Academic literature on the topic 'The First Partition of Poland (1772)'
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Journal articles on the topic "The First Partition of Poland (1772)"
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Schvéd, Brigitta Kinga. "The First Partition of Poland and the Issue of the European Balance of Power in Contemporary English Media (1772–1774)." Specimina Nova Pars Prima Sectio Medaevalis 11 (April 27, 2022): 203–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/spmnnv.2021.11.10.
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Prussia, Russia, and Austria gradually divided the territory of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in three stages between 1772 and 1795. In their partition policy, Prussia and Russia managed to make Austria take sides with them on the first, as well as the third occasion, and during these partitions, the Western powers such as France or Great Britain – although fully opposing such violent breach of Polish–Lithuanian statehood – did not act against them. A new kind of balancing policy and partition diplomacy materialized in these partitions of Poland (rozbiory Polski) and the loss of Polish sovereignty. The present paper seeks to explore the roots of this peculiarly balancing constellation of great powers, analysing the political environment that led to the first division of Poland in 1772, while investigating the opinion of Great Britain on the partition. The first part of the study places the 18th-century European political scene in an ideohistorical contéxt, présénting thé concépts of ‘réason of staté’ and ‘balancé of powér’ that motivated the dynamics of diplomatic negotiations. In light of this, the second part describes the motivations and key events of Polish (domestic) and European (great power) politics in the 18th century up to the time of the first partition, while the main part analyses the English press reaction to the division, its visual sources and the relevant pamphlet literature of 1772–1774.
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Ruiz Domínguez, Juan A. "THE FIRST PARTITION OF POLAND IN THE GRIMALDI LETTERS." Zeszyty Naukowe OTN, no. XXVIII (December 30, 2014): 369–73. https://doi.org/10.62961/9b2gk981.
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Grimaldi’s letters, written from 26 May 1767 to 28 april 1777, provide us with an overview of international affairs. they give us information about many topics such as English politics, the European system of alliance and Spanish problems. The author of the letters also mentions Poland because its partition had been decided then as a result of the war between Russia and turkey. the author also focuses on the role of Catherine II in the election of Stanislaw II august Poniatowski to become the new king of Poland and the influence of Russia on Polish politics. Grimaldi does not believe in the partition of Poland until 24 June 1772 when the agreement about the Polish partition was signed by the three powers. The following Grimaldi’s letters describes the further history of Poland under rule of the invaders.
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Parent, Arnaud. "The Political Writers Louis-Antoine Caraccioli, Simon Linguet and John Lind, and the 1772 Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: A Step Towards Awareness of a Common European Membership?" XVIII amžiaus studijos / The Eighteenth Century Studies 9 (December 30, 2023): 49–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33918/23516968-009002.
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In 1772, the first partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth occurred. A few outraged English and French pamphleteers grabbed a pen to defend its cause. The same year, John Lind released his Letters Concerning the Present State of Poland. In 1773, Simon Linguet published his Considérations politiques et philosophiques, sur les affaires présentes du Nord, et plus particulièrement sur celles de Pologne. In 1775, the Marquis de Caraccioli released La Pologne telle qu’elle a été, telle qu’elle est, telle qu’elle sera. This article aims at defining how these authors’ reactions to the first dismemberment of the Commonwealth contributed to the nascence of public opinion in the last quarter of the 18th century, thus accelerating the advent of a shared sentiment of European membership. The study is intended as a contribution to our knowledge of the reception in European public opinion of the partition of Poland-Lithuania. The article encompasses: I) the emergence of public opinion in 18th-century Britain and France; II) Caraccioli, Linguet and Lind: three different personalities devoted to the same cause; III) combating prejudices: Restoring the truth on serfdom in the Commonwealth, and the dissidents affair; IV) ensuring support for a king struggling alone against hostile neighbouring powers.
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Brooks, Colin. "British political culture and the dismemberment of states: Britain and the first partition of Poland 1762–1772." Parliaments, Estates and Representation 13, no. 1 (1993): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02606755.1993.9525830.
