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Journal articles on the topic 'The explanation of the mass of the proton'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Duncan, Robert. "An explanation for hydrogen’s stability." Physics Essays 35, no. 1 (2022): 2–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.1.2.

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The electron spin angular momentum features are revealed to be identical to those of a uniformly charged ring. The electric field for this configuration can capture the electron being accelerated toward a proton, thus explaining the stability of the hydrogen atom. In addition, the proposed atom structure describes the bonding of two hydrogen atoms, which illuminates the covalent bond formation, the electronic state, bond length, and binding energy. Additionally, important wave properties ascribed to photons are assigned to particles with mass such as wave energy, angular frequency, phase veloc

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2

Alcocer, Giovanni. "Mass Symmetry." Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 06, no. 01 (2022): 75–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.46382/mjbas.2022.6108.

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There is symmetry in the nature. Then, there should also be symmetry in physics since physics describes the phenomena of nature. In fact, it occurs in most of the phenomena explained by physics as for example: a particle has positive or negative charges, spins up or down, north or south magnetic poles. In this form, the particle should also have mass symmetry. For convenience and due to later explanations, I call this mass symmetry or mass duality as follows: mass and mass cloud. The mass symmetry can be corroborated in the experiments of the hydrogen spectrum, the Bohr model and the solution

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3

Giovanni, Alcocer. "Mass Symmetry." Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (MJBAS) 6, no. 1 (2022): 75–101. https://doi.org/10.46382/MJBAS.2022.6108.

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There is symmetry in the nature. Then, there should also be symmetry in physics since physics describes the phenomena of nature. In fact, it occurs in most of the phenomena explained by physics as for example: a particle has positive or negative charges, spins up or down, north or south magnetic poles. In this form, the particle should also have mass symmetry. For convenience and due to later explanations, I call this mass symmetry or mass duality as follows: mass and mass cloud. The mass symmetry can be corroborated in the experiments of the hydrogen spectrum, the Bohr model and the solution

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4

Zou, B. S. "MULTI-QUARK COMPONENTS IN BARYONS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 21, no. 04 (2006): 835–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x06032125.

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A brief review on some recent progresses in our understanding of multi-quark components in baryons is presented. The multi-quark components in baryons seem to be mainly in colored quark cluster configurations rather than in "meson cloud" configurations or in the form of a sea of quark-antiquark pairs. The colored quark cluster multi-quark picture gives a natural explanation of empirical indications for a positive strangeness magnetic moment μs of the proton and the longstanding mass-reverse problem of S11(1535) and P11(1440) N* resonances. A model-prediction for the μs of the proton is given.

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Alcocer, Giovanni. "Mass & Quark Symmetry: Mass and Mass Cloud (The Yin Yang): Atom Binding Energy; Molecules Binding Energy; Binding energy between the nucleons in the nucleus; Particle Interaction Energy between particle and antiparticle; Quark Symmetry & Quark Confinement." Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 06, no. 03 (2022): 01–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.46382/mjbas.2022.6301.

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The symmetry occurs in most of the phenomena explained by physics, for example, a particle has positive or negative charges, and the electric dipoles that have the charge (+q) and (-q) which are at a certain distance (d), north or south magnetic poles and for a magnetic bar or magnetic compass with two poles: North (N) and South (S) poles, spins up or down of the electron at the atom and for the nucleons in the nucleus In this form, the particle should also have mass symmetry. For convenience and due to later explanations, I call this mass symmetry or mass duality as follows: mass and mass clo

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6

Giovanni, Alcocer. "Mass & Quark Symmetry: Mass and Mass Cloud (The Yin Yang): Atom Binding Energy; Molecules Binding Energy; Binding energy between the nucleons in the nucleus; Particle Interaction Energy between particle and antiparticle; Quark Symmetry & Quark Confinement." Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 6, no. 3 (2022): 01–34. https://doi.org/10.46382/MJBAS.2022.6301.

