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Journal articles on the topic ''the force majeure''

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Khotaro, Viderina, Vania Zelin Lawrence Simanjorang, and Ronald Hasudungan Sianturi. "Pandemi Corona Sebagai Dalil Force Majeure Dalam Pembatalan Suatu Kontrak." Journal of Education, Humaniora and Social Sciences (JEHSS) 4, no. 2 (2021): 1096–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.34007/jehss.v4i2.807.

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This article aims to analyze the corona pandemic categorized in Force Majeure in a contract. This problem is focused on the existence of the Corona pandemic, which can make debtors delay in fulfilling achievements or canceling contracts. How to claim Force Majeuree in a business contract. In order to approach this problem, a normative juridical legal research type is used with a descriptive-analytic nature of research aimed at describing it systematically, factually. Data - data collected through secondary data and analyzed qualitatively. Covid-19 can be categorized as force majeure, used as a

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2

Hirst, Gabriella. "Force majeure." Textual Practice 33, no. 4 (2019): 513–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0950236x.2019.1603858.

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3

Burnett, Rachel. "Force majeure." ITNOW 48, no. 2 (2006): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/itnow/bwi0168.

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4

Katsivela, M. "Contracts : Force Majeure Concept or Force Majeure Clauses ?" Uniform Law Review - Revue de droit uniforme 12, no. 1 (2007): 101–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ulr/12.1.101.

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5

Plastun, Oleksiy L., Inna O. Makarenko, Yuliya V. Yelnikova, Asiiat A. Sheliuk, and Gunay Gasimova. "Economic and Socio-political Force Majeure: a Study of the Ukrainian Stock Market Reaction." Mechanism of an Economic Regulation, no. 3 (2019): 58–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mer.2019.85.06.

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The paper analyzes the reactions on the Ukrainian stock market to force majeure events of an economic and socio-political nature. Unforeseen events are regards as force majeure events, which can not be taken into account in the value of assets in the stock market in advance. It has been established that, as a result, conditions for obtaining anomalous profit market participants may be created, until information on force majeure will be absorbed by the stock market. In this context, force majeure is seen as an anomaly of the hypothesis of effective markets. Among the most significant economic e

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6

Dinaloni, Diah, and Intan Cahyaning Putri. "PENGARUH KEBERLANJUTAN USAHA DAN FORCE MAJEUR TERHADAP KREDIT BERMASALAH PNPM MANDIRI PEDESAAN DI KECAMATAN TROWULAN KABUPATEN MOJOKERTO." JPEKBM (Jurnal Pendidikan Ekonomi, Kewirausahaan, Bisnis dan Manajemen) 2, no. 1 (2018): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32682/jpekbm.v2i1.746.

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Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh keberlanjutan usaha dan force majeur terhadap kredit bermasalah PNPM Mandiri Pedesaan di Kecamatan Trowulan Kabupaten Mojokerto secara parsial maupun simultan. Metode pengumpulan data menggunakan metode wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Instrumen penelitian menggunakan angket. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis regresi linier berganda.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada pengaruh keberlanjutan usaha dan force majeur terhadap kredit bermasalah PNPM Mandiri Pedesaan di kecamatan Trowu

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Amiri, Kartika Septiani. "DAMPAK FORCE MAJEURE DALAM PEREKONOMIAN DI INDONESIA PADA MASA PANDEMI COVID-19." Al-'Aqdu: Journal of Islamic Economics Law 1, no. 1 (2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30984/ajiel.v1i1.1507.

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Pandemi Covid- 19 yang menyebabkan keadaan darurat di seluruh Negara khususnya di Indonesia membuat dunia binsis menjadi tidak normal karena digunakannya klausul Force majeur sebagai alat pemaaf atau sebagai alasan tidak memenuhi isi perjanjian, walaupun kadangkala fore majeure seringkali menimbulkan masalah baru dalam dunia perekonomian. Rumusan masalah penelitian ini adalah bagaimanakah dampak yang terjadi dalam perekonomian di Indonesia pada masa pandemic covid 19 dalam penggunaan klausul Force majeure ? Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pendekatan pustaka dengan hasilnya menggunakan pengum

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8

Kamilah, Anita, Fuji Kusworo, Nazwa May, and Retno Lestari. "Doktrin Force Majeure dalam Hukum Perikatan: Implikasi terhadap Kontrak Bisnis di Era Digital." Indonesian Journal of Law and Justice 2, no. 4 (2025): 11. https://doi.org/10.47134/ijlj.v2i4.3870.

