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1
Islam, Md Akramul. "TRADEMARK FUNCTIONS AND TRADEMARK RIGHTS." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-415707.
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2
Drzewińska, Agata. "Digital exhaustion in European Union." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-385620.
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The plea of applying the exhaustion doctrine to intangible copies of copyrighted artistic works has been extensively discussed within scholar circles. Although, the debate substantially concerns provisions of the international treaties and the explanation of the exhaustion doctrine under European Union copyright law, the subject brings more uncertainties. Under the European Union copyright law the distribution right is exhausted after the first sale with the consent of a right holder. However, there is neither explicit regulation nor decision in regard to the exhaustion doctrine to the online resale of digital goods. As the act of distribution is shifting and fulfilled through digital means these days, the application of the first sale doctrine is challenged. The given work provides with the legal, organizational and technological analysis of the exhaustion doctrine under European Union copyright law and possible scenarios in respect to digital secondary market.
3
Chen, Shui 1969. "The enforcement of trademark rights in the People's Republic of China /." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=78209.
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Trademark counterfeiting is one of the most serious problems ever encountered in China. The Chinese government, recognizing the adverse effects that counterfeiting has had on both foreign investment and the nation's economy, has begun to take steps to protect intellectual property rights. To this end, the nation amended its Trademark Law on 27 October 2001. The aims of the amendment are to improve management of trademarks, to strengthen punishment for infringements, and to further meet the requirements of the TRIPs. Although the new amendment is laudable, eliminating the problem will take time.This thesis offers an overview of trademark enforcement in China, beginning with a historical review of China's trademark law before moving on to examine the original version of current trademark legislation, the 1982 Trademark Law. The entry into force of the WTO placed tremendous pressure on China to meet international standards, resulting in the 2001 amendment and the protection it affords to well-known trademarks, as is discussed next. Finally, an examination of the enforcement of the trademark law in China, including the status of counterfeiting, the enforcement system, and the difficulties associated with enforcing trademark rights, is undertaken. The thesis concludes that the Chinese government has made remarkable progress in its quest to combat trademark counterfeiting and that the problem will gradually be overcome as the nation continues to develop its economy and enhance its legal system.
4
Marsoof, Mohomed Ali Althaf. "Holding internet intermediaries accountable for infringements of trademark rights : approaches and challenges." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2017. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/holding-internet-intermediaries-accountable-for-infringements-of-trademark-rights(5748b728-79de-4aae-a506-7844c7cee8f8).html.
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Despite the obvious advantages of the internet, there is little debate that it significantly facilitates Intellectual Property (IP) rights infringements, particularly in the trademark context. Infringers not only remain hidden by the anonymity that the internet provides, but also take advantage of the difficulties in enforcing IP rights. In these circumstances, it has become necessary to shift focus from the actual infringers, and instead focus on internet intermediaries (such as Internet Service Providers (ISPs), hosts and navigation providers, such as search engines) that are responsible in numerous ways for making content, including those that infringe trademark rights, available to internet users. Accordingly, this thesis addresses the following research question – ‘what are the approaches for, and challenges in, holding internet intermediaries accountable for infringements of trademark rights?’ This thesis argues that accountability can be achieved through both monetary and non-monetary remedies. The first substantive part of the thesis focuses on monetary remedies. Although trademark law in the United Kingdom (UK) and the English common law have not provided trademark owners with an effective remedy against internet intermediaries, by which these intermediaries could be held liable for their role in making infringing content available to internet users, the experience in other Member States of the European Union (EU) and in the United States (US) has been quite the opposite. In the second substantive part, this thesis builds on the discussion concerning approaches in the US and continental EU Member States, in order to propose suitable reforms to UK (as well as EU) trademark law that would potentially allow aggrieved trademark owners to claim monetary relief against internet intermediaries in the form of an action for trademark infringement. The proposal for legal reforms identifies the class of intermediaries against whom, and the circumstances in which, such monetary relief should be made available. Consequential legal reforms are proposed in order to counter the potential abuse of notice-and-takedown procedures, which this thesis identifies as a direct consequence of the interplay between the proposed liability framework and the EU safe harbour that limits such liability. The last substantive part of the thesis considers injunctive relief as a means of holding internet intermediaries accountable for making infringing content available to internet users. This part sets out how injunctions have been utilised in the UK against ISPs, and identifies key challenges underpinning this remedy, while also considering its application to other types of intermediaries. Having considered comparable approaches in Chile, Singapore and Australia, recommendations are made for suitable legal reforms to the EU legal framework, which has hitherto shaped the development of UK law in this regard. These suggested reforms are aimed at overcoming the challenges associated with the injunctive remedy, while promoting it as an effective way of holding internet intermediaries accountable for making content that infringes trademark rights available to internet users.
5
Karlsson, Hanna. "Trademark Protection for the Chinese Market - A study on Swedish retail companies established in China." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-171035.
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6
Mutafchiyski, Alexander. "Trademark Rights under the Plain Packaging Regime and the New Tobacco Products Directive." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-324371.
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With the entry into force of the Second Tobacco Products Directive1 (hereinafter TPD), new labelling requirements for tobacco products are being introduced for ensuring greater protection of public health. Notably, the TPD harmonises minimum requirements of the WHO’s Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and its Guidelines, consisting of pictorial warnings and information about the harmful effects of smoking (Article 9 and 10 TPD), covering 65% of the tobacco package2, but also provides the possibility for Member States to introduce further more stringent measures (Article 24(2) TPD). Only brand names in a standard font are allowed to be displayed on a package with neutral colour without any trademarks.3 This thesis is specifically concerned with the effect of the TPD’s new labelling requirements (plain packaging) on the intellectual property rights (trademark rights) of the tobacco manufacturers. The justifications for the new limitations are considered from a broader EU perspective and from an Intellectual Property law one. The paper reflects on the character of protection that there is no deprivation nor expropriation of property, but a mere control of use and that the right conferred upon registration of a mark is ius excludenti alios and not a right to use. These justifications are based on examination of case law, legislation provisions and it is relied on the surveys approved by the WHO and made post-implementation of plain packaging in Australia. However, it is suggested that the use of trademarks has become an indispensable part of the economic reality and through plain packaging the trademark proprietors’ interests are being undermined. Consequently, it is argued that the new regime is oppressive towards the interests of the trademark proprietors and is not the most effective for attaining the public health objective, by drawing upon sociological and economical research. Finally, the thesis criticises a plain packaging regime as being detrimental to trademark owners and its potential spillover effect to other industries, the risk of increase of illicit trade and counterfeits, which will cause a whole area of intellectual property to become redundant.
7
Jia, Hang Hang. "Doctrine of exhaustion of rights and parallel imports : legal issues and challenges in China." Thesis, University of Macau, 2005. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1637072.
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8
Elsmore, Matthew James. "An investigation of the extent to which European trademark rights inhibit the proper functioning of the internal market." Thesis, Southampton Solent University, 2003. http://ssudl.solent.ac.uk/607/.
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This thesis evaluates the contribution that the co-existential nation and Community trademark systems are likely to make toward the stated aims and objectives of the internal market programme. The inauguration of the Community Trademark (CTM) creates an unprecedented facility for acquiring and enforcing unitary trademark rights. The territorial character of nationally based trademarks has inhibited the potential for economic integration. By removing barriers to inter-State trade, in principle the CTM system enables all undertakings to adapt their trading activities to the Community scale. This thesis argues that trademark decisions must be wary of granting broadening rights based on classifying trademarks as 'property'. The resultant deduction that trademarks proprietors should be endowed with wide powers may encourage monopoly rights in the marked goods. Protection must only reflect the inherent economic value of trademarks: the informative and identificatory function. The practical exploitation of other protected attributes, which merely reflect that the trademark has value may jeopardise inter-brand competition and the fulfilment of internal market objectives. Developing national and community case law is tested against the economic arguments established to judge how trademark decisions are dealing with the enduring tension between trademarks and competition. To achieve a level-playing field, there must be convergence of substantive national and Community laws. This must try to avoid the problems of over- and under-protection by establishing balance between protection of and access to trademark rights. To do so, decision makers must resolve the fundamental challenges of 'What do we want to protect in a trademark?' and from this, 'What is the content and scope of an efficient system of trademark protection?'. Of particular importance is how the small- to medium-sized enterprises, the cornerstone of Europe's economic future, respond the the new system.
9
Alharbi, Meshal Nayef. "Trademark and patent disputes in Saudi Arabia : an analysis of private international law." Thesis, Brunel University, 2015. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/13858.
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The subject of the conflict of laws and arbitration in intellectual property rights is a complicated topic to research, because the normal rules of private international law and arbitration can be affected by the special characteristics of patents and trademarks. Some rules of these subjects might need to be reformed and in some cases there are principles that should be created to successfully handle cross-border disputes concerning patents and trademarks. Establishment of a special court with supranational jurisdiction may be required to resolve these types of disputes. Recently, this subject has been given enormous attention around the world. While the academics, legislators and forums in developed states have broadly discussed the subject of conflict of laws and arbitration in intellectual property rights, in Saudi Arabia, it has not been given noticeable attention. This thesis intends to make a significant contribution to Saudi law and provide appropriate approaches on the subject of conflict of laws and arbitration in intellectual property rights. The topics which will be covered in this thesis are the rules of international jurisdiction, the rules of choice of law, the rules for enforcement of foreign judgments and the rules of arbitration. The modification and the enhancement of the rules of private international law and arbitration established in Saudi law will be recommended and the arguments for each suggested approach will be presented.