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The symmetry occurs in most of the phenomena explained by physics, for example, a particle has positive or negative charges, and the electric dipoles that have the charge (+q) and (-q) which are at a certain distance (d), north or south magnetic poles and for a magnetic bar or magnetic compass with two poles: North (N) and South (S) poles, spins up or down of the electron at the atom and for the nucleons in the nucleus  In this form, the particle should also have mass symmetry. For convenience and due to later explanations, I call this mass symmetry or mass duality as follows: mass and ma

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7

Florou, Ioulia, Maria Petropoulou, and Apostolos Mastichiadis. "A marginally fast-cooling proton–synchrotron model for prompt GRBs." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 505, no. 1 (2021): 1367–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab1285.

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ABSTRACT A small fraction of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) with available data down to soft X-rays (∼0.5 keV) has been shown to feature a spectral break in the low-energy part (∼1–10 keV) of their prompt emission spectrum. The overall spectral shape is consistent with optically thin synchrotron emission from a population of particles that have cooled on a time-scale comparable to the dynamic time to energies that are still much higher than their rest-mass energy (marginally fast cooling regime). We consider a hadronic scenario and investigate if the prompt emission of these GRBs can originate from r

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8

Zou, B. S. "Penta-Quark Components in Baryons and Evidence at BES." International Journal of Modern Physics A 21, no. 27 (2006): 5552–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x06034732.

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Some recent progresses in our understanding of penta-quark components in baryons is briefly reviewed. The diquark cluster picture for the penta-quark components in baryons gives a natural explanation not only to the empirical indications for a positive strangeness magnetic moment μs and positive strangeness radius of the proton but also the longstanding mass-reverse problem of N*(1535), N*(1440) and Λ*(1405) resonances as well as the unusual decay pattern of the N*(1535) resonance. Evidence supporting this picture from available BES data on J/ψ decays is pointed out.

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9

Bagdonaite, Julija, Paul Jansen, Christian Henkel, Hendrick L. Bethlem, Karl M. Menten, and Wim Ubachs. "A Stringent Limit on a Drifting Proton-to-Electron Mass Ratio from Alcohol in the Early Universe." Science 339, no. 6115 (2012): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1224898.

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The standard model of physics is built on the fundamental constants of nature, but it does not provide an explanation for their values, nor require their constancy over space and time. Here we set a limit on a possible cosmological variation of the proton-to-electron mass ratio μ by comparing transitions in methanol observed in the early universe with those measured in the laboratory. From radio-astronomical observations of PKS1830-211, we deduced a constraint of ∆μ/μ = (0.0 ± 1.0) × 10−7 at redshift z = 0.89, corresponding to a look-back time of 7 billion years. This is consistent with a null

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10

FARAGGI, ALON E. "TOWARD CLASSIFICATION OF THE REALISTIC FREE-FERMIONIC SUPERSTRING MODELS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 14, no. 11 (1999): 1663–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x99000841.

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The realistic free-fermionic models have had remarkable success in providing plausible explanations for various properties of the Standard Model, which include the natural appearance of three generations, the explanation of the heavy top quark mass and the qualitative structure of the fermion mass spectrum in general, the stability of the proton, and more. These intriguing achievements make evident the need to understand the general space of these models. While the number of possibilities is large, general patterns can be extracted. In this paper I present a detailed discussion on the construc

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Mendes, Melissa, Farrukh J. Fattoyev, Andrew Cumming, and Charles Gale. "Fast Neutrino Cooling in the Accreting Neutron Star MXB 1659-29." Astrophysical Journal 938, no. 2 (2022): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac9138.

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Abstract Modeling of crust heating and cooling across multiple accretion outbursts of the low mass X-ray binary MXB 1659-29 indicates that the neutrino luminosity of the neutron star core is consistent with direct Urca (dUrca) reactions occurring in ∼1% of the core volume. We investigate this scenario with neutron star models that include a detailed equation of state parametrized by the slope of the nuclear symmetry energy L, and a range of neutron and proton superfluid gaps. We find that the predicted neutron star mass depends sensitively on L and the assumed gaps. We discuss which combinatio

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FACCIOLI, PIETRO. "INSTANTON-INDUCED CORRELATIONS IN HADRONS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 19 (2005): 4615–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05028284.

