporary witness to the conduct of biomedical research. Ethics committee work is an internationally growing form of deliberation and decision making, a technology of anticipation that grants researchers access to experimental spaces, research funds and publication venues. Drawing on ethnographic work with a range of ethics committees across the Asia-Pacific region, I explore the metaphorical extension of logics of seeing into bureaucratic forms of ethics review. My analysis untethers the witnessing voice from an individual ‘point of vi

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Moore, Andrew. "New Zealand Research Ethics Committee Matters." Research Ethics 7, no. 4 (2011): 132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/174701611100700403.

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New Zealand's health (and disability) ethics committees are children of public inquiries: the ‘Cartwright’ ministerial inquiry of 1988, the ‘Gisborne’ cervical screening ministerial inquiry of 2001, and the Health Select Committee clinical trials inquiry of 2011. The Cartwright inquiry strengthened external scrutiny of research. The Gisborne Inquiry strengthened ethics committee accountability and expertise, and greatly streamlined review process. The Health Select Committee inquiry is further sharpening accountability and process. Under-discussed systemic issues also persist, including: how t

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3

Ganesan, Subhashini, Sujatha Rajaragupathy, Kavitha Subramanian, and Jayagowri Karthikeyan. "Attitude of researchers towards ethics committee at a medical research institute in Coimbatore: a cross sectional study." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 7, no. 2 (2020): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20200437.

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Background: The role of ethics committees has been well defined, but many researchers regard ethical review as a road block to research.Methods: To assess the attitude of the researchers towards the ethics committee, a cross sectional study was conducted among 80 researchers, which includes both faculty and undergraduate students at a medical research institute.Results: Our study shows that though most of the researchers agreed that ethics committee is mandatory, they felt that ethics committee review delays research projects, undermined the role of non-medical members in the committee, felt a

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Lakeman, Richard, and Mary FitzGerald. "The Ethics of Suicide Research." Crisis 30, no. 1 (2009): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.30.1.13.

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Background. Good quality, ethically sound research is needed in order to better understand, appropriately respond to, and reduce the incidence of suicide. There is, however, a lack of clarity around the nature of ethical problems associated with suicide research and how to resolve them. This is a formidable challenge for ethics committee members in approving and monitoring research. Aims. To describe the views that members of health research ethics committee hold regarding ethical problems and ethical practice in research involving people who are, or who have, been suicidal. Methods. Ethics co

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Clark, Michael. "COMMITTEE ON ETHICS: NSCA Ethics Committee Action." National Strength & Conditioning Association Journal 9, no. 4 (1987): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/0744-0049(1984)009<0069:neca>2.3.co;2.

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Clark, Michael. "COMMITTEE ON ETHICS: NSCA Ethics Committee Report." National Strength & Conditioning Association Journal 9, no. 1 (1987): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/0744-0049(1987)009<0068:necr>2.3.co;2.

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Harris, Andrew. "The Ethics and Confidentiality Committee and Research Ethics Committees." Research Ethics 6, no. 4 (2010): 117–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/174701611000600402.

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8

SLOWTHER, ANNE. "Ethics Case Consultation in Primary Care: Contextual Challenges for Clinical Ethicists." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 18, no. 4 (2009): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180109090598.

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The development of ethics case consultation over the past 30 years, initially in North America and recently in Western Europe, has primarily taken place in the secondary or tertiary healthcare settings. The predominant model for ethics consultation, in some countries overwhelmingly so, is a hospital-based clinical ethics committee. In the United States, accreditation boards suggest the ethics committee model as a way of meeting the ethics component of the accreditation requirement for payment by Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs), and in some European countries, there are legislatory requ

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Saunders, John. "Institutional ethics committees: lessons from the Royal College of Physicians?" Clinical Ethics 3, no. 1 (2008): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/ce.2008.008004.

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Some health-care institutions have ethics committees. The experience of the Ethical Issues Committee at the Royal College of Physicians is described. Ethics committees in institutions may be reactive or creative, must determine an agenda and must deal with dissent.

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Jansky, Maximiliane, Gabriella Marx, Friedemann Nauck, and Bernd Alt-Epping. "Physicians’ and nurses’ expectations and objections toward a clinical ethics committee." Nursing Ethics 20, no. 7 (2013): 771–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733013478308.