10
Kusumadara, Afifah. "Analysis of the failure of the implementation of intellectual property laws in Indonesia." University of Sydney. Law, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/820.
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For the past two decades, intellectual property law has been the fastest growing and most dynamic field in Indonesia. But, despite impressive and extensive legal reform conducted by the Indonesian government in the area, intellectual property laws remain very difficult to enforce. Ignorance of intellectual property law is widespread within the country and protection of intellectual property rights is both practically and legally weak.
11
Tutkun, Secil. "Exhaustion Of Industrial Property Rights In The European Union And Its Implications On The Application Of This Principle In Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606973/index.pdf.
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This thesis analyzes the reconciliation of industrial property rights with the principle of free movement of goods in the EU and the implications of this solution on trade relations between the EU and Turkey in the scope of the Decision No. 1/95 of the EC-Turkey Association Council. In the second chapter, patents, trademarks, industrial designs and utility models then the EU regulations and the international regulations concerning the protection of the relevant right in the EU region is examined. Although, the need for &ldquoEU wide protection of industrial property rights&rdquo
is not covered by these regulations, there are special provisions which stipulate &ldquo
regional exhaustion&rdquo
for trademarks and industrial designs. In the EU region there are systems for granting Community Trademark and granting Community Industrial Design which are co-exist with the national systems. However there is no system for granting Community Patent or Community Utility Models and there is no special provision which determine the geographical boundary of the exhaustion of patents and utility models. Nevertheless, the principle of regional exhaustion was accepted through ECJ decisions long before the above mentioned regulations which are very recent. In the third chapter of the thesis, firstly the provisions of the Rome Treaty regarding the free movement of goods, then the process that ECJ had faced until the regional exhaustion doctrine was reached and the implementation clauses of this doctrine is examined. Implementation of this doctrine affects both the trade relations among EU Member States and the trade relations between Member States and the non-EU countries. In the fourth chapter of the thesis, the provisions of the Decision No. 1/95 which regulates the free movements of goods between Turkey and the EU are examined with the articles of national legislation concerning the exhaustion of industrial property rights in Turkey. By considering above mentioned provisions and the different views in the doctrine, the trade relation between the EU and Turkey is examined with the economical, political and legal aspects.
12
Balkevičiūtė, Rūta. "Prekių ženklų savininkų teisės bei civiliniai teisių gynimo būdai." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20060505_163017-85250.
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The subject matter of this thesis is – trademark owners’ rights and civil remedies for their infringement. In this final work legal acts that regulate rights of trademark owners‘and civil remedies for their infringement, actual jurisprudence in trademark cases also some statistical data are analyzed. The purpose of this thesis is to valuate the efficiency of trademark owners’ rights.
13
Hýžová, Zuzana. "Vyčerpání práv z ochranné známky." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-11735.
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The thesis deals with the analysis of exhaustion of trade mark rights, it focuses mainly on the comunnity-wide exhaustion. It is based mainly on the interpretation of the case law of the European Court of Justice which is used both to describe the creation and development of the principle and to help to evaluace its importace on the field of the common market and its practical conclusions. Appart from the community-wide exhaustion, big part of the thesis is represented with the global exhaustion whose possible introduction has been topic of many discussions.
14
Randrianirina, Iony. "Le droit de marque." Thesis, Poitiers, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013POIT3008/document.
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Le droit de marque préoccupe aux plans législatif et judiciaire. L'intérêt s'explique par l'essor de la contrefaçon à l'échelle mondiale. La protection du droit de marque contre la contrefaçon mérite donc d'être renforcée. Pour cela, il convient de définir l'étendue du droit à protéger. Le droit de marque, droit exclusif d'exploitation d'une marque, est décrit majoritairement comme un droit de propriété d'un type particulier. Or, une étude comparée du droit de marque et du droit de propriété fait apparaître davantage de différences que de ressemblances. Identifier l'objet du droit de marque dans la place qu'occupe la marque sur le marché dans l'esprit du public et des concurrents amène à une nature juridique nouvelle, celle du droit de marché. Dès lors, les concurrents indélicats qui commettent des actes de contrefaçon empiètent incontestablement sur un droit de marché appartenant à autrui puisqu'ils usurpent la place de marché réservée à travers l'enregistrement de la marque. Par ailleurs, l'acte fautif cause un dommage plus ou moins grave au titulaire de la marque. La contrefaçon portant sur des produits authentiques est d'une faible gravité par rapport à celle qui porte sur des produits non authentiques car alors, les marchandises indûment marquées, souvent de qualité médiocre, risquent de nuire à la santé ou la sécurité de l'homme et de son environnement, et l'image de la marque contrefaite n'en est qu'altérée. Ainsi, si au pénal l'amende pourrait prendre la forme d'un pourcentage sur le chiffre d'affaires réalisé par le contrefacteur, au civil la condamnation à verser à la victime les fruits de l'activité contrefaisante permettrait de dissuader la contrefaçon lucrativeThe trademark rights are a legislative and judicial concern. The interest is due to the rise of worldwide counterfeiting. Trademark protection against counterfeiting deserves to be strengthened. It is then necessary to define the scope of the rights to protect. Trademark rights, exclusive rights to use a trademark, are described mainly as an ownership of a particular type. However, a comparison study of trademark rights and ownership reveals more differences than similarities. Identify the object of trademark rights in the place of the trademark on the market in the minds of the public and competitors leads to a new legal nature : the market rights. Therefore, unscrupulous competitors who commit acts of infringement undoubtedly impinge on the market rights belonging to others as they usurp the marketplace reserved through trademark registration. The fault causes a more or less severe damage to the trademark owner. Counterfeiting on genuine products is a low gravity compared to the one on non genuine products because then improperly marked goods, often of poor quality, are likely to harm the health or safety of humans and its environment. Thus, the counterfeit trademark is altered. Therefore, under criminal law, the fine could take the form of a percentage of the sales made by the infringer. Under civil law, restitutionary damages would deter lucrative counterfeiting
15
Jungmann, Nina. "Comparative advertising between the conflicting priorities of fair competition, trademark holder's rights and consumer information under South African law compared to the European and German approach on this issue." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20877.
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The dissertation addresses the legal conflict which is related to the legitimacy of comparative advertising. The national legal system has the task to balance antagonistic interests of trademark proprietors, advertisers, consumers and the public at large. The thesis examines the South African, the European and the German legal system implemented a legal balance and presents consequences, commonalities and differences. After starting with an historical overview on comparative advertising in South Africa and the Advertising Standards Authorities' self-regulating system, the Common law of Unlawful Competition will be addressed with regard to its influences on comparative advertising. Further, the thesis deals with the South African Trade Mark Act and its interpretation of infringement in terms of comparative advertising. Also considering European jurisdiction will be considered. The European approach on trade marks and comparative advertising will be presented as it leads to the German approach on comparative advertising and served as inspiration for the South African Trade Marks Act. The manner of implementation of European Directives influencing comparative advertising in German national law will be examined. Hereby, the distinctive characteristics which are required for comparative advertising as well as the special statutory mentioned cases in which it is unlawful will be presented. The high level of legal differentiation shall be emphasized since this may lead to differences compared to the South African law. Finally, I will compare how South African law and German law approach the subject comparative advertising. Especially the influences of Common law and statutory law on unlawful competition will be compared and evaluated. It shall be presented which consequences can arise out of different systematic approaches in this field of law. Additionally, the differences in the legal approaches on trade mark infringement will be highlighted in respect of presenting whether they cause actual consequences for the final legal valuation of comparative advertising. Furthermore, the commonalities concerning the purpose of encouraging comparative advertising will be addressed.
16
Pokhrel, Lok Raj. "Appropriation of Yoga and Other Indigenous Knowledge & Cultural Heritage: A Critical Analysis of the Legal Regime of Intellectual Property Rights." restricted, 2009. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07092009-145552/.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2009.Title from file title page. Gregory C. Lisby, committee chair; Kathryn Fuller-Seeley, Svetlana V. Kulikova, committee members. Description based on contents viewed Feb. 22, 2010. Includes bibliographical references (p. 158-167).
17
Demirdag, Serap. "Harmonisation In European Union On Industrial Property Rights Protection Procedures: Effects On Turkey Within The Framework Of Customs Union." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12604962/index.pdf.
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This thesis aims at answering two questions under the topic of Harmonisation of
Industrial Property Rights Protection Procedures in the European Union. The
questions researched are: &ldquoWhat are the current systems of Industrial Property Rights protection in the world, in the European Union and Turkey?&rdquo
and &ldquo
Is there a way for Turkey to be included within the EU Industrial Property protection system in the future while still being under the relation of Customs Union?&rdquo
. To answer these questions current systems of Industrial Property Rights protection in the world, in European Union and Turkey is briefly analyzed and following this analysis, a proposal for a closer cooperation in Industrial Property protection system of Turkey with the European Union is given backed up with a comparison of statistical data of EU, Turkey and candidate countries.
18
Gorodeckytė, Milda. "Intelektinės nuosavybės teisių išsėmimas ir jo ribos pagal Europos Sąjungos teisę." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20081203_204202-22079.