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QCD instantons generate non-perturbative spin- and flavor- dependent correlations between light quarks. We report on the results of a series of studies on the contribution of instantons to the electro-weak structure of light hadrons. We show that the Instanton Liquid Model can reproduce the available data on proton and pion form factors at large momentum transfer, and explain the delay of the onset of the perturbative regime in some exclusive reactions. We provide unambiguous evidence that instantons lead to the formation of a deeply bound scalar, color anti-triplet diquark, with a mass of abo

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13

Solà, Joan. "Dark matter, dark energy and the time evolution of masses in the universe." International Journal of Modern Physics A 29, no. 21 (2014): 1444016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x14440163.

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The traditional "explanation" for the observed acceleration of the universe is the existence of a positive cosmological constant. However, this can hardly be a truly convincing explanation, as an expanding universe is not expected to have a static vacuum energy density. So, it must be an approximation. This reminds us of the so-called fundamental "constants" of nature. Recent and past measurements of the fine structure constant and of the proton–electron mass ratio suggest that basic quantities of the standard model, such as the QCD scale parameter, Λ QCD , might not be conserved in the course

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Barišić, Antun, Johannes Lützenkirchen, Nikol Bebić, et al. "Experimental Data Contributing to the Elusive Surface Charge of Inert Materials in Contact with Aqueous Media." Colloids and Interfaces 5, no. 1 (2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/colloids5010006.

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We studied the charging of inert surfaces (polytetrafluoroethylene, i.e., PTFE; graphite; graphene; and hydrophobic silica) using classical colloid chemistry approaches. Potentiometric titrations showed that these surfaces acquired less charge from proton-related reactions than oxide minerals. The data from batch-type titrations for PTFE powder did not show an effect of ionic strength, which was also in contrast with results for classical colloids. In agreement with classical colloids, the electrokinetic results for inert surfaces showed the typical salt level dependence. In some cases, the po

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Régis, Jean-Marc, Aaron Pfeil, Jan Jolie, et al. "Shape transition and shape coexistence in odd-mass nuclei around ¹⁰⁰Zr." EPJ Web of Conferences 329 (2025): 01007. https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202532901007.

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The A = 100 mass region is of special interest due to a rapid shape transition from nearly spherical to strongly deformed shapes by going from neutron number 58 to 60, especially pronounced in the Sr and Zr isotopes. The sudden change of the ground-state deformation can be explained by an evolution of the single particle energies with increased proton and neutron occupation and an additional spin orbital partner interaction which leads to a change of the order of the single particle energies. Another explanation is given by the interplay between normal spherical and well deformed intruder conf

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Krasznahorkay, A. J., M. Begala, M. Csatlós, et al. "A new light particle is being born." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2391, no. 1 (2022): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2391/1/012007.

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Abstract A few years ago we observed anomalous electron-positron angular correlations for the 18.15 MeV M1 transition of 8Be. This was interpreted as the creation and decay of an intermediate bosonic particle with a mass of m 0 c 2=16.70±0.35(stat )±0.5(sys) MeV, which is now called X17. The possible relation of the X17 boson to the dark matter problem triggered an enormous interest in the wider physics community. We also observed a similar anomaly in 4He, which could be described also by the creation and subsequent decay of the same X17 particle. Very recently, the 11B proton capture reaction

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17

Aslam, O. P. M., D. MacTaggart, R. Battiston, M. S. Potgieter, and M. D. Ngobeni. "The Source of the 2017 Cosmic-ray Half-year Modulation Event." Astrophysical Journal 981, no. 2 (2025): 174. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adb61c.

