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Journal articles on the topic 'The Exiles'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Milevsky, Oleg A. "Anatomy of the Protests of Political Exiles in Western Siberia in the 1880s." RUDN Journal of Russian History 19, no. 3 (December 15, 2020): 654–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2020-19-3-654-672.

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Using the methods of regional history, the present paper studies some little-known pages of the history of the political exile life in Western Siberia. The present case gives us a new perspective on the institution of political exile, and insights into the relationship between the provincial government and political exiles. The article is based on hitherto unstudied documents from the archives of Tobolsk and Surgut. The focus is on collisions of political exiles with the local administration, which resulted in a series of protests by political exiles. Reconstructing the daily life of exiled revolutionaries, the author analyzes the decision-making by central and provincial authorities towards exiled revolutionaries. Special attention is paid to the life circumstances of political prisoners in the Tobolsk North, in particular in the town of Surgut, where the confrontation between exiles and the local administration reached an extreme degree of tension, leading in 1888 to the "Surgut protest". These events later triggered the Yakut protest of 1889, the largest in the history of political exile, which ended in direct bloodshed. The author emphasizes the short-sightedness of the tsarist government as well as the petty and vindictive desire of officials at all levels to brutally and often excessively punish opponents of the existing political system. These factors had harmful consequences for the Russian Empire. On the one hand, the relationship between the government and the opposition became more tense; on the other, the harsh treatment of poli- tical exiles seriously undermined the prestige of the autocracy on the international scene, moving world public opinion into the direction of supporting the Russian revolutionary movement.

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2

Yim, Lawrence. "Exile, Borders, and Poetry: A Study of Fang Xiaobiao's “Miscellaneous Poems on the Eastern Journey”." Journal of Chinese Literature and Culture 7, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 192–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/23290048-8313585.

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Abstract Exile to Manchuria in the early Qing (1644–1912) is a peculiar historical, political, and cultural phenomenon whose scale and scope are unprecedented in premodern Chinese history. Among the exiles were some very accomplished writers who continued to write in the places of banishment, and their treatment of the trope of exile and exilic experiences in poems and prose writings is worthy of serious study. This article is a study of the exilic writings of the especially important yet understudied poet Fang Xiaobiao (1618–?), who in the wake of the examination scandal of 1657 was exiled to Ningguta 寧古塔, a remote town close to the borders of then Chosŏn Korea. The author conducts close readings of a series of poems titled “Miscellaneous Poems on the Eastern Journey” (Dongzheng zayong), written by Fang on his journey to Ningguta. The author studies not the historicity and historization of the actual exile event per se but, rather, the literary, aesthetic, and psychological representations of the exilic condition, to address the following questions: How is the uncanny psychic condition of the exile embedded in, and therefore reflected by, the literary and aesthetic configurations of the texts? How does the liminality of the exilic world interact with the liminality of exilic language? How do we understand and describe this “inbetweenness” historically, philosophically, and literarily? From these perspectives the author situates and fathoms the figure and voice of the exile turned poet, or poet turned exile. We can also see from these perspectives that the exiles are bound to encounter the “other” in the foreign landscapes, in the cultural and linguistic differences, and no less in the humbling experiences of themselves and their body and in the troubled subjectivity of the self.

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3

Moreda Rodríguez, Eva. "Transatlantic Networks in the Correspondence of Two Exiled Spanish Musicians, Julián Bautista and Adolfo Salazar." Journal of the Royal Musical Association 140, no. 1 (2015): 93–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02690403.2015.1008864.

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ABSTRACTStudies of the Spanish Republican exile, both musicological and otherwise, have often worked under the assumption that the exiles were disconnected from Francoist Spain and were thus unable to contribute in any way to the musical life of their home country. This article re-examines these assumptions by analysing a hitherto unexplored corpus of correspondence between two exiled musicians, Julián Bautista and Adolfo Salazar, and other musicians who had stayed in Francoist Spain. Such correspondence suggests that the exiles could, and indeed did, contribute to Spanish musical life under Francoism in a variety of ways.

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4

Bilić, Tomislav. "Locations of Mythical Exile: Two Mythical Models Accounting for the Phenomenon of the Diurnal Solar Movement." Mnemosyne 66, no. 2 (2013): 247–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852511x584937.

