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Journal articles on the topic 'The fornix'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 15 July 2025

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1

Vahdani, Kaveh, Lei-Ai Lim, and Vladimir Theodor Thaller. "Fornix Reduction for Treatment of Giant Fornix Syndrome." Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 32, no. 4 (2016): 313–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/iop.0000000000000727.

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2

Sbricoli, Luca, Martina Casarin, Anna Veronese, Francesco Cavallin, and Edoardo Stellini. "Periodontal Health Parameters in Adults: The Role of the Vestibular Fornix Depth." Applied Sciences 13, no. 3 (2023): 1561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13031561.

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Little is known about whether the depth of the vestibular fornix influences people’s ability to access their teeth to remove plaque during oral hygiene measures at home. This study aimed to investigate the association between vestibular fornix depth and periodontal health. The study included 100 adults in good periodontal health, with a plaque index (PI) ≤15%, bleeding on probing (BOP) ≤10%, and a pocket probing depth (PPD) ≤3 mm. Using a periodontal probe and a digital caliper, we measured PI, BOP, PPD, gum phenotype, gum recession, the width of keratinized gingiva, and the vestibular fornix depth. Adjustment for multiple testing was performed using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure. Results: Vestibular fornix depth was associated with width of keratinized gingiva (ρ 0.60, p < 0.0001). Median BOP was 1.39% in participants with a vestibular fornix depth ≥7 mm, and 0.00% in those with a vestibular fornix depth <7 mm (p = 0.62). Vestibular fornix depth and the width of keratinized gingiva did not seem to be associated with the level of periodontal health. Participants with a shallower vestibular fornix depth should be given advice on how best to ensure good oral hygiene at home.

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3

Yu, Junhong, and Tatia M. C. Lee. "Verbal memory and hippocampal volume predict subsequent fornix microstructure in those at risk for Alzheimer’s disease." Brain Imaging and Behavior 14, no. 6 (2019): 2311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11682-019-00183-8.

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Abstract While strong cross-sectional evidence supported the use of fornix microstructure as a marker for detecting Alzheimer’s disease (AD), longitudinal data remains inconclusive on the sequential nature of fornix microstructure abnormalities and AD progression. An unequivocal longitudinal relationship between fornix microstructure and markers of AD progression –memory impairment and hippocampal atrophy, must be established to validate fornix microstructure as a marker of AD progression. We included 115 participants from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative across the non-demented AD spectrum— defined as those who had at least one AD risk marker at baseline (e.g., mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD diagnosis, amyloid or ApoE4 positivity) and/or ‘cognitively normal individuals who converted to MCI due to AD or AD, with structural and diffusion tensor imaging scans at baseline and two years follow-up. Hippocampal volumes (HV), fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) in the fornix were extracted. Memory was indexed via composite scores of verbal memory tests. Structural equation models tested the bidirectional cross-lagged effects of fornix microstructure, memory, and HV. Impaired memory and smaller HV at baseline significantly predicted worse fornix microstructure (decreased FA and increased MD) two years later. Baseline fornix microstructure was not associated with subsequent changes in memory and HV. Fornix microstructure is compromised likely at a later stage, where significant decline in memory and hippocampal atrophy have occurred. This limits the utility of fornix microstructure in the early detection of AD. Our findings inform the possible pathophysiology and refined the use of AD neural markers.

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4

Parker, Amanda, and David Gaffan. "Mamillary Body Lesions in Monkeys Impair Object-in-Place Memory: Functional Unity of the Fornix-Mamillary System." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 9, no. 4 (1997): 512–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1997.9.4.512.

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Six monkeys were trained preoperatively in an automated object-in-place memory task in which they learned 20 new scenes in each daily session. Three of the six monkeys then received stereotaxically guided bilateral mamillary body lesions, leaving the fornix intact, while the other three received a control operation. Postoperatively the control animals' rate of learning new scenes was unchanged, but the animals with mamillary body lesions showed a severe impairment, equal to that seen in previous experiments after fornix transection. All six animals were then given fornix transection, in addition to the existing mamillary or control operation. The control group now showed, after fornix transection, an impairment equal to that of the animals with mamillary body lesions alone. But the animals with mamillary body lesions did not show any additional impairment following fornix transection. We conclude that (1) the role of the mamillary bodies in a model of human episodic memory is as important as the role of the fornix, (2) the fornix and mamillary bodies form a single functional memory system, since the effect of lesions in both parts is no more severe than the effects of a lesion in one of the parts alone, and (3) the idea that the functional effects of fornix transection result from cholmergic deafferentation of the hippocampus receives no support from the present results; rather, they support the idea that in primates the fornix and mamillary bodies, together with connected structures, including the subiculum, mamillo-thalamic tract, anterior thalamic nuclei, and cingulate bundle, form a cortico-cortical association pathway for episodic memory.

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5

Syc, Stephanie B., Daniel M. Harrison, Shiv Saidha, Michaela Seigo, Peter A. Calabresi, and Daniel S. Reich. "Quantitative MRI Demonstrates Abnormality of the Fornix and Cingulum in Multiple Sclerosis." Multiple Sclerosis International 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/838719.

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Objective. To characterize MR signal changes associated with tissue damage in the fornix and cingulum in multiple sclerosis (MS) using quantitative MRI measures and to determine associations with cognitive dysfunction.Background. The fornix and cingulum are white-matter bundles that carry information related to cognition. While cognitive dysfunction is reported in 40–60% of MS patients, the neuroanatomical correlates of cognitive impairment remain incompletely understood.Methods. The cingulum, pillars of the fornix, and corticospinal tract were segmented by fiber tracking via diffusion tensor imaging. Average tract-specific fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), and magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) were compared in MS cases and healthy volunteers. Associations with clinical measures and neuropsychological tests were derived by multivariate linear regression.Results. Fornix FA (P=0.004) and MTR (P=0.005) were decreased, and fornix MD (P<0.001) and cingulum MD (P<0.001) increased, in MS cases (n=101) relative to healthy volunteers (n=16) after adjustment for age and sex. Lower fornix FA and MTR, and higher fornix MD andλ∥, were correlated with lower PASAT-3 scores, but not with slower 25FTW times. Lower PASAT-3 scores were associated with lower cingulum FA and higher MD andλ⊥.Conclusions. Cognitive dysfunction in MS may involve damage to a widespread network of brain structures, including white-matter pathways within the limbic system.