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Abstract In 2017, as the solar cycle approached solar minimum, an unusually long and large depression was observed in galactic cosmic-ray (GCR) protons, detected with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, lasting for the second half of that year. The depression, as seen in the Bartel-rotation-averaged proton flux, has the form of a Forbush decrease (FD). Despite this resemblance, however, the cause of the observed depression does not have such a simple explanation as an FD, due to coronal mass ejections (CMEs), which typically last for a few days at 1 au rather than half a year. In this work, we se

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Morales-Gallegos, Lizeth, Marialuisa Aliotta, Andreas Best, et al. "¹²C+¹²C reactions for Nuclear Astrophysics." EPJ Web of Conferences 279 (2023): 11005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202327911005.

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12C fusion reactions are among the most important in stellar evolution since they determine the destiny of massive stars. Over the past fifty years, massive efforts have been done to measure these reactions at low energies. However, existing data present several discrepancies between sets and large uncertainties specially at the lowest energies. Factors such as beam/environmental backgrounds, extremely low cross sections and insufficient knowledge of the reaction mechanism contribute to these problems. Recently, the ERNA collaboration measured the 12C+12C reactions at Ec.m. = 2.51 - 4.36 MeV w

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19

Oakley, William S. "Calculating the MOND constant and addressing flat galactic orbital star rotation velocity curves." International Journal of Scientific Reports 1, no. 7 (2015): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20151255.

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<p class="abstract"><span lang="EN-US">A particle based explanation for the MOND constant, a<sub>o</sub>, is proposed. For stars orbiting in the outer region of galaxies Newton’s inverse square law fails at the same classical angular acceleration v<sup>2</sup>/R, (= a<sub>o</sub>), regardless of the mass of the galaxy or star, the star orbital velocity v, or the orbit radius R. Gravitational orbital dynamics, where orbital matter propagates un-accelerated in curved space-time as described by General Relativity, applies equally to systems of vastl

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20

Puccini, Antonio. "Possible Explanation of the Quark Confinement and Asymptotic Freedom, and Possible Solution to the Yang-Mills Mass Gap Problem." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS 16, no. 1 (2019): 391–478. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jap.v16i1.8492.

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With this work, we try to answer 3 fundamental questions that have plagued mathematicians and physicists for several decades. As known, the spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) and the Brout-Englert-Higgs Mechanism (BEH-M) solved the Yang-Mills Mass Gap Problem. However, various mathematicians, even prestigious ones, consider the basic assumptions of the gauge theories to be wrong, as well as in conflict with the experimental evidences and in clear disagreement with the facts, distorcing the physical reality itself. Likewise, the Quantum Fields Theory (QFT) is mathematically inconsistent, adopt

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GUREEV, SERGEY, and SERGEY TROITSKY. "PHYSICAL CONDITIONS IN NEARBY ACTIVE GALAXIES CORRELATED WITH ULTRA-HIGH-ENERGY COSMIC RAYS DETECTED BY THE PIERRE AUGER OBSERVATORY." International Journal of Modern Physics A 25, no. 14 (2010): 2917–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x10048512.

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We analyze the active-galaxy correlation reported in 2007 by the Pierre Auger Collaboration. The signal diminishes if the correlation-function approach (counting all "source–event" pairs and not only "nearest neighbors") is used, suggesting that the correlation may reveal individual sources and not their population. We analyze available data on physical conditions in these individual correlated sources and conclude that acceleration of protons to the observed energies is hardly possible in any of these galaxies, while heavier nuclei would be deflected by the Galactic magnetic field thus spoili

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De Lellis, Giovanni. "The SHiP physics program." EPJ Web of Conferences 179 (2018): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817901002.

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The discovery of the Higgs boson has fully confirmed the Standard Model of particles and fields. Nevertheless, there are still fundamental phenomena, like the existence of dark matter and the baryon asymmetry of the Universe, which deserve an explanation that could come from the discovery of new particles. The SHiP experiment at CERN meant to search for very weakly coupled particles in the few GeV mass domain has been recently proposed. The existence of such particles, foreseen in different theoretical models beyond the Standard Model, is largely unexplored. A beam dump facility using high int

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Bonivento, Walter M. "The SHiP experiment at CERN." EPJ Web of Conferences 182 (2018): 02016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818202016.