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Abstract Various mythical ‘exiles’, gods (Cronus), heroes (Cadmus), and other individuals (Ophion, Typhon, Ogygus, Briareus) or groups (Cyclopes) were conceived as exiled for various reasons, but mainly because of a struggle with Zeus. Locations of their mythical exile were regularly conceived as distant, extreme, inaccessible, and, sometimes, out of this world. Consequently, the terms sometimes associated with those mythical exiles are ἔσχατα, ἄκρος, and πέρατα. Most of the exiles were at some point placed in Tartarus, a term more or less applicable to a section of Hades; but they were regularly conceived as continuing their existence by the shore of the mythical Oceanus, most probably in the farthest West. In a number of cases, both versions of the story existed, and they probably referred to the same thing: one can be at the ἔσχατα, ἄκρος, or πέρατα both under earth and at its western extremity. This fact is explained by the existence of two mythical models accounting for the diurnal solar movement.

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5

Neubauer, John. "Voices from Exile: A Literature for Europe?" European Review 17, no. 1 (February 2009): 133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798709000611.

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Exile, for all of its pain and suffering, has offered European writers a way to step out of their national linguistic and cultural environment. Did exiled writers make use of this opportunity, and start writing a ‘literature for Europe’? By no means all did; many of them sealed themselves off in order to maintain the purity of their mother tongue, while others ‘opened up’ and adjusted to the culture of their host country, often even by adopting its language for their writing. Considering these questions, Pascale Casanova’s La République mondiale des lettres1 is of great help, although her models are Joyce, Beckett, and other writers, who were not exiles in a literal sense. Many ‘genuine’ exiles retained the national mentality of their youth.

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6

Pérez, Paule. "Exiles Masked, Masks of Exile." Diogenes 54, no. 4 (November 2007): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0392192107086532.

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7

Gadamska-Serafin, Renata. "Norwid and the exiles to Siberia." Studia Norwidiana 37 English Version (2020): 61–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/sn.2019.37-4en.

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The exiles to Siberia had a profound influence on Norwid’s consciousness already in his middle school years (i.e. in the 1830s) as the next wave (following the one after the failure of the November Uprising) began at that time. The subject of exile and martyrdom was often discussed by Norwid in conversations and correspondence with his friends. Even among the poet’s close and distant relatives, there were many people who were affected by the deportation to the East (Józef Hornowski, the Kleczkowski family, Konstanty Jarnowski). The list of Norwid’s friends who were deported to Syberia is horribly long: Karol Baliński, Maksymilian Jatowt (pseud. Jakub Gordon), Agaton Giller, Karol Ruprecht, Stefan Dobrycz, Andrzej Deskur, Bronisław Zaleski, Antoni and Michał Zaleski, Anna Modzelewska and her brother, Aleksander Hercen, Piotr Ławrow. There were also some occasional meetings with the exiled or their families (Aniela Witkiewiczówna, Aleksander Czekanowski). Norwid attentively listened to oral accounts of those who returned, he also read publications on Siberian themes published from the early 1950s (among others, by Giller, Gordon, B. Zaleski). In his speeches and letters he repeatedly drew attention to the necessity of commemorating the “Siberian exiles” and providing them with support – both spiritual and material – as well as establishing the Siberian Society, “where all single sufferings and conquest would come to balance”. Providing the exiled with state protection and enabling them to return to their homeland became even one of the points of Norwid’s project for the political and social principles of future Poland.

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8

Baksht, Dmitrii A. "Private letters of Siberian exiles about the ‘Turukhansk revolt’: 1908–1912." Herald of an archivist, no. 2 (2018): 508–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2018-2-508-521.

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The article studies the Turukhansk region as a territory with distinct climatic conditions and, consequently, with distinctive state management institutions and does so in the context of modernization processes of late 19th – early 20th century. This part of the Yenisei gubernia having become a region of mass exile after the First Russian Revolution of 1905–1907, its integration into a general system of management slowed down. Private letters of exiles are an important historical source, they reveal many aspects of the daily life of the persons under supervising in the inter-revolutionary period. The ‘Turukhansk revolt’ in the winter of 1908/09 revealed not only the ineffectiveness of exile as a penal measure, but also severel major problems of the region: archaic and scanty management institutions, lack of transport communication with southern uezds of the gubernia, underpopulation, and also gubernia and metropolitan officials’ ignorance of local affairs. The agencies of the Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs expanded the practice of perlustration as involvement in the revolutionary movement grew. Siberian exiles had their correspondence routinely inspected, and yet in most cases they were inexperienced enough not to encrypt their messages. Surviving perlustration materials offer an ambivalent picture of the ‘Turukhansk revolt’: there were both approval and condemnation of the participants’ actions. The documents tell a tale of extreme cruelty of the punitive detachments even towards those who were not involved in the resistance. The subject of the Siberian exile of the early 20th century has research potential. There is virtually no scholarship on the exiles’ self-reflection concerning the ‘common violence’ of both anti-governmental groups and state punitive agencies. Diversification in political/party or social/class affiliation is not enough. The new materials have revealed a significant gap between several ‘streams’ of exiles: those banished to Siberia in midst of the First Russian Revolution differed from those exiled in 1910s. The article concludes that, having departed from the previous approach to studying the exile, ego-sources cease to be of lesser importance than other types of historical sources. Their subjectivity becomes an advantage for a high-quality text analysis.