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Intelektinės nuosavybės teisių išsėmimo taisyklė – vienas glaudžiausiai su prekyba ir laisvo prekių judėjimo principu susijusių intelektinės nuosavybės teisės institutų, sukeliantis ne tik teisines, bet ir ekonomines pasekmes. Pagrindinis nagrinėjamo instituto taikymo tikslas Europos Sąjungos teisėje – užtikrinti tinkamą pusiausvyrą tarp intelektinės nuosavybės teisių apsaugos, teisių turėtojo interesų ir laisvo prekių judėjimo principo. Teisių išsėmimo taisyklės taikymas sąlygoja tai, kad tam tikroje teritorijoje pirmą kartą teisių turėtojui ar jo sutikimu pardavus intelektinės nuosavybės teisės saugomas prekes, teisė toliau kontroliuoti šių prekių perleidimą toje teritorijoje yra išsemiama. Teisės doktrinoje skiriamas nacionalinis, regioninis ir tarptautinis intelektinės nuosavybės teisių išsėmimas. Europos Sąjunga pasirinkusi regioninį intelektinės nuosavybės teisių išsėmimą. Prekių ženklais yra pažymėtos dauguma prekių, todėl prekių ženklo savininko teisių išsėmimas yra labiausiai susijęs su paralelinės prekybos problematika. Prekių ženklų direktyvos 7 straipsnis, nustatantis prekių ženklo savininko teisių išsėmimą, doktrinoje vertinamas kaip vienas kontroversiškiausių Direktyvos straipsnių. ETT Silhouette byloje konstatavo, kad Prekių ženklų direktyvos 7 straipsnis nesuteikia valstybėms narėms galimybės nacionaliniuose įstatymuose nustatyti tarptautinio prekių ženklo savininko teisių išsėmimo. Dėl pasirinkto regioninio prekių ženklo suteikiamų teisių išsėmimo režimo, jo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]The principle of exhaustion of intellectual property rights is an institute of intellectual property law closely related to international trade and the principle of free movement of goods. This principle causes not only legal but also important economic consequences. There are three types of the principle of exhaustion - national, regional and international exhaustion of intellectual property rights. In the European Union law a regional exhaustion was established by a whole series of decisions of the European Court of Justice (ECJ). The main purpose of the exhaustion rule is to prevent intellectual property owners from using their exclusive rights in order to partition the market, to safeguard the balance between the protection of intellectual property rights and the principle of free movement of goods in the Community. The application of the exhaustion rule determines that once goods protected by any right of intellectual property are placed on the market by or with the consent of the right-owner, the right to control further distribution of these goods are exhausted. Trade marks are of fundamental importance in the market. Exhaustion of trade mark rights is an issue most related to the problematic of parallel trade. The Article 7 of the Trade mark Directive, which establishes the exhaustion of trade mark rights, is one of the most controversial articles of this Directive. It was concluded in Silhouette case that Article 7 of the Trade Mark Directive precluded Member States... [to full text]
19
Verville, Sophie. "Le respect de la propriété intellectuelle d'autrui dans la vente internationale de marchandises : une approche de la Convention de Vienne coordonnée avec le droit de la propriété intellectuelle." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29104/29104.pdf.
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20
Venencie, Marion-Béatrice. "Le droit européen de la lutte contre la contrefaçon de marques et le couple franco‐allemand." Thesis, Paris 10, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA100183/document.
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La contrefaçon des marques est un phénomène européen et international en constante augmentation, dont la répression nécessite de développer une protection efficace et effective. Durant ces trente dernières années, le législateur européen s’est efforcé de développer un modèle européen harmonisé de lutte contre les contrefaçons de marques, aussi unifié que possible. Le présent travail de recherche a pour objectif de répondre aux questions suivantes. Le modèle européen prévoit-il des instruments efficaces pour lutter contre les contrefaçons de marques? Le cadre normatif dont il est composé nécessite-il des aménagements complémentaires? Dans la mesure où la propension du modèle européen à satisfaire les exigences fixées à l’échelle internationale s’agissant de la mise en oeuvre d’une lutte effective et efficace contre les contrefaçons de marques est constamment mise en doute, se pose la question de l’opportunité d’une reconsidération dudit modèle dans le contexte franco-allemand. D’où la nécessité de mener une étude minutieuse des propositions d’améliroation issues de ces deux systèmes afin d’en estimer la valeur et la viabilité, en gardant à l’esprit qu’une contribution de ce type suppose qu’ils soient préalablement parvenus à trouver un juste équilibre entre compétition et coopération, ce qui n’est pas chose aisée. Se pose alors nécessairement la question de la légitimité du choix du couple franco-allemand pour procéder à une reconsidération de ce type, basée sur les meilleures pratiques des Etats membres, dont les succès en matière de lutte contre la contrefaçon sont connus de longue dateTrademark infringement is a widespread European and international alarming phenomenon which requires to develop an effective anti-counterfeiting enforcement action. During the last three decades the European legislator has striven to develop a harmonised European model as unified as possible in order to enable the enforcement of trademark rights.The purpose of this present study is to answer the following key questions: Can the European model be seen as an effective enforcement framework? Are the contained regulations sufficient or do they need to be extended? As the effectiveness of the existing European framework is constantly questioned this study will examine the French and German anti-counterfeiting systems, analyse their bidirectional influence and effectiveness and discuss based on this if they can serve as a role model for the creation of an international standard. In a final step this research work will discuss the general legitimacy of such a source of inspiration for the redevelopment of the European model
Die Markenpiraterie ist ein stetig wachsendes europäisches und internationales Phä-nomen, dessen Bekämpfung ein starkes Bedürfnis nach einem wirksamen und effektiven Schutz hervorruft. Während der letzten 30 Jahre hat sich der europäische Gesetzgeber bemüht, ein har¬monisiertes und somit möglichst weit vereinheitlichtes europäisches Modell zur Be¬kämpfung der Markenpiraterie zu schaffen.Die Dissertation behandelt folgende zentrale Fragestellungen: Enthält das europäische Modell effektive Mittel zur Bekämpfung der Markenpiraterie? Sind die darin enthal¬te-nen Regelungen ausreichend oder benötigen diese Ergänzungen? Da die Fragestellung, ob das europäische Modell dem allgemeinen internationalen Be¬dürfnis nach einer effektiven und wirksamen Bekämpfung der Markenpiraterie nach¬kommt, immer wieder angezweifelt wurde, soll nachfolgend untersucht werden, ob sich die Orientierung am deutsch-französischen Kontext als vorteilhaft für die Schaffung ei¬nes internationalen Standards erweisen könnte. So wird diese Frage zu einer Studie der Möglichkeit einer solchen binationalen Verbindung, die in ihrer Historie tradit¬io¬nel¬lerweise zwischen Kooperation und Konkurrenz schwankt, führen. Zuletzt wird die Le¬gitimität einer solchen Inspirationsquelle, die auf nationalen « best practices » von Staaten, welche sich im Kampf gegen die Markenpiraterie als effizient bewährt haben, be¬ruht, zur Neugestaltung des europäischen Modells in Frage gestellt
21
Fadika, Madia. "Le droit des marques des États membres de l'OAPI à la lumière de l'accord sur les ADPIC." Thesis, Poitiers, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013POIT3010.
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Face à la "mondialisation" du fléau de la contrefaçon, les États ont édicté l'Accord ADPIC pour harmoniser, à l'échelle internationale, les règles de protection des droits de propriété intellectuelle et les moyens de les faire respecter contre la contrefaçon. L'Accord ADPIC est le premier traité multilatéral qui prévoit de véritables "moyens de faire respecter les droits de propriété intellectuelle". Sa partie III consacre un important volet aux prescriptions spéciales aux frontières, aux procédures et mesures correctives, civiles et pénales destinées à lutter contre la contrefaçon. Signataires de l'Accord ADPIC, les seize États membres de l'Organisation Africaine de la Propriété Intellectuelle (OAPI) ont révisé le 24 février 1999, leur législation commune l'Accord de Bangui afin de se conformer à leurs engagements internationaux. Cette étude consacrée aux marques, catégorie des droits de propriété intellectuelle la plus connue mais aussi la plus contrefaite de l'espace OAPI, démontre que les exigences de l'Accord ADPIC ne sont pas respectées plusieurs années après sa ratification. La première partie de cette étude consiste en une analyse critique des règles de protection de la marque. La seconde partie met en exergue le non respect des droits des détenteurs de marques contre la contrefaçon. Après avoir souligné les nombreuses contingences qui entament l'efficacité des moyens de lutte contre la contrefaçon, une série de mesures est proposée afin d'améliorer le respect des droits de marques en particulier et de propriété intellectuelle en généralFaced with the "globalization" of the scourge of counterfeiting, states have enacted the TRIPS Agreement to harmonize on an international scale the rules of protection of intellectual property rights and means to enforce them against counterfeiting. The TRIPS Agreement is the first multilateral treaty that provides real "means of enforcing intellectual property rights." Part III devotes an important part on special border requirements, procedures and remedies, civil and criminal measures to fight against counterfeiting. As signatories of the TRIPS Agreement, the sixteen members of the African Intellectual Property Organization (AIPO) revised on the 24th February 1999, their common law the Bangui Agreement in order to comply with their international commitments. This study on trademarks, the best known category of intellectual property but also the most counterfeited in the AIPO space, demonstrates that the requirements of the TRIPS Agreement are not met several years after its ratification. The first part of this study is a critical analysis of the rules of trademarks protection. The second part highlights the disregard for the rights of trademarks owners against counterfeiting. Having underlined the many contingencies that cut into the effectiveness of the fight against counterfeiting, a serie of measures is proposed to improve the rights of particular trademarks and intellectual property in general
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Peureux, Virginie. "Recherche sur l'équilibre entre les droits nationaux de propriété intellectuelle et la liberté communautaire de circulation des marchandises : la mise en oeuvre de la théorie de l’épuisement des droits." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON10023.
