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Journal articles on the topic 'The explanation of the rest mass of the electron'

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Published: 5 June 2025
Last updated: 6 July 2025

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1

Sawant, Manisha, Mayur Kishor Shende, Andrés E. Feijóo-Lorenzo, and Neeraj Dhanraj Bokde. "The State-of-the-Art Progress in Cloud Detection, Identification, and Tracking Approaches: A Systematic Review." Energies 14, no. 23 (2021): 8119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14238119.

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A cloud is a mass of water vapor floating in the atmosphere. It is visible from the ground and can remain at a variable height for some time. Clouds are very important because their interaction with the rest of the atmosphere has a decisive influence on weather, for instance by sunlight occlusion or by bringing rain. Weather denotes atmosphere behavior and is determinant in several human activities, such as agriculture or energy capture. Therefore, cloud detection is an important process about which several methods have been investigated and published in the literature. The aim of this paper is to review some of such proposals and the papers that have been analyzed and discussed can be, in general, classified into three types. The first one is devoted to the analysis and explanation of clouds and their types, and about existing imaging systems. Regarding cloud detection, dealt with in a second part, diverse methods have been analyzed, i.e., those based on the analysis of satellite images and those based on the analysis of images from cameras located on Earth. The last part is devoted to cloud forecast and tracking. Cloud detection from both systems rely on thresholding techniques and a few machine-learning algorithms. To compute the cloud motion vectors for cloud tracking, correlation-based methods are commonly used. A few machine-learning methods are also available in the literature for cloud tracking, and have been discussed in this paper too.
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Suto, Koshun. "Electron Mass in an Atom Is Less than Rest Mass." Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 11, no. 12 (2023): 3953–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2023.1112252.

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3

Leyva, Barbaro Q. "On the Use of the ‘Relativistic’ Photon Momentum in the Massive Photon Scattering Model." Applied Sciences Research Periodicals 3, no. 01 (2025): 122–28. https://doi.org/10.63002/asrp.301.829.

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A massive photon scattering model considering the photon ‘relativistic’ momentum as described by the special theory of relativity (STR) was presented. The photon rest mass obtained in this way is about 2E-31kg for the quantum mechanical (QM) photon momentum model and about 4E-32 kg for the STR momentum model. When the photon and the electron masses are determined simultaneously from the experimental data, the average electron rest mass obtained was only about 0.5% (relative error) different from the well- known electron rest mass when using the QM photon momentum and about 10% when using the STR momentum. The obtained average photon rest mass for the QM model was ~8.9E-32 kg and ~3.7E-32 kg for the model using the photon relativistic momentum. Note that the obtained photon rest mass values are very large when compared with common upper bounds reported in the literature and are inside the range of the dark photon mass needed for some cosmological (gravitational) models and are also inside the mass range of some current experimental dark photon search.
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Lobashev, V. M., and P. E. Spivak. "A method for measuring the electron antineutrino rest mass." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 240, no. 2 (1985): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(85)90640-0.

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5

Bozdoğan, Abdürrezzak Emin. "Length Contraction, Time Dilation, Mass, Momentum and Energy Equations, Particle and Antiparticle Potential Energy, Pair Production and Annihilation Energy Equations from Harmonic Oscillator Rest Energy Equation and New Relations from Uncertainty Principle." European Journal of Applied Physics 7, no. 1 (2025): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejphysics.2025.7.1.352.

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The harmonic oscillator total rest energy equation is derived from simple and quantum-mechanical harmonic oscillator equations. Length contraction, time dilation, relativistic mass, momentum, and energy equations for a particle, electron, and Planck particle are derived from harmonic oscillator total rest energy equation and new relations derived from the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Particle and antiparticle, electron and positron potential energy equations; particle-antiparticle, electron-positron pair productions, and pair annihilations minimum energy equations are derived from harmonic oscillator total rest energy equation. The rest energy equation is derived from a nonrelativistic differential equation.
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6

Duncan, Robert. "An explanation for hydrogen’s stability." Physics Essays 35, no. 1 (2022): 2–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.1.2.

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The electron spin angular momentum features are revealed to be identical to those of a uniformly charged ring. The electric field for this configuration can capture the electron being accelerated toward a proton, thus explaining the stability of the hydrogen atom. In addition, the proposed atom structure describes the bonding of two hydrogen atoms, which illuminates the covalent bond formation, the electronic state, bond length, and binding energy. Additionally, important wave properties ascribed to photons are assigned to particles with mass such as wave energy, angular frequency, phase velocity, and quantum spin.
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Gazeau, Jean-Pierre. "Mass in de Sitter and Anti-de Sitter Universes with Regard to Dark Matter." Universe 6, no. 5 (2020): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe6050066.