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9

Hill, David T. "Cold War Polarization, Delegated Party Authority, and Diminishing Exilic Options." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 176, no. 2-3 (June 11, 2020): 338–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-bja10005.

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Abstract Several thousand Indonesians were in China on 1 October 1965, when six senior military officers were killed in Jakarta by the Thirtieth of September Movement (G30S) in a putsch blamed upon the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI). The event changed the lives of Indonesians—in China and in their homeland—irrevocably. This article examines the impact of bilateral state relations upon the fate of those Indonesian political exiles in China and assesses the role of the Beijing-based leadership of the PKI (known as the Delegation of the Central Committee) as it attempted to manage the party in exile. Oral and written accounts by individual exiles are drawn upon to illustrate the broader community experience and trauma of exile, which was particularly harsh during the Cultural Revolution. The fate of the Indonesian exiles during this tempestuous period of Chinese politics was exacerbated by the failure of the delegation and, ultimately, by the exiles’ eventual rejection by the Chinese state.

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10

Dosil Mancilla, Francisco Javier. "The Network of Spanish Science in Exile." Culture & History Digital Journal 7, no. 1 (July 6, 2018): 004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2018.004.

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Spanish science in exile operated as a network of networks. Its dynamics help us understand the deep imprint that exiled scientists left in their host countries. The network was characterized by its tendency to maintain links that had existed before the Spanish Civil War and the establishment of alliances with multiple actors, not just humans, that facilitated the legitimization and integration of exiles while allowing them to resume their research. In addition, those alliances produced shifts of goals that often led those exiled scientists to blaze new trails in scientific research and inaugurate new disciplines. Without doubt, this process fostered the vascularization of science in receiving countries.

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11

Popova, Zhanna. "Exile as Imperial Practice: Western Siberia and the Russian Empire, 1879–1900." International Review of Social History 63, S26 (June 14, 2018): 131–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859018000251.

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AbstractMore than 800,000 people were exiled to Siberia during the nineteenth century. Exile was a complex administrative arrangement that involved differentiated flows of exiles and, in the view of the central authorities, contributed to the colonization of Siberia. This article adopts the “perspective from the colonies” and analyses the local dimension of exile to Siberia. First, it underscores the conflicted nature of the practice by highlighting the agency of the local administrators and the multitude of tensions and negotiations that the maintenance of exile involved. Secondly, by focusing on the example of the penal site of Tobolsk, where exile and imprisonment overlapped, I will elucidate the uneasy relationship between those two penal practices during Russian prison reform. In doing so, I will re-evaluate the position of exile in relation to both penal and governance practice in Imperial Russia.

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12

De Sas Kropiwnicki, Zosa Olenka. "The Meeting of Myths and Realities: The “Homecoming” of Second-Generation Exiles in Post-Apartheid South Africa." Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees 30, no. 2 (November 19, 2014): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.39621.

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This article is based on the findings of a qualitative study of second-generation exiles, who were born in exile and/ or spent their formative years in exile during apartheid. It is based on in-depth interviews with forty-seven men and women who spent their childhoods in North America, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, West Africa, East Africa, and southern Africa as second-generation exiles during apartheid. This article will focus on the tensions that arose over the myths and realities of return, in what often became dashed expectations of returning to a welcoming, free, and progressive post-apartheid South Africa, politically and socially united around key liberation principles. It will also discuss the manner in which the experience and memory of exile influenced former second-generation exiles’ perceptions of their roles as agents of change in post- apartheid South Africa—roles that were often adopted in the name of an ongoing liberation struggle.

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13

Ablazhey, N. N. "UNIFICATION OF REGISTRATION OF THE SPECIAL DEPORTEES IN SIBERIA IN THE LATE 1940s." Vestnik Altaiskogo Gosudarstvennogo Pedagogiceskogo Universiteta, no. 45 (December 8, 2020): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.37386/2413-4481-2020-4-63-69.

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The article is devoted to the standardisation of registration of deportees in the late 1940s. The author analyses the results of the 1949 All-Union Census of Exiles, which led to the replenishment of special files, formalisation of registration of the records on exiles and systematisation of special commandant’s offices. It is concluded that registration and statistical measures have led to the unification of exile as a regime system.

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14

Vásquez, Ana. "The doubts of a bigamist." Index on Censorship 15, no. 6 (June 1986): 31–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03064228608534118.

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15

Mercer, Lianne Elizabeth. "Exiles." AJN, American Journal of Nursing 102, no. 12 (December 2002): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-200212000-00018.

