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1
Nilsson, Victor, Joakim Nordstrom, and Krister Bredmar. "The Need for Liquidity and the Capital Structure of Swedish Banks Following the Financial Crisis." International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486) 3, no. 2 (April 21, 2014): 10–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijfbs.v3i1.181.
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Banks had a large part in the developments taking place in the years after the outbreak of the crisis in 2007, as many banks had an excessively low capital base, involving too much risk in its businesses. In this study, the largest four banks in Sweden have been investigated. The financial crisis affected the banks differently, depending on the markets of expansion. Excessive risk-taking has been found, where one bank expanded aggressively into new markets and did not appreciate the risks on these new markets. CEO compensation and risk seeking boards are factors that might have caused such behaviour. All of the banks have made noticeable changes to their capital structure, increasing it annually, accompanied by a risk-reduction movement in their assets to improve the stability in most of the banks. The new regulation’s focus on both quality and quantity is in accordance with the views that are expressed in the framework. The banks have altered their goals to levels several per cent above the regulations, in contrast to before the crisis when they were often as close as possible. The impact of the new liquidity regulations has been limited, as the banks continue to work with their internal measures. The banks have all changed their view of capital ratio and liquidity, where many of the banks have doubled the amount of these posts and now find these measures to be both beneficial and a way to gain trust and stability.
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Nilsson, Victor, Joakim Nordstrom, and Krister Bredmar. "The Need for Liquidity and the Capital Structure of Swedish Banks Following the Financial Crisis." International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486) 3, no. 2 (January 19, 2016): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/.v3i2.181.
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<p><em>Banks had a large part in the developments taking place in the years after the outbreak of the crisis in 2007, as many banks had an excessively low capital base, involving too much risk in its businesses. In this study, the largest four banks in Sweden have been investigated. The financial crisis affected the banks differently, depending on the markets of expansion. Excessive risk-taking has been found, where one bank expanded aggressively into new markets and did not appreciate the risks on these new markets. CEO compensation and risk seeking boards are factors that might have caused such behaviour. All of the banks have made noticeable changes to their capital structure, increasing it annually, accompanied by a risk-reduction movement in their assets to improve the stability in most of the banks. The new regulation’s focus on both quality and quantity is in accordance with the views that are expressed in the framework. The banks have altered their goals to levels several per cent above the regulations, in contrast to before the crisis when they were often as close as possible. The impact of the new liquidity regulations has been limited, as the banks continue to work with their internal measures. The banks have all changed their view of capital ratio and liquidity, where many of the banks have doubled the amount of these posts and now find these measures to be both beneficial and a way to gain trust and stability.</em><em></em></p>
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Heard, Christopher, Flavio M. Menezes, and Alicia N. Rambaldi. "The dynamics of bank location decisions in Australia." Australian Journal of Management 43, no. 2 (September 6, 2017): 241–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0312896217717572.
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This article exploits a large panel to study trends in, and determinants of, the decisions made by the four largest Australian banks about whether to establish or maintain branch- and automated teller machine (ATM)-level presence in a local market between 2002 and 2013. These decisions are potentially important for competition in local banking markets. Our analysis suggests that past presence is the most important factor for explaining current presence in a particular local market. Moreover, we present evidence that the four largest banks co-locate branches. The relationship between the location of other (smaller) banks and the location of the four largest banks is less clear; there is some limited evidence that this relationship is negative for two of the four largest banks. Our results also suggest that the four largest banks displayed changed behaviour in terms of their branch location decisions after the global financial crisis and that the changes differed between banks. Our analysis of ATM location decisions reveals that the four largest banks follow different strategies. These results suggest that Australian banks did not shy away from this limited form of competition, either before or after the global financial crisis (GFC). JEL Classification: C23, D43, G21, L13
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Van der Westhuizen, Gerhardus. "Bank Productivity And Sources Of Efficiency Change: A Case Of The Four Largest Banks In South Africa." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 12, no. 2 (January 31, 2013): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v12i2.7625.
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The Malmquist productivity index was utilised to estimate the total factor productivity and productivity change of the four largest banks in South Africa for the period 1994 to 2010. Total factor productivity change can be decomposed into efficiency change and technological change, which allow for determining the sources of total factor productivity change. Various changes in the South African banking scene impacted on the average productivity of the banks. The four banks experienced, on average, regress in total factor productivity as well as regress in technological change, the latter indicating a lack of innovation. The four banks operated, on average, in the proximity of fully technical efficiency. For various reasons, South Africa still has a large unbanked community.