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The study aimed to explore the subjective need of healthcare professionals for ethics consultation, their experience with ethical conflicts, and expectations and objections toward a Clinical Ethics Committee. Staff at a university hospital took part in a survey (January to June 2010) using a questionnaire with open and closed questions. Descriptive data for physicians and nurses (response rate = 13.5%, n = 101) are presented. Physicians and nurses reported similar high frequencies of ethical conflicts but rated the relevance of ethical issues differently. Nurses stated ethical issues as less i

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McGEE, GLENN, JOSHUA P. SPANOGLE, ARTHUR L. CAPLAN, DINA PENNY, and DAVID A. ASCH. "Successes and Failures of Hospital Ethics Committees: A National Survey of Ethics Committee Chairs." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 11, no. 1 (2002): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180102001147.

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In 1992, the Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) passed a mandate that all its approved hospitals put in place a means for addressing ethical concerns.Although the particular process the hospital uses to address such concerns—ethics consultant, ethics forum, ethics committee—may vary, the hospital or healthcare ethics committee (HEC) is used most often. In a companion study to that reported here, we found that in 1998 over 90% of U.S. hospitals had ethics committees, compared to just 1% in 1983, and that many have some and a few have sweeping clinical powe

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12

Wright, Kristy. "ETHICS COMMITTEE." Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing 17, no. 1 (1990): 25A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152192-199001000-00002.

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13

Bhatt, Arun. "Ethics committee minutes: Heart of ethics committee quality." Perspectives in Clinical Research 7, no. 1 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2229-3485.173774.

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Mahuli, Amit V., and Simpy A. Mahuli. "Institutional Ethics Committee Regulations and Current Updates in India." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 18, no. 8 (2017): 738–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2117.

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ABSTRACT Aim The aim of the review is to provide current updates on regulations for ethics committees and researchers in India. Background Ethical dilemmas in research since time immemorial have been a major concern for researchers worldwide. The question “what makes clinical research ethical” is significant and difficult to answer as multiple factors are involved. Review results The research involving human participants in clinical trials should follow the required rules, regulations, and guidelines in one's own country. It is a dynamic process, and updates have to be learned by researcher an

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de Brito, Gabriela Menezes Gonçalves, and Darci de Oliveira Santa Rosa. "Nurses performance in clinical ethics committees and commissions: An integrative review." Nursing Ethics 26, no. 3 (2017): 688–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733017724611.

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Background: The research on nursing professionals in Clinical Ethics Committees and Nursing Ethics Commissions occurs in different parts of the world; however, little information on this subject is found in the literature. Objective: This study analyzed national and international publications in relation to the participation of nursing professionals in Clinical Ethics Committees. Research design: This was an integrative review of articles published in national and international journals between 1994 and 2016 which described the participation of nursing professionals in ethics commissions. Part

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Jafarey, Aamir, Sualeha Shekhani, Faiz Raza, and Sumera Naz. "Situation analysis of research ethics governance in Pakistan." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 29, no. 7 (2023): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/emhj.23.069.

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Background: Mapping of ethical governance structures is very useful in identifying strengths and weaknesses in order to uphold integrity and ensure standardization. However, reliable countrywide data about ethical review committees (ERCs) is unavailable in Pakistan. Aims: To evaluate the research ethics governance mechanisms at national level and at key healthcare institutions in Pakistan. Methods: This pilot mapping exercise used a mixed-methods approach, involving a cross-sectional survey of 19 key healthcare research institutions, and structured in-depth interviews with the chairs of the Na

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Bain, Luchuo Engelbert, Ikenna Desmond Ebuenyi, Nkoke Clovis Ekukwe, and Paschal Kum Awah. "Rethinking research ethics committees in low- and medium-income countries." Research Ethics 14, no. 1 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747016117692026.

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Key historical landmark research malpractice scandals that shocked the international community (Nazi doctors’ experiments, Tuskegee study, Jewish chronic disease experiments, Krugman’s Willowbrook hepatitis study) were the origin of the institution of ethics review prior to carrying out research involving humans. Nonetheless, it is plausible that unethical research is ongoing or may have been conducted in recent times that has escaped public notice, especially in the vulnerable low- and middle-income country contexts. The basic constitution of these committees at some point has not been clearl

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18

Edinger, Walter. "Expanding Opportunities for Ethics Committees: Residential Centers for the Mentally Retarded and Developmentally Disabled." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 3, no. 2 (1994): 226–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180100004953.

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Over the past 15 years, ethics committees have become common within the acute care hospital setting. Their development within long-term care settings has evolved more slowly and has been confined primarily to nursing homes. In this paper, I describe the development of an ethics committee in a residential center for the mentally retarded and developmentally disabled (MR/DD). I describe how the committee has progressed and some of the ethical issues in this setting.