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16

CHAINEY, GRAHAM. "Exiles." Critical Quarterly 32, no. 4 (December 1990): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8705.1990.tb00621.x.

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17

Minot, Stephen. "Exiles." Missouri Review 10, no. 1 (1987): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mis.1987.0003.

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18

Evgeniy V., Semenov. "Artistic Work of Polish Exiles in the Trans-Baikal Region of Russia in the Second Half of the 19th Century." Humanitarian Vector 16, no. 3 (June 2021): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2021-16-3-54-61.

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Polish political exiles to Siberia of the latter half of the 1800s were involved in many aspects of the social and cultural life of the time in the Trans-Baikal Region of Russia. However, in contrast to their scholarly research conducted while in exile, their artistic activities have never been a topic of independent studies. The objective of this paper is to study artistic work of Polish exiles in the context of penal labor and penal settlements. When developing the topic of this study, the author relied on fundamental research principles and methods. Using a broad range of archive materials and private sources, the author describes the artistic journeys of the most famous Polish artists in exile who left a prominent legacy in the Trans-Baikal artistic life of the time. When working on the topic of the article, the author used the following methods of historical research: analysis of written sources, bibliographic method, historical and genetic method. While being formally convicted to penal labor in the mines and factories of Nerchinsk mining region, some Polish exiles were not actually required to engage in hard labor. The most artistically minded among them were looking for the opportunities to selfeducate themselves and engage in artistic activities. The author identified several previously unknown facts associated with the artistic legacy of Polish exiles. Against the backdrop of Polish deportation in the 1800s, the author reconstructed the artistic work of Jozef Baerkman and Stanislaw Wronski. During their time in the Siberian penal system, Polish artists created paintings, taxidermic works, and illustrations to the scholarly works of Benedykt Dybowski. However, their most active creative period began when they were released from hard labor and settled in penal colonies. Today, some works of Polish artists in exile created during the second half of the 19th century are part of collections of regional museums. Keywords: Polish exiles, Polish artists, artistic activity, Trans-Baikal region, Stanislaw Wronski, Jozef Baerkman

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19

Barry, Jennifer. "Damning Nicomedia." Studies in Late Antiquity 3, no. 3 (2019): 413–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sla.2019.3.3.413.

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All Christian flights were not created equal. With the aid of pro-Nicene authors, Athanasius of Alexandria's multiple flights quickly became the standard for an orthodox exile. The charge of cowardice, or worse, heresy, was not so easily dismissed, however. While the famed Athanasius would explain away such charges in his own writings, as did many of his later defenders, not all fleeing bishops could escape a damning verdict. In this article, I explore how the enemies of Nicaea, re-read as the enemies of Athanasius, also found themselves in exile. Their episcopal flights were no testament to their virtue but within pro-Nicene Christian memory of fifth-century ecclesiastical historians, the exiles of anti-Nicene bishops, such as Eusebius of Nicomedia, were remembered as evidence of guilt. To show how this memory-making exercise took place we will turn to the imperial landscape and assess how the space someone was exiled from greatly shaped how exile was deemed either orthodox or heretical.

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20

Frechette, Ann. "Democracy and Democratization among Tibetans in Exile." Journal of Asian Studies 66, no. 1 (February 2007): 97–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911807000022.

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This paper analyzes how democracy is conceptualized and operationalized among Tibetan exiles based on fieldwork conducted among Tibetans in Dharamsala during 1994 and in two settlements in Nepal throughout 1995. The Tibetan exiles are in a democratic transition, yet their transition resembles much more of a “muddling through” than a linear progression, as they struggle to interpret democratic values in the context of their own worldview and political circumstances. The Tibetan exiles' case can be interpreted as a new variation on the Asian democracy debate, with a focus on how authoritarian and popular choice interrelate in an actually existing democratic system. For the Tibetans, the issue is the place of the “enlightened mind” in modern forms of governance. The author finds that the exile context has both facilitated and limited the Tibetans' reform efforts.

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21

De Sas Kropiwnicki, Zosa Olenka. "Childhood in Exile: The Agency of Second-Generation Exiles Seeking Refuge from Apartheid." Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees 30, no. 1 (May 6, 2014): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.38601.

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This paper is based on a retrospective study of children who were born in exile and/or spent their formative years in exile during apartheid. It is based on 21 in-depth interviews with men and women who spent their childhoods in an average of three different countries in North America, Western Europe, the Nordic region, Eastern Europe, West Africa, and East Africa as second-generation exiles during apartheid. This article will argue that the interplay of structure and agency in the lives of second-generation exiles in the process of migration and in the transitory spaces that they occupied should be explored. Second-generation exile children devised a range of strategies in order to challenge or cope with constantly shifting contexts characterized by inequalities, social exclusion, violence, and political uncertainty.