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An explanation of the origin of dark matter is suggested in this work. The argument is based on symmetry considerations about the concept of mass. In Wigner’s view, the rest mass and the spin of a free elementary particle in flat space-time are the two invariants that characterize the associated unitary irreducible representation of the Poincaré group. The Poincaré group has two and only two deformations with maximal symmetry. They describe respectively the de Sitter (dS) and anti-de Sitter (AdS) kinematic symmetries. Analogously to their shared flat space-time limit, two invariants, spin and energy scale for de Sitter and rest energy for anti-de Sitter, characterize the unitary irreducible representation associated with dS and AdS elementary systems, respectively. While the dS energy scale is a simple deformation of the Poincaré rest energy and so has a purely mass nature, AdS rest energy is the sum of a purely mass component and a kind of zero-point energy derived from the curvature. An analysis based on recent estimates on the chemical freeze-out temperature marking in Early Universe the phase transition quark–gluon plasma epoch to the hadron epoch supports the guess that dark matter energy might originate from an effective AdS curvature energy.
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Kodukula, Siva Prasad. "Super Theory of Relativity-Explanation to ‘Rest Mass of Photon’, ‘Quantum Entanglement’ and ‘Consciousness’." American Journal of Modern Physics 3, no. 6 (2014): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmp.20140306.15.

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9

Faessler, Amand, Rastislav Hodák, Sergey Kovalenko, and Fedor Šimkovic. "Can one measure the Cosmic Neutrino Background?" International Journal of Modern Physics E 26, no. 01n02 (2017): 1740008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301317400080.

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The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) yields information about our Universe at around 380,000 years after the Big Bang (BB). Due to the weak interaction of the neutrinos with matter, the Cosmic Neutrino Background (CNB) should give information about a much earlier time of our Universe, around one second after the BB. Probably, the most promising method to “see” the CNB is the capture of the electron neutrinos from the Background by Tritium, which then decays into 3He and an electron with the energy of the the [Formula: see text]-value [Formula: see text] 18.562[Formula: see text]keV plus the electron neutrino rest mass. The “KArlsruhe TRItium Neutrino” (KATRIN) experiment, which is in preparation, seems presently the most sensitive proposed method for measuring the electron antineutrino mass. At the same time, KATRIN can also look by the reaction [Formula: see text]. The capture of the Cosmic Background Neutrinos (CNB) should show in the electron spectrum as a peak by the electron neutrino rest mass above [Formula: see text]. Here, the possibility to see the CNB with KATRIN is studied. A detection of the CNB by KATRIN seems not to be possible at the moment. But KATRIN should be able to determine an upper limit for the local electron neutrino density of the CNB.
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10

Winterberg, F. "Relativistic Electron-Positron Gamma Ray Laser." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 41, no. 8 (1986): 1005–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1986-0804.

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The prerequisite for an efficient electron-positron gamma ray laser, which is the rapid formation o f a dense electron-positron plasma in a time shorter than the time for pair annihilation, is ideally fulfilled in a relativistic electron-positron superpinch. Because the cross section for annihilation decreases quadratically with the center o f mass energy, the time requirements otherwise imposed, are greatly relaxed. A relativistic electron-positron pinch can collapse under a complete population inversion into a very dense state possessing the form o f a long filament, just as it is required for a gamma ray laser. The gamma ray energies are the total center of mass energies, which can be much larger than the electron-positron rest mass energies.
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11

Suto, Koshun. "The Photon Energy of an Electron With Rest Mass Energy of mec2 is 2mec2." Applied Physics Research 17, no. 1 (2025): 44. https://doi.org/10.5539/apr.v17n1p44.

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Einstein’s energy-momentum relationship holds for isolated systems in free space. However, this relationship cannot be applied to an electron in a hydrogen atom where potential energy exists. Thus, the author has previously derived an energy-momentum relationship applicable to an electron in a hydrogen atom using three methods. When the formula for this relationship is solved, the hydrogen atom has energy levels that can take negative values, even when described on an absolute scale. When an electron transitions to this negative energy level, it is not enough even if it releases all of the rest mass energy mec2. Thus, the author pointed out that the electron has unknown photon energy in addition to its rest mass energy. The author predicted—but was unable to prove—the existence of this unknown energy. In this paper, the energy-momentum relationship applicable to an electron in a hydrogen atom is derived using two methods different from those used previously. The paper also elucidates the latent photon energy of the electron, and the existence of negative energy which cancels that out.
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12

Carley, Holly K., Michael K. H. Kiessling, and Volker Perlick. "On the Schrödinger spectrum of a hydrogen atom with electrostatic Bopp–Landé–Thomas–Podolsky interaction between electron and proton." International Journal of Modern Physics A 34, no. 26 (2019): 1950146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x1950146x.