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Van der Westhuizen, Gerhardus. "Bank Efficiency And Financial Ratios: Rating The Performance Of The Four Largest South African Banks." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 30, no. 1 (December 30, 2013): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v30i1.8286.
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Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) in conjunction with financial ratios is used to estimate and compare the performance of the four largest South African banks over the period 2001 to 2011. DEA is used to estimate the relative technical, allocative, cost and scale efficiencies and compare these estimates to certain financial ratios published by the banks in their financial statements. These ratios include return on equity (ROE), return on assets (ROA), net interest margin (NIM), impairment losses, etc. The results obtained from the efficiency estimates and the financial ratios are used to rate the banks according to these performances. The rating differs depending on which performance measure is applied. A combination of these measures was necessary to determine the best and the worst performing bank. From the results obtained it appears that profitability and efficiency are two sides of the same coin.
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Hwa, Erh-Cheng, and Yang Lei. "China's Banking Reform and Profitability." Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 13, no. 02 (June 2010): 215–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091510001925.
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Just as the worse global financial crisis since the Second World War threatens the survival of many global financial giants, the strong financial performance of the Chinese banks stands out. The record profits of Chinese banks are commendable considering that they were considered insolvent not too long ago. The paper reviews the reform strategy of Chinese state commercial banks and its implementation, as well as their strong financial performance in 2007 based upon the four largest listed state commercial banks. Even though a strong economy may have boosted performance, banking reform should have played a significant role in turning around Chinese banks.
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Alkhouli, Samer. "The Effect of Banks Website Service Quality and E-satisfaction on E-loyalty: An Empirical Study on Swedish Banks." International Journal of Business and Management 13, no. 1 (December 18, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v13n1p1.
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The increase in internet use in Sweden provides the country’s banking industry with an important commercial opportunity. High websites service quality (website SQ) and electronic satisfaction (e-satisfaction) are vital if the banks are to keep and guarantee their customers’ electronic loyalty (e-loyalty). The purpose of this study is to provide empirical evidence of the association between website SQ and e-satisfaction, and the impact of both on e-loyalty in Swedish banks. The author used the E-S-QUAL model to measure the four dimensions of website SQ: fulfilment, availability, efficiency and privacy. Questionnaires were sent to 450 customers, of which 213 were returned, either in-person or online. The results showed that website SQ and e-satisfaction have a strong positive correlation with e-loyalty. The relationship between website SQ and e-satisfaction should be continuously measured, and website processes reviewed in line with advances in ICT and changes in levels of e-loyalty. This study gives feedback to these banks on their website SQ, helping them avoid shortcomings and keep their customers satisfied and loyal. Customers with high levels of e-satisfaction have significantly higher levels of e-loyalty compared to those with low levels.
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Muharam, Harjum, and Erwin Erwin. "Measuring Systemic Risk of Banking in Indonesia: Conditional Value at Risk Model Application." Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi 6, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 301–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v6i2.5296.
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Systemic risk is a risk of collapse of the financial system that would cause the financial system is not functioning properly. Measurement of systemic risk in the financial institutions, especially banks are crucial, because banks are highly vulnerable to financial crisis. In this study, to estimate the conditional value-at-risk (CoVaR) used quantile regression. Samples in this study of 9 banks have total assets of the largest in Indonesia. Testing the correlation between VaR and ΔCoVaR in this study using Spearman correlation and Kendall's Tau. There are five banks that have a significant correlation between VaR and ΔCoVaR, meanwhile four others banks in the sample did not have a significant correlation. However, the correlation coefficient is below 0.50, which indicates that there is a weak correlation between VaR and CoVaR.DOI: 10.15408/sjie.v6i2.5296
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Toci, Valentin, and Iraj Hashi. "Intermediation Efficiency of Banks in South-East Europe." International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486) 2, no. 3 (July 21, 2013): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijfbs.v2i3.151.
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By employing non-parametric methods, namely Data Envelopment Analysis and Malmquist Index, this paper investigates efficiency of banks using a database of almost all banks in four countries in South-East Europe. The superior efficiency of foreignowned banks in intermediation is supported. It is argued that the improvement in efficiency of banks originated from the change in technology rather than scale and technical efficiency, and banks on average have not been able to catch-up with best-performers, thus widening the efficiency gap. The largest sources of inefficiency are found to be cost and scale inefficiencies and lending shortfalls. Because of its peculiarities, Kosovo banking sector is assessed relative to other economies. Findings suggest that despite some improvements, the banking system in Kosovo remained less efficient. A number of policy implications emanate from the findings, aiming at enhancing the intermediation efficiency of banks in the context of South-East European transition.