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22

Çakır-Kılınçoğlu, Sevil. "Exile Within Exiles: Herbert Daniel, Gay Brazilian Revolutionary." Oral History Review 47, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 125–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00940798.2020.1718943.

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23

Snider, Colin M. "Exile within exiles: Herbert Daniel, gay Brazilian revolutionary." Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies / Revue canadienne des études latino-américaines et caraïbes 44, no. 3 (August 30, 2019): 385–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08263663.2019.1653698.

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24

Cowan, Benjamin A. "Exile within Exiles: Herbert Daniel, Gay Brazilian Revolutionary." Hispanic American Historical Review 100, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-7993463.

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25

Lesbatta, Naomi, Widhi Handayani, and Pamerdi Giri Wiloso. "Yang Terbuang, Yang Membangun: Studi Perubahan Sosial Di Kecamatan Waeapo Kabupaten Buru Oleh Eks Orang-Orang Buangan 1969-1979." Anthropos: Jurnal Antropologi Sosial dan Budaya (Journal of Social and Cultural Anthropology) 7, no. 1 (June 24, 2021): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/antro.v7i1.24482.

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Buru Regency is one of the rice suppliers in Maluku Province.The achievements of Buru Regency as Maluku rice supplier cannot be separated from its history as a place for people who were exiled in 1969. The presence of these former people has an influence on social change in Buru Island. Located in Waeapo district, Buru regency, this qualitative research was conducted to explain social change in Waeapo, Buru by the former exiles. The results showed that before the former exiles arrived at Buru Island, the Waeapo was dominated by forests, where the local people practiced swidden agriculture. The presence of former exiles in 1969 changed the landscape of Buru from forest to paddyfields by means of forced labor. The forced labor and introduction of new agricultural system are patterns inherited from the colonial government. Nevertheless, in Buru, the harvest was consumed by the exiles instead of handed over to the government as a custom enforced by the colonials. The change in land use eventually changed the shifting cultivation system to permanent agriculture with the lowland rice farming system which is commonly practiced in Java. Ex-exiles were the people used by the New Order government to carry out development in remote areas in the 1969-1979 era until the change of Buru’s landscape, source of staple food, and cultural diversity exist in Waeapo..

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26

Audenino, Patrizia. "Esilio e Risorgimento. Nuove ricerche e nuove domande: una discussione." MEMORIA E RICERCA, no. 41 (February 2013): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/mer2012-041009.

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The paper is a review of some recent books concerning Italian exiles at the time of "Risorgimento". The approach to the subject used by these studies is discussed in first place: in Isabella's research the focus is mainly in the intellectual consequences of the exile, while Bistarelli's work has the declared aim to provide a social history of the Risorgimento exiles, adopting a collective biographical approach, and Verdecchia is interested in the London's Nineteenth century's refugees mixed community. In second place, geography and itineraries of the Italian exiles are discussed as reconstructed by these studies. Both Isabella and Bistarelli point out that Spain was chosen as the main destination for the first wave of Italian exiles. The Trienio Liberal 1830-1823 provided some durable teachings: the faith in the promises of the revolution, the link between Spanish struggle and the freedom of all Europe, the new strategy of the guerrilla. Other destinations investigated by Isabella's book, Greece, Latin America and Great Britain are analysed in order to identify the origin of the most important guidelines of Risorgimento's project. Isabella and Verdecchia discuss the role of London as the most important destination of European exiles, and as unsurpassed example of the benefits of freedom, adopting different questions and different methodological approaches. Finally the paper points out as the many important results of these studies lead to more questions about social history of Risorgimento's exiles, while showing the persistently poor connection between the findings and the questions of the migration studies and those of political history.

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Claassen, J.-M. "'Living in a place called exile': The universals of the alienation caused by isolation." Literator 24, no. 3 (August 1, 2003): 85–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v24i3.302.

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Although various aspects of Ovid’s emotional reactions to exile have been researched, there has so far been no extended practical study that places the emotional content of his works into a new political context. In this respect Ovid’s voicing of his experiences can serve to illuminate the experiences of latter-day exiles. This article attempts to establish, by literary means, a picture of the alienation attendant upon exile and its sublimation. For this purpose the poetry of Ovid, as well as that of certain modern authors, is used as illustration. There are many parallels between the Rome of the turn of our era and the South Africa of previous decades: exile was a political weapon in both. Themes reflecting alienation in Ovid’s poems are universal, and still valid in situations of exile today. Ovid’s portrayal of his own exiled persona is used to draw a psychological profile of the experiences of alienation during such exile. This profile may be termed the “universals of alienation”, which is applied to the exile or imprisonment of the victims of contemporary political upheaval. The extent to which the verbalisation of such alienation serves to heal such a wounded soul is explored.