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The Schrödinger spectrum of a hydrogen atom, modeled as a two-body system consisting of a point electron and a point proton, changes when the usual Coulomb interaction between point particles is replaced with an interaction which results from a modification of Maxwell’s law of the electromagnetic vacuum. Empirical spectral data thereby impose bounds on the theoretical parameters involved in such modified vacuum laws. In the present paper the vacuum law proposed, in the 1940s, by Bopp, Landé–Thomas, and Podolsky (BLTP) is scrutinized in such a manner. The BLTP theory hypothesizes the existence of an electromagnetic length scale of nature — the Bopp length [Formula: see text] —, to the effect that the electrostatic pair interaction deviates significantly from Coulomb’s law only for distances much shorter than [Formula: see text]. Rigorous lower and upper bounds are constructed for the Schrödinger energy levels of the hydrogen atom, [Formula: see text], for all [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. The energy levels [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] are also computed numerically and plotted versus [Formula: see text]. It is found that the BLTP theory predicts a nonrelativistic correction to the splitting of the Lyman-[Formula: see text] line in addition to its well-known relativistic fine-structure splitting. Under the assumption that this splitting does not go away in a relativistic calculation, it is argued that present-day precision measurements of the Lyman-[Formula: see text] line suggest that [Formula: see text] must be smaller than [Formula: see text]. Finite proton size effects are found not to modify this conclusion. As a consequence, the electrostatic field energy of an elementary point charge, although finite in BLTP electrodynamics, is much larger than the empirical rest mass ([Formula: see text]) of an electron. If, as assumed in all “renormalized theories” of the electron, the empirical rest mass of a physical electron is the sum of its bare rest mass and its electrostatic field energy, then in BLTP electrodynamics the electron has to be assigned a negative bare rest mass.
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13

Lortz, D. "On the Structure of the Electron." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 58, no. 9-10 (2003): 491–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2003-9-1002.

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Usually the electron is described as a mathematical point with charge, mass, spin angular momentum, and electromagnetic field. Because of the unbounded energies this causes mathematical difficulties [1]. These can be avoided by considering a finite radius. For a “free electron at rest” a classical relativistic model is presented where an axisymmetric torus models the electron. This configuration “differentially rotates” around its axis of symmetry with superluminal speed.
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14

Hosur, S. B., and N. M. Badiger. "Determination of rest mass energy of the electron—an undergraduate laboratory experiment." European Journal of Physics 28, no. 6 (2007): 1233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0143-0807/28/6/020.

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15

Weinheimer, Ch, M. Przyrembel, H. Backe та ін. "Improved limit on the electron-antineutrino rest mass from tritium β-decay". Physics Letters B 300, № 3 (1993): 210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(93)90355-l.

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16

Cole, K. D. "The Magnetic Fields of Pulsars, Electrons and the Sun." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 10, no. 2 (1992): 110–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323358000019408.

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AbstractAn apparent connection is reported between the magnetic field strengths inside an electron, in newly born pulsars, and the sun. It is argued that the upper limit to the strength of magnetic field which seems to exist is that which would permit emission of a photon at the non-relativistic electron gyrofrequency, with energy of the order of the electron rest mass. The strongest magnetic fields at the surface of polar regions of pulsars conform to this. By equating approximately the rest mass of an electron to its magnetic energy, the same magnetic field is found inside the electron. It is proposed that magnetic field building ‘blocks’ called M-particles are formed by a variant of the electron-positron spin-zero annihilation. The particles become as tightly stacked as possible to form the macroscopic magnetic field of the newly born pulsar. The sun’s present magnetic moment is described by a pulsar-sized object at its centre, with the maximum packing of M-particles. The hypothesis may have a bearing on the formation of magnetic fields in celestial bodies, and on the secular variation of the magnetic fields of the sun and the Earth.
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Garrigues-Baixauli, Jose. "Discrete Model of Electron." Applied Physics Research 11, no. 6 (2019): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/apr.v11n6p36.

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An electron model is developed based on a 4D sphere with a diameter of the Planck length. This model allows us to explain and calculate the intrinsic properties of the electron, such as its mass, charge, spin, etc., from the fundamental constants. Using this Planck sphere in four dimensions, we reach the conclusion that the electron particle has a size that is fixed by the Planck dimensions. The rotation of the Planck sphere generates the electron wave, the size of which depends on its wavelength. Our hypothesis is that the universe is composed of Planck spheres in four spatial dimensions, with two possible states: a rest state and rotational movement.
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18

Varlamov, V. V. "Mass quantization and the Lorentz group." Mathematical structures and modeling, no. 2 (2017): 11–28. https://doi.org/10.24147/2222-8772.2017.2.11-28.

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The mass spectrum of localized states of quantum micro-objects is studied within the framework of the holistic (non-local) Heisenberg scheme. It is assumed that a quantum micro-object as an object of the modus of potency exists outside space-time and is represented as a superposition of state vectors of a non-separable Hilbert space. It is shown that the masses of states of the lepton (except for neutrinos) and hadronic sectors of the spectrum of matter are proportional to the rest mass of an electron with an accuracy of 0.41%.
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19

Prasannakumar, S., S. Krishnaveni, and T. K. Umesh. "Determination of rest mass energy of the electron by a Compton scattering experiment." European Journal of Physics 33, no. 1 (2011): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0143-0807/33/1/005.