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The discovery of the Higgs boson has fully confirmed the Standard Model of particles and fields. Nevertheless, there are still fundamental phenomena, like the existence of dark matter and the baryon asymmetry of the Universe, deserving an explanation that could come from the discovery of new particles. Searches for new physics with accelerators are performed at the LHC, looking for high massive particles coupled to matter with ordinary strength. A new experiment at CERN meant to search for very weakly coupled particles in the few GeV mass domain has been recently proposed. The existence of suc

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De Lellis, Giovanni. "The SHiP physics program at CERN." EPJ Web of Conferences 234 (2020): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023401003.

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The discovery of the Higgs boson has fully confirmed the Standard Model of particles and fields. Nevertheless, there are still fundamental phenomena, like the existence of dark matter, the neutrino masses and the baryon asymmetry of the Universe, which deserve an explanation that could come from the discovery of new particles. The SHiP experiment at CERN is proposed to search for very weakly coupled particles in the few GeV mass domain where the existence of such particles is largely unexplored. A beam dump facility using high intensity 400 GeV protons is a copious source of such unknown parti

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Shilling, J. E., R. A. Zaveri, J. D. Fast, et al. "Enhanced SOA formation from mixed anthropogenic and biogenic emissions during the CARES campaign." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, no. 10 (2012): 26297–349. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-26297-2012.

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Abstract. The CARES campaign was conducted during June 2010 in the vicinity of Sacramento, California to study aerosol formation and aging in a region where anthropogenic and biogenic emissions regularly mix. Here, we describe measurements from an Aerodyne High Resolution Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS), an Ionicon Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometer (PTR-MS), and trace gas detectors (CO, NO, NOx) deployed on the G-1 research aircraft to investigate ambient gas- and particle-phase chemical composition. AMS measurements showed that the particle phase is dominated by organic aerosol (OA)

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26

Jordaan, Maryam A., and Michael Shapi. "Investigation of the solvent-dependent photolysis of a nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor, antiviral agent efavirenz." Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy 25, no. 3 (2017): 94–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2040206617730170.

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This study sought to investigate the solvent-dependency on the photolysis of efavirenz to gain insight into the photoprocesses involved. The primary mechanisms were firstly the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (i.e. phototautomerization), which generated the imidic acid phototautomer observed as [M-H]− quasimolecular ion at m/z 314.0070 in the high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–time-of-flight mass spectrometry in the negative mode. Secondly, the photoinduced α-cleavage with the loss of a carbonyl group occurred (i.e. photodecarbonylation) to form the pho

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Dhuri, Dattaraj B., Dimitra Atri, and Ahmed AlHantoobi. "An Explainable Deep-learning Model of Proton Auroras on Mars." Planetary Science Journal 5, no. 6 (2024): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/psj/ad45ff.

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Abstract Proton auroras are widely observed on the dayside of Mars, identified as a significant intensity enhancement in the hydrogen Lyα (121.6 nm) emission at altitudes of ∼110 and 150 km. Solar wind protons penetrating as energetic neutral atoms into Mars’ thermosphere are thought to be primarily responsible for these auroras. Recent observations of spatially localized “patchy” proton auroras suggest a possible direct deposition of protons into Mars’ atmosphere during unstable solar wind conditions. Improving our understanding of proton auroras is therefore important for characterizing the

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Chan, Ai-Lin, Haoran Yu, and Shaun M. Alia. "Distinguishing Electrochemical Processes in PEM Electrolysis By Impedance Modeling – Distribution of Relaxation Times." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 34 (2024): 1684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01341684mtgabs.

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Proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis is a key technology in hydrogen production to provide capacity and flexibility for renewable energy power sources. Various research topics for electrolyzer development focus on cost reduction, performance optimization and lifetime extension with minimum platinum group metal (PGM) loading required [1]. Understanding degradation mechanisms in PEM electrolysis cells becomes necessary for developing mitigation strategies in dynamic durability tests, which facilitates the importance of advanced electrochemical characterization methods. Electrochemic

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29

Sol, Hélène, and Lourdes Vicente. "A Tentative Sketch for BL Lacertae Objects." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 159 (1994): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900176521.