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Jafri, Dr Shadan. "Rushdie and the Problem of Exile." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 9, no. 2 (February 27, 2021): 106–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v9i2.10910.

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Exile in the words of Wallace Stevens, is “a mind of winter” in which the pathos of summer and autumn as much as the potential of spring are nearby but unobtainable. Exile originated in the age-old practice of banishment. Once banished, the exile lives an anomalous and miserable life, with the stigma of being an outsider. Although it is true that anyone prevented from returning home is an exile, some distinctions can be made among exiles, refugees, expatriates and émigrés. Edward Said, in his work, Reflections on Exile, writes, “Refugees…are a creation of the twentieth-century state.” The word “refugee” has become a political one, suggesting large herds of innocent and bewildered people requiring urgent international assistance, whereas “exile” carries with it, I think, a touch of solitude and spirituality. Expatriates voluntarily live in an alien country; usually for personal or social reasons…An émigré is anyone who emigrates to a new country. (181) In this paper, I will take up Salman Rushdie and his experience of exile and try to analyse and differentiate the two kinds of exiles he underwent in his career.

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29

Dembicz, Katarzyna. "The End of the Myth of the Cuban Exile? Current Trends in Cuban Emigration." International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal 25, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1641-4233.25.05.

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Cuban migrants are considered as and referred to as exiles. However, in the face of the economic transformations in Cuba, as well as the rapprochement between the U.S. and Cuba, it has become necessary to revise the epistemological and semiotic foundations of this phenomenon. The current migratory trends among the Cubans do not meet the definition of exiles. Thus, the title of this article reflects the research assumption and the principal aim that the current circumstances in Cuba, as well as the migratory flows of Cubans mark the decline of the myth of the Cuban exile; a myth built by the media.

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Bernat, Chrystel. "“Enemies Surround Us and Besiege Us”." Church History and Religious Culture 100, no. 4 (October 19, 2020): 487–525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18712428-bja10011.

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Abstract This article uses unpublished exile sermons exhumed from the Leiden manuscripts, theological dissertations, and synodal sources to explore the interfaith relationships of exiled societies in the Dutch Republic, in particular the links between Huguenot refugees and their multi-confessional host society. It examines how ministers viewed the exiles’ relationships with the other, as well as the theological motives for stigmatising such ties. By studying confessional interactions of competition and mutual attraction within the Refuge, this essay highlights the porous nature of religious boundaries, despite the Huguenot community’s isolate claimed by the ministers. It also reveals latent conflicts between diasporic societies: the United Provinces were not a peaceful asylum for the Reformed faith of refugees, but rather the scene of a counter-Catholic struggle that stretched even into the Spanish Netherlands. Finally, this survey shows that exile revived proselytist projects aimed at French-speaking Jews and supported extraterritorial religious struggles in the eighteenth century.

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Greacen, Robert, Patricia Craig, and Robert Fraser. "Chameleon Exiles." Books Ireland, no. 254 (2002): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20632512.

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Kiely, Kevin, Sybil le Brocquy, Enoch Brater, John Haynes, James Knowlson, and Neil McCaw. "Immortal Exiles." Books Ireland, no. 267 (2004): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20632698.

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Phillips, Ronnie J., and J. E. King. "Economic Exiles." Southern Economic Journal 56, no. 4 (April 1990): 1156. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1059917.

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Roy, G. Ross, and Iain Crichton Smith. "The Exiles." World Literature Today 59, no. 1 (1985): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40140776.

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Backhouse, Roger E., and J. E. King. "Economic Exiles." Economica 57, no. 226 (May 1990): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2554170.

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Castro-Klarén, Sara. "Spanish Exiles." Americas 43, no. 3 (January 1987): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500053153.

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Griffin, R. A. "Economic Exiles." History of Political Economy 22, no. 4 (December 1, 1990): 747–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182702-22-4-747.

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Siegelberg, M. L. "Scholarly Exiles." History Workshop Journal 74, no. 1 (August 20, 2012): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbs029.

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Andreason, Liana Vrajitoru. "Cosmopolitan Exiles." American Book Review 33, no. 4 (2012): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/abr.2012.0120.

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Packer, Alan. "Two exiles." Nature 437, no. 7063 (October 2005): 1236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/4371236a.

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Bringel, Breno Marques, and Teresa Marques. "Sociologia política do exílio: ativismo transnacional, redes militantes e perfis de exilados / Political sociology of exile: transnational activism, networks, and exile profiles." Revista Brasileira de Sociologia - RBS 9, no. 21 (October 12, 2020): 155–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.20336/rbs.599.