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20

Gainutdinov, R. Kh, M. A. Khamadeev, and M. Kh Salakhov. "Electron rest mass and line spectrum of atoms in the photonic crystal medium." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 478 (December 19, 2013): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/478/1/012017.

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21

Karnik, Ajit. "Why do Governments Lack ‘Political Will’? An Explanation from the Transaction Cost Perspective." Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice 21, no. 1 (2003): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251569203x15665366543809.

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Abstract This paper is concerned with the predilection of the ruling political party to promote the interests of powerful interest groups while at the same time neglecting the interests of the diffused mass of voters. We try to offer an explanation for this ‘lack of political will’ from the transaction cost perspective. We model the relationship between the ruling party and interest groups, and between the ruling party and rest of the voters as political contracts, each of which has its own transactions costs. The contract, which involves lower or reducible transaction costs will be preferred by the ruling political party.
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TERAZAWA, HIDEZUMI. "POSSIBLE EXPLANATION FOR THE SUPERFICIALLY NEGATIVE ELECTRON-NEUTRINO-MASS-SQUARE OBSERVED IN NUCLEAR β-DECAYS". Modern Physics Letters A 14, № 15 (1999): 957–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732399001024.

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The superficially negative mass square of the electron neutrino recently reported in several tritium β-decay experiments can be explained by a possible effect of the weak neutral current interaction of the produced neutrino with quarks in the nucleus, which has previously been predicted. The effect may present a serious obstacle to precise measurements of the neutrino mass within the accuracy of a few eV but, once established experimentally, it may be very useful to measure the weak mixing angle and the quark density in various nuclei.
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23

Duncan, Robert. "Geometry of the atom." Physics Essays 37, no. 3 (2024): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-37.3.193.

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An analysis of the harmonic series reveals a geometric structure of atomic hydrogen that defines the minimum radius of the bound electron. Subsequently, hydrogen’s energy states, velocities, and angular momentum are determined. Based on these findings, a theoretical value is determined for Planck’s reduced constant and the electron rest mass. In addition, an examination of hydrogen’s quantum energy states suggests that they are the result of a combinatorial effect.
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Folan, L. M., and V. I. Tsifrinovich. "Generation of a directed mono-energetic neutrino beam and measurement of the neutrino mass." Modern Physics Letters A 29, no. 39 (2014): 1430042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732314300420.

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We study generation of a directional mono-energetic neutrino beam in electron capture beta-decay and analyze the recoil force exerted by neutrinos. We consider the influence of the neutrino rest mass on the recoil force and discuss the opportunity for neutrino mass measurement using an atomic force microscopy (AFM). We compute the enhancement of the signal-to-noise ratio due to signal accumulation (averaging), find the optimal time for signal accumulation and formulate conditions for measurement of neutrino mass with AFM.
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25

ZIINO, G. "ELECTROWEAK THEORY AND THE NEUTRINO-MASS AND NEUTRINO-OSCILLATION QUESTIONS." Modern Physics Letters A 22, no. 12 (2007): 853–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732307022852.

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It is shown that both conjectures of neutrino mass and neutrino oscillation can be made really well-grounded within the Standard Model provided that one adopts a recent new version of the electroweak scheme spontaneously giving also a fundamental explanation for the so-called "maximal parity-violation" effect. A crucial role is played by the prediction of two distinct, scalar and pseudoscalar, replicas of (electron, muon, and tau) lepton numbers that could fully account for an actual non-coincidence between neutrino mass-eigenstates and gauge-eigenstates.
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Oakley, William S. "Deducing the proton energy configuration." International Journal of Scientific Reports 2, no. 11 (2016): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20163968.

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<p class="abstract">Articles published prior to 1994 by various authors indicate a mass energy sequence for the pion, muon, and electron in the ratios 4: 3: 2 respectively with increments of about 35.3 MeV, with the electron “rest mass” energy rotationally relativistic at α<sup>-1</sup>m<sub>e</sub>c<sup>2</sup>, ~ 70 MeV. Considering 35.3 MeV rotationally relativistic by α<sup>-2/3</sup> (≈ 26.58) extends the sequence to include the proton mass energy at 938 MeV, i.e. 26.58 <em>x</em> 35.3 MeV = 938.274 MeV. This observation leads to describing the proton as a single EM wave propagating in a toroidal path with volume contracted by α and thereby exhibiting unit charge in the far field, and evidencing partial charges in the near field consistent with the UUD quarks of the Standard Model. As with quantum chromodynamics (QCD), over 99% of the proton rest mass is relativistic in nature. A value for the proton radius is obtained within the empirical uncertainty<span lang="EN-IN">s. </span></p>
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CHALYI, Alexander, Nataliа GRYTSENKO, Albina KRYSHTOPA, Iryna MARGOLYCH, and Halyna KHRAPIICHUK. "THE LAW OF MASS CONSERVATION IN THE METHOD OF POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY." Medical physics – the current status, problems, the way of development. Innovation technologies, no. 1 (2024): 295–303. https://doi.org/10.17721/3041-1491/2024.11-39.