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VLBI polarization data show magnetic field configuration parallel to the nuclear jet in quasars and perpendicular to it in BL Lac objects. It appears difficult to account for this contrast within the unified scheme for AGN. To investigate a direct explanation of this peculiarity of BL Lac objects, we study the possibilities of propagation and radiation of beams of particles in transverse ambient magnetic field. High energy streams with kinetic energy density larger than the ambient magnetic one, Ekin > Emag, can easily propagate with enhancement of the transverse magnetic field at the leadi

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Sakao, Kozue, Cho Sho, Takeshi Miyata, Kensaku Takara, Rio Oda, and De-Xing Hou. "Verification of In Vitro Anticancer Activity and Bioactive Compounds in Cordyceps Militaris-Infused Sweet Potato Shochu Spirits." Molecules 29, no. 9 (2024): 2119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29092119.

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Many liqueurs, including spirits infused with botanicals, are crafted not only for their taste and flavor but also for potential medicinal benefits. However, the scientific evidence supporting their medicinal effects remains limited. This study aims to verify in vitro anticancer activity and bioactive compounds in shochu spirits infused with Cordyceps militaris, a Chinese medicine. The results revealed that a bioactive fraction was eluted from the spirit extract with 40% ethanol. The infusion time impacted the inhibitory effect of the spirit extract on the proliferation of colon cancer-derived

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Sgroi, Mauro, Gianluca Bollito, Gianfranco Innocenti, Guido Saracco, Stefania Specchia, and Ugo Andrea Icardi. "Study of an Electrochemical Alcohol Concentration Sensor: Optimization of the Anode Structure." Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 4, no. 3 (2006): 345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2756558.

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Micro power sources have a wide potential market for consumer electronics and portable applications, such as weather stations, medical devices, signal units, APU (auxiliary power units), gas sensors, and security cameras. A micro power source could be the direct methanol fuel cell system (DMFC). An important aspect of this system is the precise control of the concentration of the alcohol-water solution fed to the anode. Different detection principles were taken into consideration: electrochemical, infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography, refractometry, density measurements, ultraviolet absor

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Yu, Feiyu, Xiangliang Kong, Fan Guo, et al. "Double-power-law Feature of Energetic Particles Accelerated at Coronal Shocks." Astrophysical Journal Letters 925, no. 2 (2022): L13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac4cb3.

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Abstract Recent observations have shown that in many large solar energetic particle (SEP) events the event-integrated differential spectra resemble double power laws. We perform numerical modeling of particle acceleration at coronal shocks propagating through a streamer-like magnetic field by solving the Parker transport equation, including protons and heavier ions. We find that for all ion species the energy spectra integrated over the simulation domain can be described by a double power law, and the break energy depends on the ion charge-to-mass ratio as E B ∼ (Q/A) α , with α varying from 0

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Zhang, Yuhui, Boyang Li, and Yaqiong Su. "Theoretical Insights on ORR Activity of Sn-N-C Single-Atom Catalysts." Molecules 28, no. 14 (2023): 5571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28145571.

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The advancement of efficient and stable single-atom catalysts (SACs) has become a pivotal pursuit in the field of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and metal-air batteries (MABs), aiming to enhance the utilization of clean and sustainable energy sources. The development of such SACs has been greatly significant in facilitating the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) process, thereby contributing to the progress of these energy conversion technologies. However, while transition metal-based SACs have been extensively studied, there has been comparatively less exploration of SACs based on

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Johnson, Madisen, Yeimy J. Rivera, Tatiana Niembro, et al. "Helium Abundance Periods Observed by the Solar Probe Cup on Parker Solar Probe: Encounters 1–14." Astrophysical Journal 964, no. 1 (2024): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad2510.

