Academic literature on the topic 'The four largest Swedish banks'
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Journal articles on the topic "The four largest Swedish banks"
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Nilsson, Victor, Joakim Nordstrom, and Krister Bredmar. "The Need for Liquidity and the Capital Structure of Swedish Banks Following the Financial Crisis." International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486) 3, no. 2 (April 21, 2014): 10–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijfbs.v3i1.181.
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Banks had a large part in the developments taking place in the years after the outbreak of the crisis in 2007, as many banks had an excessively low capital base, involving too much risk in its businesses. In this study, the largest four banks in Sweden have been investigated. The financial crisis affected the banks differently, depending on the markets of expansion. Excessive risk-taking has been found, where one bank expanded aggressively into new markets and did not appreciate the risks on these new markets. CEO compensation and risk seeking boards are factors that might have caused such behaviour. All of the banks have made noticeable changes to their capital structure, increasing it annually, accompanied by a risk-reduction movement in their assets to improve the stability in most of the banks. The new regulation’s focus on both quality and quantity is in accordance with the views that are expressed in the framework. The banks have altered their goals to levels several per cent above the regulations, in contrast to before the crisis when they were often as close as possible. The impact of the new liquidity regulations has been limited, as the banks continue to work with their internal measures. The banks have all changed their view of capital ratio and liquidity, where many of the banks have doubled the amount of these posts and now find these measures to be both beneficial and a way to gain trust and stability.
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Nilsson, Victor, Joakim Nordstrom, and Krister Bredmar. "The Need for Liquidity and the Capital Structure of Swedish Banks Following the Financial Crisis." International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486) 3, no. 2 (January 19, 2016): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/.v3i2.181.
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<p><em>Banks had a large part in the developments taking place in the years after the outbreak of the crisis in 2007, as many banks had an excessively low capital base, involving too much risk in its businesses. In this study, the largest four banks in Sweden have been investigated. The financial crisis affected the banks differently, depending on the markets of expansion. Excessive risk-taking has been found, where one bank expanded aggressively into new markets and did not appreciate the risks on these new markets. CEO compensation and risk seeking boards are factors that might have caused such behaviour. All of the banks have made noticeable changes to their capital structure, increasing it annually, accompanied by a risk-reduction movement in their assets to improve the stability in most of the banks. The new regulation’s focus on both quality and quantity is in accordance with the views that are expressed in the framework. The banks have altered their goals to levels several per cent above the regulations, in contrast to before the crisis when they were often as close as possible. The impact of the new liquidity regulations has been limited, as the banks continue to work with their internal measures. The banks have all changed their view of capital ratio and liquidity, where many of the banks have doubled the amount of these posts and now find these measures to be both beneficial and a way to gain trust and stability.</em><em></em></p>
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Heard, Christopher, Flavio M. Menezes, and Alicia N. Rambaldi. "The dynamics of bank location decisions in Australia." Australian Journal of Management 43, no. 2 (September 6, 2017): 241–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0312896217717572.
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This article exploits a large panel to study trends in, and determinants of, the decisions made by the four largest Australian banks about whether to establish or maintain branch- and automated teller machine (ATM)-level presence in a local market between 2002 and 2013. These decisions are potentially important for competition in local banking markets. Our analysis suggests that past presence is the most important factor for explaining current presence in a particular local market. Moreover, we present evidence that the four largest banks co-locate branches. The relationship between the location of other (smaller) banks and the location of the four largest banks is less clear; there is some limited evidence that this relationship is negative for two of the four largest banks. Our results also suggest that the four largest banks displayed changed behaviour in terms of their branch location decisions after the global financial crisis and that the changes differed between banks. Our analysis of ATM location decisions reveals that the four largest banks follow different strategies. These results suggest that Australian banks did not shy away from this limited form of competition, either before or after the global financial crisis (GFC). JEL Classification: C23, D43, G21, L13
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Van der Westhuizen, Gerhardus. "Bank Productivity And Sources Of Efficiency Change: A Case Of The Four Largest Banks In South Africa." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 12, no. 2 (January 31, 2013): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v12i2.7625.