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This presentation is devoted to an actual problem of Medical Physics, which is related to the law of mass conservation in the modern diagnostic method of positron emission tomography (PET). The theoretical basis of the PET method is based on the phenomenon of annihilation of an electron and a positron with the formation of two gamma quanta, i.e. photons of short-wave electromagnetic radiation in the gamma range. The problem is that an electron and a positron have a non-zero total rest mass, while a photon is an elementary particle that has no mass. Therefore, a natural question arises, whether there is really a violation of the law of mass conservation in the process of electron and positron annihilation in one of the main diagnostic methods of PET, which is widely used in medical practice along with such diagnostic methods as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT)? The theoretical research conducted below provides a consistent and scientifically based answer to this fundamental question.
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Backe, H., H. Barth, J. Bonn та ін. "A new upper limit of the electron antineutrino rest mass from tritium β-decay". Nuclear Physics A 553 (березень 1993): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9474(93)90632-8.

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GRANEK, HENRY, and BRUCE H. J. McKELLAR. "CONSTRAINTS ON HEAVY NEUTRINO DECAYS IN THE EARLY UNIVERSE." International Journal of Modern Physics A 06, no. 14 (1991): 2387–425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x91001180.

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A numerical model of interactions of photons with the electron-proton plasma in the early universe at temperatures below the electron rest mass is used to constrain the branching ratio for massive neutrinos and photons. The model includes the double Compton process, which was shown49, 80 to be more important than bremsstrahlung at the relatively low densities of electrons and protons encountered. A generalised kinetic equation for interactions of electromagnetic radiation with matter in an expanding universe is derived.
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Oakley, William S. "Validating internal electron and proton energy configurations via a theoretical derivation of the mass ratio mp/me." International Journal of Scientific Reports 3, no. 4 (2017): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20171472.

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<p><strong>Background:</strong> There are no particle models giving theoretical rest mass energy values for the electron or proton, and their internal energy configurations are unknown. Consequently there is no theoretical basis for the proton/electron rest mass ratio m<sub>p/</sub>m<sub>e</sub>. Previous articles established both electrons and protons consist of quantum loops of the same 6.8MeV base quantum energy, albeit in different relativistic states.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> Prior work is extended by considering internal particle energy cross coupling factors to derive detailed theoretical expressions for the internal energy distributions of electrons and protons. These expressions consist of the base quantum energy modified by terms containing only relativistic factors of the fine structure constant, α ~ 1/137. For m<sub>p</sub>/m<sub>e</sub> the base quantum energy cancels and the derived mass ratio is given by the particle’s internal quantum loop relativistic states. The derived mass ratio is compared to the empirical value. Newton’s gravitational constant, G, is calculated from the electron internal energy configuration.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> Derived particle energy configurations give proton mass and proton/electron mass ratio values fully consistent with empirical data. The common base quantum loop energy is obtained to 6ppm. Combining particle mass energy expressions gives m<sub>p</sub>/m<sub>e</sub> to ten digits and consistent with the 2014 CODATA value via an expression containing only the fine structure constant. A theoretical value for Newton’s gravitational constant is obtained to an uncertainty of 6ppb. The Hierarchy problem is resolved, and the Planck scale of matter is adjusted. </p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The particle energy configurations are validated by providing particle mass energy values and a proton/electron mass ratio consistent with empirical data. Newton’s G is shown not a natural constant, and misunderstanding its nature gave rise to the Hierarchy problem and an erroneous value for the Planck scale of matter, both now resolved.</p>
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ROSENOW, BERND, and STEFAN SCHEIDL. "QUANTUM HALL STRIPES: CHERN–SIMONS THEORY AND ORIENTATIONAL MECHANISMS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 15, no. 13 (2001): 1905–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979201004988.

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We develop a bosonic Chern–Simons theory to describe a two-dimensional electron gas in intermediate magnetic fields. Within this approach, inhomogeneous states emerge in analogy to the intermediate state of a superconductor. At half filling of the highest Landau level we find unidirectional charge-density-wave (CDW) solutions. With a semiclassical calculation we give an intuitive explanation of the change of CDW orientation in the presence of an in-plane magnetic field. An anisotropy in the electron band mass is suggested as a possible source of the reproducible orientation of the CDW.
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32

Gao, J., D. Bagayoko, and D. S. Guo. "The ponderomotive four-momentum." Canadian Journal of Physics 76, no. 1 (1998): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p97-053.