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6

Turaka, Kiran, Robert B. Penne, Christopher J. Rapuano, et al. "Giant Fornix Syndrome." Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery 28, no. 1 (2012): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/iop.0b013e3182264440.

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7

MOKETE, B., and G. THOMPSON. "Giant Fornix Syndrome." Ophthalmology 112, no. 6 (2005): 1173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2004.11.023.

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8

Cheng, Anny M. S., Han Y. Yin, Rendian Chen, et al. "Restoration of Fornix Tear Reservoir in Conjunctivochalasis With Fornix Reconstruction." Cornea 35, no. 6 (2016): 736–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ico.0000000000000784.

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9

Krieckhaus, E. E. "Consideration of the drive properties of the mammillary bodies solves the “fornix problem”." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, no. 3 (1999): 456–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99342035.

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Fornix problem: Why do lesions of the fornix, which connects the hippocampus (HF) to the medial mammillary nucleus (MMN), often cause no deficits in tasks severely affected by lesions of HF or MMN? Solution: The direct HF feedback to antero ventral (AV) thalamus (MMN ⇒ AV [hArr ] HF), which is blocked by MMN lesions but not fornix lesions, is sufficient for nonscene-relevant consolidation.

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10

Ibrahiem, Mohamed F. K., and Sahar T. A. Abdelaziz. "Shallow Inferior Conjunctival Fornix in Contracted Socket and Anophthalmic Socket Syndrome: A Novel Technique to Deepen the Fornix Using Fascia Lata Strips." Journal of Ophthalmology 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3857579.

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Purpose.To evaluate a new surgical technique using fascia lata to deepen the shallow inferior conjunctival fornix in contracted socket and anophthalmic socket syndrome.Methods.A prospective controlled study in which 24 sockets of 24 patients who were unable to wear and retain their ocular prosthesis due to shallow inferior fornix were enrolled and categorized into anophthalmic socket syndromes (9 patients) and contracted sockets (15 patients). Another 24 patients who underwent evisceration or enucleation with healthy sockets and can wear and retain their prosthesis comfortably were chosen as a control group. Deepening of the fornix was performed using fascia lata strips under general anesthesia. Central depth of the inferior fornix was measured preoperatively and postoperatively.Results.A statistically significant improvement of the postoperative central inferior fornix depth was reported which was marked in anophthalmic subgroup. 100% of anophthalmic sockets and 93.3% of contracted sockets achieved satisfactory results during the follow-up period with no postoperative lower eyelid malposition or obvious skin scar.Conclusion.Fascia lata technique is a new alternative and effective procedure to deepen the shallow inferior fornix that can be used in moderate to severe contracted sockets or anophthalmic socket syndrome with minimal lower eyelid or socket complications.

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11

Hong, Ji Heon, Byung Yeon Choi, Chul Hoon Chang, et al. "Injuries of the Cingulum and Fornix After Rupture of an Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm." Neurosurgery 70, no. 4 (2011): 819–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/neu.0b013e3182367124.

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Abstract BACKGROUND: After rupture of an anterior communicating artery (ACoA) aneurysm, the anterior cingulum and the fornix can be vulnerable to injury. However, very little is known about this topic. OBJECTIVE: To investigate injuries of the cingulum and fornix in patients with an ACoA aneurysm rupture with diffusion tensor tractography. METHODS: Eleven consecutive patients with an ACoA aneurysm rupture and 11 age- and sex-matched normal control subjects were recruited. Diffusion tensor imaging was scanned at an average of 54.1 days (range, 29–97 days) after onset of ACoA aneurysm rupture. RESULTS: We found that 6 (54.5%) and 7 (63.6%) of 11 patients revealed no trajectory of the anterior cingulum and the fornical body on diffusion tensor tractography, respectively. In terms of diffusion tensor imaging parameters, we found that the fractional anisotropy value and tract volume of the cingulum and fornix were decreased (P &lt; .05) and that mean diffusivity values were increased (P &lt; .05), except for those of the left fornix, which showed no difference (P &gt; .05). CONCLUSION: We found injuries of the cingulum and fornix in patients with an ACoA aneurysm rupture. It is our belief that sustained memory impairment of patients with an ACoA aneurysm rupture might be related to injury of the cingulum and fornix. Therefore, we recommend evaluation of the cingulum and fornix with diffusion tensor tractography for patients with an ACoA aneurysm rupture.

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12

Senova, Suhan, Anton Fomenko, Elise Gondard, and Andres M. Lozano. "Anatomy and function of the fornix in the context of its potential as a therapeutic target." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 91, no. 5 (2020): 547–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2019-322375.

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The fornix is a white matter bundle located in the mesial aspect of the cerebral hemispheres, which connects various nodes of a limbic circuitry and is believed to play a key role in cognition and episodic memory recall. As the most prevalent cause of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) dramatically impairs the quality of life of patients and imposes a significant societal burden on the healthcare system. As an established treatment for movement disorders, deep brain stimulation (DBS) is currently being investigated in preclinical and clinical studies for treatment of memory impairment in AD by modulating fornix activity. Optimal target and stimulation parameters to potentially rescue memory deficits have yet to be determined. The aim of this review is to consolidate the structural and functional aspects of the fornix in the context of neuromodulation for memory deficits. We first present an anatomical and functional overview of the fibres and structures interconnected by the fornix. Recent evidence from preclinical models suggests that the fornix is subdivided into two distinct functional axes: a septohippocampal pathway and a subiculothalamic pathway. Each pathway’s target and origin structures are presented, followed by a discussion of their oscillatory dynamics and functional connectivity. Overall, neuromodulation of each pathway of the fornix is discussed in the context of evidence-based forniceal DBS strategies. It is not yet known whether driving fornix activity can enhance cognition—optimal target and stimulation parameters to rescue memory deficits have yet to be determined.