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The Malmquist productivity index was utilised to estimate the total factor productivity and productivity change of the four largest banks in South Africa for the period 1994 to 2010. Total factor productivity change can be decomposed into efficiency change and technological change, which allow for determining the sources of total factor productivity change. Various changes in the South African banking scene impacted on the average productivity of the banks. The four banks experienced, on average, regress in total factor productivity as well as regress in technological change, the latter indicating a lack of innovation. The four banks operated, on average, in the proximity of fully technical efficiency. For various reasons, South Africa still has a large unbanked community.
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Van der Westhuizen, Gerhardus. "Bank Efficiency And Financial Ratios: Rating The Performance Of The Four Largest South African Banks." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 30, no. 1 (December 30, 2013): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v30i1.8286.
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Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) in conjunction with financial ratios is used to estimate and compare the performance of the four largest South African banks over the period 2001 to 2011. DEA is used to estimate the relative technical, allocative, cost and scale efficiencies and compare these estimates to certain financial ratios published by the banks in their financial statements. These ratios include return on equity (ROE), return on assets (ROA), net interest margin (NIM), impairment losses, etc. The results obtained from the efficiency estimates and the financial ratios are used to rate the banks according to these performances. The rating differs depending on which performance measure is applied. A combination of these measures was necessary to determine the best and the worst performing bank. From the results obtained it appears that profitability and efficiency are two sides of the same coin.
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Hwa, Erh-Cheng, and Yang Lei. "China's Banking Reform and Profitability." Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 13, no. 02 (June 2010): 215–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091510001925.
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Just as the worse global financial crisis since the Second World War threatens the survival of many global financial giants, the strong financial performance of the Chinese banks stands out. The record profits of Chinese banks are commendable considering that they were considered insolvent not too long ago. The paper reviews the reform strategy of Chinese state commercial banks and its implementation, as well as their strong financial performance in 2007 based upon the four largest listed state commercial banks. Even though a strong economy may have boosted performance, banking reform should have played a significant role in turning around Chinese banks.
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Alkhouli, Samer. "The Effect of Banks Website Service Quality and E-satisfaction on E-loyalty: An Empirical Study on Swedish Banks." International Journal of Business and Management 13, no. 1 (December 18, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v13n1p1.
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The increase in internet use in Sweden provides the country’s banking industry with an important commercial opportunity. High websites service quality (website SQ) and electronic satisfaction (e-satisfaction) are vital if the banks are to keep and guarantee their customers’ electronic loyalty (e-loyalty). The purpose of this study is to provide empirical evidence of the association between website SQ and e-satisfaction, and the impact of both on e-loyalty in Swedish banks. The author used the E-S-QUAL model to measure the four dimensions of website SQ: fulfilment, availability, efficiency and privacy. Questionnaires were sent to 450 customers, of which 213 were returned, either in-person or online. The results showed that website SQ and e-satisfaction have a strong positive correlation with e-loyalty. The relationship between website SQ and e-satisfaction should be continuously measured, and website processes reviewed in line with advances in ICT and changes in levels of e-loyalty. This study gives feedback to these banks on their website SQ, helping them avoid shortcomings and keep their customers satisfied and loyal. Customers with high levels of e-satisfaction have significantly higher levels of e-loyalty compared to those with low levels.
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Muharam, Harjum, and Erwin Erwin. "Measuring Systemic Risk of Banking in Indonesia: Conditional Value at Risk Model Application." Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi 6, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 301–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v6i2.5296.