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Abstract Parker Solar Probe is a mission designed to explore the properties of the solar wind closer than ever before. Detailed particle observations from the Solar Probe Cup (SPC) have primarily focused on examining the proton population in the solar wind. However, several periods throughout the Parker mission have indicated that SPC has observed a pronounced and distinctive population of fully ionized helium, He2+. Minor ions are imprinted with properties of the solar wind’s source region, as well as mechanisms active during outflow, making them sensitive markers of its origin and formation

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Liu, Weihao, Igor V. Sokolov, Lulu Zhao, et al. "Physics-based Simulation of the 2013 April 11 Solar Energetic Particle Event." Astrophysical Journal 985, no. 1 (2025): 82. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adc4e3.

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Abstract Solar energetic particles (SEPs) can pose hazardous radiation risks to both humans and spacecraft electronics in space. Numerical modeling based on first principles offers valuable insights into the underlying physics of SEPs and provides synthetic observables for SEPs at any time and location in the inner heliosphere. In this work, we present a numerical scheme, which conserves the number of particles based on integral relations for Poisson brackets, to solve the kinetic equation for particle acceleration and transport processes. We implement this scheme within the Space Weather Mode

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Fouqueau, Axel, Manuela Cirtog, Mathieu Cazaunau, Edouard Pangui, Jean-François Doussin та Bénédicte Picquet-Varrault. "An experimental study of the reactivity of terpinolene and <i>β</i>-caryophyllene with the nitrate radical". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22, № 10 (2022): 6411–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6411-2022.

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Abstract. Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) are intensely emitted by forests and crops into the atmosphere. They can rapidly react with the nitrate radical (NO3) during the nighttime to form a number of functionalized products. Among them, organic nitrates (ONs) have been shown to behave as reservoirs of reactive nitrogen and consequently influence the ozone budget and secondary organic aerosols (SOAs), which are known to have a direct and indirect effect on the radiative balance and thus on climate. Nevertheless, BVOC + NO3 reactions remain poorly understood. Thus, the primary purpo

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Sorrentino, Antonio, Monisha Sivasankaran, and Tanja Vidakovic-Koch. "Understanding the Z-Shape Behavior of H₂in Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction: Further Insights to Drive the Selectivity." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2025-01, no. 41 (2025): 2201. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2025-01412201mtgabs.

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Electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction (eCO2RR) holds the promise of transforming carbon dioxide into useful chemicals and fuels. While the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) often occurs as an unwanted side reaction, it can be desirable in certain applications, such as syngas production, where a specific CO and hydrogen mixture is needed. Understanding the interplay between eCO2RR and HER as well as the influence of mass transport and electrolyte features is crucial for optimizing both reactions and achieving desired product distributions. When using silver and gold catalysts in aqueous elec

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Pati, Jogesh C. "Advantages of unity with SU(4)-color: Reflections through neutrino oscillations, baryogenesis and proton decay." International Journal of Modern Physics A 32, no. 09 (2017): 1741013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x17410135.

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By way of paying tribute to Abdus Salam, I first recall the ideas of higher unification which the two of us introduced in 1972–73 to remove certain shortcomings in the status of particle physics prevailing then, and then present their current role in theory as well as experiments. These attempts initiated the idea of grand unification and provided the core symmetry-structure [Formula: see text]-color towards such a unification. Embodied with quark-lepton unification and left-right symmetry, the symmetry [Formula: see text] is uniquely chosen as being the minimal one that permits members of a f

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Yang, Yi-Bo, Ying Chen, Terrence Draper, Jian Liang, and Keh-Fei Liu. "Proton mass decomposition." EPJ Web of Conferences 175 (2018): 14002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817514002.

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We report the results on the proton mass decomposition and also on the related quark and glue momentum fractions. The results are based on overlap valence fermions on four ensembles of Nf = 2 + 1 DWF configurations with three lattice spacings and volumes, and several pion masses including the physical pion mass. With 1-loop pertur-bative calculation and proper normalization of the glue operator, we find that the u, d, and s quark masses contribute 9(2)% to the proton mass. The quark energy and glue field energy contribute 31(5)% and 37(5)% respectively in the MS scheme at µ = 2 GeV. The trace

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Hansel, Armin. "Proton Transfer Mass Spectrometer." Europhysics News 35, no. 6 (2004): 197–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epn:2004606.