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O presente artigo analisa o exílio político como um tipo específico de ativismo transnacional. Reivindica uma sociologia política do exílio sintonizada com as teorias dos movimentos sociais e argumenta que o exílio político promove amplas transformações na rotina militante do exilado e se produz a partir de padrões diferenciados. O principal objetivo é discutir perfis dos exilados, suas modalidades de ação política, e as características e as dinâmicas das redes transnacionais construídas. Para tal fim, dois casos são analisados: o dos “exilados de elite” pela ditadura militar brasileira no Uruguai e o dos “exilados populares” de camponeses paraguaios no Brasil. O fenômeno busca ser apreendido, assim, a partir de ângulos distintos, tanto no tocante ao tipo de exilado como à direcionalidade do fluxo. Metodologicamente, a análise se baseia principalmente em documentação histórica, fontes secundárias e entrevistas a militantes.Palavras-chave: exílio, ativismo transnacional, sociologia política, redes militantes, América Latina.***This article analyzes political exile as a specific type of international emigration and transnational activism. It claims for a political sociology of exile in dialogue with social movement studies and argues that political exile promotes wide transformations in the activist routine and is produced from different patterns. The main aim is to discuss profiles of exiles, their modalities of political action, and the characteristics and dynamics of their transnational networks. To this end, two cases are analyzed: that of “elite exiles” by the Brazilian military dictatorship in Uruguay and that of “popular exiles” of Paraguayan peasants in Brazil. Thus, this phenomenon seeks to be apprehended, through different angles, both with regard to the type of exile and the directionality of the flow. Methodologically, the analysis is based mainly on historical documentation, secondary sources and interviews with activists. Keywords: exile, transnational activism, political sociology, activist networks, Latin America.

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Luca, Ioana. "Eastern European Exilic Trajectories in Post-1989 Life Writing." European Journal of Life Writing 2 (August 21, 2013): T61—T80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5463/ejlw.2.60.

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My article offers a comparative analysis of autobiographical works by Susan Suleiman, Andrei Codrescu and Kapka Kassabova with a three-pronged interest. First, I aim to further the discussion about exilic identities emerging from Eastern Europe; second, I show the “shifting national, global imaginaries” that post-1989 Eastern European exiles’ life writing registers; and third, I analyze how Suleiman, Codrescu and Kassabova negotiate affective attachments withtheir “native” Eastern European countries in the aftermath of the Cold War. I consider their life writing important as it captures the overlappings and complicities between apparently opposite regimes — nazism, communism and/or post-communism — and in so doing they animate a historical imaginary of the recent past in Eastern Europe. Their trajectories of exile and return become a lens for the larger variations of exilic subjectivity in post-cold war Eastern Europe.

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Gran, Peter. "Arab Literary Exiles and Their Writing in Light of the Arab Spring." Journal of Arabic Literature 47, no. 1-2 (July 11, 2016): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1570064x-12341318.

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Before the era of globalization, the nation state produced intellectuals, some in its support, and some in opposition. Among the latter were those who could be termed literary exiles. Different kinds of states produced different kinds of intellectuals, and thus arose the possibility of a sociology of literary exile. Today, in the wake of the Arab Spring, with its unexpected resurgence of old-fashioned nationalism, the question arises whether scholars should now take a second look at the question of national history and its theory in the wake of globalization. This essay argues that Arab literary exiles can be meaningfully looked at as part of a longer-term trend extending from the old national period until today, representing a historical approach well worth developing.

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Bonakdarian, Mansour. "Iranian Constitutional Exiles and British Foreign-Policy Dissenters, 1908–9." International Journal of Middle East Studies 27, no. 2 (May 1995): 175–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800061870.

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In recent Middle Eastern history, the experience of political exile has become a prevalent theme, as large numbers of Palestinians, Kurds, Iranians, and Afghans, among others, have sought refuge in various countries. Although the earlier numbers would pale in comparison with the present size of the Middle Eastern diaspora scattered around the globe, it was in the 19th century that the first noticeable groups of exiles from the Middle East began taking sanctuary in European countries, among other locations. Perhaps the best known of these exile communities were the Young Ottomans in France in the late 19th century.

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Garbol, Tomasz. "Epiphanies of the Exiles: Exile from the Heritage of Tradition." Roczniki Humanistyczne 67, no. 1 SELECTED PAPERS IN ENGLISH (October 29, 2019): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/rh.2019.67.1-1en.

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The Polish version of the article was published in Roczniki Humanistyczne vol. 61, issue 2 (2014). The article is concerned with the function of the experience of exile that is a model for literary epiphanies. The starting point is showing the significance of this experience in James Joyce’s presentation of the epiphany that is formative for modern literature. Examples from Czesław Miłosz’s and Zbigniew Herbert’s works are material for interpreting two important reinterpretations of the epiphany based on the experience of exile.