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Perkembangan teknologi di era digital telah mengubah praktik bisnis secara fundamental, termasuk dalam pembuatan dan pelaksaan kontrak bisnis. Kontrak yang sebelumnya berbentuk konvensional kini dapat dilakukan secara digital melalui berbaga platform online. Namun, digitalisasi kontrak juga menimbulkan tantangan hukum baru, salah satunya terkait penerapan doktrin force majeur. Tantangan utama dalam penerapan force majeure dalam kontrak adalah menentukan apakah gangguan teknologi termasuk keadaan memaksa atau akibat kelalaian pihak yang terlibat. Selain itu, regulasi yang ada perlu disesuaikan

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9

Olga, Melnyk. "THE DISTINCTION OF THE CATEGORIES 'THE FORCE MAJEURE' AND 'THE IRRESISTIBLE FORCE' IN THE CONCEPTUAL APPARATUS OF THE CIVIL LEGISLATION OF UKRAINE." ISSN 2353-8406 Knowledge, Education, Law, Management 2019 № 3/4 (27/28) (December 15, 2019): 95–110. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3833647.

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Anotation. The methodology of research is based on the use as a general scientific (dialectical, logical, systemic-structural, etc.), and special methods (historical, comparative, etc.), which in the complex were applied to clarify the nature and features of the force majeure (the irresistible force) by the civil legislation of Ukraine. The purpose of this article is a complex research of theoretical and practical problems of the civil law categories of the force majeure and the irresistible force, as well as the forming of proposals regarding the improving the civil legislation of Ukrain

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10

Arini, Annisa Dian. "Pandemi Corona Sebagai Alasan Force Majeur Dalam Suatu Kontrak Bisnis." Supremasi Hukum: Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Hukum 9, no. 1 (2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/sh.v9i1.2129.

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AbstractContract is an agreement made by the parties in a written form. Agreement is an act thatbinds one person or more to one or more persons. The results of this agreement is a legal relationshipbetween the parties, which includes the existence of rights and obligations. Contract usually containsby the rules of insistence or known as force majeur (overmacht). The rules of force majeure is due toprotect the debtor when carrying out its obligations to the creditor an event that occurs outside theauthority of the party concerned. Force majeure can be in the form of earthquake, fire, flood,land

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11

Hwang, Ji-Hye. "A Comparative Study on Force Majeure in Japanese Private Finance Initiative Legal System." Korean Public Land Law Association 99 (August 30, 2022): 209–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30933/kpllr.2022.99.209.

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Recently, many unexpected variables have occurred in public projects-such as COVID-19 and weather changes caused by climate change. The representative of these unexpected variables is force majeure. Force majeure means an unexpected event regardless of the responsibility of the parties to the contract. Force majeure is a matters, especially when public projects are performed by Private Finance Initiative(PFI) scheme. This is because PFI is performed over a long period of time(approximately 20 to 30 years), so there is a high probability that force majeure occurs during the project. Force

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12

Azfar, Fareya. "The Force Majeure ‘Excuse’." Arab Law Quarterly 26, no. 2 (2012): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157302512x628369.

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Abstract This article elucidates the general meaning, concept, and scope of the legal doctrine of ‘force majeure’. It deals briefly with the concept and application of force majeure in the United Arab Emirates and addresses specifically whether, and if so, and when economic recession can amount to a force majeure excuse. Furthermore, the article also explains the application and impact of the ‘catch-all’ phrases that are used to define force majeure in many prevailing agreements, which are the subject matter of disputes today.

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13

Paulus, Joni R., and Dirk J. Meeuwig. "Force Majeure - Beyond Boilerplate." Alberta Law Review 37, no. 2 (1999): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr524.

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This article discusses a common feature in petroleum contracts, the force majeure clause. The force majeure clause is often overlooked by parties and lawyers alike as mere boilerplate; however, the clause has important implications when certain events preclude performance of an agreement. An explanation of what encompasses a triggering event with respect to a force majeure clause is followed by a discussion of the consequences when the clause is invoked in various contractual situations. The authors show how careful drafting of a force majeure clause can minimize the potential for dispute and

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14

Maskow, Dietrich. "Hardship and Force Majeure." American Journal of Comparative Law 40, no. 3 (1992): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/840591.