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Systemic risk is a risk of collapse of the financial system that would cause the financial system is not functioning properly. Measurement of systemic risk in the financial institutions, especially banks are crucial, because banks are highly vulnerable to financial crisis. In this study, to estimate the conditional value-at-risk (CoVaR) used quantile regression. Samples in this study of 9 banks have total assets of the largest in Indonesia. Testing the correlation between VaR and ΔCoVaR in this study using Spearman correlation and Kendall's Tau. There are five banks that have a significant correlation between VaR and ΔCoVaR, meanwhile four others banks in the sample did not have a significant correlation. However, the correlation coefficient is below 0.50, which indicates that there is a weak correlation between VaR and CoVaR.DOI: 10.15408/sjie.v6i2.5296
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Toci, Valentin, and Iraj Hashi. "Intermediation Efficiency of Banks in South-East Europe." International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486) 2, no. 3 (July 21, 2013): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijfbs.v2i3.151.
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By employing non-parametric methods, namely Data Envelopment Analysis and Malmquist Index, this paper investigates efficiency of banks using a database of almost all banks in four countries in South-East Europe. The superior efficiency of foreignowned banks in intermediation is supported. It is argued that the improvement in efficiency of banks originated from the change in technology rather than scale and technical efficiency, and banks on average have not been able to catch-up with best-performers, thus widening the efficiency gap. The largest sources of inefficiency are found to be cost and scale inefficiencies and lending shortfalls. Because of its peculiarities, Kosovo banking sector is assessed relative to other economies. Findings suggest that despite some improvements, the banking system in Kosovo remained less efficient. A number of policy implications emanate from the findings, aiming at enhancing the intermediation efficiency of banks in the context of South-East European transition.
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Tolstoy, Daniel, and Björn Axelsson. "The development of international purchasing capabilities: a comparative study of the four largest Swedish construction firms." International Journal of Construction Management 18, no. 2 (May 5, 2017): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2017.1301027.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "The four largest Swedish banks"
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Ekengren, Malin, and Nikolina Joona. "Miljoner på spel : Hur svenska storbanker arbetar med intern kontroll för att förhindra, upptäcka och åtgärda individuell yrkesbaserad ekonomisk brottslighet." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-85123.
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Bakgrund: Under senare år har skandaler inom svenska banker uppmärksammats. Det har senare visat sig att många skandaler har uppkommit till följd av brister inom den interna kontrollen. Samtidigt har antalet interna brott som begås på grund av en svag intern kontroll ökat trots att flera noterade bolag har ökat sina investeringar i den interna kontrollen. Banker har en viktig roll i samhället men den interna kontrollens betydelse för att motverka individuell yrkesbaserad ekonomisk brottslighet inom svenska storbanker är inte särskilt utredd. Syfte: Studien ämnar bidra med en förståelse för hur intern yrkesbaserad ekonomisk brottslighet motverkas med de svenska storbankernas interna kontroll med hänvisning till Internal Control – Integrated Framework och Three Lines of Defence. Vidare ämnar studien utreda om orsaker bakom individuell yrkesbaserad ekonomisk brottslighet är kända hos de svenska storbankerna samt om denna kännedom ser olika ut inom organisationerna. Slutligen syftar studien att diskutera eventuella förbättringsområden som upptäckts. Metod: Studien innefattar en kvalitativ del som består av intervjuer med personer som innehar god kännedom om intern kontroll. Även en kvantitativ del ingår i studien i form av enkäter som distribuerats till kontorschefer. Teori och empiri har kontinuerligt utvärderats och anpassats vilket innebär att ett iterativt synsätt har använts i studien. Resultat: Studien har visat att de svenska storbankerna byggt ut och kompletterat de modeller som syftet omfattar. Även indikationer på problemområden inom tillämpandet av Three Lines of Defence har uppmärksammats. Vidare har studien visat att bakomliggande orsaker till individuell yrkesbaserad ekonomisk brottslighet är mindre kända på en lägre organisatorisk nivå inom bankerna. Slutligen har ett antal förbättringsområden inom studiens ramar identifierats. De omfattar främst (1) att medarbetare i större utsträckning skall förstå syftet med den interna kontrollen och (2) att några kontrollaktiviteter har god utvecklingspotential inom bankerna.Background: Scandals within Swedish banks have been observed during the past years. Many of these have occurred as a consequence of defaults in the internal control. Simultaneously many internal white collar crimes have been committed as a consequence of weak internal control, even though public companies have increased their investments in their internal control. Banks have an important role in society; still the importance of the internal control to counteract internal white collar crime towards Swedish banks is yet to be unraveled. Aim: The study aim to contribute to an understanding of how internal white collar crime within universal banks can be counteracted by means of the internal control, within Internal Control – Integrated Framework and Three Lines of Defence. The purpose is further to investigate if causes to internal white collar crime are well-known among the universal banks at different organizational levels. The study is also aiming to discuss potential improvements that have been identified. Implementation: Both qualitative and quantitative strategies have been used. The qualitative strategy has included interviews with persons who have intimate knowledge of internal control. The quantitative strategy has included a questionnaire that was distributed to chiefs of retail departments. The study is iterative since theory and empirics have been evaluated and adjusted on a regularly basis. Result: The universal banks have made supplements to those models that the study comprehends and there are some problem areas within the use of Three Lines of Defence. Further, the study has revealed that causes to internal white collar crime are less known at a lower organizational level. A few areas that can be improved have been identified. Those of most importance are; (1) the purpose of the internal control must be better understood of employees and (2) some control activities have development potential.Search terms: Internal control, COSO, Three Lines of Defence, the four largest Swedish banks, white collar crime.