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Dans le contexte du conflit opposant le principe de libre circulation des marchandises et les droits de propriété intellectuelle, le dilemme auquel ont été confrontées les autorités nationales et communautaires était de savoir si les autorités nationales devaient renforcer la protection des titulaires de propriété intellectuelle (courant conservateur) ou accroître le libre accès aux monopoles (courant libertaire). Sans se prononcer pour l'un des deux courants de manière radicale, le droit communautaire prône une solution en demi-teinte avec la théorie de l'épuisement, clairement ancrée dans le panorama de la propriété intellectuelle. Ultérieurement à la première mise en circulation des produits couverts d'un droit de propriété intellectuelle, sur le territoire communautaire, par le titulaire lui-même ou avec son consentement, ce dernier n'est plus légitimé à invoquer son droit privatif détenu dans un Etat membre afin d'interdire les opérations commerciales ultérieures ainsi que l'importation de produits mis en circulation dans un autre Etat membre pour lequel il bénéficie d'une protection identique. De cette étude, il ressort que si, à l'origine, les instances communautaires ont raisonné davantage en termes d'opposition, le conflit se résout, désormais, en termes de complémentarité, les droits de propriété intellectuelle impliquant des enjeux économiques majeurs dans notre économie de marché. La jurisprudence et les législateurs communautaires et nationaux ont su au gré des casuistiques trouver un juste équilibre entre les intérêts des différents acteurs de l'économie de marché que sont les titulaires de droit, les consommateurs-utilisateurs et les exploitantsThe dilemma in which the national and the European authorities had to face in the context of the conflict between the principle of the free movement of goods and the intellectual property rights was to know if the national authorities had to reinforce their protection of the intellectual property holders (conservative trend) or to increase their monopoly free access (libertarian trend). The European law did not vote for any of the two trends but chose a half-tone solution with the “exhaustion theory”, clearly anchored in the intellectual property panorama. From now on, once a good is put on the market for the first time, covered by a intellectual property right, on European market, by the owner himself or with his agreement, this person can no longer ask for his private right owned in another member state in order to prohibit further commercial actions such as importation of goods put on the market in another European member country that has as a similar protection. In this study emerges the fact that, if at the beginning, the opposition was the reasoning process of the community authorities to solve the conflicts in intellectual property rights, now with the major economic stakes in our market economy the complementarity prevails. Community and national authorities have found the right balance for the interests of all the different characters in the market economy who are the holder of rights, the consumers-users and the industrials
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Kučerová, Lenka. "Problematika pirátství značek." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-114269.
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This thesis deals with problems of brand piracy. The main objective is to evaluate the current situation in the various types of piracy, focusing on product piracy especially in the forms of counterfeiting and product imitation. The work consists of a theoretical and a practical part. The first chapter of this part concentrates on the general overview of brand policy. The important role and the value of the brands very much influence the purchasing behavior of consumers and support the presence of non-original products. The second theoretical part is further dedicated to the different types of piracy and legal protection of brands falling under the scope of intellectual property rights. To achieve a more comprehensive view, the practical part considers attitude, shopping behavior and opinions of Czech consumers on this issue.
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Stavrinaki, Stamatia. "Le régime des communications individuelles présentées en vertu de traités onusiens relatifs aux droits de l'homme." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020065/document.
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La construction empirique du système conventionnel des Nations Unies relatif aux droits de l’homme s’est fondée sur un consensus minimum entre les Etats concernant le développement du dispositif conventionnel. Font partie de ce consensus les procédures de surveillance de l’application des traités onusiens relatifs aux droits de l’homme et les organes auxquels la mise en oeuvre de ces procédures fut confiée. A côté de la procédure de présentation des rapports sur les mesures prises pour la mise en oeuvre de leurs obligations conventionnelles, les Etats parties se sont mis d’accord sur une procédure de présentation de plaintes individuelles, sous l’appellation de procédure de communications individuelles. Le modèle initial de cette procédure, produit de résistances, des polarisations, des hésitations et des espérances démenties concernant la création d’une Cour internationale des droits de l’homme, la nature et l’étendue du contrôle sur plainte et le statut de l’individu, fut reproduit par la suite sans modifications majeures. La procédure d’examen des communications individuelles ainsi que les éléments de l’affaire introduite par les communications individuelles sont établis par les instruments conventionnels dans des termes comparables. Leur mise en oeuvre par les organes de traités ne témoigne pas d’une rupture capable d’empêcher l’unité du système conventionnel des Nations Unies. Les comités conventionnels ont pris conscience de leur fonctionnement au sein d’un seul système et s’efforcent d’harmoniser leurs méthodes de travail tout en assurant la spécificité de leur traité. C’est ainsi que l’on peut parler du régime des procédures de communications individuelles dans le système conventionnel des Nations Unies sur les droits de l’homme. A côté des éléments institutionnels et procéduraux permettant la systématisation des procédures de communications individuelles, les instruments conventionnels les plus récents établissant les procédures de communications individuelles codifient l’évolution de la procédure par les comités conventionnels les plus anciens, notamment le Comité des droits de l’homme. La codification de la pratique du contentieux des comités conventionnels s’inscrit dans un processus continu d’évolution de la protection des droits de l’homme au niveau universel. En s’affirmant garants à la fois de l’objet et du but de traités onusiens relatifs aux droits de l’homme et de l’effectivité du recours individuel, les organes de traités renforcent leur rôle en tant qu’organes de contrôle et poussent pour une judiciarisation implicite de la procédure de communications individuelles. Cependant, à défaut d’outils institutionnels permettant d’imposer aux Etats parties les obligations découlant de la procédure de communications individuelles, les organes de traités sont obligés de chercher le bon dosage entre fermeté et diplomatie sans pour autant être en mesure d’assurer la coopération des Etats parties. La standardisation de la procédure de communications individuelles au sein du système conventionnel des Nations Unies de protection des droits de l’homme renforce la position de l’individu en droit international et met au premier plan des victimes restées longtemps dans l’ombre. Par l’affirmation de leur autorité d’interpréter les traités et d’assurer l’efficacité de la procédure de communications individuelles, les comités conventionnels contribuent à la mise en oeuvre effective et cohérente des principes normatifs au niveau universelThe empirical construction of the United Nations human rights treaty system was based on a minimum consensus among states. Treaty bodies and monitoring procedures of treaty obligations are part of this consensus. Besides the reporting procedure, States parties have reached consensus on an individual complaints procedure. The procedure emerged after polarization and hesitation among States over the establishment of an international human rights court and the status of the individual in international law and was reproduced in without major modifications. So individual complaints procedures under United Nations human rights treaties have common procedural and institutional features. Furthermore, treaty bodies have engaged in a process of harmonization of their working methods giving us reason to be optimistic about the unity of United Nations human rights treaty system. Besides common institutional and procedural aspects, the latest treaties establishing individual complaints procedures codify the evolutionary practice of older treaty bodies, especially the Human Rights Committee. By affirming their determination to protect the object and purpose of human rights treaties and to guarantee the effectiveness of individual complaints procedures, treaty bodies strengthen implicitly the judicial aspects of the procedure. However, in the absence of judicial authority and other institutional tools for imposing on States parties’ treaty obligations, the treaty bodies are forced to seek the right balance between firmness and diplomacy without being able to ensure States parties’ cooperation. Nonetheless, observance of treaty obligations under the individual complaints procedure is a part of a long and continuous process in which treaty bodies due to their expertise and competences have a predominant role. The standardization of the individual communications procedure in the United Nations human rights treaty system strengthens the position of the individual in international law and foregrounds victims that have long remained in the shadows. By asserting their authority to interpret treaties and to ensure the effectiveness of the individual communications procedures, the treaty bodies contribute to the universalization of normative principles and their effective and coherent implementation
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Agbodjan, Séwa Agou. "La juridictionnalisation des droits de l’homme à la faveur d’une intégration économique, l’expérience de la CEDEAO." Thesis, Paris 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA020016.