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Zielińska, Zofia. "Decyzja o pierwszym rozbiorze: autor i czas (Dorota Dukwicz, Na drodze do pierwszego rozbioru. Rosja i Prusy wobec Rzeczypospolitej w latach 1768–1771, Instytut Historii PAN, Warszawa 2022, ss. 518)." Przegląd Historyczny 115, no. 1 (2024): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.36693/202401p.81-96.
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The decision on the first partition: author and time (Dorota Dukwicz, Na drodze do pierwszego rozbioru. Rosja i Prusy wobec Rzeczypospolitej w latach 1768–1771, Instytut Historii PAN, Warszawa 2022, 518 pp) The article is an analysis of Dorota Dukwicz’s monograph Na drodze do pierwszego rozbioru. Rosja i Prusy wobec Rzeczypospolitej w latach 1768–1771 (Towards the First Partition. Russia and Prussia against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1768–1771) in a broad context of international historiography on the partitions of Poland. It points to Dukwicz’s contribution to the research on the origins of the decision about the partition and establishment of the chronology of the division of Poland-Lithuania’s territory, in particular in comparison with older studies by Adolf Beer and Albert Sorel.
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Németh, Michał. "Between turkic and slavic. Materials for the investigation of slavic loanwords in the earliest west Karaim sources." Vilnius University Proceedings 48 (June 17, 2024): 128–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lkac.2024.11.
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This paper offers an overview of the oldest West Karaim written sources with a special focus on the Slavic lexical elements they contain. The main goal of the article is to present the phonetic adaptation processes these loanwords underwent and to answer the question from which Slavic languages they were borrowed. The Slavic linguistic material presented in this article was collected from manuscripts created in the first 100 years of the written history of West Karaim, i.e. in the period between 1671 and 1772. The year 1772, i.e. the year in which the First Partition of Poland took place, has been chosen as the closing time limit mainly because the second half of the 18th century was the time when Slavic–West Karaim bilingualism became a widespread phenomenon which, in turn, resulted in markedly different adaptation processes than in the early decades of these contacts.
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Wolff, Larry. "Inventing Galicia: Messianic Josephinism and the Recasting of Partitioned Poland." Slavic Review 63, no. 4 (2004): 818–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1520422.
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In this article Larry Wolff considers the creation of Galicia in 1772 as an act of invention, the concoction of a brand-new geopolitical entity for the ideological legitimation of the Habsburg acquisitions in the first partition of Poland. Afterwards, especially under the auspices of Joseph II, Galicia was constructed both administratively and culturally, and the arbitrarily conceived province received form and meaning. The article considers published accounts of Galicia from the 1780s, mapping the province according to the perceived distinction between "Eastern Europe" and "Western Europe," defining its imperial relation to Vienna in terms of a civilizing mission, and articulating a perspective of Josephine messianism as the redemptive legitimation of Habsburg rule. This secular messianism was sometimes inspired by the notable religious presence of the Jewish population in the province. The article analyzes the affirmation of Galician political prerogatives in 1790 and the complex relation between Galician and Polish culture in the 1790s, focusing in particular on Wojciech Boguslawski and the L'viv production of his "national opera" Krakowiacy i Górale in 1796.
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Kazusek, Szymon. "Rafting and Navigation on the Vistula in the Area of the Cracow Agglomeration in the Years 1773–1785 (in the Light of the Kazimierz Bridge Registers)." Res Historica 57 (October 22, 2024): 1053–80. https://doi.org/10.17951/rh.2024.57.1053-1080.
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The Vistula rafting played an important role in the economic life of the most important urban center of Little Poland (Małopolska). The first partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth radically changed the economic situation, dividing the single economic market of this region. The article discusses the impact of the first partition on the development of navigable trade and Vistula navigation in the Cracow agglomeration.
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Dygul, Jolanta. "La Polonia negli scritti di due autori veneziani: due politiche dell’informazione a confronto." Diciottesimo Secolo 8 (July 1, 2023): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/ds-14225.