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13

Saini, Manu, Usha Singh, Surinder S. Pandav, Manpreet Singh, Parul Chawla Gupta, and Pankaj Gupta. "Composite dermis-fat graft and mucous membrane graft in severe contracted socket reconstruction." Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 73, Suppl 3 (2025): S511—S514. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.ijo_2169_24.

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The management of a severely contracted socket necessitates the restoration of fornix depth, the meticulous release of fibrotic components without compromising the already limited conjunctival tissue, and the replacement of lost volume. In this case series of four patients, the authors employed mucous membrane placement using the lid-splitting approach to address the deficit in fornix conjunctiva. This approach involved releasing posterior lamellar tension and repositioning the retractors at the fornix, followed by augmentation with a dermis-fat graft to restore volume.

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14

Ali, Ahsan, Jac Fredo Agastinose Ronickom, and Ramakrishnan Swaminathan. "Assessment of Invariant Moments of Fornix in Brain Structural MR Images to Differentiate Mild Cognitive Impairment from Alzheimer’s Disease." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 10, no. 4 (2024): 21–24. https://doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2024-2006.

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Abstract Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative brain disorder that primarily affects elderly individuals. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) represents an intermediate stage between normal cognitive functioning and the onset of AD. During this transition state, various subanatomic structures of the brain, including fornix, undergo pathological changes. In this study, an attempt has been made to analyse the structural variations in the fornix region of MCI and AD using invariant moments. For this purpose, T1- weighted brain structural magnetic resonance (sMR) images are obtained from a public database. The pre-processing of the raw images is conducted in FreeSurfer, and the fornix region is segmented using the reaction-diffusion level set (RDLS) method. Further, seven Hu’s invariant moments are extracted from the segmented fornix region, and statistical analysis is carried out using student t-test and Wilcoxon’s rank sum test to identify the significant features that could differentiate between the MCI and AD conditions. The results demonstrate that the combination of FreeSurfer and RDLS technique effectively pre-processes the brain sMR images and accurately delineates the fornix region. Statistical results revealed that six out of seven invariant moments are significant (p<0.001). It is observed that the mean values of all the moments in MCI are lower than AD, suggesting a higher degree of structural variation in AD compared to MCI. Considering the potential of fornix alterations in predicting the early stages of AD, the proposed approach holds considerable clinical relevance for further investigation.

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Mathiasen, Mathias L., Rebecca C. Louch, Andrew D. Nelson, Christopher M. Dillingham, and John P. Aggleton. "Trajectory of hippocampal fibres to the contralateral anterior thalamus and mammillary bodies in rats, mice, and macaque monkeys." Brain and Neuroscience Advances 3 (January 2019): 239821281987120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2398212819871205.

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The routes by which the hippocampal formation projects bilaterally to the anterior thalamic nuclei and mammillary bodies were examined in the mouse, rat, and macaque monkey. Despite using different methods and different species, the principal pattern remained the same. For both target areas, the contralateral hippocampal (subiculum) projections arose via efferents in the postcommissural fornix ipsilateral to the tracer injection, which then crossed hemispheres both in or just prior to reaching the target site within the thalamus or hypothalamus. Precommissural fornix fibres could not be followed to the target areas. There was scant evidence that the ventral hippocampal commissure or decussating fornix fibres contribute to these crossed subiculum projections. Meanwhile, a small minority of postsubiculum projections in the mouse were seen to cross in the descending fornix at the level of the caudal septum to join the contralateral postcommissural fornix before reaching the anterior thalamus and lateral mammillary nucleus on that side. Although the rodent anterior thalamic nuclei also receive nonfornical inputs from the subiculum and postsubiculum via the ipsilateral internal capsule, few, if any, of these projections cross the midline. It was also apparent that nuclei within the head direction system (anterodorsal thalamic nucleus, laterodorsal thalamic nucleus, and lateral mammillary nucleus) receive far fewer crossed hippocampal inputs than the other anterior thalamic or mammillary nuclei. The present findings increase our understanding of the fornix and its component pathways while also informing disconnection analyses involving the hippocampal formation and diencephalon.

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Poh Teo, Shyh. "A fornix infarction causing post-operative anterograde amnesia." Aging Pathobiology and Therapeutics 3, no. 2 (2021): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31491/apt.2021.06.055.

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A 65-year-old woman underwent elective hip replacement surgery and postoperatively developed significant anterograde amnesia, without other significant neurological deficits. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed an area of infarction in the anterior fornix and genu of the corpus callosum. Neuropsychological testing revealed extremely poor learning performance and immediate memory, as well as delayed memory, consistent with anterograde amnesia. This case illustrates the relationship between the anterior fornix and memory function and the role of hypoperfusion brain injury in ischemic strokes. Keywords: Anterograde amnesia, brain fornix, ischaemic stroke, postoperative period

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Sidra, Maurice, Louise Hattingh, and Hawraman Ramadan. "Don’t forget the fornix." Practical Neurology 21, no. 4 (2021): 336–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/practneurol-2020-002802.

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18

Rose, Geoffrey E. "The giant fornix syndrome." Ophthalmology 111, no. 8 (2004): 1539–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2004.01.037.

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19

Calabrese, Pasquale, Hans J. Markowitsch, Albrecht G. Harders, Markus Scholz, and Walter Gehlen. "Fornix Damage and Memory." Cortex 31, no. 3 (1995): 555–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-9452(13)80066-4.

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Qurban, Qirat, Zeeshan Kamil, and Khalid Mahmood. "Fornix Deepening by Using Amniotic Membrane Transplant." Annals of King Edward Medical University 27, no. 4 (2022): 503–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21649/akemu.v27i4.4882.