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La Communauté des Etats d’Afrique de l’Ouest (CEDEAO) est l’une des « Communautés économiques régionales » africaines les plus dynamiques. L’ampleur de ses objectifs se révèle par les compétences qu’elle exerce dans les domaines de l’économie, de la sécurité et de la défense, des droits de l’homme et demain, en matière monétaire. Lors de sa naissance en 1975, en vertu d’un traité de coopération entre 15 des 16 Etats d’Afrique de l’Ouest, la Communauté ne visait pourtant que la réalisation de programmes communs relevant exclusivement de la matière économique. Ce projet initial a été paralysé par des conflits armés dans certains Etats, qui ont entraîné des conséquences pour les autres pays, eux-mêmes souvent soumis à des troubles internes. Pour répondre à la poussée sécuritaire et pour renforcer l’efficacité économique, la CEDEAO est devenue en 1993 une Communauté politique et d’intégration économique. Elle ébauche alors une valorisation du respect des droits de l’homme dont le développement juridictionnel constitue une expérience originale. On peut parler d’une véritable juridictionnalisation de la Communauté depuis une vingtaine d’années. Les institutions communautaires ont fait l’objet de nombreuses réformes, certaines encore en cours, pour une répartition plus équilibrée de leurs compétences. En leur sein, la juridiction communautaire, créée en 1993, a renforcé ses activités grâce à la saisine par des personnes privées, notamment en matière des droits de l’homme. Les procédures d’examen des plaintes relèvent du droit communautaire, mais le droit substantiel dérive de l’interprétation que la Cour donne des instruments internationaux des droits de l’homme. Sa jurisprudence qui est systématiquement analysée dans la thèse reste fortement marquée par une asymétrie entre le contentieux des droits de l’homme en plein essor et celui de l’économie encore quasi-inexistant. Pour autant, en faisant progresser les principes de démocratie, d’Etat de droit et des droits de l’homme, c’est la sécurité juridique et l’intégration économique que la Communauté approfondit avec, comme objectif principal, le développement des populations. La sauvegarde de cet ordre juridique et juridictionnel fortement unitaire est indispensableThe Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is one of the most dynamic African "regional economic communities". Its goals span fields of economy, security and defense, human rights and, soon, monetary issues. When it was created in 1975, thanks to a treaty of co-operation pulling together 15 of the 16 West African States, the Community aimed only at carrying out joint programs related to economic issues. This initial project was undermined by armed conflicts in some states, as well as internal turmoil in some others. To respond to this security threat and to strengthen economic efficiency, ECOWAS has been transformed into a political and economic integration community in 1993. It then put emphasis on human rights. As such, the design process of its jurisdictional system is a genuine original experience.We can argue that there has been a real process of jurisdictionalization of the Community for twenty years. The Community institutions have been the subject of many reforms, some still in progress. The goal of these reforms is to create a more balanced distribution of power among the institutions. Within them, the Community jurisdiction, created in 1993, strengthened its activities by allowing referral from private persons, particularly in the field of human rights. Complaints procedures are governed by Community law, but the substantive law derives from the Court's interpretation of international human rights instruments. Its case law, which is systematically analyzed by our thesis, remains strongly marked by an asymmetry between the rapidly growing human rights litigation and that of the economy, which is still almost non-existent. However, in advancing the principles of democracy, the rule of law and human rights, it is the legal security and economic integration that the Community deepens, with the main objective to promote development. Safeguarding this highly unified legal and jurisdictional system is paramount
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Mardon, Delphine. "Les voies de recours dans le droit de la Convention européenne des droits de l'homme." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GREND007.
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L’influence du droit issu de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme sur le droit interne n’est plus à démontrer. Ce texte offre aux justiciables une protection accentuée de leurs droits fondamentaux. Cette affirmation ne doit pas être limitée aux droits que la Convention EDH contient expressément ou encore à ceux que la Cour de Strasbourg a elle-même dégagés grâce à son interprétation dynamique et évolutive. Entendues comme les moyens permettant de contester un acte juridictionnel, les voies de recours ne correspondent pas, en tant que telles, à un droit protégé par le système européen des droits de l’homme. Ce n’est pas pour autant qu’elles sont ignorées de ce dernier. Au contraire, elles bénéficient de toute l’attention des juges européens. Construite à partir des décisions et arrêts rendus par les organes de contrôle européens, la thèse met en évidence les relations entretenues entre la Convention EDH et les voies de recours. Il est alors indispensable d’identifier précisément le type de relations dont il s’agit. Si ces deux mécanismes ont en point commun l’idée de contrôle, les juges européens n’interviennent qu’à l’issue de la procédure interne à laquelle participent les voies de recours. Cette organisation permet de mettre pleinement en lumière le regard que la Cour de Strasbourg porte sur les voies de recours au moment de réaliser son propre contrôle. Il faut alors observer que son appréhension des voies de recours n’est pas univoque. La Cour ne fait pas que contrôler la mise en œuvre par les voies de recours des garanties procédurales contenues dans la Convention. Ces dernières sont également un moyen utilisé par la Cour européenne afin de s’assurer du respect de l’ensemble des droits conventionnels. La découverte de ces dimensions pose la question d’une qualification globale des relations entre la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme et les voies de recours. L’utilisation des voies de recours au cœur du contrôle de conventionnalité, en qualité d’instrument ou d’objet, montre que ces relations favorisent un renforcement mutuel des voies de recours comme du système de protection des droits conventionnelsThe influence of the law stemming from the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms no longer need to be demonstrated. This text provides people with an increased protection of their fundamental rights. This assertion can not be restricted to the rights that are clearly stated in the Convention or those that are drawn by the European Court of Human Rights thanks to its dynamic and evolutional interpretation. Remedies constitute a way to contest a judicial decision. On account of this definition, they do not correspond to a right directly protected by the European human rights system. That does not mean they are ignored by this system. On the contrary, European judges give their full attention to them. This thesis built up from the European decisions and judgments underscores the relations between the European Convention and remedies. It is therefore necessary to determine what kind of relations. If those two mechanisms have the idea of control in common, the European judges intervene only when the domestic proceedings in which remedies are brought is ended. This organization allows to highlight the way the European Court looks upon remedies when it carries out its own control. The way it grasps remedies is then not univocal. The European Court does not only control the enforcement of procedural guarantees of the Convention by remedies. These guarantees also are a means used by the European Court to ascertain the respect of all Convention rights. The discovery of these two aspects asks for a global qualification of the relations between the European Convention and remedies. Remedies’ use in the heart of the review of conventionality, as an instrument or an object, shows that these relations favour a mutual strengthening of remedies as well as the Convention rights system of protection
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Selosse, Philippe. "Le régime juridique du produit de luxe." Thesis, Lille 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL20002/document.
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Le produit de luxe n’est pas un bien comme les autres. Ses qualités matérielles et immatérielles lui confèrent une valeur particulière qui oblige son producteur à le vendre dans un environnement commercial adapté. La règle de droit peut-elle considérer cette particularité économique ? Paradoxalement, la France est leader mondiale du marché des produits de luxe, mais nul n’est en mesure d’affirmer avec précision ce qu’est le luxe. Intégrer une notion aussi insaisissable au sein d’un raisonnement juridique semble difficile. Pourtant, les atteintes subies par les titulaires des droits du produit de luxe ont convaincu le juge européen de mettre en place des règles protectrices spéciales. Le but poursuivi est légitime. Il s’agit de protéger les investissements réalisés pour vendre et promouvoir le produit de luxe. Mais cette démarche légale s’appuie sur une méthode de qualification qui n’est pas satisfaisante. L’«aura», le «prestige» ou la «sensation» de luxe qui émanent du produit marqué, sont des critères trop subjectifs pour assurer l’application systématique et cohérente de règles protectrices. C’est pourquoi, outre la démonstration d’un corpus de règles applicables au produit de luxe, il convient d’analyser les fondements de sa reconnaissance par le droit positif, ainsi que l’instauration d’un régime unifié reposant sur des critères de définition précis, prenant en considération les qualités intrinsèques de ce bien particulierThe luxury product is not a product like any other. Its material and immaterial qualities confer a special value that requires its producer to sell it in a proper business environment. The rule of law can it consider this economic feature ? Paradoxically, France is world's leading luxury goods market, but no one is able to state precisely what is luxury. The law seems unsuited to integrate a concept as elusive as luxury. Yet, violations suffered by the owners of luxury product rights have convinced the European judge to set up special protective rules. The aim is legitimate. This is to protect the investments made to sell and promote luxury products. But this legal approach is based on a method of qualification which is not satisfactory. The "will", "prestige" or the "feel" of luxury emanating frombranded product, are too subjective criteria to ensure systematic and consistent implementation of protective rules. Therefore, in addition to the demonstration of a body of rules applicable to the luxury product, it should analyze the foundations of its recognition by positive law and the establishment of a unified system based on criteria precise definition, taking into account the intrinsic qualities of that particular property
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Kardimis, Théofanis. "La chambre criminelle de la Cour de cassation face à l’article 6 de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme : étude juridictionnelle comparée (France-Grèce)." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3004.