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The events in Poland between the years 1763 and 1772 that led to the first partition of the Republic aroused great interest in Europe. The information in question also appeared in the newspaper pages of several Italian states. The theme returned in volumes written by Venetian authors, including Domenico Caminer's Storia della guerra presente tra la Russia e la Porta Ottomana and Istoria delle turbolenze della Polonia dalla morte di Elisabetha Petrowna fino alla pace fra la Russia e la porta Ottomana in cui si trovano tutti gli avvenimenti cagione della rivoluzione di quel regno by Giacomo Casanova. The article aims to highlight the two different models of information used to elaborate on the same historical subject: Caminer's dry style, typical of gazetteers who tend rather to stick to the facts and show great reticence in their comments, and Casanova's polemical and subjective style.
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Wolska, Barbara. "Echa konfederacji barskiej w okolicznościowej literaturze politycznej lat 1772-1775." Napis III (1997) (December 31, 1997): 83–99. https://doi.org/10.18318/napis.1997.1.5.
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Artykuł ukazuje wpływ konfederacji barskiej na teksty okolicznościowe towarzyszące pierwszemu rozbiorowi Rzeczpospolitej. Autorka przedstawia parafrazy utworów barskich, a także teksty odwołujące się do zniszczeń wojennych, osądzające wydarzenia zaszłe podczas delegacyjnego sejmu rozbiorowego (tzw. konfederacji warszawskiej) oraz najważniejsze postacie konfederacji. Analizuje obecne w nich obrazowanie oraz metaforykę dotyczącą wolności i religii. Zauważa korelację pomiędzy potępieniem sejmowej konfederacji warszawskiej a rodzajem szczególnego sentymentu do konfederacji barskiej.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "The First Partition of Poland (1772)"
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Jarrett, Nathaniel W. "Collective Security and Coalition: British Grand Strategy, 1783-1797." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc984129/.
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On 1 February 1793, the National Convention of Revolutionary France declared war on Great Britain and the Netherlands, expanding the list of France's enemies in the War of the First Coalition. Although British Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger had predicted fifteen years of peace one year earlier, the French declaration of war initiated nearly a quarter century of war between Britain and France with only a brief respite during the Peace of Amiens. Britain entered the war amid both a nadir in British diplomacy and internal political divisions over the direction of British foreign policy. After becoming prime minister in 1783 in the aftermath of the War of American Independence, Pitt pursued financial and naval reform to recover British strength and cautious interventionism to end Britain's diplomatic isolation in Europe. He hoped to create a collective security system based on the principles of the territorial status quo, trade agreements, neutral rights, and resolution of diplomatic disputes through mediation - armed mediation if necessary. While his domestic measures largely met with success, Pitt's foreign policy suffered from a paucity of like-minded allies, contradictions between traditional hostility to France and emergent opposition to Russian expansion, Britain's limited ability to project power on the continent, and the even more limited will of Parliament to support such interventionism. Nevertheless, Pitt's collective security goal continued to shape British strategy in the War of the First Coalition, and the same challenges continued to plague the British war effort. This led to failure in the war and left the British fighting on alone after the Treaty of Campo Formio secured peace between France and its last continental foe, Austria, on 18 October 1797.
Books on the topic "The First Partition of Poland (1772)"
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Palmer, R. R. The Lessons of Poland. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161280.003.0013.
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This chapter presents a compressed account of the Four Years' Diet of 1788–1792 and its background. Poland is first exhibited as a land of aristocracy triumphant. The question is then asked whether the Polish Revolution of 1791 was a revolution at all, and if so in what sense; and what observers in other countries—such as Burke in England, the revolutionaries in France, and the rulers of Prussia and Russia—thought that they learned from it. Jean-Jacques Rousseau drew lessons from Poland in 1771. With the country dissolving in civil war, subverted by Russia, and sinking into the First Partition, the author of the Social Contract, at the request of certain Polish patriots, offered his diagnosis of their situation. For Rousseau, the trouble with Poland was that it had no consistance, no staying power to resist pressure and infiltration from outside. What it needed was character, a character of its own, resting on the collective consciousness or will of its people.
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Polonsky, Antony. Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 14. Liverpool University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781874774693.001.0001.