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Huang, shaofeng, and Christian Elmgren. "Are the "Top Four" Swedish Banks willing to Lend in 2009." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Economics, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-10459.
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Karimunda, Michel. "Financial Hedging Strategies : A study of the practice in four major Swedish banks." Thesis, Umeå University, Umeå School of Business, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-23572.
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Hoffmann, Frida, and Jansson Kajsa Ljungqvist. "Finansinspektionens krav på högre kärnprimärkapital : En studie av de svenska storbankerna." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-19516.
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Sammanfattning – ”Finansinspektionens krav på högre kärnprimärkapital: En studie av de svenska storbankerna” Datum: 2013-05-31 Nivå: Kandidatuppsats i företagsekonomi, 15 ECTS Institution: Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, EST, Mälardalens Högskola Författare: Frida Hoffmann & Kajsa Ljungqvist Jansson Titel: Finansinspektionens krav på högre kärnprimärkapital: En studie av de svenska storbankerna Handledare: Staffan Boström Nyckelord: Kärnprimärkapital, de svenska storbankerna, Finansinspektionen Frågeställning: Vilka strategier har de svenska storbankerna använt sig av för att uppnå kravet på högre kärnprimärkapital samt fördela kostnaderna som medföljer? Vilka konsekvenser har det hittills fått för bankerna då de redan börjat anpassa sig till kravet? Syfte: Syftet med studien är att beskriva vilka strategier som legat till grund för att de fyra svenska storbankerna skall klara av det högre kravet på kärnprimärkapital som Finansinspektionen ställer. Undersökningen ämnar även utvärdera vilka konsekvenser förändringarna har fått hittills för bankerna och vem som har belastats med kostnaden för det ökade kärnprimärkapitalet. Metod: Metoden som använts var av kvalitativ karaktär där sekundärdata som samlats in varit från böcker, rapporter och artiklar. Primärdata har samlats in från personliga intervjuer och analyserades sedan med hjälp av sekundära datan. Slutsats: De svenska storbankerna har implementerat tydliga strategier för att uppfylla Finansinspektionens krav. Det visade sig att de banker som använt sig av att se över sin prissättning också var de banker som ligger i topp vad gäller kärnprimärkapitalrelationen. Konsekvensen av det nya kravet har blivit ett större fokus på att ha rätt kunder samt kostnadsfokus för att på så vis täcka upp för de kostnader som kravet medför.Abstract – “The higher demand on Core tier 1 capital from Finansinspektionen: study of the major Swedish banks” Date: 2013-05-31 Level: Bachelor thesis in business administration, 15 ECTS Institution: School of Business, Society and Engineering Authors: Frida Hoffmann & Kajsa Ljungqvist Jansson Title: The higher demand on Core tier 1 capital from Finansinspektionen: study of the major Swedish banks Tuthor: Staffan Boström Keywords: Core tier 1 capital, the four major Swedish banks, Finansinspektionen Research Question: What strategies have the four major Swedish banks used to fulfill the recommendations from Finansinspektionen regarding higher level of Core tier 1 capital and how have they allocated the costs included? What consequences have the banks experienced so far as they have started to adjust to the new requirements? Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe what strategies have formed the basis of the four major Swedish banks to manage with the increasing demands on the Core tier 1 capital from Finansinspektionen. The study also intends to evaluate what consequences the changes have had so far and who have been charged with the costs that the demand brings. Method: The method used was of a qualitative nature where the secondary data collected was from books and reports. The primary data collected was from personal interviews and was then later analyzed using the secondary data collected. Conclusion: All of the major Swedish banks now meet the requirements that Finansinspektionen imposes on its Core tier 1 capital. The numbers that differ between banks depends on what strategy has been used. It was found during the study that the banks that revised their pricing was also the banks that are at the top in terms of Core tier 1 capital ratio. The consequence of the new requirement appears to have been a greater focus on having the right customers and the right cost to manage the costs that the new requirement brings.