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La première partie de l’étude est consacrée à l’invocation, intra et extra muros, du droit à un procès équitable. Sont analysés ainsi, dans un premier temps, l’applicabilité directe de l’article 6 et la subsidiarité de la Convention par rapport au droit national et de la Cour Européenne des Droits de l’Homme par rapport aux juridictions nationales. Le droit à un procès équitable étant un droit jurisprudentiel, l’étude se focalise, dans un second temps, sur l’invocabilité des arrêts de la Cour Européenne et plus précisément sur l’invocabilité directe de l’arrêt qui constate une violation du droit à un procès équitable dans une affaire mettant en cause l’Etat et l’invocabilité de l’interprétation conforme à l’arrêt qui interprète l’article 6 dans une affaire mettant en cause un Etat tiers. L’introduction dans l’ordre juridique français et hellénique de la possibilité de réexamen de la décision pénale définitive rendue en violation de la Convention a fait naitre un nouveau droit d’accès à la Cour de cassation lequel trouve son terrain de prédilection aux violations de l’article 6 et constitue peut-être le pas le plus important pour le respect du droit à un procès équitable après l’acceptation (par la France et la Grèce) du droit de recours individuel. Quant au faible fondement de l’autorité de la chose interprétée par la Cour Européenne, qui est d’ailleurs un concept d’origine communautaire, cela explique pourquoi un dialogue indirect entre la Cour Européenne et la Cour de cassation est possible sans pour autant changer en rien l’invocabilité de l’interprétation conforme et le fait que l’existence d’un précédent oblige la Cour de cassation à motiver l’interprétation divergente qu’elle a adoptée.La seconde partie de l’étude, qui est plus volumineuse, est consacrée aux garanties de bonne administration de la justice (article 6§1), à la présomption d’innocence (article 6§2), aux droits qui trouvent leur fondement conventionnel dans l’article 6§1 mais leur fondement logique dans la présomption d’innocence et aux droits de la défense (article 6§3). Sont ainsi analysés le droit à un tribunal indépendant, impartial et établi par la loi, le délai raisonnable, le principe de l’égalité des armes, le droit à une procédure contradictoire, le droit de la défense d’avoir la parole en dernier, la publicité de l’audience et du prononcé des jugements et arrêts, l’obligation de motivation des décisions, la présomption d’innocence, dans sa dimension procédurale et personnelle, le « droit au mensonge », le droit de l’accusé de se taire et de ne pas contribuer à son auto-incrimination, son droit d’être informé de la nature et de la cause de l’accusation et de la requalification envisagée des faits, son droit au temps et aux facilités nécessaires à la préparation de la défense, y compris notamment la confidentialité de ses communications avec son avocat et le droit d’accès au dossier, son droit de comparaître en personne au procès, le droit de la défense avec ou sans l’assistance d’un avocat, le droit de l’accusé d’être représenté en son absence par son avocat, le droit à l’assistance gratuite d’un avocat lorsque la situation économique de l’accusé ne permet pas le recours à l’assistance d’un avocat mais les intérêts de la justice l’exigent, le droit d’interroger ou faire interroger les témoins à charge et d’obtenir la convocation et l’interrogation des témoins à décharge dans les mêmes conditions que les témoins à charge et le droit à l’interprétation et à la traduction des pièces essentielles du dossier. L’analyse est basée sur la jurisprudence strasbourgeoise et centrée sur la position qu’adoptent la Cour de cassation française et l’AréopageThe first party of the study is dedicated to the invocation of the right to a fair trial intra and extra muros and, on this basis, it focuses on the direct applicability of Article 6 and the subsidiarity of the Convention and of the European Court of Human Rights. Because of the fact that the right to a fair trial is a ‘‘judge-made law’’, the study also focuses on the invocability of the judgments of the European Court and more precisely on the direct invocability of the European Court’s judgment finding that there has been a violation of the Convention and on the request for an interpretation in accordance with the European Court’s decisions. The possibility of reviewing the criminal judgment made in violation of the Convention has generated a new right of access to the Court of cassation which particularly concerns the violations of the right to a fair trial and is probably the most important step for the respect of the right to a fair trial after enabling the right of individual petition. As for the weak conventional basis of the authority of res interpretata (“autorité de la chose interprétée”), this fact explains why an indirect dialogue between the ECHR and the Court of cassation is possible but doesn’t affect the applicant’s right to request an interpretation in accordance with the Court’s decisions and the duty of the Court of cassation to explain why it has decided to depart from the (non-binding) precedent.The second party of the study is bigger than the first one and is dedicated to the guarantees of the proper administration of justice (Article 6§1), the presumption of innocence (Article 6§2), the rights which find their conventional basis on the Article 6§1 but their logical explanation to the presumption of innocence and the rights of defence (Article 6§3). More precisely, the second party of the study is analyzing the right to an independent and impartial tribunal established by law, the right to a hearing within a reasonable time, the principle of equality of arms, the right to adversarial proceedings, the right of the defence to the last word, the right to a public hearing and a public pronouncement of the judgement, the judge’s duty to state the reasons for his decision, the presumption of innocence, in both its procedural and personal dimensions, the accused’s right to lie, his right to remain silent, his right against self-incrimination, his right to be informed of the nature and the cause of the accusation and the potential re-characterisation of the facts, his right to have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of the defence, including in particular the access to the case-file and the free and confidential communication with his lawyer, his right to appear in person at the trial, his right to defend either in person or through legal assistance, his right to be represented by his counsel, his right to free legal aid if he hasn’t sufficient means to pay for legal assistance but the interests of justice so require, his right to examine or have examined witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him and his right to the free assistance of an interpreter and to the translation of the key documents. The analysis is based on the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights and focuses on the position taken by the French and the Greek Court of Cassation (Areopagus) on each one of the above mentioned rights
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Saranová, Daniela. "Známkové právo a problematika paralelních dovozů v právu ČR." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-297099.
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The thesis focuses on the concept of parallel imports in the Czech law in light of the judicature of the European Court of Justice. In the first part of the thesis, after a brief introduction to the Czech trademark law, the thesis seeks to define the individual competencies of trademark owners and their restrictions, with an emphasis on the concept of exhaustion of the rights towards the trademark. The second part of the thesis focuses exclusively on the concept of parallel imports within the European Union and the European Economic Area and their impact on the internal market. The issue of exhaustion of the ownerʼs rights towards the trademark, being closely related to parallel imports and without which parallel imports as such could not exist, represent a key part of the European Court of Justiceʼs rulings. The analysis of the rulings conducted in the thesis demonstrates that the possibilities of trademark owners to inhibit parallel imports are significantly limited and that the European Court of Justice tends to assign greater importance to protecting the internal market than to protecting the subjective rights of the trademark owners.
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Fišerová, Eva. "Známkové právo a problematika paralelních dovozů v právu ČR." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-346813.
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IN ENGLISH Trade mark law and the issues of parallel imports under Czech law The purpose of the thesis is to analyze the trade mark law and the issues of parallel imports under Czech law. The thesis describes the present situation in the Czech Republic, points out the influence of the European Union and considers the impact of the current regulation of parallel imports concerning trademarked goods. The paper also focuses on the court decisions of the Court of Justice of the European Union which have great effect on the law effective in the Czech Republic. The reason for my research is the ongoing international discussion on that topic and the necessity to find balance among contrary interests of trademark owners, parallel importers and consumers. The aim of the thesis is presented at the beginning. The next chapter of the thesis is introductory and defines basic terminology in general. The third chapter looks at the Czech legislation connected to the topic and highlights its connection to the European law. The next section analyzes the law of the European Union and is subdivided into three parts. The first part outlines the historical context and sets out the basic facts. The next part is concerned with a leading principle used in the European Union - the principle of community exhaustion. The last...
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Pavlík, Ondřej. "Známkové právo a problematika paralelních dovozů v právu ČR." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-368824.
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The purpose of the thesis is to analyse the phenomenon of parallel imports, define the pros and cons of parallel trade for respective entities and also society as a whole as well as describe how the trademark law may influence parallel importation of trademarked goods. In addition, the thesis analyses individual means of legal protection against parallel imports identified as illegal. After the introduction summarizing why it is appropriate to deal with the parallel importation phenomenon, the second part of the thesis describes the basic concepts in the context of parallel import issues: trademarks, parallel imports and exhaustion of trademark rights. The second part also describes the positive and negative impacts of parallel trade and why the doctrine of exhaustion of trademark rights appears to be the most appropriate way how to solve the difficulties in the relationship between trademark owners and parallel importers. The third part of the thesis aims to provide a reader with the basic sources of law which affect the phenomenon of parallel importation from the trademark law's point of view. As it follows from the third part of the thesis and also the whole work, the key legal source for the European region, including the Czech Republic, is the law of the European Union together with the case...
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Šipulová, Anna. "Známkové právo a problematika paralelních dovozů v českém právu." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-340921.
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Parallel imports and trademark law in the Czech Republic This thesis goal is to provide a basic introduction to Czech trademark law and to analyse parallel imports. I wanted to emphasize the "exhaustion of rights "principle in the context of the law of the European Union also in the context of law in the Czech Republic. It covers some of the most intriguing aspects of parallel imports for example "placed on the market", "consent of a trade mark owner", "repackaging and other changed of the parallel imported goods "by examining the most important Court of Justice of the European Union (before European Court of Justice) decisions that have set a solid legal environment and use them to explain how parallel imports have evolved. The thesis focuses on Czech and European trademark law and parallel imports in the law of the Czech Republic, as a member state of European Union. At the first part of thesis I explain what is trademark law, it's sense and intent in general. I also examine the fundamental sources of Czech national trademark law, trademark law of the European Union and international law. Which is followed by description what a "trademark" is and which trademarks are protected in Czech Republic, their functions and "trademark owners" as a basics terminology of trademark law in Czech Republic. Next part...
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Chen, Tzu-Yang, and 陳子揚. "Compulsory Licensing and Exhaustion of Rights." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/05236387881649614843.
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碩士中原大學
財經法律研究所
94
Intellectual property is now one of the most important issues for high-tech business. Research and development are the basic way to obtain intellectual property, but these ways are often time- and labor-consuming processes and, as a matter of fact, no promising future is ensured. Another way to acquire intellectual property is licensing of intellectual property. However, licensing is not always available between competitors, who wish to maintain their advantages in market competition. This restricts technology-importing countries to obtain newly-developed and sometimes vitally important technology for saving of properties and lives and improving environments and living standards for their people. This violates the world-wide standards of human right. Compulsory licensing has been one solution for handling this issue. However, traditionally, products made under compulsory licensing are subject to constraints of primarily manufactured for domestic markets and exportation is generally not allowed, because compulsory licensing deprives, at least partly, the owners of the intellectual properties of the right to obtain financial rewards by the exclusive right offered by intellectual property mechanism. This model runs well for industrial products that are not of life-saving concerns, but for life-saving or public health concerned products, primarily essential drugs, people living in the least-developed countries may suffers insufficient and expensive supply of medicines from the authorized manufacturers of the medicines simply due to the non-exportation constraint imposed on the intellectual property right protected products. It is desired, at least for the concerns of human rights, to adopt the principle of international exhaustion for the products manufactured under compulsory licensing so that those products can be freely circulated through all corners of the world that need them. In addition, the raising prosperity of international trading also makes it more reasonable to allow free circulation of products through all over the world without being subject to any unnecessary constraints. This would be of help for establishing a more competitive and prosperous world-wide market, as expected in the establishment of most of the free-trade zones that have been established or are being in negotiation. International exhaustion of rights, although to some extents, causing damage to the economic rewards of the owners of intellectual properties, is one of the promising ways to a humanistic and equal world for human beings and prosperous world-wide economics.