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The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, created in 1569, covered a wide spectrum of faiths and languages. The nobility, who were the main focus of Polishness, were predominantly Catholic; the peasantry included Catholics, Protestants, and members of the Orthodox faith, while nearly half the urban population, and some 10 per cent of the total population, was Jewish. The partition of Poland at the end of the eighteenth century and the subsequent struggle to regain Polish independence raised the question of what the boundaries of a future state should be, and who qualified as a Pole. The partitioning powers were determined to hold on to the areas they had annexed: Prussia tried to strengthen the German element in Poland; the Habsburgs encouraged the development of a Ukrainian consciousness in Austrian Galicia to act as a counterweight to the dominant Polish nobility; and Russia, while allowing the Kingdom of Poland to enjoy substantial autonomy, treated the remaining areas it had annexed as part of the tsarist monarchy. When Poland became independent after the First World War, more than a third of its population were thus Ukrainians, Belarusians, Germans, Jews, and Lithuanians, many of whom had been influenced by nationalist movements. The core chapters in the book focus especially on the triangular relationship between Poles, Jews, and Germans in western Poland, and between the different national groups in what are today Lithuania, Belarus, and Ukraine. In addition, the New Views section investigates aspects of Jewish life in pre-partition Poland and in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Book chapters on the topic "The First Partition of Poland (1772)"
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Healy, Róisín. "From the January Uprising to the First Home Rule Bill, 1860–1886." In Poland in the Irish Nationalist Imagination, 1772–1922. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43431-5_5.
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Hyde, George, and With Wieslaw Powaga. "Poland." In The Oxford Guide to Contemporary Writing. Oxford University PressOxford, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198182627.003.0019.
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Abstract The fate of writing in Poland has traditionally been to articulate and shape the national consciousness through long periods of oppression and suppression, from the first partition in 1772 to the short-lived Polish Republic after 1918, the horrors of the German invasion in 1939 and the Second World War, and the Communist take-over that followed. Communism, hopelessly inefficient and in the end bereft of all effective authority, stopped the cultural clock and made it possible to resurrect the myths and archetypes of the Romantic and modernist eras, which were deeply intertwined with the sense of national identity, especially in its revolutionary guise. The Communists handled this heritage with care, and tried to turn it to their own political and quasi-political ends.
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Rapoport-Albert, Ada. "Hasidism after 1772: Structural Continuity and Change." In Hasidism Reappraised. Liverpool University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781874774204.003.0006.
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This chapter addresses hasidism after 1772. The year 1772 is generally regarded as a critical one, or at least an important turning point, in the history of hasidism. Three decisive events took place in that year which altered both the ideological and the organizational course on which the movement had originally embarked. The spring brought with it the first outbreak of bitter hostilities between the mitnaggedim and the hasidim in Vilna, whence the dispute quickly spread to other Jewish communities in Lithuania and Galicia. During the summer months, Belorussia was annexed to Russia, and Galicia to Austria, in the first partition of the disintegrating kingdom of Poland; as a result, parts of the Jewish (and hasidic) community in Poland which until then had formed a single cultural and political entity found themselves arbitrarily separated. At the end of the year, in December, the supreme leader of hasidism, R. Dov Ber, the Maggid of Mezhirech, died without leaving an ‘heir’ to take charge of the movement in his place.
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Mintz, Alan. "Austrian Mandates." In Ancestral Tales. Stanford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503601161.003.0007.
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The Austrian rule over Buczacz that came with the partition of Poland in 1772 brought far-reaching changes to Jewish life, especially during the first decades of imperial rule. One change was the imposition of a special tax on the candles Jews used for Sabbaths, holidays, and weddings. Agnon’s general approach is to examine the corrupting effects of these measures within the Jewish community rather than between the community and the Austrian authorities. One major story concerns a thug named Feivush, who serves as an enforcer for a heartless tax farmer. Feivush is feared and reviled by his fellow Jews, but then he himself becomes a victim. Other tales focus on the marginalization of rabbinic courts under the Austrians, which allows the violence of the wealthy to go unchecked.
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Dziembowski, Edmond. "European Geopolitics, 1756–1783." In The Oxford Handbook of the Seven Years' War. Oxford University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197622605.013.6.