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15

Irfan Hilmy, Muhammad, and Muhammad Fadhali Yusuf. "Praktik dan Disparitas Putusan Hakim Dalam Menetapkan Force Majeure di Indonesia." Zaaken: Journal of Civil and Business Law 1, no. 2 (2020): 182–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/zaaken.v1i2.9373.

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Force majeure becomes one of debtor's objections when there is a default in an agreement. In determining the circumstances included in the force majeure criteria, the judge considers the clause of the agreement and the effect that results from a situation on the fulfillment of the achievement. Every incident may not be said to be a force majeure because it sees how much influence factors that influence achievement of achievement. Force majeure is determined because of several things based on the cause, nature, subject, and scope. Juridical provisions related to force majeure in Indonesia are c

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Theroux, Michael P., and April D. Grosse. "Force Majeure in Canadian Law." Alberta Law Review 49, no. 2 (2011): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr122.

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Force majeure clauses are intended to allocate risk for future events that, if they occur, will affect the ability of one party to perform its obligations under the contract. This article undertakes a comprehensive review of the Canadian law of force majeure and its application in the energy sector. The article begins by examining the legal foundations of force majeure found in the common law, Canadian jurisprudence, and other legal regimes. It then describes the operation of a force majeure clause and analyzes how such a clause is likely to be interpreted by the courts. Along with analyzing s

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Apalkova, Inna, Vladimira Dobrovolska, Yuliia Pavlova, Svitlana Yakymchuk, and Volodymyr Yarmaki. "Force majeure as grounds for exemption from liability: International approach and Ukrainian experience in terms of the military conflict." Cuestiones Políticas 41, no. 79 (2023): 433–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4179.29.

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The article is devoted to the study of the category of "force majeure" and the characteristics of the exemption from liability in circumstances of force majeure. In addition, the definition of force majeure in international normative acts is studied, the categories of force majeure, irresistible force and state of emergency are compared. The regime of grounds for exemption from liability and the place of force majeure in it are considered. The peculiarities of changing and terminating the contract as a result of a significant change in circumstances in case of force majeure in accordance with

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18

Putri, Mutia Kartika. "IMPLICATIONS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE IMPLEMENTATION BUSINESS CONTRACTS." Indonesia Private Law Review 4, no. 1 (2023): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25041/iplr.v4i1.2920.

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The spread of Covid-19 has caused many debtors to be unable to carry out their achievements in contracts. The problems in this research are related to force majeure according to civil law in Indonesia, whether what is included in the qualifications for the Covid-19 pandemic can be categorized as force majeure according to Indonesian civil law and the legal consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic related to the implementation of business contracts. This type of research is normative legal research and descriptive research. The results of the study show that the characteristics of force majeure in

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19

Smirnova, Marina. "Classification of Force Majeure Circumstances in Civil Law in the Digital Society Period." Journal of Russian Law 28, no. 2 (2024): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.61205/jrp.2024.2.7.

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The issue of classification of circumstances excluding liability in civil circulation remains practically unexplored. In practice, due to the lack of a clear definition of the concept of “force majeure”, as well as a coherent classification picture, it is not possible to formulate an appropriate reservation on circumstances excluding liability and avoid forced violation of the norms of current legislation.The purpose of the study is to consider the classification of force majeure circumstances, as well as to develop our own classification of circumstances excluding liability. The main task of

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20

Maria Caporale, Guglielmo, Alex Plastun, and Inna Makarenko. "Force majeure events and stock market reactions in Ukraine." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 16, no. 1 (2019): 334–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.16(1).2019.26.

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This paper examines reactions in the Ukrainian stock market to force majeure events, which are divided into four groups: economic force majeure, social force majeure, terrorist acts, natural and technological disasters. More specifically, using daily data for the main Ukrainian stock market index (namely PFTS) over the period from January 1, to December 31, 2018 this study investigates whether or not force majeure events create (temporary) inefficiencies and there exist profitable trading strategies based on exploiting them. For this purpose, cumulative abnormal returns and trading simulation

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21

Katsivela, M. "Contrats : Un Concept De Force Majeure Ou Des Clauses De Force Majeure ? (Resume)." Uniform Law Review - Revue de droit uniforme 12, no. 1 (2007): 119–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ulr/12.1.119.