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Chen, Shui. "The enforcement of trademark rights in the People's Republic of China." 2002. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/61463736.html.
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YING-ERH, SU, and 蘇英二. "A Study of The Exclusive Rights of Trademark in China Under WTO System." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83662044415677651715.
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碩士淡江大學
中國大陸研究所
92
A Study of The Exclusive Rights of Trademark in China Under WTO System This thesis mainly analyzes the exclusive rights of trademark in China. How to utilize Chinese market resources, make Taiwanese enterprise grow stronger, develop Taiwanese industries long-term capability of competition and find the stimuli to increase the economy in Taiwan are the critical problems for Taiwanese under currently business relationship between mainland China and Taiwan. (1) Let Taiwanese businessmen learn how to prevent and pay attention to Intellectual Property Rights while doing business in China. (2) After China become a membership of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on December 11, 2001, the regulations and trade rule of WTO have been enforced the legal system of Chinese intellectual property to be changed dramatically. Whether to withhold these changes and create better profit or not is the milestone for Taiwanese businessmen to sustain the competitive advantage in Chinese markets shares. (3) In order to obtain the leading position of market between mainland China and Taiwan, Taiwan should motivate the economy and enforce the protection of intellectual knowledge based on knowledge-based economy, as Western countries do. This way will let the Taiwanese businessmen pay attention to the problems of right of intellectual property and torts alms so that take the advantage in Chinese market and improve own competitive power. (4) Analyzing the law system of China as a member of WTO based on the exclusive right of trademark and torts alms. This study will cover the following topics: 1、 Describe Chinese development of exclusive right of trademark and the system of intellectual knowledge after being a member of WTO. 2、 Discuss WTO and the agreement of trade-related aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. 3、 Alms of be torted for illegal usage of trademark in China. 4、 Analyzing cases about illegal use of trademark in China. Based on those analyses, there are some discoveries: 1、 Some problems currently exist in Chinese legal system about the intellectual property protection. 2、 There are some weakness between the legal system and the prevention of intellectual property. I proposed some suggestions for the exclusive rights of intellectual property and trademark in China and made some conclusion.
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Hung, Chi-Chun, and 洪季群. "The Exhaustion Doctrine － with respect to the Management of the Intellectual Property Rights." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36338970004890321680.
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碩士東吳大學
法律學系
98
Since the Exhaustion Doctrine is an important theory established more than one hundred and fifty years, we found that this doctrine would not be affected as the time goes by. This old doctrine which still exists and works, was used by Quanta Computer, Inc. for defending a patent litigation which claimed by LG Electronics, Inc., and also reconciles/coordinates the Intellectual Property Rights and the use of the sold products (contain with the said Intellectual Property Rights). Those Intellectual Property Rights, which already rewarded when the products were sold, are limited as well. Furthermore, this Exhaustion Doctrine was again reviewed by the Supreme Court of the United States in Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc., which revealed its importance. The essay not only explains the evolution of the Exhaustion Doctrine (as the Chapter 2) regarding how it is applied to Copyright (as the Chapter 3), Patent (as Chapter 4) and Trademark (as the Chapter 5) Laws, but also mentions the latest judgments which were made by the Supreme Court of the United States (as the Chapter 6). Furthermore, this essay provides some key points with respect to what kinds of license agreement issues shall to draw more attentions to and how we shall deal with them, and some suggestions regarding how company could manage its Intellectual Property Rights well for reference (as the Chapter 7). How does a company handle this Exhaustion Doctrine when negotiating such purchase contract or license contracts? However, it shall depend on the bargaining power at a case by case basis. It is sincerely expected that this essay may provide some reference values thereafter to our local companies when dealing with the business matters.
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Lin, Luen-Guang, and 林倫光. "Protection of trademark rights in Mainland China and legal system of disputes over infringement." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47h5ke.
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碩士國立雲林科技大學
科技法律研究所
106
Since China’s 12th Five-Year Plan (2011-2015) passed by the fifth plenary session of the 17th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (referred to as 12th Five-Year Plan), with the high development of economy, the CPC is also committed to the protection of intellectual property rights, and the work report of the 18th CPC National Congress clearly emphasizes the implementation of the IPRs strategy. The first plenary session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (referred to as the 19th CPC National Congress)was held on October 2017. Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, delivered a nearly three-and-a-half-hour work report on “Secure a Decisive Victory in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects and Strive for the Great Success of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era”, in which “Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era” is written into the Party Constitution for the first time along with “Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, and Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Theory of Three Represents and the Scientific Outlook on Development” as its guiding ideologies, and the Party continues to push ahead with “anti-corruption, deepening reform, advancing the rule of law and strictly governing the Party”. In view of the increasingly frequent economic and trade exchanges between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait, the protection of intellectual property rights of Taiwan businessmen in mainland China is becoming more and more important. At the Fifth Chen-Chiang summit on June 29, 2010, the Straits Exchange Foundation and the Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits signed the “Cross-Straits Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement” (ECFA) and the “Cross-Strait Agreement on Intellectual Property Right Protection and Cooperation” in order to safeguard the intellectual property rights of Taiwanese people applying for patents and trademarks, etc. in the mainland and to provide a quick gateway to relief for solving the infringement of related rights. This article will discuss the legal system of trademark protection in mainland China, and the gateway under the current system to dealing with the cross-straits trademark infringement disputes and encountered problems, and finally review the implementation effect of the “trademark coordination and handling mechanism” under the Cross-Strait Agreement on Intellectual Property Right Protection and Cooperation to see whether Cross-Straits trademark infringement disputes can be effectively resolved by taking actual cases of trademark infringement disputes in mainland China － well-known trademarks and trademark protection as the object of study, and suggestions will be offered. Keywords: Cross-Straits legal system trademark, well-known trademark, intellectual property, intellectual property right, trademark protection, trademark infringement, settlement of disputes, coordination and handling mechanism, Cross-Strait Agreement on Intellectual Property Right Protection and Cooperation, Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement, and ECFA.
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MacGillivray, Rose Ann. "Parallel importation: A framework for a Canadian position on exhaustion of intellectual property rights." 2008. http://link.library.utoronto.ca/eir/EIRdetail.cfm?Resources__ID=742231&T=F.
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Truong, Man-Linh, and 張敏玲. "The Relationship of Cognition, Attitude and Commitment of Vietnamese Corporation on Trademark and Patent Rights." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/61496712054136363198.
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碩士中原大學
企業管理研究所
98
Vietnam's accession to the WTO (World Trade Organization, WTO) on intellectual property rights has brought opportunities and challenges for companies. The operators who want to succeed in international markets have to get sufficient and necessary conditions on intellectual property rights. This is aslo important issue that is most concerned with international partners. Vietnamese enterprises became more important in intellectual property cases, how to avoid infringing the patent or other vendors from foreign competition. The companies would agree wheather or not with supporting and commitment Intellectual Property, particularly in the trademark and patent. Purposes of this study include of: (a) The cognition of Vietnamese enterprises on trademark and patent rights will affect the commitment; (b) The attitude of Vietnamese enterprises on trademark and patent rights will affect the commitment. In this study, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Vietnam as the test subjects, the questionnaires were issued by the convenience sampling method. A total of issuance is 250 questionnaires, a total of retrieving is 82 questionnaires, a total of valid quetionaires are 82, response rate was 33%. By using SPSS statistical software program to analysis factors, using simple regression analysis to examine the relationship between variables. The major findings of this study are as follows: 1. The recognition of manufacturers on intellectual property rights to the commitment has a significant effect. 2. The attitude of manufacturers on intellectual property rights to the commitment does not have a significant effect. 3. The recognition of manufacturers on intellectual property rights to the corporate commitment is influenced by the amount of investment, the number of employees that has a significant effect. 4. The attitude of manufacturers on intellectual property rights to the corporate commitment is influenced by the amount of investment, the number of employees and industial careers that does not has a significant effect.
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CHIU, HSIAO-WEN, and 邱筱雯. "A Comparative Study of Provisional remedies proceedings with Focused on the patent and trademark rights." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6qhykm.
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Lee, Tzu-Wei, and 李子瑋. "The Layout Strategy of Electric Locomotive’s Intellectual Property Rights--- Patent and Trademark Case Study Analysis of GOGORO." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5xg2te.
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碩士國立臺北科技大學
智慧財產權研究所
105
In this research, the author analyzes electric locomotive patents and trademarks from a company named GOGORO Inc., in an effort to discuss the application activities of its related intellectual property. The purpose of this research is to understand and analyze the status of the patent and trademark arrangements used to protect GOGORO’s electric locomotive, and to discuss future trends in the development of electric locomotives, through the use of patent analysis. In an initial step, all of GOGORO’s electric locomotive patents and trademarks were searched. The results obtained from this search were then used to analyze both patents and trademarks. The patent analysis includes the number of patents, patent application dates, patent classifications, priority analysis, patent families, patent abstracts, patent contents and priority technologies, whereas the trademark analysis includes trademark information, trademark application categories and countries, etc. The aforementioned analyses were carried out in order to understand the patent technology and trademark development processes of the case study companies, in order to enhance the analysis of GOGORO’s key patents and trademarks. Finally, the future direction of patent and trademark activities are shown, in order to assist GOGORO electric locomotive in considering the global trend and development, and to provide recommendations for its patents and trademarks.