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Objective: To assess the cosmetic outcomes of fornix deepening by using Amniotic membrane transplant in anophthalmic sockets in terms of good retention of ocular prosthesis. Abstract: Methods: This interventional case series was carried out at Khalid eye clinic, Karachi during the period of March 2019 to August 2019. Twenty-five patients belonging to either gender between the ages of 20 to 50 years were included, having anophthalmic sockets with fornix deformities incapable of retaining ocular prosthesis due to variable causes such as cicatrization, symblepharon, cyst, or poor conjunctival suturing technique following evisceration or enucleation. Amniotic membrane was transplanted following the division of bands, excision of cyst and release of adhesions. Pre and post fornix measurements were done and each patient was followed for a duration of six months after the operation to observe the cosmetic appearance and retention of ocular prosthesis. Results: Good cosmetic outcome with retention of ocular prosthesis was achieved in twenty-three (92%) cases, whereas two (8%) cases ended up in failure despite multiple surgeries. The mean pre-operative lower fornix depth was 3.8 ± 1.23 mm, which improved to 8.9 ± 1.10 mm (p- value < 0.001). None of the patients developed any infection or graft rejection. Conclusion: Fornix reconstruction in an anophthalmic socket is a challenging task, but a good cosmetic outcome can be achieved using amniotic membrane transplantation together with good oculoplastic surgical expertise.

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Zhao, Minghao, Tianyi Gu, Li Teng, and Chao Zhang. "Five Retained Soft Contact Lenses in the Upper Fornix: A Case Report in a Patient with Hemifacial Atrophy." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open 12, no. 1 (2024): e5563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/gox.0000000000005563.

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Summary: The displacement of a lost contact lens into the upper fornix is an uncommon occurrence. This case report presents a rare incidence wherein a patient diagnosed with hemifacial atrophy was found to have concealed five soft contact lenses within the left upper fornix during autologous fat injection into the retrobulbar space.

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C, Andrew, and Smith M. "A-075 A Case Study of Anterograde Memory Impairment Following Forniceal Infarct– Neurocognitive Sequelae and Recovery." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 35, no. 6 (2020): 867. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acaa068.075.

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Abstract Objective To describe neurobehavioral consequences and recovery course in a case of acute infarct of the fornix superimposed on chronic subcortical cerebrovascular disease. Method We present a right-handed, 72-year-old, African American man with cardiovascular risk factors, chronic kidney disease, and history of CVA with no prior functional or cognitive difficulties. He was evaluated twice, first four days post and again two months post-infarct of the bilateral fornix. Results Initial inpatient testing revealed impaired verbal memory characterized by rapid forgetting (HVLT-R Delay T = &lt; 20) with some benefit from recognition cues, and subtle deficits in constructional praxis and practical judgement. On repeat evaluation at four months post-stroke, he demonstrated memory impairment across modalities (HVLT-R Delay T = &lt; 20, BVMT-R Delay T = &lt; 20) with marginal benefit from context and cues. He required assistance with multiple instrumental activities of daily living (e.g., financial and healthcare management) and displayed anosognosia of both cognitive and functional deficits. Conclusion This case illustrates the role of the fornix in the process of memory encoding and self-awareness. Literature describing the neurobehavioral role of the fornix is sparse, however, it has been implicated in episodic memory functions due to hippocampal connectivity. This case study further implicates the fornix in declarative memory formation and will add to the literature by detailing a specific cognitive profile that may inform planning for recovery and rehabilitation.

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Hayashi, Masataka, Ayataka Fujimoto, Hideo Enoki, et al. "The Fornix May Play a Key Role in Korsakoff’s Amnesia Secondary to Subcallosal Artery Infarction." Brain Sciences 12, no. 1 (2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12010021.

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Background: Subcallosal artery infarction injures the fornix and anterior corpus callosum and sometimes causes Korsakoff’s amnesia. We hypothesized that Korsakoff’s amnesia might be caused by fornix dysfunction rather than anterior corpus callosum dysfunction in subcallosal artery infarction. Methods: A systematic review approach was applied to search PubMed and Google Scholar for articles to compare patients who had both bilateral fornix and corpus callosum infarction due to subcallosal artery territory ischemia (vascular event group; V group) with patients who had undergone anterior corpus callosotomy (callosotomy group; C group). Results: The V group comprised 10 patients (mean age, 63 years; median, 69 years; standard deviation (SD), 14.5 years; 5 males, 5 females). The C group comprised 6 patients (mean age, 23.7 years; median, 20 years; SD, 7.3 years; 3 males, 3 females). Six of 10 patients (60%) with subcallosal artery infarction exhibited Korsakoff’s amnesia. One patient showed neither confabulation nor amnesia. Conversely, no amnesia episodes were seen in any patients from the C group (p = 0.034). Conclusion: Fornix injury, rather than anterior corpus callosum injury, might be the major cause of Korsakoff’s amnesia in patients with subcallosal artery infarction.

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KESLER, SHELLI R., RAMONA O. HOPKINS, LINDELL K. WEAVER, DUANE D. BLATTER, HOLLY EDGE-BOOTH, and ERIN D. BIGLER. "Verbal memory deficits associated with fornix atrophy in carbon monoxide poisoning." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 7, no. 5 (2001): 640–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617701005112.

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Magnetic resonance (MR) images and neuropsychological testing data of 69 carbon monoxide (CO) poisoned patients were prospectively obtained within 1 day of CO poisoning, two weeks and six months. CO patients' Day 1 cross-sectional fornix surface area measurements, corrected for head size by using a fornix-to-brain ratio (FBR), were compared to normal age and gender-matched controls. Additionally, a within-subjects analysis was performed comparing the mean areas between CO patients' Day 1, 2 weeks and 6-month FBR. The FBR was correlated with patients' neuropsychological data. There were no significant differences between CO patients' Day 1 fornix measurements compared to normal control subjects. However, significant atrophic changes in the fornix of CO poisoned patients occurred at two weeks with no progressive atrophy at 6 months. By 6 months, CO patients showed significant decline on tests of verbal memory (when practice effects were taken into account), whereas visual memory, processing speed and attention/concentration did not decline. This study indicates that CO results in brain damage and cognitive impairments in the absence of lesions and other neuroanatomic markers. (JINS, 2001, 7, 640–646.)