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22

Zheng, Fangyan. "Research on the Application of Force Majeure Rules in International Commercial Contracts." International Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 2, no. 1 (2025): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.70088/hn5tav77.

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This paper focuses on the application issues of force majeure rules in international commercial contracts, exploring the challenges and solutions in their practical implementation. Firstly, it systematically reviews the concept, characteristics, legislative models, and legal consequences of force majeure, comparing the relevant provisions in civil law systems, common law systems, and the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). Secondly, it delves into the main problems in the application of force majeure rules, including the criteria for identifying f

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23

Zinukhova, Viktoriia. "CONCERNING THE NATURE OF FORCE MAJEURE CIRCUMSTANCES DURING MARTIAL LAW." Criminalistics and Forensics, no. 68 (July 3, 2023): 244–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2023.68.24.

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The article analyzes a number of provisions on the researched topic. It was assumed that force majeure or force majeure is a general basis for exemption from civil liability, both contractual and non-contractual. In the work, we considered the circumstances of liability in cases of violation of non-contractual obligations under martial law. Also, specifics of the legislative requirements for recognition of certain circumstances of force majeure have been established. The consequences of the application of such circumstances and other features were determined. And they also formulated the concl

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Kostiv, I. Ya. "Force Majeure For Contract Agreement." Actual problems of improving of current legislation of Ukraine, no. 51 (August 6, 2019): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/apiclu.51.33-39.

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Agricultural production is an activity characterized by a high degree of risk. First of all it is caused by unpredictability of weather conditions and natural disasters. In addition, armed conflict in eastern Ukraine, annexation of the Crimea, strikes, industrial accidents - all these conditions affect the quantity and quality of products, as well as the timing of fulfillment of obligations. Therefore, the topic of force majeure is extremely relevant to agricultural producers, as a basis for exemption from liability for failure or improper performance of the contract. The onset of

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Marits, D. O., I. A. Uvarov, and M. V. Pazyuk. "Problems of proving force majeure circumstances in contractual obligations during martial law in Ukraine." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence 1, no. 3 (2025): 272–78. https://doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2025.03.1.40.

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With the beginning of the full-scale invasion of Ukraine, many counterparties in contractual obligations faced the problem of not being able to fulfill part of their contractual obligations.Given the scale of business activities, the number of participants in contractual relations, circumstances that made it impossible to fulfill contracts within the specified time limits, etc., on February 28, 2022, the Chamber of Commerce and Industry published a general official letter on certifying force majeure circumstances (force majeure circumstances) during the period of martial law in Ukraine. Thus,

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HLOBA, Anastasiia. "Force major and peculiarities of its application by business entities in contractual obligations during the martial law in Ukraine." Economics. Finances. Law 5, no. - (2022): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2022.5.2.

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Introduction. Force majeure is one of the tools of the legal mechanism that allows the parties to economic contractual relations to protect themselves from liability for negative consequences arising from circumstances in which it was impossible to take measures to avoid them, as well as in circumstances beyond their control. Intuitive war is perceived as an objectively existing phenomenon, the exact occurrence of which, as well as the consequences it causes, can not be reliably predicted and projected on the contractual relationship of the parties. Because of this, in the current conditions o

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Bata Ritonga, Ali, and Fauziah Lubis. "Penyelesaian Kasus-Kasus Wanprestasi (Studi Kasus Pada Kondisi Force Majeure Pada Pandemi Covid-19)." Rayah Al-Islam 6, no. 2 (2022): 236–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37274/rais.v6i2.607.

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ABSTRAK Penyelesaian sengketa pada kondisi fore majeure akibat pandemic covid-19 merupakan suatu permohonan debitur untuk menunjukkan bahwa tidak dapat dilaksanakan apa yang sebelumnya telah dijanjikan karena disebabkan oleh hal-hal yang sama sekali tidak terduga atau situasi yang tidak diprediksi sebelumnya. Maka akibat hukumnya yang terdapat pada force majeure si berpiutang tidak bisa membebankan resiko yang didapatnya kepada si berutang dan si berutang tidak bisa juga dinyatakan lalai dalam kewajibanpemenuhan prestasi. Maka, akibat dari kasus covid-19 situasi force majeure sebagai jal

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Wang, Liping. "Analysis of the Concept of Force Majeure in the Context of the PRC Civil Code." Academic Journal of Management and Social Sciences 7, no. 1 (2024): 74–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/y2xxcm69.