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YU-MEI, CHANG, and 張遊美. "Patent and Trademark Applicants' Selection of Intellectual Property Rights Offices Factor Research - An Example of Taipei City." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/pm93ue.
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碩士環球科技大學
中小企業經營策略管理研究所
107
In view of the importance of the consideration of patent applicants for the selection of intellectual property rights, in reviewing the past literature, we find that there are few studies on the consideration of patent applicants for the selection of intellectual property rights. This study is based on the Delphi and AHP to understand the factors in which a patented trademark applicant selects a smart property firm. In the first phase of the study, the project was first screened, and the final results were collected through a questionnaire survey conducted by Delphi and AHP. The following conclusions can be summarized: 1. The three facets "performance", "service" and "enterprise" of the applicants for the selection of intellectual property rights by the patent applicants can be summarized. 2. In the "performance" indicator, the results show that "performance" is the most important, followed by "past record." 3. In the "service" indicator, the result is that "guarantee" is the most important, followed by "response", "service environment", "customization" and finally "empathy". 4. In the "enterprise" indicator, the result is that "Word of mouth" is the most important, followed by "image", "brand", "price" and finally "ability".
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CHIA, LI-MIN, and 賈立民. "The Study of Cross－Straits Investigations on Intellectual Property Rights Referring to Criminal Cases－Take Trademark Infringement as Examples." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/a922pw.
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碩士大葉大學
智慧財產權碩士在職學位學程
106
In recent years, protecting its own brand and avoiding infringing on others’ registered trademarks have become an important determinant of industrial competition; especially in the era of e-commerce boom, with the rapid flow of Internet communications, advances in science and technology and the development of transportation, all have an impact on the administrative and judicial systems that protect trademark rights. This article is based on the infringement of international trademark norms, cross-strait trademark laws and regulations, and cases from administrative and judicial authorities at all levels. It will study the causes and trends of existing cases of infringement of trademark rights. At the same time, it will study jointly protection of the trademarks on both sides of the Taiwan Strait. The cooperation mechanism of trademark rights is discussed and analyzed. It is hoped that effective conclusions can be drawn and feasible suggestions can be made for the reference basis for the protection of intellectual property rights in Taiwan. Key Words : Trademark, Trademark infringement, Cross-Straits trademark, Trademark cooperation mechanism.
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Dvořáková, Aneta. "Ochranná známka, její ochrana a vymáhání práv k ní v právním řádu ČR." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-365304.
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ní'' poskytuje rozbor tří oblastí zákonné úpravy ochranných známek včetně použití související judikatury jednotlivým oblastem. Diplomová práce se věnuje institutu ochranné známky jako takové, možnostem její ochrany a úpravě vymáhání práv k části diplomová práce podrobně popisuje institut ochranné známky a její historii, funkce ochranné známky, zatřídění v rámci duševního a průmyslového vlastnictví, rostoucí význam ky a rozšiřující se okruh druhů ochranných známek. V následující části diplomové práce je detailně rozebráno registrační řízení u ÚPV, a to od podání přihlášky až po jednotlivá fakultativní řízení, která mohou v rámci její ochrany nastat, až po případný zá do rejstříku ochranných známek. Podrobně je rozebráno připomínkové řízení a zejména námitkové řízení. V námitkovým řízením jsou důkladně popsány osoby oprávněné podat takové námitky a rozebrány možné důvody v práce se dále zaměřuje na prostředky ochrany poskytované nejen ÚPV, ale i soudy a dalšími orgány, kterými je ochrana vhodně doplněna i v spotřebitele, čímž je poukázáno na to, jak velký význam ochrana v této oblasti má. Závěrečná část p průmyslovému vlastnictví, který i přes svůj stručný rozsah poskytuje pro oblast průmyslového vlastnictví vhodný nástroj úspěšnému vymožení práv oprávněnými osobami. Diplomová práce v této části poskytuje...
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Řehounek, Dominik. "Právní ochrana domén ve vztahu k právům na označení." Master's thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-393035.
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Legal protection of domain names in relation to rights of designation Abstract The diploma thesis focusing on the legal protection of domains in relation to the rights of designation has an ambition to offer its readers a comprehensive view of this issue. The work is divided into two basic parts, namely technical and legal parts. In the technical part, attention is paid to both the technical background of the domains, the functioning of the domain name system as well as the individual concepts such as the difference between the domain and the domain name. Legal part is divided into two chapters. The first chapter seeks, in particular, to anchor domains within the legal order, while the other deals with their differences with respect to the rights to designations and possible collisions with them. In the first chapter, apart from a bit of history, the technical functioning of domains within the domain name system is described. Emphasis is placed on the hierarchical structure and explanation of the basic principles. The explanation also deals with different types of domains and their differences. The space is also dedicated to the registration process. In the second chapter it deals with the status of domains, respectively domain names within the legal order. It polemize the existence of absolute rights and...
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Almeida, Inês Tuna de. "Esgotamento de direitos de distribuição em software Um possível caminho para o esgotamento digital." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/90288.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciências Jurídico-Forenses apresentada à Faculdade de DireitoAs tecnologias da informação e comunicação avançam a um ritmo avassalador, e cada vez mais há uma tendência para migrar para o digital. O consumo de obras protegidas por direitos de autor não é exceção.Instituto Nacional de Estatísticas, no Anuário Estatístico de Portugal 2017, revelou que 73,8% dos portugueses com idades compreendidas entre os 16 e os 74 anos acedem regularmente à Internet, e 71,5% dos agregados familiares têm pelo menos um indivíduo dentro da mesma faixa etária com computador para uso pessoal em casa, números que têm vindo a aumentar de ano para ano. É evidente que o software veio para ficar, pelo que é premente analisar o estado de saúde do direito nesta área.A revenda de cópias de programas de computador tem sido alvo de variados litígios por todo o mundo, até que recentemente o Tribunal de Justiça da União Europeia provocou um aceso debate dentro da União Europeia para determinar se a legislação comunitária em sede de direitos de autor permite (ou permitirá) a revenda digital de obras protegidas.Esta investigação analisa o programa de computador num contexto europeu enquanto objeto de propriedade intelectual, a sua distribuição e o esgotamento de direitos aquando da primeira comercialização, através de um método lógico-dedutivo assente na doutrina nacional e internacional, jurisprudência europeia e numa perspetiva de direito comparado. O objetivo é inferir as consequências e implicações de um regime especial que poderá ser o ponto de partida para a instituição de uma doutrina de exaustão digital geral.
Information and communication technologies are advancing at an overwhelming pace, and there is a growing tendency to migrate to digital. The consumption of copyrighted works presents no exception to this inclination.The National Statistics Institute, in the Portuguese 2017’s Statistical Yearbook, revealed that 73.8% of the Portuguese population aged 16-74 regularly access the Internet, and 71.5% of households have at least one person in the same age group with a computer at home for personal use, numbers that have been increasing year after year. It is clear that the software industry has come to stay, so it is urgent to analyze the health status of law in this area.The resale of software copies has been the subject of a variety of disputes around the world until the Court of Justice of the European Union recently sparked a strenuous debate within the European Union, to determine whether EU copyright law allows (or at least will allow) the digital resale of works protected under copyright.This research examines the computer program in a European context as an intellectual property object, its distribution and the copyright exhaustion at the time of the first commercialization, through a logical-deductive method based on national and international doctrine, European jurisprudence and comparative law. The purpose is to evidence the consequences and implications of a special regimen that could be the starting point for the establishment of a general digital copyright exhaustion doctrine.
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Chou, Chih-Yu, and 張智堯. "The conflict between the public censorship of intellectual property right and the principle of legitimate expectation-the case of the implications of the approval or refusal of trademark rights on applicant's interests." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/03998120576060334553.
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碩士中國文化大學
法律學系碩士在職專班
101
Intellectual property rights are very important to business activities nowadays. After the right holder claims rights, on the basis of the characteristics of quasi-property rights, he can exclude competitors’ torts to gain the advantage of business competition. However, according to legal norms in each country, claiming rights belongs to applications of Administrative Law. The administrative agency determines the approval or refusal of rights and a remedy within the administrative machinery is also the main remedied way. Nevertheless, the application of trademark is different from duty to cure the defect of other rights in the varieties of intellectual property rights. After a period of time, it can maintain its rights without challenges of the public censorship. The type of curing defect is the form of the principle of legitimate expectation in the administrative law. The purpose of this thesis is to explore the application of the principle of legitimate expectation to the trademark except the measure of public and private interests and on the basis of differences of rights formation between trademarks and intellectual property rights, how to exclude the effect of application from public censorship.
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Mervartová, Petra. "Diplomatická ochrana a její poskytování v mezinárodním právu." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-373810.
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This diploma thesis deals with the topic of diplomatic protection and it's use in the system of international law. The goal of this thesis is to describe the legal institute of diplomatic protection and how it is exercised and to describe both the historical development of the institute and it's future direction. The thesis is divided into five chapters that gradually develop and analyse the topic. The first chapter deals with the definition of the legal term diplomatic protection and it's content. It also lists the conditions under which the diplomatic protection can be exercised. Part of the chapter deals with the history of the institute and also speaks about some legal institutes similar to diplomatic protection. The second chapter summarises the efforts taken in order to codify the institute and introduces Draft Articles on Diplomatic Protection to the reader. This chapter also describes the current situation of usage of the institute. The third chapter is focused on exercising diplomatic protection on behalf of individual citizens. It's main focus is to list all the necessary conditions under which can diplomatic protection be used in those cases. The fourth chapter on the other hand deals with providing diplomatic protection to legal entities and the conditions of such provision. There is a...