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Gunbey, Hediye Pınar, Karabekir Ercan, Ayşe Serap Fındıkoglu, H. Taner Bulut, Mustafa Karaoglanoglu, and Halil Arslan. "The Limbic Degradation of Aging Brain: A Quantitative Analysis with Diffusion Tensor Imaging." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/196513.

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Introduction. The limbic system primarily responsible for our emotional life and memories is known to undergo degradation with aging and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is capable of revealing the white matter integrity. The aim of this study is to investigate age-related changes of quantitative diffusivity parameters and fiber characteristics on limbic system in healthy volunteers.Methods. 31 healthy subjects aged 25–70 years were examined at 1,5 TMR. Quantitative fiber tracking was performed of fornix, cingulum, and the parahippocampal gyrus. The fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measurements of bilateral hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, cingulum, and parahippocampal gyrus were obtained as related components.Results. The FA values of left hippocampus, bilateral parahippocampal gyrus, and fornix showed negative correlations with aging. The ADC values of right amygdala and left cingulum interestingly showed negative relation and the left hippocampus represented positive relation with age. The cingulum showed no correlation. The significant relative changes per decade of age were found in the cingulum and parahippocampal gyrus FA measurements.Conclusion. Our approach shows that aging affects hippocampus, parahippocampus, and fornix significantly but not cingulum. These findings reveal age-related changes of limbic system in normal population that may contribute to future DTI studies.

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Gaffan, David. "Scene-Specific Memory for Objects: A Model of Episodic Memory Impairment in Monkeys with Fornix Transection." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 6, no. 4 (1994): 305–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1994.6.4.305.

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A series of five experiments investigated the relationship between object memory and scene memory in normal and fornix-transected monkeys. An algorithm created formally defined background and objects on a large visual display; the disposition of some particular objects in particular places in a particular background constitutes a formally defined scene. The animals learned four types of discrimination problem: (1) object-in-place discrimination learning, in which the correct (rewarded) response was to a particular object that always occupied the same place in a particular unique background, (2) place discrimination learning, in which the correct response was to a particular place in a unique background, with no distinctive object at that place, (3) object discrimination learning in unique backgrounds, in which the correct response was to a particular object that could occupy one or the other of two possible places in a unique background, and (4) object discrimination learning in varying backgrounds, in which the correct response was to a particular object that could appear at any place in any background. The severest impairment produced by fornix transection was in object-in-place learning. Fornix transection did not impair object discrimination learning in varying backgrounds. The results from the other two types of learning task showed intermediate severity of impairment in the fornix-transected animals. The idea that fornix transection in the monkey impairs spatial memory but leaves object memory intact is thus shown to be an oversimplification. The impairments of object memory in the present experiments are analogous to the impairments of episodic memory seen in human amnesic patients.

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Kashyap, Seema, Rachna Meel, MandeepS Bajaj, and Neelam Pushker. "Ocular oncocytoma of the fornix." Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology 53, no. 4 (2010): 882. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0377-4929.72034.

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Lövblad, Karl-Olof, Karl Schaller, and Maria Isabel Vargas. "The Fornix and Limbic System." Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI 35, no. 5 (2014): 459–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.sult.2014.06.005.

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Wang, Qianqian, Qiang (Ed) Zhang, Jennifer Nauheim, Natasha Nayak Kolomeyer, and Michael J. Pro. "Fornix-Based Trabeculectomy Conjunctival Closure." Ophthalmology Glaucoma 2, no. 4 (2019): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ogla.2019.04.005.

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Moudgil, Shyam S., Mouhannad Azzouz, Abdulkader Al-Azzaz, Marc Haut, and Ludwig Gutmann. "Amnesia due to Fornix Infarction." Stroke 31, no. 6 (2000): 1418–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.str.31.6.1418.

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Jean, Kharine, Marissa Gogniat, Talia Robinson, and L. Stephen Miller. "7 P-Tau and Education as Moderators of the Relation between APOE4 and Memory Performance in Older Adults with Varying Cognitive Status." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 29, s1 (2023): 885–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617723010895.

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Objective:White matter microstructure (WMM) potentially mediates the relation between APOE4 and memory performance. This study’s purpose was to understand whether p-tau effects this mediation model and whether education level differentially impacts the relations between these genetic and biological biomarkers’ influence on memory.Participants and Methods:Participants included 161 older adults (M=74 years, 40.4% female, 92% White, 74 e4 non-carriers, 87 e4 carriers) with subjective and objective cognitive impairment from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). A composite memory score created by ADNI was used as the outcome variable. Mean fractional anisotropy (FA) and radial diffusivity (RD) values of white matter tracts within regions of interest (i.e., fornix (FX), hippocampal cingulum (CGH)) were individually used as the measures of WMM. A moderated mediation was run to examine whether p-tau was a moderator of the mediation between APOE4, white matter microstructure, and memory. An exploratory dual moderated mediation analysis examined education as a moderator of the moderated mediation. Indirect effects were tested using bootstrapping procedures.Results:In the FA moderated mediation model, APOE4 was significantly related to FA of the fornix and memory performance. FA of the CGH and FX were also related to memory performance. With FA of the fornix as the mediator, the conditional indirect effect was not significant (95% CI[-.0009, .0070]). There was a trend suggesting at low (95% CI[-.2421, -.0140]) and average (95% CI[-.1658, -.0083]) levels of p-tau, FA of the fornix was a significant mediator but was non-significant at high levels of p-tau (95% CI [-.1322, .0341]). The RD moderated mediation model was non-significant. The FA and RD exploratory dual moderated mediation models were non-significant. However, the APOE4 x p-tau interaction with FA of the fornix as the mediator suggested a trend. At low levels of p-tau, increased education was related to a significant moderated mediation.Conclusions:Results suggest that FA of the fornix is a significant mediator between the relation of APOE4 and memory, and this may be dependent upon p-tau levels. When p-tau burden load was high, the path by which APOE4 impacts memory performance was not through white matter microstructure degradation. Additionally, the potential buffering effects of education may be most robust at lower levels of p-tau burden.