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Using classical mechanics and classical field theory, we confirm that the ponderomotive momentum exists as a counterpart of the ponderomotive energy to form the ponderomotive four-momentum when an electron interacts with a light plane wave. As a solution to the equations of motion, a time-dependent four-momentum on the electron (rest) mass shell is obtained in a coordinate-free form. By taking out the quiver motion, we find that the nonoscillating part of the four-momentum is not on the electron mass shell. We show mathematically that the decomposition of the nonoscillating four-momentum into an on-mass-shell four-momentum and a lightlike four-momentum along the light-propagation direction is unique. The time-component of the lightlike four-momentum is exactly the ponderomotive energy, while the space-component is the ponderomotive momentum. We discuss the critical role of the ponderomotive four-momentum in light–electron scattering processes due to the lightlike property and the uniqueness of the decomposition of a four-momentum. Two pieces of experimental evidence of the ponderomotive momentum are identified in the discussion. PACS No. 32.80Rm
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33

Dolce, Donatello. "On the Compton clock and the undulatory nature of particle mass in graphene systems." Eur. Phys. J. Plus (2015), no. 130 (2015): 41. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/i2015-15041-5.

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In undulatory mechanics the rest mass of a particle is associated to a rest periodicity known as Compton periodicity. In carbon nanotubes the Compton periodicity is determined geometrically, through dimensional reduction, by the circumference of the curled-up dimension, or by similar spatial constraints to the charge carrier wave function in other condensed matter systems. In this way the Compton periodicity is effectively reduced by several order of magnitudes with respect to that of the electron, allowing for the possibility to experimentally test foundational aspects of quantum mechanics. We present a novel powerful formalism to derive the electronic properties of carbon nanotubes, in agreement with the results known in the literature, from simple geometric and relativistic considerations about the Compton periodicity as well as a dictionary of analogies between particle and graphene physics.
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34

KRASNOHOLOVETS, VOLODYMYR, NICOLAI KUKHTAREV, and TATIANA KUKHTAREVA. "HEAVY ELECTRONS: ELECTRON DROPLETS GENERATED BY PHOTOGALVANIC AND PYROELECTRIC EFFECTS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 20, no. 16 (2006): 2323–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979206034662.

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Electron clusters, X-rays and nanosecond radio-frequency pulses are produced by 100 mW continuous-wave laser illuminating ferroelectric crystal of LiNbO 3. A long-living stable electron droplet with the size of about 100μ m has freely moved with the velocity ~0.5 cm/s in the air near the surface of the crystal experiencing the Earth gravitational field. The microscopic model of cluster stability, which is based on submicroscopic mechanics developed in the real physical space, is suggested. The role of a restraining force plays the inerton field, a substructure of the particles' matter waves, which a solitary one can elastically withstand the Coulomb repulsion of electrons. It is shown that electrons in the droplet are heavy electrons whose mass exceeds the rest mass of free electron at least 1 million of times. Application for X-ray imaging and lithography is discussed.
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35

Cudell, J. R., M. Yu Khlopov, and Q. Wallemacq. "Dark Atoms and the Positron-Annihilation-Line Excess in the Galactic Bulge." Advances in High Energy Physics 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/869425.

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It was recently proposed that stable particles of charge −2,O--, can exist and constitute dark matter after they bind with primordial helium in O-helium (OHe) atoms. We study here in detail the possibility that this model provides an explanation for the excess of gamma radiation in the positron-annihilation line from the galactic bulge observed by INTEGRAL. This explanation assumes that OHe, excited to a 2s state through collisions in the central part of the Galaxy, deexcites to its ground state via anE0transition, emitting an electron-positron pair. The cross-section for OHe collisions with excitation to 2s level is calculated and it is shown that the rate of such excitations in the galactic bulge strongly depends not only on the mass of O-helium, which is determined by the mass ofO--, but also on the density and velocity distribution of dark matter. Given the astrophysical uncertainties on these distributions, this mechanism constrains theO--mass to lie in two possible regions. One of these is reachable in the experimental searches for stable multicharged particles at the LHC.
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36

Backe, H., H. Barth, J. Bonn та ін. "A new upper limit of the electron anti neutrino rest mass from tritium β-decay". Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 31 (квітень 1993): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5632(93)90110-r.

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37

Balbus, Steven A. "Determining the difference between local acceleration and local gravity: Applications of the equivalence principle to relativistic trajectories." American Journal of Physics 92, no. 6 (2024): 444–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/5.0162082.

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We show by direct calculation that the common equivalence principle explanation for why gravity must deflect light is quantitatively incorrect by a factor of three in Schwarzschild geometry. It is, therefore, possible, at least as a matter of principle, to tell the difference between local acceleration and a true gravitational field by measuring the local deflection of light. We calculate as well the deflection of test particles of arbitrary energy and construct a leading-order coordinate transformation from Schwarzschild to local inertial coordinates, which shows explicitly how the effects of spatial curvature manifest locally for relativistic trajectories of both finite and vanishing rest mass particles.
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38

Filewood, Greg. "Mass formulas: weak radiative correction to computation of proton and neutron to electron rest mass ratios based on discretized QCD." Canadian Journal of Physics 97, no. 3 (2019): 321–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2018-0022.

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39

Oakley, William Sydney. "Analyzing the large number problem and Newton’s G via a relativistic quantum loop model of the electron." International Journal of Scientific Reports 1, no. 4 (2015): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20150671.