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Blom, Elin, and Alexandra Larsson. "The non- straightforward link between anti-corruption and CSR-reporting : A study assessing the quality of CSR disclosure regarding anti-corruption of four Swedish banks." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-172917.
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In 2019, the two Swedish banks Swedbank and SEB was involved in what has been called one of the largest money laundry scandals. Money laundering is a critical sustainability issue for banks since their operations enable money from corrupt activities to be laundered into the financial system, hence diverts resources from education and health services. Corruption is a difficult topic to manage due to its invisible nature, making it hard to detect and measure compared to emissions or compliance with human rights. In the last decades, there has been an increasing demand for organizations to communicate their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) considerations. However, the flexibility allowed by standards and regulation in this area regarding what to disclose have been argued to undermine the reliability of CSR information. There have been discussions whether the banks had informed stakeholders about the anticorruption risks sufficiently, information that primarily should be communicated through sustainability and annual reports. Previous studies examining CSR reporting quality have found that companies present information in different ways, complicating a comparison of information. They have also found that such disclosure has been used as a strategy to highlight only the good work of a company and omit negative disclosures. This study examines the quality of CSR information that is communicated in annual and sustainability reports of the four largest banks operating in Sweden; Nordea, Handelsbanken, Swedbank, and SEB. Our focus is limited to disclosure about anti-corruption for which the Global reporting initiative (GRI) provides principles in terms of what they asses to be good content and quality. We will use these principles when structuring our categories in our qualitative content analysis with quantitative elements and when we analyse and make conclusions of our results regarding the quality. We use a content analysis model called the Consolidated Narrative Interrogation Model (CONI) which integrate both qualitative and quantitative measures of CSR reporting quality. Our result show that anti-corruption disclosure differs in terms of presentation structure, which requirements from GRI that are applied and how much information that is disclosed. The overall conclusion regarding its quality is that it does not meet the reporting quality principles stated in GRI 101: foundation. We find indications of strategic legitimacy in terms of how banks disclose anti-corruption activities which is critical for the overall reporting practise since its purpose it to constitute an accurate and reliable source of information to stakeholders.
Books on the topic "The four largest Swedish banks"
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Mlima, Aziz Ponary. Four essays on efficiency and productivity in Swedish banking. [Gothenburg]: Universitas regia Gothoburgensis, 1999.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "The four largest Swedish banks"
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Lindvall, Johannes. "Sweden’s Riksbank: Guardian of Monetary Integrity." In Guardians of Public Value, 111–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51701-4_5.
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AbstractThe Riksbank, founded in 1668, is the world’s oldest central bank. It has played a central role in Swedish economic policymaking for centuries and enjoys a great deal of confidence among the public. This chapter explains how the Riksbank became what it is today: an independent and widely respected institution. The bank’s high status has emerged because Sweden’s political elites regard the delegation of policymaking authority to the central bank as a way of managing and containing potentially harmful political conflicts. The bank’s status also benefitted from its crisis management performance, navigating Sweden through two large-scale financial crises.