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Chen, You-Yin, Chih-Ju Chang, Yao-Wen Liang, et al. "Utilizing diffusion tensor imaging as an image biomarker in exploring the therapeutic efficacy of forniceal deep brain stimulation in a mice model of Alzheimer’s disease." Journal of Neural Engineering 21, no. 5 (2024): 056003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ad7322.

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Abstract Objective. With prolonged life expectancy, the incidence of memory deficits, especially in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), has increased. Although multiple treatments have been evaluated, no promising treatment has been found to date. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the fornix area was explored as a possible treatment because the fornix is intimately connected to memory-related areas that are vulnerable in AD; however, a proper imaging biomarker for assessing the therapeutic efficiency of forniceal DBS in AD has not been established. Approach. This study assessed the efficacy and safety of DBS by estimating the optimal intersection volume between the volume of tissue activated and the fornix. Utilizing a gold-electroplating process, the microelectrode’s surface area on the neural probe was increased, enhancing charge transfer performance within potential water window limits. Bilateral fornix implantation was conducted in triple-transgenic AD mice (3 × Tg-AD) and wild-type mice (strain: B6129SF1/J), with forniceal DBS administered exclusively to 3 × Tg-AD mice in the DBS-on group. Behavioral tasks, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed in all mice to assess the therapeutic efficacy of forniceal DBS. Main results. The results illustrated that memory deficits and increased anxiety-like behavior in 3 × Tg-AD mice were rescued by forniceal DBS. Furthermore, forniceal DBS positively altered DTI indices, such as increasing fractional anisotropy (FA) and decreasing mean diffusivity (MD), together with reducing microglial cell and astrocyte counts, suggesting a potential causal relationship between revised FA/MD and reduced cell counts in the anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, fornix, amygdala, and entorhinal cortex of 3 × Tg-AD mice following forniceal DBS. Significance. The efficacy of forniceal DBS in AD can be indicated by alterations in DTI-based biomarkers reflecting the decreased activation of glial cells, suggesting reduced neural inflammation as evidenced by improvements in memory and anxiety-like behavior.

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Yoon, Myung Ki, Joonseo Oh, Kwanju Song, Kijeong Kim, and Jun Young Chang. "Neuro-Behcet’s Disease Manifesting as Bilateral Fornix and Left Thalamus Infarction." Journal of the Korean Neurological Association 42, no. 2 (2024): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17340/jkna.2023.0099.

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Neuro-Behcet’s disease (NBD) is defined as neurological involvement in Behcet’s disease. A 32-year-old man was admitted due to sudden memory impairment and had a history of recurrent oral/genital ulcers. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed ischemic lesions in the bilateral fornix and left thalamus, and high-resolution vessel wall MRI demonstrated vasculitis in the anterior communicating artery. We report a rare case of NBD that presented as vasculitis and ischemic stroke in the bilateral fornix and thalamus.

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Bradshaw, Jennifer, Philip MC Choi, and Scott Wrigley. "Long-term cognitive recovery following isolated bilateral infarction of the fornix presenting with amnesia." BMJ Neurology Open 6, no. 1 (2024): e000655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjno-2024-000655.

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IntroductionIsolated infarction of the fornix is a relatively rare stroke syndrome frequently associated with amnesia. The long-term cognitive outcome in cases of acute fornix infarction is poorly understood. This is largely due to the limited number of case studies that have documented cognitive outcomes beyond the acute recovery phase on quantifiable neuropsychological measures. We describe a patient who developed acute amnesia and was subsequently diagnosed on cerebral MRI with bilateral infarction in the anterior columns of the fornix.MethodComprehensive neuropsychological review was undertaken prospectively at baseline, early and late phases of recovery.ResultsAt 9 months post-stroke, there was some reduction in the severity of memory dysfunction, but a significant anterograde amnesia persisted.ConclusionThis is one of the very few cases in the literature where neuropsychological function has been comprehensively and serially examined over the first year post-isolated bilateral fornix infarction. It is concluded that amnesia can persist well beyond 6 months in these cases, with associated functional impairment in daily life.

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Mizumori, S. J., B. L. McNaughton, and C. A. Barnes. "A comparison of supramammillary and medial septal influences on hippocampal field potentials and single-unit activity." Journal of Neurophysiology 61, no. 1 (1989): 15–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1989.61.1.15.