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The long standing problem of large numbers ~ 10<sup>44</sup> in physics is addressed by analyzing a conceptual electron model whereby a single photon propagates adjacent to a closed space-time metric of toroidal geometry. The quantum loop based model generates the major particle characteristics: a magnetic dipole, a radial electric field, and a gravitational effect consistent with the electron rest mass. The large number value obtained by this analysis closely matches that from empirical data and clarifies the nature of Newton’s constant, G<sub>N</sub>. The particle concept provides a basis from which development of a detailed electron model should be possible.
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40

Miscetti, Stefano. "Status of the Mu2e experiment at Fermilab." EPJ Web of Conferences 234 (2020): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023401010.

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The Mu2e experiment aims to improve, by four orders of magnitude, current sensitivity in the search for the charged-lepton flavor violating (cLFV) neutrino-less conversion of a negative muon into an electron. The conversion process will be identified by a distinctive signature of a mono-energetic electron with energy slightly below the muon rest mass. In the Standard Model this process has a negligible rate. However, in many Beyond the Standard Model scenarios its rate is within the reach of Mu2e sensitivity. In this paper, we explain the Mu2e design guidelines and summarize the status of the experiment.
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41

Varró, Sándor. "Proposal for an Electromagnetic Mass Formula for the X17 Particle." Universe 10, no. 2 (2024): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe10020086.

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Recent observations of anomalous angular correlations of electron–positron pairs in several nuclear reactions have indicated the existence of a hypothetical neutral boson of rest mass ~17 MeV/c2, called the X17 particle. Similarly, one has interpreted an independent set of experiments on photon pair spectra around the invariant mass ~38 MeV/c2, by assuming the existence of the so-called E38 particle. In the present paper, we derive analytical mass formulas for the X17 particle and the E38 particle, on the basis of quantum electrodynamics. We shall use the exact solutions of the Dirac equation of the joint system of a charged particle and plane waves of the quantized electromagnetic radiation. When these solutions are applied to a proton, they lead to dressed radiation quanta with a rest mass of 17.0087 MeV/c2, which may be identified with the X17 vector bosons. A similar consideration, applied to the udd quarks of the neutron, yields dressed quanta, whose mass equals 37.9938 MeV/c2, corresponding to the E38 particle. These formulas, besides the Sommerfeld fine structure constant and the masses of the nucleons, do not contain any adjustable parameters. The present analysis also delivers the value 0.846299 fm for the proton radius.
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42

Vopson, Melvin M. "Experimental protocol for testing the mass–energy–information equivalence principle." AIP Advances 12, no. 3 (2022): 035311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0087175.

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The mass–energy–information equivalence principle proposed in 2019 and the information content of the observable matter in the universe estimated in 2021 represent two important conjectures, called the information conjectures. Combining information theory and physical principles of thermodynamics, these theoretical proposals made specific predictions about the mass of information as well as the most probable information content per elementary particle. Here, we propose an experimental protocol that allows for empirical verification of the information conjectures by confirming the predicted information content of elementary particles. The experiment involves a matter–antimatter annihilation process. When an electron–positron annihilates, in addition to the two 511 keV gamma photons resulting from the conversion of their rest masses into energy, we predict that two additional low energy photons should be detected, resulting from their information content erasure. At room temperature, a positron–electron annihilation should produce two ∼50 µm wavelength infrared photons due to the information erasure. This experiment could, therefore, confirm both information conjectures and the existence of information as the fifth state of matter in the universe.
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43

Kaplan, I. G., G. V. Smelov, and V. N. Smutny. "Neutrino rest mass: Account of the electron correlation effect on the restructuring of the electron shell of a molecule in decay." Physics Letters B 161, no. 4-6 (1985): 389–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(85)90784-1.

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44

Zhenyue, Mei, Ke Zunjian, Wu Weimin та Zhao Zhengguo. "Report on determination of the rest mass of electron neutrino with 3 H β ray spectroscopy". Chinese Physics Letters 7, № 8 (1990): 345–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/7/8/003.

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45

Little, Justin M., Gordon I. McCulloh, and Cameron Marsh. "Ionization and current sheet formation in inductive pulsed plasma thrusters." Journal of Applied Physics 132, no. 9 (2022): 093301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0102077.

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Current sheet formation in inductive pulsed plasma thrusters (IPPTs) is investigated theoretically to determine how non-equilibrium ionization processes influence plasma impermeability to inductive electromagnetic fields and downstream propellant mass. Plasma impermeability to both electromagnetic fields and downstream mass is a prerequisite for efficient IPPT operation. A lumped-element circuit model of an IPPT plasma is modified to include propellant ionization and the electron energy balance under non-equilibrium conditions, neutral gas entrainment via charge exchange collisions, and electromagnetic coupling to a finite skin depth plasma. It is found that current sheets impermeable to both the accelerating fields and downstream mass—presumed to exist in all prior circuit modeling efforts—form only under specific conditions. The dynamics of electron heating during the early portion of the inductive current cycle are identified as the dominant contributors to current sheet formation. A new dimensionless scaling parameter is derived to characterize electron heating relative to inelastic ionization losses, from which it is found that impermeable current sheet formation requires Ohmic heating in the early formation phase to offset ionization losses associated with the entire propellant mass bit. This finding provides a physical explanation and generalization of the semi-empirical requirement on coil current rise rate that is commonly used in the early design phase of IPPTs to ensure current sheet formation.
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46

Bracken, A. J., J. A. Flohr, and G. F. Melloy. "Time-evolution of highly localized positive-energy states of the free Dirac electron." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 461, no. 2063 (2005): 3633–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2005.1538.