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Ornston, Darius. "From Banking on Fish to Fishy Banks." In Good Governance Gone Bad, 101–40. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501726101.003.0005.
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Chapter four illustrates how Icelandic policymakers used formal and informal networks to liberalize their economy even more rapidly and radically than neoliberal icons such as Ronald Reagan or Margaret Thatcher. Institutional reform spurred movement into new industries, such as financial services, partly because of the policy innovations described above and partly because of the speed with which new ideas diffused within dense, interpersonal networks in the private sector. At the same time, public and private sector actors were slow to recognize the ensuing financial bubble, and Iceland suffered the largest banking economic crisis in human history, eclipsing not only financial powerhouses such as the UK and US, but also the Swedish and Finnish banking crises of the early 1990s.
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Gu, Jing, and Richard Carey. "China’s Development Finance and African Infrastructure Development." In China-Africa and an Economic Transformation, 147–72. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830504.003.0008.
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With its policy banks, China has become the largest source of official development finance in the world. This chapter examines the factors behind the significant increase in China’s ‘market share’ in African infrastructure development, and the issues and opportunities this presents for wider development cooperation in infrastructure sectors across Africa. The study addresses four questions: (i) Why has China been so competitive in this domain over the last two decades? (ii) How do China’s concepts, institutions, and policies differ from those of established sources of official development finance? (iii) What is the impact on development concepts, vocabulary, and practice at the level of the G20 and the multilateral development banks? and (iv) What is the impact on infrastructure development cooperation and finance in Africa? The study argues that Chinese entrepreneurialism in development finance has stirred up the established development finance system, generating constructive new rivalries alongside new cooperative learning opportunities.
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Schneider, Marius, and Vanessa Ferguson. "Angola." In Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights in Africa. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198837336.003.0005.
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Located in South-Western Africa, Angola is the seventh largest country in Africa, with an area of 1,246,700 square kilometres (km) bordered by Namibia, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia, and the Atlantic Ocean. It has a population of over 29 million people and has a population density of twenty-four people per km. Its capital city is Luanda, which functions as the country’s main port as a result of its location. Luanda is also the country’s economic and cultural centre; in 2018 the city was inhabited by 2,487 million of the country’s entire population. The other main cities are significantly smaller: Huambo is the second-largest city, with a population of 226,177 people, followed by Lobito, with a population of 207,957 people, then Benguela, Lubanga, and Malanje. Business hours are generally weekdays, Monday to Friday, 0800–1300 and 1400–1700. Most companies operate on Saturdays and Sundays, with some banks being open on Saturdays from 0800–1200. However, government departments only operate during weekdays. The currency used is the Kwanza (Kz).
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Nhan, Johnny, and Alesandra Garbagnati. "Policing of Movie and Music Piracy." In Digital Rights Management, 1144–61. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2136-7.ch056.
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Ongoing skirmishes between mainstream Hollywood entertainment conglomerates and Peer-to-Peer (P2P) file-sharing networks recently reached a crescendo when a Swedish court convicted members of the world’s largest BitTorrent, The Pirate Bay, and handed out the stiffest sentence to date.1 Four operators of The Pirate Bay received one year imprisonments and fines totaling $30 million, including confiscation of equipment. While this verdict sent shockwaves amongst P2P networks, piracy remains rampant, and this incident further exacerbated relations between file sharers and Hollywood. In retaliation, supporters of P2P file-sharing attacked websites of the law firms representing the Hollywood studios (Johnson, 2009). This victory by Hollywood studios may be a Pyrrhic defeat in the long run if the studios do not soften their antagonistic relations with the public. This chapter explores structural and cultural conflicts amongst security actors that make fighting piracy extremely difficult. In addition, it considers the role of law enforcement, government, industries, and the general public in creating long-term security models.
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Nhan, Johnny, and Alesandra Garbagnati. "Policing of Movie and Music Piracy." In Corporate Hacking and Technology-Driven Crime, 87–104. IGI Global, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61692-805-6.ch005.