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19

Sperling, Daniel. "“Like a Sheriff in a Small Town”: Status, Roles, and Challenges of Ethics Committees in Academic Colleges of Education." Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics 16, no. 3 (2021): 290–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15562646211005253.

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In recent years, Research Ethics Committees in academic colleges of education have constituted to review research proposals in the field of education. Yet, little is known about their work, composition, challenges, and relationships with external partners. This study explores the views and attitudes of 13 members and chairpersons of Research Ethics Committees in colleges of education in Israel, and two policy makers at the Ministry of Education about their roles, responsibilities, challenges, and limitations. Findings revealed an instrumental attitude towards the ethics committee. Committees a

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20

Munoli, Swetha, Niveditha G., and Deepthi R. "Knowledge, attitude and practice of research ethics among medical faculty in a teaching hospital." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 6, no. 4 (2017): 913. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20171103.

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Background: To assess the knowledge, attitudes and practice of medical faculty regarding research ethics and research ethics committees (RECs).Methods: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted in ESIC medical colleges in Bangalore among faculty using a validated questionnaire. Questions were designed to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practice of medical faculty regarding research ethics and research ethics committees. Statistical analysis was done using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests.Results: Majority (76%) of faculty had not undergone training in research e

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B., Dr Bhete Sandeep. "Perceptions of Ethics Committee Secretaries on support provided for Ethics Committees’ administration & functioning: A Questionnaire based survey." Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research 04, no. 10 (2016): 13182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v4i10.63.

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Redshaw, M. E., A. Harris, and J. D. Baum. "Research ethics committee audit: differences between committees." Journal of Medical Ethics 22, no. 2 (1996): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.22.2.78.

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23

Scheirton, Linda S. "Measuring Hospital Ethics Committee Success." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 2, no. 4 (1993): 495–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180100004539.

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As hospital ethics committees (HECs) become more common in American hospitals, their degree of success should be measured. Just as new technological procedures are evaluated, institutional innovations should also be evaluated. Currently, little is known about the success of HECs, and some authors have wondered whether these committees serve any useful purpose at all. This article reviews the descriptive results of a 1990 study on HEC success as they pertain to the question of how to measure committee success.

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Hayes, Gregory J. "Ethics Committees: Group Process Concerns and the Need for Research." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 4, no. 1 (1995): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180100005697.

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Few ethics committees were in place when the New Jersey Supreme Court announced its ruling on the Quinlan case in 1976. Today, the vast majority of hospitals have formed ethics committees and their use in nursing homes and other healthcare facilities is growing. Given the increasing commitment to the use of ethics committees and their increasing influence on healthcare decision making, the careful evaluation of committee performance should be a high priority. Yet to date ethics committees appear to have undergone relatively little scrutiny. While professional articles on ethics committees do a

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PARK, Seok Gun, and Yoo-Seock CHEONG. "Experiences and Lessons of Ethics Committee in an Educational Hospital." Korean Journal of Medical Ethics 2, no. 1 (1999): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.35301/ksme.1999.2.1.79.

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We discuss our experience and learning of ethics committee in one education hospital. When it was first introduced in 1996, hospital ethics committee was something like a paper committee without action and without power. In 1998, there was a legal affair which accused and sentenced physicians as murderers who discharged the patient according to the request of his wife. This extrinsic pressure from legal system forced the hospital to activate and reform the ethics committee. The leadership of new secretary of the committee played as intrinsic thrust. Lawyer, law school professor, head of nursin

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Csikai, Ellen L. "The State of Hospice Ethics Committees and the Social Work Role." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 45, no. 3 (2002): 261–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/nwx5-bl1c-kurq-xc4n.

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This study found that in six states, most hospices (73 percent) had access to some type of ethics committee; however, less than 1/3 maintain a hospice-specific ethics committee. Social workers, although integral to the hospice team, were only members of about one-half of the hospice committees. Further, the study examined social workers' current participation and role expectations of social workers and committee chairs for social work participation. Both groups viewed that social workers were important contributors and expected higher participation in all the three main activity areas—case con

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Loewy, Erich H. "Institutional Morality, Authority, and Ethics Committees: How Far Should Respect for Institutional Morality Go?" Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 3, no. 4 (1994): 578–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180100005466.