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Hadzelek, Aleksandra. "Places of Exile: The Transculturation of Spanish Exiles in Mexico." Journal of the Australasian Universities Language and Literature Association 2010, no. 113 (May 2010): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/000127910804775595.

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Gideon, Jasmine. "Gendering activism, exile and wellbeing: Chilean exiles in the UK." Gender, Place & Culture 25, no. 2 (February 2018): 228–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0966369x.2018.1428534.

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Lerner, Victoria. "Exiliados de la Revolucióón mexicana: El caso de los villistas (1915––1921)." Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 17, no. 1 (2001): 109–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/msem.2001.17.1.109.

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As a result of the Mexican Revolution, many politicians from various factions were forced into exile between 1906 and 1940, particularly between 1910 and 1920. The subject has merited little attention until the present despite the fact that its study can provide another perspective on the Mexican Revolution, the one of the opponents who were defeated. This study focuses on the exile of the villistas that began in the autumn of 1915 and ended at the beginning of the 1920s. The article considers who were the villista exiles, how they escaped from Mexico, how they adapted economically in the United States, and when they returned to their country. It also examines certain political tendencies and their later activities between 1920 and 1940. Four political activities in the United States intended to change the political situation in Mexico are considered. Finally, the article examines how U.S. authorities, closely involved with their Mexican counterparts, treated the exiles. LaRevolucióón mexicanacausóó elexilio de muchos polííticos de distintas facciones entre 1906 y 1940, sobre todo entre 1910 y 1920. Este tema ha merecido muy pocaatencióón hasta elmomento presente,a pesarde que atravéés de éélpodemos aproximarnos desde otra perpectiva a la Revolucióón mexicana, desde el punto de vista de los opositores que muchas veces fueron los vencidos. Este estudio se centra en el exilio de los villistas que empezóó en el otoñño de 1915 y terminóó a principios de la déécada de 1920. En este artíículo se analiza quiéénes fueron los exiliados villistas, cóómo escaparon de Mééxico, su acomodo econóómico y laboral en Estados Unidos y el retorno a su patria, dejando ver ciertas tendencias polííticas de su actuacióónpolíítica ulterior entre 1920y 1940.Se desmenuzan cuatro actividades polííticas que emprendieron en Estados Unidos para cambiar la situacióón mexicana. Finalmente se abarca la forma en que fueron tratados durante su exilio en los Estados Unidos, por las autoridades de este paíís que estaban estrechamente vinculadas con las mexicanas.

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Spolsky, Bernard. "The Languages of Diaspora and Return." Brill Research Perspectives in Multilingualism and Second Language Acquisition 1, no. 2-3 (November 14, 2016): 1–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2352877x-12340002.

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Abstract Until quite recently, the term Diaspora (usually with the capital) meant the dispersion of the Jews in many parts of the world. Now, it is recognized that many other groups have built communities distant from their homeland, such as Overseas Chinese, South Asians, Romani, Armenians, Syrian and Palestinian Arabs. To explore the effect of exile on language repertoires, the article traces the sociolinguistic development of the many Jewish Diasporas, starting with the community exiled to Babylon, and following through exiles in Muslim and Christian countries in the Middle Ages and later. It presents the changes that occurred linguistically after Jews were granted full citizenship. It then goes into details about the phenomenon and problem of the Jewish return to the homeland, the revitalization and revernacularization of the Hebrew that had been a sacred and literary language, and the rediasporization that accounts for the cases of maintenance of Diaspora varieties.

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Iglésias-Franch, Narcís. "The Space of Freedom in a Context of War, Exile and Endless Instability: A Sociolinguistic Approach to Autobiographical Narratives on Catalan Exile." Forum for Modern Language Studies 52, no. 3 (June 16, 2016): 346–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fmls/cqw028.

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Abstract In the recent numerous publications on the autobiographies of Catalan writers who went into exile in 1939, themes such as memory, identity crisis or travel have been studied in depth. In this article, I propose a sociolinguistic interpretation of a series of autobiographical works by exiled authors such as Xavier Benguerel, Lluís Ferran de Pol and Antoni Rovira i Virgili. According to the theoretical framework of sociolinguistic studies, autobiographical narratives can be analysed using three different approaches: first, the way authors narrate how ‘things’ are or were; second, how ‘things’ or events were experienced; and, finally, the ways in which ‘things’ or events are narrated. Language is not only historical data or an individual experience which authors narrate in their autobiographical narratives. This sociolinguistic approach to the autobiographical narratives of Catalan exiles shows the close link between language and identity, and between language and morality.

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