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Abstract The Seven Years’ War caused a considerable upheaval in the balance of power in Europe. While the Treaty of Paris (10 February 1763) marked the triumph of Great Britain and the humiliation of France, the Treaty of Hubertusburg (15 February 1763), which settled the German side of the conflict, sanctioned the rise of Central and Eastern Europe in international relations. Previously subject to the preeminence of France, Europe would live to the rhythm of a pentarchy comprising France, Great Britain, the House of Austria, Prussia, and Russia until World War I. While France’s influence declined and Great Britain lacked control over European relations, Prussia, Russia, and Austria were free to assert their ambitions. The dynamism of these three predatory powers led to the first partition of Poland in 1772. Faced with the danger of an uncontrollable Central and Eastern Europe, France and Great Britain came to reconsider their old rivalry.
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Mikaberidze, Alexander. "The Envoy of Her Imperial Majesty, 1793." In Kutuzov. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197546734.003.0007.
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Abstract This chapter discusses Mikhail Kutuzov’s time in the Polish-Lithuanian borderlands from 1792 to 1793. This was during a time when the commonwealth of Poland experienced another political convulsion. The first Polish Partition had demonstrated the dangers a weak Polish state was facing and helped nurture public opinion favorable to the reform movement. The chapter describes Enlightenment ideals and prospects of structural reforms that strengthened the Polish monarchy and removed the Cardinal Laws, which were imposed on the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by Russia. The chapter looks at the Great Sejm and demonstrates how the Sejm created an opportunity to enact an ambitious package of reforms in the spring of 1791. The advantage of the timing of this is that Poland's neighbors were preoccupied. On May 3, the Sejm produced Europe’s first codified national constitution. This created a more effective constitutional monarchy and took steps toward reviving the Polish-Lithuanian state.
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Grodziski, Stanisław. "The Jewish Question in Galicia: The Reforms of Maria Theresa and Joseph II, 1772‒1790." In Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 12, translated by Jolanta Goldstein. Liverpool University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781874774594.003.0004.
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This chapter focuses on the reforms imposed by the Austrian authorities, who did not recognize the institutions and legal norms that had been inherited from Polish times in the annexed territory of Galicia. Specifically, it examines those reforms that pertained to the legal status of the Jewish population and can be separated quite easily from the wider Theresian–Josephine reforms. Here, the status of the Jews was by no means a secondary issue. The consequences of these reforms may be appraised on several levels. The chapter takes into consideration, first, the economic, social, and legal situation of the Jewish population in Galicia; second, that population's degree of loyalty to the new authorities; third, Jewish coexistence with the Polish population (and, to the degree that the Ukrainian nationalist movement developed, also with the Ukrainian population); and fourth, the situation of Galician Jewry in comparison with the position of Jews under the Polish republic before partition and with the situation of those Jews who found themselves under Russian rule after 1795.
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"THE JEWS IN THE PRUSSIAN PARTITION OF POLAND, 1772–1870." In The Jews in Poland and Russia. The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvvb7knb.19.
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Wight, Martin, and DAVID S. YOST. "Note on Partition." In History and International Relations. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192867476.003.0015.
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Abstract In the late eighteenth century Austria, Prussia, and Russia partitioned Poland. In 1878 Albert Sorel predicted that these three powers “would be led by their jealousies and greed to find other fields of territorial expansion, other objects of partition.” The First World War devastated the great powers that had divided Poland: “Russia by revolution, Germany by defeat, Austria by defeat and national disintegration. The belt of small successor-states that appeared in Eastern Europe, half of whom were the debris of Austria-Hungary, became a new field of partition between Germany and Russia once they had resumed their Great Power status.” Germany and Russia partitioned Poland yet again in 1939–1940, and in the ensuing combat Moscow “acquired suzerainty, if not territorial possession, of the greater part of Eastern Europe, including most of the former domain of Austria.”
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Sorkin, David. "Partition and Parity." In Jewish Emancipation. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691164946.003.0007.