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Virtually all persons who have had a hand in shaping the concept of ethics committees in this country accept the principle that the individuals making up the ethics committee should represent different interests, backgrounds, and viewpoints. In other words, ethics committees are intended mainly to represent the interests of the communities they serve. However, ethics committees often also serve hospitals that are religiously based and who, not unreasonably, may insist on affirming their own institutional morality and their own peculiar way of looking at some problems. Deep-seated ethical quand

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Scherer, Anika, Bernd Alt-Epping, Friedemann Nauck, and Gabriella Marx. "Team members perspectives on conflicts in clinical ethics committees." Nursing Ethics 26, no. 7-8 (2019): 2098–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733019829857.

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Background: Clinical ethics committees have been broadly implemented in university hospitals, general hospitals and nursing homes. To ensure the quality of ethics consultations, evaluation should be mandatory. Research question/aim: The aim of this article is to evaluate the perspectives of all people involved and the process of implementation on the wards. Research design and participants: The data were collected in two steps: by means of non-participating observation of four ethics case consultations and by open-guided interviews with 28 participants. Data analysis was performed according to

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Chichin, Eileen R., and Ellen Olson. "An Ethics Consult Team in Geriatric Long-Term Care." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 4, no. 2 (1995): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180100005867.

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The increasing incidence of ethical dilemmas in long-term care settings, in concert with recommendations from the President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research, has prompted long-term care institutions to develop mechanisms to address these concerns. Some facilities have chosen to set up an ethics committee, although estimates obtained in the past few years indicate that only between 2 and 27% of institutional long-term care settings have such committees. Ethics committees are responsible for assisting staff, residents, and families

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Cusveller, Bart. "Nurses serving on clinical ethics committees." Nursing Ethics 19, no. 3 (2012): 431–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733011426817.

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The competency profile underlying higher nursing education in the Netherlands states that bachelor-prepared nurses are expected to be able to participate in ethics committees. What knowledge, skills and attitudes are involved in this participation is unclear. In five consecutive years, groups of two to three fourth-year (bachelor) nursing students conducted 8 to 11 semi-structured interviews each with nurses in ethics committees. The question was what competencies these nurses themselves say they need to participate in such committees. This article reports the aggregate of the 52 interviews in

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Bhatt, Arun. "Ethics committee composition." Perspectives in Clinical Research 3, no. 4 (2012): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2229-3485.103597.

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Miller, Saul. "Research Ethics Committee." British Journal of General Practice 57, no. 544 (2007): 930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/096016407782318017.

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Harris, John. "Ethics by committee." Philosophers' Magazine, no. 13 (2001): 44–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/tpm20011322.

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Wlcks, Lucy J. "ETHICS COMMITTEE REPORT." Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing 17, no. 3 (1990): 38A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152192-199005000-00009.

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Townsend, T. "BVA ethics committee." Veterinary Record 136, no. 13 (1995): 335–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.136.13.335-a.

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Thornton, J. G., and R. J. Lilford. "Clinical ethics committee." BMJ 311, no. 7006 (1995): 667–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.311.7006.667.

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Grundfast, Kenneth, John Casler, James S. Atkins, et al. "Committee on Ethics." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 113, no. 2 (1995): P64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-5998(05)80608-4.

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Winston, Morton E. "Ethics Committee Simulations." Teaching Philosophy 13, no. 2 (1990): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/teachphil199013220.

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39

Crockin, Susan L. "Ethics Committee response." Fertility and Sterility 87, no. 6 (2007): 1502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.01.147.

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Alexander, Eben. "The Ethics Committee." Surgical Neurology 30, no. 3 (1988): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0090-3019(88)90284-4.

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41

Hoffmann, Diane E. "The Maryland Institutional Ethics Committee Resource Ethics Committee Resource Network." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 1, no. 2 (1992): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096318010000030x.

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42

Wainwright, Tony. "On the Ethics Committee." Health Psychology Update 17, no. 3 (2008): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpshpu.2008.17.3.30.

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We are living through times of great change both for psychology as a profession, but also for humanity world-wide. These changes have significant ethical dimensions. The British Psychological Society’s Ethics Committee was established 10 years ago and provides a place for the debate and formulation of policy advice to the Society, which has ranged from the Code of Ethics and Conduct to the Society’s response to climate change. This paper is an account of the work of the Committee and a request for readers to become involved in this work.

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Haigh, Carol, and Neil Jones. "Techno-Research and Cyber-Ethics: Challenges for Ethics Committees." Research Ethics 3, no. 3 (2007): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/174701610700300304.