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There are eight articles in the PRC Civil Code concerning force majeure. In Article 180, the concept of force majeure is defined: force majeure is unforeseeable, unavoidable and insurmountable objective events. However, in past academic discussions and practice cases, the concept of force majeure was often used in the multi-layer meaning, which is very unfavorable to the unity of the legal order. Therefore, to be able to play a guiding role in the future of the trial, this paper will seriously analyze the concept of force majeure in the context of the PRC Civil Code.

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29

Haji Ali Khamseh, Nader, and Bahman Babajanian. "Force Majeure in Gas Chain Contracts." Encyclopedia of Comparative Jurisprudence and Law 3, no. 1 (2025): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.61838/jecjl.3.1.18.

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This article examines the concept of force majeure and its impact on chain contracts, particularly within the natural gas industry and contracts related to LNG. Chain contracts, characterized by complex structures and interdependence, are considered key instruments in managing large-scale international projects. In such contracts, the occurrence of a force majeure event in one part of the chain can lead to disruptions across the entire contractual structure. This article not only provides a precise legal explanation of force majeure and distinguishes it from hardship, but also proposes a new c

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IVANENKO, T. I. "TRANSFORMATION OF THE INSTITUTE OF IRRESISTIBLE FORCE: HISTORICAL AND LEGAL ANALYSIS." Legal Bulletin 1, no. 10 (2025): 27–41. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15280963.

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In recent years, there has been an obvious popularization of the institution of force majeure as a way of exemption from civil liability caused by the inability to fulfill obligations assumed under the contract. Such actualization is primarily associated with changing external factors — political, social, economic, and epidemiological. The article analyzes the existing problems of the concept of force majeure circumstances, their practical application on the basis of historical and legal analysis. The institution of force majeure has been known since the time of Roman law, and further do

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Nia Yulia Aristiani and Indra Yuliawan. "Analisis Yuridis Terhadap Restrukturisasi Kredit Pada Masa Pandemi Dan Pasca Pandemi Sebagai Upaya Penyelesaian Kredit Macet Di PT Bank BTN Semarang." ADIL Indonesia Journal 5, no. 1 (2024): 43–62. https://doi.org/10.35473/aij.v5i1.2974.

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The banking world has now begun to adapt to emergencies (force majeure) which have an impact on credit payments by customers. As an example, the Government of Indonesia has stated that the Covid-19 pandemic is a type of disease that can cause a health emergency for its people, including in the business industry. This pandemic situation is used as a reason for the debtor to renege on an agreement that has been agreed upon by the creditor using force majeure (overmacht) reasons. Restructuring is a policy that can be implemented by submitting credit installment payment relief to banks and multifi

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I Made Widnyana Putra, Ni Luh Made Mahendra Wati, and Ni Komang Arini Styawati. "Akibat Pandemi Covid-19 Sebagai Alasan Force Majeure dalam Perjanjian Pinjam-Meminjam Uang." Jurnal Interpretasi Hukum 2, no. 2 (2021): 234–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/juinhum.2.2.3410.234-240.

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Pandemi covid-19 berakibat bagi perjanjian. Hal itu dilakukan pihak tetap menjalankan kontraktualnya, dilain waktu yang disepakati pihak tergantung isi perjanjian. Kewajiban debitur ditangguhkan sampai pemenuhan kewajiban ketika siruasi sudah terkendali. Rumusan masalah penelitian adalah Bagaimana perjanjian pinjam-meminjam uang dalam kondisiforce majeure sebagai dampak covid-19?. dan Bagaimana upaya hukum penyelesaian sengketa terhadap pihak yang dirugikan dalam hal terjadinya force majeure'l, Menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif. Perjanjian pinjam-meminjam uang dalamforce majeure seb

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Mad Zin, Norzaihan, and Ezlina Mohd Ahnuar. "Covid-19: Factors Affecting on Awareness Level of the Force Majeure Clause in the Construction Contract." Built Environment Journal 19, no. 1 (2021): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/bej.v19i1.14410.