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Tolstoy, Daniel, and Björn Axelsson. "The development of international purchasing capabilities: a comparative study of the four largest Swedish construction firms." International Journal of Construction Management 18, no. 2 (May 5, 2017): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2017.1301027.
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Temnerud, J., A. Düker, S. Karlsson, B. Allard, K. Bishop, J. Fölster, and S. Köhler. "Spatial patterns of some trace elements in four Swedish stream networks." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 5 (May 15, 2012): 5719–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-5719-2012.
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Abstract. Four river basins in Southern Sweden, catchment size 0.3 to maximum 127 km2 (median 1.9), were sampled in October 2007. The 243 samples were analysed for 26 trace elements (Ag, As, Au, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ga, Ge, In, La, Li, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, Tl, Ti, U, V and Zn) to identify spatial patterns within drainage networks. The sampling design made it possible to compare the difference between 40 stream reaches, 53 stream junctions with 107 tributaries vs. downstream reaches and 36 lakes with 77 inlets vs. outlets comparisons. The largest concentration differences (at reaches, junctions and lakes) were observed for lakes, with outlets usually having lower concentration compared to the inlets for As, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Ga, Ge, Ni, Pb, Sn, Ti, Tl, U, V and Zn. Significantly lower concentrations were observed for Co and Cd when comparing headwaters with downstream sites in each catchment. We found no evidence for elevated concentration of heavy metals Cd, Cu, Zn or Pb in the two acidified areas of South-west Sweden. Common factor analysis revealed that As, Bi, Cr, Ga, Ge, Tl, V co-vary positively with Al, Fe and total organic carbon (TOC) and negatively with La, Li and pH. A better understanding of the quantitative removal of organic carbon and iron will aid in understanding metal fluxes from landscapes rich in organic matter and iron.
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Kurzer, Paulette. "The Politics of Central Banks: Austerity and Unemployment in Europe." Journal of Public Policy 8, no. 1 (January 1988): 21–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00006838.
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ABSTRACTThis article examines the divergences in labor market-performances in four small, open economies: Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Sweden. It argues that great unemployment in Belgium and the Netherlands is partly due to the implementation of deflationary policies during the 1980s. The decline of Keynesian intervention in Belgium and the Netherlands is traced to the institutional independence of their central banks to set monetary and exchange rate policies separate from government. Because the Swedish and Austrian central banks are more integrated in the policy process and their countries are not members of the Common Market or the European Monetary System, social democratic governments have been able to go against the European trend of monetary restrictiveness and fiscal austerity. Accordingly, business in Austria and Sweden is more optimistic about future profit returns and is more willing to invest in productive capital, resulting in lower unemployment.
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Temnerud, J., A. Düker, S. Karlsson, B. Allard, K. Bishop, J. Fölster, and S. Köhler. "Spatial patterns of some trace elements in four Swedish stream networks." Biogeosciences 10, no. 3 (March 1, 2013): 1407–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1407-2013.
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Abstract. Four river basins in southern Sweden, with catchment sizes from 0.3 to 127 km2 (median 1.9), were sampled in October~2007. The 243 samples were analysed for 26 trace elements (Ag, As, Au, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ga, Ge, In, La, Li, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, Tl, Ti, U, V and Zn) to identify spatial patterns within drainage networks. The range and median of each element were defined for different stream orders, and relationships to catchment characteristics, including deposition history, were explored. The sampling design made it possible to compare the differences along 40 stream reaches, above and below 53 stream junctions with 107 tributaries and between the 77 inlets and outlets of 36 lakes. The largest concentration differences (at reaches, junctions and lakes) were observed for lakes, with outlets usually having lower concentration compared to the inlets for As, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Ga, Ge, Ni, Pb, Sn, Ti, Tl, U, V and Zn. Significantly lower concentrations were observed for Cd and Co when comparing headwaters with downstream sites in each catchment. Common factor analysis (FA) revealed that As, Bi, Cr, Ga, Ge, Tl and V co-vary positively with Al, Fe and total organic carbon (TOC) and negatively with La, Li and pH. The strong removal of a large number of trace elements when passing through lakes is evident though in the FA, where lake surface coverage plots opposite to many of those elements. Forest volume does not respond in a similar systematic fashion and, surprisingly, the amount of wetland does not relate strongly to either Fe or TOC at any of the rivers. A better understanding of the quantitative removal of organic carbon and iron will aid in understanding trace element fluxes from landscapes rich in organic matter and iron.