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Ongoing skirmishes between mainstream Hollywood entertainment conglomerates and Peer-to-Peer (P2P) file-sharing networks recently reached a crescendo when a Swedish court convicted members of the world’s largest BitTorrent, The Pirate Bay, and handed out the stiffest sentence to date.1 Four operators of The Pirate Bay received one year imprisonments and fines totaling $30 million, including confiscation of equipment. While this verdict sent shockwaves amongst P2P networks, piracy remains rampant, and this incident further exacerbated relations between file sharers and Hollywood. In retaliation, supporters of P2P file-sharing attacked websites of the law firms representing the Hollywood studios (Johnson, 2009). This victory by Hollywood studios may be a Pyrrhic defeat in the long run if the studios do not soften their antagonistic relations with the public. This chapter explores structural and cultural conflicts amongst security actors that make fighting piracy extremely difficult. In addition, it considers the role of law enforcement, government, industries, and the general public in creating long-term security models.
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Phienwej, Noppadol, and Prinya Nutalaya. "Subsidence and Flooding in Bangkok." In The Physical Geography of Southeast Asia. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199248025.003.0033.
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Bangkok, the capital of Thailand, is situated on flat, low land in the southern part of the Central Plain, one of the main physical units of the country. Through the heart of the city, the Chao Phraya flows from the north and discharges into the Gulf of Thailand, 25 km south of the city centre. The city was founded in 1782, and in its early years numerous klongs (canals) were dug for transportation and defence uses. These canals became corridors of early development, and banks were lined with houses, shop-houses, and temples, etc. With the beauty of its waterway landscape, Bangkok was once dubbed the Venice of the East. Unfortunately, such a resemblance no longer exists as most of the canals have been backfilled to make room for road construction in recent urbanization. The Bangkok metropolis, which at present has a population in excess of 10 million, has expanded rapidly on both banks of the river since 1950. It has encroached into surrounding provinces, covering an area of approximately 60 × 70 km. Owing to its flat topography and close proximity to the sea, flooding threatens the city annually. Modern urbanization has resulted in the drastic destruction or blockage of natural drainage paths, increasing the flood risk to the city. Severe land subsidence from excessive groundwater extraction since the 1960s has intensified the flood risk, as well as creating numerous foundation problems. At present the land surface in some areas is already below mean sea level. The city now has to rely on a flood protection system to prevent inundation. However, its effectiveness is only temporary because land subsidence has not yet ceased. The Central Plain is formed by the Chao Phraya River, the largest in the country. The river basin stretches from the Northern Highland to the Central Plain and covers about one-third of the country (514 000 km2). The Central Plain can be divided into the Upper and Lower Central Plains. The former extends from Tak to Nakhon Sawan Provinces. Four main rivers, namely, the Ping, the Wang, the Yom, and the Nan, which originate in the Northern Highland, traverse the plain and join together at Nakhon Sawan, 240 km north of Bangkok, to form the Chao Phraya River.
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Kolomiytsev, N. V., B. I. Korzhenevskiy, and A. V. Matveev. "ПРИНЦИПЫ МОНИТОРИНГА ВОДНЫХ ОБЪЕКТОВ И СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПОДХОДЫ ИНФОРМАЦИОННОГО ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ ПРИНЯТИЯ РЕШЕНИЙ В УСЛОВИЯХ ТЕХНОГЕННОЙ НАГРУЗКИ." In НАУЧНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ РАЗВИТИЯ МЕЛИОРАТИВНО-ВОДОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОГО КОМПЛЕКСА, 9. ФГБНУ «ВНИИГиМ им. А.Н. Костякова», 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37738/vniigim.2020.50.96.047.