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The spread of the Covid-19 had forced the whole world to enforce the lockdown where all the business sectors and daily activities were on hold and new norms adopted since 2020 until now. The construction industry was one of the sectors severely affected by this outbreak, including Malaysia. Various construction-related issues arose, and the construction clause on Force Majeure became the talk of the town. Endless discussions and arguments arose regarding determining the Covid-19 impact to the contracting party who plan to seek relief using this clause. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the cur

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Шпиляк, А.М. "ВІДПОВІДАЛЬНІСТЬ ЗА НЕВИКОНАННЯ ЦИВІЛЬНИХ ЗОБОВʼЯЗАНЬ В УМОВАХ ВОЄННОГО СТАНУ". Наукові записки Львівського університету бізнесу та права. Серія економічна. Серія юридична, № 33 (30 червня 2022): 51–55. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6942405.

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The article is devoted to civil obligations under martial law and responsibility for their non-fulfillment. In addition, the article examines the international legal regulation of force majeure circumstances. It has been established that the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods contains provisions exempting a person from liability due to force majeure. It has been investigated that the normative and legal regulation of force majeure circumstances at the national level is carried out by the Civil Code of Ukraine, the Economic Code of Ukraine, and the Law of Ukraine &qu

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Strelbytska, Lilia, Mykola Strelbytskyi, Viktor Shemchuk, Mykhailo Rizak, and Khrystyna Kulhavets. "Features of civil liability of police officers for damage caused under the influence of force majeure." Cuestiones Políticas 38, Especial (2020): 371–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.38e.24.

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The aim of the article is to analyze the characteristics of civil liability of Ukrainian police officers for damage caused under the influence of force majeure. At a methodological level to achieve the objectives of the article, the following scientific methods were combined: general (dialectical, formal-logical, system-structural) and special (historical, comparative-legal, etc.). Essentially, the concept of force majeure and its characteristics are studied, as well as two main theories of force majeure (objective and subjective). In addition, the main differences between force majeure and ca

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Isanov, Kholmurod. "Force-Major Status in Tort Liabilities." International Journal of Social Science Research and Review 5, no. 4 (2022): 102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.47814/ijssrr.v5i4.266.

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Any force majeure situation is manifested as a separate event or incident with its own characteristics, signs, and affects different legal relations to varying degrees. The essence of this effect is that a force majeure situation leads to a breach of obligations because of unforeseen and unpredictable, urgent and sudden, unforeseen external circumstances that do not depend on the will of the parties to the legal relationship and innocent damage to the debtor. This article analyzes the civil-legal features of the force majeure situation in tort obligations. The role of force majeure as a basis

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Muskibah, Muskibah, Yetniwati Yetniwati, Sasmiar Sasmiar, and Amarru Muftie Holish. "Force Majeure During COVID-19 Outbreaks: Case of the Cancellation and Termination of Government Construction Contracts." Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies 8, no. 1 (2023): 129–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jils.v8i1.68937.

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Force majeure is a contractual clause commonly found in government construction work contracts, defining the circumstances that qualify as absolute or relative force majeure. This research aims to address two key questions: First, can the force majeure clause be invoked to justify the cancellation and termination of construction work contracts amidst the Covid-19 pandemic? Second, what is the method of accountability for risks associated with construction work contracts in light of the pandemic? Employing normative juridical research methods, this study concludes that the Covid-19 pandemic alo

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Baibak, Vsevolod V. "Force Majeure as a Ground for Exemption from Contractual Liability (A Comparative Legal Essay)." Zakon 22, no. 6 (2025): 166–80. https://doi.org/10.37239/0869-4400-2025-22-6-166-180.

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Force majeure circumstances (force majeure) are considered in many legal sources as a limit on liability for the breach of contract. Russian civil law does not pay much attention to this factor. Courts, as a rule, adhere to the strictest possible criteria when assessing certain obstacles to the fulfilment of a contract as force majeure. In this regard, it is particularly interesting to compare the criteria for assessing force majeure and the standards of behaviour of the parties to a contract with international sources, in particular, such as the UN Convention on International Contracts for th

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Lacourse, Marie-Thérèse. "Des maisons de force majeure." Autogestions 19, no. 20 (1985): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/autog.1985.1669.

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Meng, Tim. "Force Majeure and COVID-19." Business Law Review 41, Issue 6 (2020): 214–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bula2020121.

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Кононенко, Д. Ф. "ECONOMIC SANCTIONS AS FORCE MAJEURE." Constitutional State, no. 33 (April 2, 2019): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2411-2054.2019.33.162035.