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The development of the internet and other communications technologies over the past decade have seen a corresponding growth in the development and use of technologically-based research methodologies. This paper explores issues arising from the new technology which impact on ethics committees and how these might be addressed. Whilst some ethical issues are comparable in both online and offline worlds there are some elements of the techno-research which require extra consideration. Although ethics guidelines can be found on the worldwide web the onus remains upon techno-researchers and ethics co

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Griener, Glenn G., and Janet L. Storch. "The Educational Needs of Ethics Committees." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 3, no. 3 (1994): 467–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180100005296.

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Hospital ethics committees must be knowledgeable if they are to perform consultations, advise administrators on policy, or offer educational programs. Because the membership of the committee is interdisciplinary, with most drawn from the healthcare professions, the individuals who join cannot be expected to bring knowledge of bioethies with them. Therefore, a new committee must spend time developing expertise before it can appropriately serve the hospital community. Although the need for committee self-education is generally recognized, it is seldom discussed in any detail. When discussed at a

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Adshead, Gwen, and Jeremy Cave. "An introduction to clinical ethics in psychiatry." BJPsych Advances 27, no. 1 (2020): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bja.2020.46.

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SUMMARYThe Royal College of Psychiatrists’ continuing professional development (CPD) module on clinical ethics in psychiatry by Pearce & Tan describes some common ethical dilemmas in psychiatric practice and the work of clinical ethics committees in analysing these dilemmas. In this article we build upon their work and offer additional exploration of the nature of ethical dilemmas in psychiatry. We also build upon the models of reasoning that are described in the module and suggest ways for psychiatrists to think about ethical dilemmas when a clinical ethics committee is not available.

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Muir, Scott P., and Sara Dallas. "ALA Committee on Professional Ethics." Journal of Intellectual Freedom and Privacy 1, no. 2-3 (2016): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/jifp.v1i2-3.6167.

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The Committee on Professional Ethics (COPE) is an American Library Association (ALA) Council Committee. COPE’s charge is to augment the ALA Code of Ethics by explanatory interpretations and additional statements, prepared by the committee or elicited from other units of ALA. When units of the Association develop statements dealing with ethical issues, a copy is sent to the Committee on Professional Ethics for review so that it may be compared to the existing ALA Code of Ethics in order to determine whether or not conflicts are present. COPE then offers non-binding opinions on issues before the

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Williams-Jones, Bryn, and Søren Holm. "A University Wide Model for the Ethical Review of Human Subjects Research." Research Ethics 1, no. 2 (2005): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/174701610500100203.

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In the United Kingdom (and elsewhere), there are moves to extend formal ethical review of research involving human subjects beyond the traditional oversight by NHS local or multi-centre research ethics committees of medical or clinical research, to also encompass all ‘non-clinical’ research involving human subjects. This paper describes and analyses the development and implementation of a model for ethical review within the university sector. At Cardiff University, a devolved or two-tiered system of ethics review has been created in which a top-level university research ethics committee provid

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Smith, Alexander McCall. "Committee Ethics? Clinical Ethics Committees and Their Introduction in the United Kingdom." Journal of Law and Society 17, no. 1 (1990): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1409959.

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Lesandrini, Jason, and Joseph Bertino. "Community Outreach and Ethics Services." Ethics & Medics 45, no. 2 (2020): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/em202045218.

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The core functions of health care ethics committees are consultation, education, and policy development. In order to better function in these areas, it is necessary for committees to take a proactive approach in relationships with the surrounding community. Local universities provide an opportunity for committee members to teach ethics courses as well as find new members with practical experience through internships and mentorships. Reaching out to local health care organizations regarding ethics consultations for patients and physicians is also beneficial. Community organizations may be inter

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Aermadepa, Aermadepa, and Dinda Almunawarah. "Penyelesaian Sengketa Medik Oleh Komite Etik Dan Hukum Di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Arosuka." Jurnal Sarak Mangato Adat Mamakai 5, no. 2 (2020): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.36665/sarmada.v5i2.159.

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This research aims to knowing the resolution of medical disputes by the Ethics and Law Committee at the Arosuka Regional General Hospital. The type of research used is sociological juridical. The research was conducted by examining how to resolve medical disputes by the Ethics and Legal Committee at RSUD Arosuka. The data used were primary data obtained through interviews with members of the Ethics and Legal Committee at RSUD Arosuka and secondary data. Secondary data in the form of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. The data collected will be anal

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