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1. A comparison was made between the influences of supramammillary (SUM) and medial septal (MS) nuclei on hippocampal physiology in Nembutal-anesthetized rats. Specifically, the effects of prestimulation of the SUM or MS on the perforant path-dentate field potential, on spontaneous activity of single units, and on perforant path-induced unit activation were assessed. Another series of experiments addressed the issue of whether the SUM and MS effects on the perforant path-dentate field response are independent. 2. Prestimulation of the SUM or MS significantly facilitated the perforant path-dentate population spike with no clear effect on the field excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) recorded in the subgranular zone of the dentate hilus. Prestimulation of either nucleus also reduced the threshold for spike onset. The major differences between the two spike facilitation effects were the magnitude of the change and possibly the optimal interstimulus intervals required to obtain the effects. 3. Acute transection of the ipsilateral column of fornix or dorsal fornix eliminated the SUM population spike facilitation effect. MS lesion or dorsal fornix/fimbria transection eliminated the MS spike facilitation effect. The MS lesion did not alter the effects of SUM prestimulation. Cingulum or medial forebrain bundle transection affected neither SUM- nor MS-mediated spike facilitation. Thus the SUM and MS influences on the dentate field response appear to be independent of one another. The relevant SUM afferents travel through the ipsilateral column of fornix and dorsal fornix, whereas MS afferents project through the dorsal fornix/fimbria. 4. Single units recorded in stratum granulosum (SG) were assessed with respect to several parameters. These included the mean firing rate, whether or not excitation occurred prior to the field population spike and at lower threshold, and whether or not a driven unit responded to a second perforant path stimulus delivered at short latency following the first (during the period of population spike depression). The latter parameter in particular appeared to separate SG cells into two classes. The cells that were not activated during the second field potential were classified as granule cells, whereas those that were activated were classified as basket cells. Based on this distinction, significant differences were also found between the two cell classes on the other parameters. In particular, cells classified as granule cells often had very low firing rates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Kakushkin, N. "A. A. Novitskiy. - The scope of the operative treatment of the folds of the uterus back with sewing to the anterior fornix. - (Duct, late Imperial Caucasian Med. General, May 2, 1895, p. 34)." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 9, no. 9 (2020): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd99807.

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2 cases are described. In the first, in a 27-year-old woman, the mobile uterus was sewn to the anterior fornix according to Mackenrodt. On the third day, the uterus returned to its previous position. In the second case, in a 29-year-old woman, the uterus, which is less mobile, was sewn to the anterior fornix using the same method, and during the operation it was held in the position given to it by a lead strongly curved bougie. The result was excellent.

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Eid, Shaikha Al, Sahar M. Elkhamary, Osama Al Sheikh, Alicia Ferrero-Galindo, Rajiv Kandekhar, and Silvana A. Schellini. "Superior rectus/levator complex in acquired anophthalmic socket repaired with spheric implant—a computed tomography scan and topographic study." International Journal of Ophthalmology 17, no. 8 (2024): 1483–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18240/ijo.2024.08.14.

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AIM: To determine whether the levator palpebrae superioris (LPS)/superior rectus (SR) muscle complex, can influence the position of the upper lid and fornix in acquired anophthalmic sockets. METHODS: This comparative non-randomized and non-interventional study included retrospective data of 21 patients with unilateral acquired anophthalmic sockets repaired with spheric implants. High-resolution computed tomography (CT) measurements of the LPM/SR muscle complex and clinical topographic position of the upper lid, superior and inferior fornix depth in primary gaze position were evaluated. Demographic data were presented as frequency and percentage proportions and quantitative variables comparing the socket measurements with the normal contralateral orbit was statistically analyzed using non-parametric tests considering P<0.05. RESULTS: The anophthalmic orbits had a significantly shorter LPS length (P=0.01) and significantly thicker SR (P=0.02) than the normal orbit. Lagophthalmos was present in anophthalmic sockets but not in normal orbits (P=0.002), while levator function was normal in both (P>0.05, all comparisons). The superior fornix depth was similar in the anophthalmic socket and the contralateral normal orbit (P=0.192) as well the inferior fornix depth (P=0.351). CONCLUSION: Acquired anophthalmic sockets repaired with spheric implants have shorter LPS, thicker SR, and more lagophthalmos than normal orbits. The relationship of the LPS and SR with other orbital structures, associated with passive or active forces acting in the final position of the lids and external ocular prosthesis should be further investigated.

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Williams, M. R., P. Sharma, K. L. Fung, R. K. B. Pearce, S. R. Hirsch, and M. Maier. "Axonal myelin increase in the callosal genu in depression but not schizophrenia." Psychological Medicine 45, no. 10 (2015): 2145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291715000136.

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BackgroundAbnormalities in the anterior inter-hemispheric connectivity have previously been implicated in major depressive disorder. Disruptions in fractional anisotropy in the callosum and fornix have been reported in schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. Oligodendrocyte density and overall size of the callosum and fornix show no alteration in either illness, suggesting that gross morphology is unchanged but more subtle organizational disruption may exist within these brain regions in mood and affective disorders.MethodUsing high-resolution oil-immersion microscopy we examined the cross-sectional area of the nerve fibre and the axonal myelin sheath, and using standard high-resolution light microscopy we measured the density of myelinated axons. These measurements were made in the genu of the corpus callosum and the medial body of the fornix at its most dorsal point. Measures were taken in the sagittal plane in the callosal genu and in the coronal plane at the most dorsal part of the fornix body.ResultsCases of major depressive disorder had significantly greater mean myelin cross-sectional area (p = 0.017) and myelin thickness (p = 0.004) per axon in the genu than in control or schizophrenia groups. There was no significant change in the density of myelinated axons, and no changes observed in the fornix.ConclusionThe results suggest a clear increase of myelin in the axons of the callosal genu in MDD, although this type of neuropathological study is unable to clarify whether this is caused by changes during life or has a developmental origin.

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Ly, Martina, Nagesh Adluru, Daniel J. Destiche, et al. "Fornix Microstructure and Memory Performance Is Associated with Altered Neural Connectivity during Episodic Recognition." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 22, no. 2 (2016): 191–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617715001216.

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AbstractObjectives: The purpose of this study was to assess whether age-related differences in white matter microstructure are associated with altered task-related connectivity during episodic recognition. Methods: Using functional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging from 282 cognitively healthy middle-to-late aged adults enrolled in the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer’s Prevention, we investigated whether fractional anisotropy (FA) within white matter regions known to decline with age was associated with task-related connectivity within the recognition network. Results: There was a positive relationship between fornix FA and memory performance, both of which negatively correlated with age. Psychophysiological interaction analyses revealed that higher fornix FA was associated with increased task-related connectivity amongst the hippocampus, caudate, precuneus, middle occipital gyrus, and middle frontal gyrus. In addition, better task performance was associated with increased task-related connectivity between the posterior cingulate gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, cuneus, and hippocampus. Conclusions: The findings indicate that age has a negative effect on white matter microstructure, which in turn has a negative impact on memory performance. However, fornix microstructure did not significantly mediate the effect of age on performance. Of interest, dynamic functional connectivity was associated with better memory performance. The results of the psychophysiological interaction analysis further revealed that alterations in fornix microstructure explain–at least in part–connectivity among cortical regions in the recognition memory network. Our results may further elucidate the relationship between structural connectivity, neural function, and cognition. (JINS, 2016, 22, 191–204)

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Ponce, Francisco A., Wael F. Asaad, Kelly D. Foote, et al. "Bilateral deep brain stimulation of the fornix for Alzheimer's disease: surgical safety in the ADvance trial." Journal of Neurosurgery 125, no. 1 (2016): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2015.6.jns15716.