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Couto, Gualter, Pedro Pimentel, and Luís Toste. "Financial Products in Portugal." Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jcbtp-2019-0024.
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Abstract The offerings of financial products to investors have evolved considerably over the last decades. This study was undertaken to understand the importance of financial products in Portugal for banks and private clients. Different financial products can provide to banks an important role on their revenues and liquidity. For clients allows to invest their savings according the risk, complexity and potential return they pretend be exposed. Financial products can be divided into four groups: deposits, investment funds, securities, and insurance banking. The six largest banks with Portuguese headquarters were identified based on an analysis of net asset value, and the products offered were analyzed. It was found that on an overall basis, the offerings of financial products available in banks are rather diverse and, at the same time, uniform. It was also noted that investment decisions are dependent on investors and that there are financial innovations that attract differentiated savings.
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Md Isa, Mohamad Azwan, Ruziah A Latif, Zaibedah Zaharum, Ferri Nasrul, and Mohd Khairul Ariff Noh. "INTERNAL FACTORS INFLUENCING COMMERCIAL BANKS’ LENDING BEHAVIOUR IN MALAYSIA." Advanced International Journal of Banking, Accounting and Finance 1, no. 1 (December 15, 2019): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/aijbaf.11005.
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Commercial banks play a pivotal role as a financial intermediary in mobilizing funds among the sectors such as private households, business firms, and the government. Investment activities, business expansion, and industrial development depend largely on the funds, without which a country’s economy will be stagnant and even worse the economy is going to be in catastrophe. Apparently, lending activity is the core business of commercial banks that contributes the largest income proportion to the banks. Therefore, this paper aims to examine the four specific internal factors influencing the commercial banks’ lending behaviour. Sampling from the year 2009 to 2018, this study evidences that the volume of deposit, level of liquidity and bank size significantly influences the lending behaviour of commercial banks in Malaysia after the 2007/2008 global financial crisis. Specifically, the volume of deposit and non-performing loans negatively influence the banks’ lending behaviour whereas the level of liquidity and bank size pose positive impacts on lending behaviour. These findings are very beneficial to the commercial banks, the Central Bank of Malaysia (BNM), depositors or shareholders as well as business firms in planning, formulating appropriate policies and ultimately making well-informed decisions in the future.
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Coetzee, Johan. "Personal or remote interaction? Banking the unbanked in South Africa." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 12, no. 4 (April 26, 2011): 448–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v12i4.188.
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The Financial Sector Charter (FSC) requires South African retail banks to provide retail products and services to the rural-based unbanked. The challenge is deciding whether or not banking the unbanked must be pursued through personal or remote channels. This study considers the challenge facing the four largest South African retail banks. It investigated trends in servicing this market since the effective date of the Charter. It found that banks are currently using an integrated approach combining personal and remote interaction and emphasising the promotion of financial literacy. It remains to be seen whether this approach truly adds value for the unbanked. It is recommended that further research be done to establish exactly what the behavioural characteristics of the unbanked are over a period of continuous use of bank products and services.
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Mthembu, Zoleka, and Seugnet Bronkhorst. "Effect of value-added services on transactional behaviour." Business and Management Review 11, no. 02 (December 15, 2020): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24052/bmr/v11nu02/art-18.
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Traditional banking methods evolved and include services as a method of differentiation, reducing operating costs, and providing additional benefits to the customer. Banks re-invented themselves and provide innovative solutions to remain competitive. This research explores whether using value added services contributed to changes in transactional banking behaviour and was done in one of the largest banks in South Africa over a period of four months. Two banking products in the youth customer segment were selected. The control group received one treatment at the beginning of the four-month period, and the experimental group received a further three treatments at different times of each month. Two data sets (1) VAS usage and (2) bank transactions were analysed. The results showed that the intervention had a positive effect on transactional banking behaviour. Additional causative factors were identified that increased the usage of value-added services and increased transactional banking behaviour.
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Ristanti, Erakusari Dheni, and Fitri Ismiyanti. "Determinants Of Profitability Of 10 Big Banks In Indonesia With Eagles Analysis." JBMP (Jurnal Bisnis, Manajemen dan Perbankan) 7, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/jbmp.v7i1.1283.