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Miyazawa, H., Y. Oi, and M. Suzuki. "Proton-Neutron Mass Difference." Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement E65 (May 16, 2013): 436–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/ptps.e65.436.

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Novalin, Timon, Björn Eriksson, Sebastian Karl Proch, et al. "Towards Uncoated Stainless-Steel Bipolar Plates in Automotive PEM Fuel Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 35 (2022): 1457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01351457mtgabs.

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Bipolar plates (BPPs) have been identified as a key component in improving the economic viability of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), as they contribute approximately 80 % of weight and 30 % of total cost in a fuel cell stack [1]. Stainless steel is considered an excellent material for mass-producing BPPs with complex flow field structures in a cost-effective manner. However, the perceived risk of corrosion and subsequent metal ion contamination as well as the inherently high contact resistance of stainless-steel surfaces have compelled manufacturers to add protective coatings to

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Kumar, Shekhar, Wei Deng, Steven Stayrook, Renhao Li, Rodney M. Camire, and Sriram Krishnaswamy. "Structural Basis for the Procofactor to Cofactor Transition in Human Factor V." Blood 128, no. 22 (2016): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.253.253.

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Abstract Factor V, the inactive precursor to factor Va, has a domain organization of A1-A2-B-A3-C1-C2. Factor Va is formed by the proteolytic excision of the central B domain, which resolves the molecule into a heterodimer (A1-A2/A3-C1-C2). Removal of the B domain enables the cofactor to engage factor Xa on phosphatidylserine-containing membranes, assemble prothrombinase and greatly enhance the rate of thrombin formation. Recent studies have shown a key role for a basic region (BR), which lies approximately in the center of the B domain, in enforcing procofactor properties in human factor V (h

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Zhang, Shuang, Zhicheng Xu, and Simin Wang. "Continuum Effect on Mirror Symmetry Breaking Within the Gamow Frameworks." Symmetry 17, no. 2 (2025): 169. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17020169.

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Nuclear physics provides a natural laboratory for studying two kinds of fermions: protons and neutrons. These particles share similarities in mass and strong nuclear interactions, which are often described by isospin symmetry. However, isospin is not a good quantum number due to the differences between protons and neutrons in charge and quark mass. These differences become more pronounced as we approach or move beyond the dripline, affecting the structures and decay properties of mirror nuclei. To explore these intriguing phenomena, researchers have developed novel theoretical frameworks. In t

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Vovchenko, V. Yu, D. V. Anchishkin, and M. I. Gorenstein. "Mean transverse mass of hadrons in proton–proton reactions." Nuclear Physics A 936 (April 2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.01.006.

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Kawai, Yosuke. "Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry." Journal of the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan 70, no. 1 (2022): 70–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5702/massspec.s22-12.

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Blake, Robert S., Paul S. Monks, and Andrew M. Ellis. "Proton-Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry." Chemical Reviews 109, no. 3 (2009): 861–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr800364q.

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Olson, A. P. "How the proton acquires mass." Il Nuovo Cimento A 98, no. 4 (1987): 479–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02902090.

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Roberts, Craig D. "Origin of the Proton Mass." EPJ Web of Conferences 282 (2023): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202328201006.

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Atomic nuclei lie at the core of everything visible; and at the first level of approximation, their atomic weights are simply the sum of the masses of all the neutrons and protons (nucleons) they contain. Each nucleon has a mass mN ≈ 1 GeV ≈ 2000-times the electron mass. The Higgs boson – discovered at the large hadron collider in 2012, a decade ago – produces the latter, but what generates the nucleon mass? This is a pivotal question. The answer is widely supposed to lie within quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the strong-interaction piece of the Standard Model. Yet, it is far from obvious. In fa

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Foy, B. D., D. S. Brenner, C. N. Davids, et al. "Mass measurements of proton-rich medium mass nuclides." Physical Review C 58, no. 2 (1998): 749–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.58.749.

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