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Несмотря на значительное количество публикаций по оценке состояния загрязнения водных объектов тяжелыми металлами, направление требует дальнейших исследований. В основу концептуальной модели положено предположение о том, что чаша водохранилищ речного бассейна, наряду с морем или озером, является конечной дреной материала, поступающего со склона и потенциальной ловушкой для тяжелых металлов - длительное время находящихся вблизи мест осадконакопления. Такие участки являются зонами распространения загрязнителей и создают негативное воздействие, как для водной фауны, так и в рекреационных зонах. В основу мониторинга загрязнения объектов исследования положено ранжирование исследуемых объектов от общего к частному: наиболее крупные участки - первой категории представляют территорию, ограниченную водоразделами по берегам реки и дамбами водохранилища - по течению. Обосновано выделение каждого из четырех таксонов районирования территории для мониторинга. Предложены временные принципы режимных наблюдений для каждого из выбранных природно-техногенных таксонов районирования. Приводятся элементы концепции системы поддержки принятия решений (СППР) и необходимые требования для создания соответствующей информационно-аналитической веб-системы. Данная система основывается на современных цифровых технологиях и включает следующие компоненты: реляционная база данных, подсистема авторизации пользователей, веб-приложение с поисковым механизмом, облачное хранилище данных, а также подсистема резервного копирования базы данных, мониторинговых данных и служебных файлов.Despite a significant number of publications on the assessment of water pollution by heavy metals, the direction requires further research. The conceptual model is based on the assumption that the reservoir basin of the river basin is the final drain of material coming from the slope and a potential trap for heavy metals that are located near sedimentation sites for a long time. These areas are areas where pollutants are distributed and have a negative impact on both aquatic life and recreational areas. The monitoring of pollution of research objects is based on the ranking of the studied objects from General to particular: the largest sections of the first category represent the territory limited by watersheds along the river banks and dams of the reservoir-downstream. The allocation of each of the four zoning taxa for monitoring is justified. Temporary principles of regime observations for each of the selected natural and technogenic zoning taxa are proposed. The elements of the decision support system (DSS) concept and the necessary requirements for creating an appropriate information and analytical Web system are presented. This system is based on modern digital technologies and includes the following components: a relational database, a user authorization subsystem, a Web application with a search engine, a cloud data storage, and a database backup subsystem, a monitoring data and service files.
Conference papers on the topic "The four largest Swedish banks"
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Oneto, Mariana A., and André Luiz G. Scabbia. "The evolution of the profile of bank branches infrastructure in four districts of the city of São Paulo." In IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.1666.
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<p>The way that people interact with banks has been changing all over the world in the past 20 years and these habits affect directly the purpose of the buildings designed to be the interface between the financial institutions and their customers.</p><p>The purpose of this paper is to identify, understand and analyse the evolution of this infrastructure regarding quantity and size of these branches in four neighbourhoods of the largest metropolis in Brazil, São Paulo.</p><p>This study also allows an analysis considering maintenance costs per square meter. The cost is applied in the total area of bank infrastructure per district to compare the variation of operational cost per year of the studied period.</p>
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Solaka, Hadeel, Martin Tunér, and Bengt Johansson. "Investigation on the Impact of Fuel Properties on Partially Premixed Combustion Characteristics in a Light Duty Diesel Engine." In ASME 2012 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2012-81184.
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The impact of fuel composition on the emission performance and combustion characteristics for partially premixed combustion (PPC) were examined for four fuels in the gasoline boiling range together with Swedish diesel MK1. Experiments were carried out at 8 bar IMEPg and 1500 rpm with 53±1% EGR and λ = 1.5. This relation gave inlet mole fractions of approximately 5% CO2 and 13% O2. The combustion phasing was adjusted by means of start of injection (SOI), for all fuels, over the range with stable combustion and acceptable pressure rise rate combined with maintained λ, EGR ratio, inlet pressure, and load. The operating range was limited by combustion instability for the high RON fuels, while MK1 and the low RON fuels could be operated over the whole MBT plateau. The largest difference in engine-out emissions between the fuels was the filtered smoke number (FSN), as the gasoline fuels produced a much lower FSN value than MK1. Higher RON value gave higher levels of carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbon (HC) for the gasoline fuels, while MK1 had the lowest levels of these emissions.