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This chapter assesses how, in the 1760s, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth failed to enact reform for its Jews aside from abolishing the Council of the Lands. Jews mobilized to an unprecedented extent to face the challenges of the Four-Year Sejm (1788–92). With the first partition of Poland, the three autocratic powers—Russia, Prussia, and the Habsburg Empire—began to divide the Commonwealth's Jews. For all three powers, the privately owned magnate town was an alien phenomenon: what had been the source of many Jews' extensive privileges now started to become a long-term liability. The first partition did yield legislation that, if implemented, would have conferred some of the best political statuses in Europe. Joseph II introduced equality with other subjects for Galicia's Jews, though he hedged it with formidable restrictions. Meanwhile, Catherine II tried to make Jews full-fledged members of towns. Joseph's and Catherine's legislation belonged to the 1780s' acme of Enlightened absolutist reform.
Conference papers on the topic "The First Partition of Poland (1772)"
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Kobzev, Artem. "THE FIRST INFORMATION ABOUT THE YI-JING IN RUSSIA." In 9th International Conference ISSUES OF FAR EASTERN LITERATURES. St. Petersburg State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/9785288062049.27.
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The first information in Russia about the Yi-jing (易經, Canon of Changes) was published by the first Russian sinologist, German historian and philologist-polyglot G. S. Bayer in the two-volume Museum Sinicum (St. Petersburg, 1730) in Latin. In Russian, the primary information about Yi-jing became available to the reader half a century later thanks to the coryphaeus of Russian sinology of the 18th century A. L. Leontiev. In 1782, he published an illustrated and commented translation of a fragment from Yi-jing (named Convenient Base) as an appendix to his translation of the Manchu text of the Statutes of the Great Qing (大清會典, Dai-Qing hui-dian). A. L. Leontiev called the French abbot, who visited St. Petersburg in 1769, the initiator of his appeal to the Yi-jing, but did not indicate his name. P. E. Skachkov after V. S. Kolokolov decided that he was the famous French Jesuit missionary and versatile scientist A. Gaubil. However, he died ten years earlier. Most likely the interlocutor of A. L. Leontiev was a well-known theologian and economist-physiocrat, French abbot N. Baudeau, who held confidential negotiations with Catherine II in 1769 in St. Petersburg about the situation in Poland. The secrecy of this mission on the eve of the first partition of Poland fully explains the concealment of his name in 1782, when he was still alive and brewing the second partition. Apparently, a look at the Yi-jing of the French enlighteners and physiocrats, reported by N. Baudeau to A. L. Leontiev, prompted him to link the ancient canon with Statutes of the Great Qing.
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Герцен, Андрей. "Средневековые фортификации Северо-Западного Причерноморья в атласе Рицци-Дзаннони". У Cercetarea și valorificarea patrimoniului arheologic medieval. "Ion Creanga" State Pedagogical University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37710/idn-c12-2022-89-101.
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Unique maps of the atlas of Poland compiled by G.A.B. Rizzi-Zannoni in the middle of the 18th century and published in early 1772 are important scientific sources. The atlas contains detailed information on the historical geography of the Northern and North-Western Black Sea region. Of particular importance is the unique map of Moldavia and the territories adjacent to it (the 23rd, as well as the 22nd and 24th sheets of the atlas), compiled based on earlier sources – the rich cartographic materials of the predecessors (G.L. Beauplan, D.K. Cantemir and others), and first of all, the works of the cartographers of the Ottoman Empire, which flourished in the 15th – 17th centuries, have not yet been identified or studied. The work of Rizzi-Zannoni is a reproduction of the oldest (found at the moment) topographic map of the North-Western Black Sea region, reflecting the geographical picture no later than the first half of the 16th – second half of the 17th centuries. Current and further study of the fortifications (castles, fortresses and other fortifications) marked on the maps of Rizzi-Zannoni and representing the most important complexes and objects of historical and cultural heritage are impossible without the involvement of the author’s unique information. Descriptions and reconstructions of fortifications that ignore topography and other details reported by this unique source are a priori incomplete or may even be erroneous. The historic-geographical information recorded on the Rizzi-Zannoni maps is of enormous multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary significance. Its consideration is important for modern and future studies of geography, history, archaeology, architecture, culture, art, ethnography, linguistics, the toponymy of the region as a whole and each heritage site.