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المری, أ. د/ علی بن سالم. "Force Majeure and COVID-19." مجلة البحوث الفقهیة والقانونیة 36, no. 2 (2021): 517–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jlr.2021.200436.

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Mizrachi, Kfir. "Force Majeure in Project Finance." Journal of Structured Finance 12, no. 2 (2006): 76–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jsf.2006.644163.

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Ward, Michael. "Eskom’s COVID-19 force majeure." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 10, no. 3 (2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-05-2020-0149.

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Learning outcomes The case describes the fall of Eskom, which in 2001 was named the Financial Times’ Power Company of the Year, but by 2019 was suffering from “systemic corruption, malfeasance, fraud and state capture” that had “compromised the credibility of the organisation and eroded investor confidence”. Eskom’s incompetent management lays the ground for reasonable doubt as to whether the force majeure notice was indeed irresistible. The case suggests several methods available in financial markets to hedge risk – but to what extent are these relevant and appropriate? The main objective of

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Lush, Alexandra. "What are force majeure events?" BDJ In Practice 36, no. 1 (2023): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41404-022-1856-y.

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Burkhart, Davide, and Christoph Bode. "Force majeure in business relationships." Journal of Business Research 195 (June 2025): 115409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2025.115409.

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Permatasari, Made Intan. "PENYELESAIAN ATAS KEADAAN FORCE MAJEURE PADA RUMAH SUSUN YANG MASIH DALAM PROSES PEMBANGUNAN." Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) 6, no. 4 (2017): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jmhu.2017.v06.i04.p04.

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Flat is one of the most popular alternative of housing due to limited land availability. In the construction of flats, the developer will usually ask for a down payment to consumers who want to order the apartment of flat units. The problem occurs when a force majeure occurs at the time the apartment is still under construction. The problems of the study: What are the legal consequences in case of force majeure of under construction flat? And how is the settlement of force majeure situation under construction flat? The research method used is normative research. The results of the discussion s

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Fadlan, Mochamad Lailul, and Dwi Fidhayanti. "Covid-19 Pandemic as an Event of Force Majeure in Agreements (Case Study of Indonesian Court Decisions)." AL-IKTISAB: Journal of Islamic Economic Law 8, no. 2 (2024): 119–38. https://doi.org/10.21111/aliktisab.v8i2.12955.

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The legal uncertainty regarding the categorization of the regarding whether or not the Covid-19 pandemic Covid-19 pandemic as a force majeure condition has led to inconsistent interpretations for those directly impacted by the situation. Therefore, considerations can be accepted as a reason for force majeure in agreements need further analysis, both in terms of written law and judicial practice. The objective of this research is to determine the legitimacy of the Covid-19 pandemic as force majeure condition and to describe the basis of the court’s reasoning in deciding whether the pandemic can

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Suib, Mohammad Syaiful. "IMPLIKASI FORCE MAJEURE PADA AKAD PERSPEKTIF USHUL FIQH DAN FIQH (STUDI PADA AKAD SALAM)." Profit : Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi dan Perbankan Syariah 2, no. 2 (2018): 52–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33650/profit.v2i2.560.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan implikasi force majeure pada akad perpektif fiqh dan ushul fiqh,yang dalam akad dilakukan oleh beberapa pihak dengan transaksi menggunakan akad salam. Penelitian ini juga dengan memberikan gambaran terhadap model transaksi dua akad salam. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwaKetentuan hukum dalam akad-akad baik salam ataupun lainnya, akan berubah secara totalitas ketika berkaitan dengan force majeure, yaitu keadaan memaksa. Dampak dari force majeure ini adalah ketidakadanya kepastian hukum yang terjadi pada waktu terjadinya force majeure tersebut

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Aditya, Mahardhika Gilang. "Covid 19 Sebagai Force Majeure untuk Menunda Pelaksanaan Kontrak yang Termuat dalam Akta Notaris." Jurnal Ilmu Kenotariatan 2, no. 1 (2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jik.v2i1.23419.

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Corona Virus Disease (Covid 19) has a significant impact on all aspects of human life. One of the aspects affected by Covid 19 is the business sector, especially in contract implementation. A Contract is an agreement made or agreed upon by the parties in writing. An agreement exists because of an act committed between one or more people against one or more people who bind themselves to each other. So that this event creates a legal relationship between the parties, which includes rights and obligations. In a contract, there is usually a clause or arrangement related to a forced condition or wh

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