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This study aims to identify the determinants of profitability of the 10 largest banks in Indonesia over 10 years (2010 to 2019). These 10 banks were selected because they are the beacon of health to the national banking sector and the economy. The EAGLES framework was applied to the analysis. A multiple regression equation was formulated using SPSS software to analyze the strength of correlation of nine independent financial indicators to the dependent variable, return of assets (ROA). These financial indicators are listed as Non-Performing Loan (NPL), Non-Performing Loan Growth (NPLG), Loan Growth (LG), Deposit Growth (DG), Staff Cost Growth (SCG), Loan Deposit Ratio (LDR), Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Net Interest Margin (NIM), and Net Interest Margin / Net Operating Cost (NIM-NOC). The analysis found four independent financial indicators that are statistically significant as having a strong association with the ROA. The contribution of the finding is that the Indonesian banks can be guided to focus on these four indicators on their management dashboard to steer their profitable growth. Another contribution is that the central bank authorities can also be informed of these same indicators as a tool to manage the safety of the Indonesian banking sector.
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Wahlberg, Olof, Peter Öhman, and Christer Strandberg. "How personal advisors make a difference in serving “almost rich” bank customers." International Journal of Bank Marketing 34, no. 6 (September 5, 2016): 904–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbm-03-2015-0027.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore mass affluent customer perceptions of the service quality delivered by personal advisors and banks, and the contributions of personal advisors and banks to customer satisfaction; and also to analyse the strength of the relationship between customer satisfaction with personal advisors and banks. Design/methodology/approach A survey composed of items designed to mirror service quality practices used in the mass affluent segment was administered to customers of a major Swedish bank. Statistical analyses of the responses were performed. Findings Four service quality dimensions are identified as salient to customer satisfaction: interpersonal behaviour, knowledge, service portfolio, and trust. The relative importance of these dimensions depends on whether customer satisfaction with the personal advisor or the bank is focused. Moreover, the analysis indicates a double “rubbing off” effect where customer satisfaction with the personal advisor influences customer satisfaction with the bank and vice versa. Originality/value The unexplored separation of service quality provided by the bank and the personal advisor is central to perceived service quality. The study focuses on customer satisfaction in the mass affluent segment, which is an unexplored context different from retail banking.
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Charlton, G., and B. Marx. "An investigation into the impact of continuous auditing on the external auditors of the four largest banks in South Africa." South African Journal of Accounting Research 23, no. 1 (January 2009): 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10291954.2009.11435139.
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van der Lee, Angela, and Edith G. Smit. "Advertising framed." Document Design 2, no. 2 (August 17, 2001): 156–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dd.2.2.06lee.
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The advertising frameworks developed by Hall and Maclay (1991) and Franzen (1994) can be seen as capturing the strategies used most frequently by today’s advertisers. Although based on extensive practical experience, their empirical basis has hardly been touched upon in academic research. To answer the question to what extent the advertising frameworks exist in practice, the authors conducted an exploratory study signifying the presence of such models. Based on an analysis of 16 commercials from the four largest Dutch banks (N = 1101), some frameworks proved to be more ’popular’ than others were. While for each bank a dominant framework could be identied, different banks employed different models. Within Financial Service Advertising, characteristics of the frameworks were found to affect the effectiveness of a campaign in different ways, sometimes facilitating one effect while impeding another. Also, more general content characteristics with regard to brand name and type of endorsement were found to signicantly influence advertising effectiveness.
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Hasan, Zulfikar. "Market Share Islamic Banking In Indonesia." IQTISHADUNA: Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Kita 8, no. 1 (June 19, 2019): 124–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.46367/iqtishaduna.v8i1.157.
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At the end of 2016, the Islamic banking market share stood at 356.5 trillion Indonesian rupiahs ($26.7 billion), equivalent to 5.03 per cent of the total banking sector’s assets. Islamic banking assets have risen faster year-on-year compared to conventional banking, registering a growth of 8.8 per cent in 2015 and 20.3 per cent in 2016. The performance of the Islamic banking industry in Indonesia has yet to satisfy the public’s expectations. Although with a market of more than 200 million Muslims, Islamic banks in Indonesia still face difficulties luring more customers and increasing their assets. For three consecutive years, the market share of the sharia banks in the country stood still at less than 5 per cent. According to the Global Advisors Islamic Finance Outlook Report for 2016, no Indonesian Islamic banks were ranked in the top five largest banks based on assets in Southeast Asia. This is an alarming situation for the industry and regulators. Thus, it evokes a question: Is the market becoming saturated for Islamic finance? This study aims to determine the factors that affect the market share of Islamic banks in Indonesia. With a focus on four main items, Islamic banking regulations, Islamic banking inclusion and literacy are still low from conventional banks, Islamic banking still does not have sufficient capital and the number and quality of Human Resources (HR) that are inadequate. This study uses an analytical descriptive study is to describe and analyzed data obtained based on primary and secondary data. While the method used is normative and focused on the study of literature, which is then analyzed qualitatively juridical.