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Highly localized positive-energy states of the free Dirac electron are constructed and shown to evolve in a simple way under the action of Dirac's equation. When the initial uncertainty in position is small on the scale of the Compton wavelength, there is an associated uncertainty in the mean energy that is large compared with the rest mass of the electron. However, this does not lead to any breakdown of the one-particle description, associated with the possibility of pair-production, but rather leads to a rapid expansion of the probability density outwards from the point of localization, at speeds close to the speed of light.
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47

Bagdonaite, Julija, Paul Jansen, Christian Henkel, Hendrick L. Bethlem, Karl M. Menten, and Wim Ubachs. "A Stringent Limit on a Drifting Proton-to-Electron Mass Ratio from Alcohol in the Early Universe." Science 339, no. 6115 (2012): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1224898.

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The standard model of physics is built on the fundamental constants of nature, but it does not provide an explanation for their values, nor require their constancy over space and time. Here we set a limit on a possible cosmological variation of the proton-to-electron mass ratio μ by comparing transitions in methanol observed in the early universe with those measured in the laboratory. From radio-astronomical observations of PKS1830-211, we deduced a constraint of ∆μ/μ = (0.0 ± 1.0) × 10−7 at redshift z = 0.89, corresponding to a look-back time of 7 billion years. This is consistent with a null result.
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48

CALUCCI, GIORGIO. "PAIR PRODUCTION IN A TIME-DEPENDENT MAGNETIC FIELD." Modern Physics Letters A 14, no. 18 (1999): 1183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732399001279.

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The production of electron–positron pairs in a time-dependent magnetic field is estimated in the hypotheses that the magnetic field is uniform over large distances with respect to the pair localization and it is so strong that the spacing of the Landau levels is larger than the rest mass of the particles. This calculation is presented since it has been suggested that extremely intense and varying magnetic fields may be found around some astrophysical objects.
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49

WANG, SHIH-LIANG, WEI-TOU NI, and SHEAU-SHI PAN. "NEW EXPERIMENTAL LIMIT ON THE SPATIAL ANISOTROPY FOR POLARIZED ELECTRONS." Modern Physics Letters A 08, no. 39 (1993): 3715–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732393003445.

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Is our laboratory in an isotropic state for spin states? For example, motion of the earth through the cosmic neutrino background would produce a term of the form gσ · v in the energy of an electron. Certain kinds of vacuum states have this effect on electrons too. To search for such a term or a term like g′σ · n where n is a particular direction in the universe, we use a torsion pendulum carrying a transversely spin-polarized ferrimagnetic Dy-Fe mass which exhibit orbital compensation of the electron intrinsic spin magnetic moments. With this magnetic compensated mass, pure-Fe and µ-metal shields reduced magnetic torques to a good extent. The searched terms would produce a sinusoidal oscillation of the pendulum with a period of one sidereal day. We have not detected such an oscillation. Analysis of our experimental results gives a limit 3.5×10−18 eV for the splitting of the spin states of an electron at rest on the Earth. Compared to previous results, this is an improvement of more than a factor of 2.
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50

Lakhno, Victor D. "Translational-Invariant Bipolarons and Superconductivity." Condensed Matter 5, no. 2 (2020): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/condmat5020030.

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A translation-invariant (TI) bipolaron theory of superconductivity based, like Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer theory, on Fröhlich Hamiltonian is presented. Here the role of Cooper pairs belongs to TI bipolarons which are pairs of spatially delocalized electrons whose correlation length of a coupled state is small. The presence of Fermi surface leads to the stabilization of such states in its vicinity and a possibility of their Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC). The theory provides a natural explanation of the existence of a pseudogap phase preceding the superconductivity and enables one to estimate the temperature of a transition T * from a normal state to a pseudogap one. It is shown that the temperature of BEC of TI bipolarons determines the temperature of a superconducting transition T c which depends not on the bipolaron effective mass but on the ordinary mass of a band electron. This removes restrictions on the upper limit of T c for a strong electron-phonon interaction. A natural explanation is provided for the angular dependence of the superconducting gap which is determined by the angular dependence of the phonon spectrum. It is demonstrated that a lot of experiments on thermodynamic and transport characteristics, Josephson tunneling and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) of high-temperature superconductors does not contradict the concept of a TI bipolaron mechanism of superconductivity in these materials. Possible ways of enhancing T c and producing new room-temperature superconductors are discussed on the basis of the theory suggested.
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