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OBJECT This report describes the stereotactic technique, hospitalization, and 90-day perioperative safety of bilateral deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the fornix in patients who underwent DBS for the treatment of mild, probable Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS The ADvance Trial is a multicenter, 12-month, double-blind, randomized, controlled feasibility study being conducted to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and tolerability of DBS of the fornix in patients with mild, probable AD. Intraoperative and perioperative data were collected prospectively. All patients underwent postoperative MRI. Stereotactic analyses were performed in a blinded fashion by a single surgeon. Adverse events (AEs) were reported to an independent clinical events committee and adjudicated to determine the relationship between the AE and the study procedure. RESULTS Between June 6, 2012, and April 28, 2014, a total of 42 patients with mild, probable AD were treated with bilateral fornix DBS (mean age 68.2 ± 7.8 years; range 48.0–79.7 years; 23 men and 19 women). The mean planned target coordinates were x = 5.2 ± 1.0 mm (range 3.0–7.9 mm), y = 9.6 ± 0.9 mm (range 8.0–11.6 mm), z = −7.5 ± 1.2 mm (range −5.4 to −10.0 mm), and the mean postoperative stereotactic radial error on MRI was 1.5 ± 1.0 mm (range 0.2–4.0 mm). The mean length of hospitalization was 1.4 ± 0.8 days. Twenty-six (61.9%) patients experienced 64 AEs related to the study procedure, of which 7 were serious AEs experienced by 5 patients (11.9%). Four (9.5%) patients required return to surgery: 2 patients for explantation due to infection, 1 patient for lead repositioning, and 1 patient for chronic subdural hematoma. No patients experienced neurological deficits as a result of the study, and no deaths were reported. CONCLUSIONS Accurate targeting of DBS to the fornix without direct injury to it is feasible across surgeons and treatment centers. At 90 days after surgery, bilateral fornix DBS was well tolerated by patients with mild, probable AD. Clinical trial registration no.: NCT01608061 (clinicaltrials.gov)

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Gale, Shawn D., Sterling C. Johnson, Erin D. Bigler, and Duane D. Blatter. "Nonspecific white matter degeneration following traumatic brain injury." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 1, no. 1 (1995): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617700000060.

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AbstractMorphometric analysis of magnetic resonance (MR) scans in 88 traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients demonstrated significantly larger ventricle-to-brain ratios (VBR) and temporal horn volumes, and significantly smaller fornix-to-brain ratios (FBR) and corpus callosum (CC) area measurements, compared to 73 controls. Additionally, TBI patients were grouped according to Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) for a within-TBI sample comparison so that severity of injury on brain morphology could be examined. The severe TBI group (GCS = 3–6) differed from the mild and moderate injury groups on measures of the internal capsule, VBR, temporal horn volume, and CC. In a separate analysis wherein the TBI subjects were grouped by degree of fornix atrophy, the group with the smallest fornix size demonstrated the lowest memory performance. Furthermore, anatomic measures correlated with severity of injury, and tests of memory and motor function. Results demonstrate the diffuse nature of degeneration in TBI with more severe injury, and that quantified MR identified morphologic changes relate to neuropsychological outcome. (JINS, 1995, 1, 17–28.)

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Mamourian, Alex. "Letter to the Editor. Fornix infarction." Journal of Neurosurgery 133, no. 4 (2020): 1275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2020.4.jns201292.

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Vanrusselt, J., K. Vander Eeckt, R. Oyen, and F. Claus. "Renal fornix rupture following diagnostic coronarography." Journal of the Belgian Society of Radiology 94, no. 2 (2011): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/jbr-btr.507.

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Levkovitch-verbin, Hanna, Mordechai Goldenfeld, and Shlomo Melamed. "Fornix-Based Trabeculectomy With Mitomycin-C." Ophthalmic Surgery, Lasers and Imaging Retina 28, no. 10 (1997): 818–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/1542-8877-19971001-05.

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Shimabukuro, Hirokatsu, Haruo Kagawa, Hiroyuki Yono, et al. "FORNIX OF VAGINA SUSPENSION FOR CYSTOCELE." Japanese Journal of Urology 90, no. 6 (1999): 619–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5980/jpnjurol1989.90.619.

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Akpınar, Çetin Kürşad, and İdris Sayılır. "Amnesia due to Bilateral Fornix Infarction." Turkish Journal Of Neurology 23, no. 2 (2017): 77–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4274/tnd.98958.

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Yoon, Sung-Sang, Duk L. Na, and Key-Chung Park. "Retrograde Amnesia Associated with Fornix Lymphoma." European Neurology 60, no. 3 (2008): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000145334.

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48

Rowland, Nathan C., Francesco Sammartino, Jennifer C. Tomaszczyk, and Andres M. Lozano. "Deep Brain Stimulation of the Fornix." Neurosurgery 63 (August 2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/neu.0000000000001254.

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D'Esposito, M., M. Verfaellie, M. P. Alexander, and D. I. Katz. "Amnesia following traumatic bilateral fornix transection." Neurology 45, no. 8 (1995): 1546–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.45.8.1546.

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Rocca, Julius. "A Note on the Term Fornix." Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 7, no. 3 (1998): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/jhin.7.3.243.1864.

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