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Giorgis Sahile, Solomon W., Daniel Kipkirong Tarus, and Thomas Kimeli Cheruiyot. "Market structure-performance hypothesis in Kenyan banking industry." International Journal of Emerging Markets 10, no. 4 (September 21, 2015): 697–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-12-2012-0178.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test market structure-performance hypothesis in banking industry in Kenya. Specifically, the structure-conduct-performance (SCP) and market efficiency hypotheses were examined to determine how market concentration and efficiency affect bank performance in Kenya. Design/methodology/approach – The study used secondary data of 44 commercial banks operating from 2000 to 2009. Three proxies to measure bank performance were used while market concentration and market share were used as proxies for market structure. Market concentration was measured using two concentration measures; the concentration ratio of the four largest banks (CR4) and Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, while market share was used as a proxy for efficiency. The study made use of generalized least square regression method. Findings – The empirical results confirm that market efficiency hypothesis is a predictor of firm performance in the banking sector in Kenya and rejects the traditional SCP hypothesis. Thus, the results support the view that efficient banks maximize profitability. Practical implications – The study provides insights into the role of efficiency in enhancing profitability in commercial banks in Kenya. It has managerial implication that profitable banks ought to be efficient and dispels the notion of collusive behavior as a precursor for profitability. Originality/value – The paper fills an important gap in the extant literature by proving insights into what determines bank profitability in banking sector in Kenya. Although this area is rich in research, little work has been conducted in the developing economies and in particular no study in the knowledge has addressed this critical issue in Kenya.
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Chan, Sok-Gee, Eric H. Y. Koh, and Mohd Zaini Abd Karim. "The Chinese banks’ directors and their risk-taking behavior." Chinese Management Studies 10, no. 2 (June 6, 2016): 291–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cms-10-2015-0226.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of the directors’ socioeconomic backgrounds on the risk-taking behavior of the listed commercial banks in China. Design/methodology/approach The generalized least square method and Arellano and Bover’s (1995) generalized method of moment were used to study the relationship between the directors’ socioeconomic backgrounds and bank risk-taking behavior. The sample studied consists of 16 listed commercial banks in China from 2003 to 2011. Findings It was found that smaller board sizes and higher percentage of independent directors contribute to lower risk-taking. The results also indicate that banks are better off with boards that have gender diversity, government affiliation and higher average age because they enhance problem-solving and market insights facilitate adherence to government or regulatory policies and help reduce the banks’ risks. Research limitations/implications Future studies may consider including non-public-listed banks, pre-2003 data and analyses of the agencies to which the government-affiliated directors are or were attached. Practical implications The paper suggests that corporate governance reform initiatives with closely monitored implementation and phased liberalization contributed toward the banking industry’s resilience. Implications for management include that boards of directors with better quality, sufficient independence, gender diversity, government affiliation and maturity will help reduce risks. Social implications This study may facilitate the decision-making for the bank management and policymakers on the selection of best directors in the Chinese banking sector. The Chinese banking system serves as a plausible role model for consideration, given that four of its banks have now leapfrogged to be among the top ten largest banking institutions after the global financial crisis. Originality/value The study covers a wide range of socioeconomic backgrounds of the board of directors which are crucial in influencing the behavior of the board in banking operations.
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Elliot, Viktor Hugo. "Institutional entrepreneurship and change." Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change 12, no. 2 (June 6, 2016): 223–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jaoc-06-2013-0059.
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Purpose Using Arroyo’s (2012) institutional entrepreneurship (IE) framework, the purpose of this paper is to enhance our understanding of how top managers interpret change in the macro-political and economic environment and integrate it into their performance management systems (PMSs). Design/methodology/approach The paper combines multiple data sources to study PMS change in the big four Swedish banks over the deregulations’ first quarter of a century. Findings The findings support previous research by identifying IE as a collective phenomenon. Moreover, it points to the importance of distinguishing between different types of field-level events, when investigating change initiated by such events. Finally, the findings also indicate that change at different levels of analysis have separate timings, advising future research on change to pay closer attention to the aspect of time. Social implications The paper tests Arroyo’s (2012) multi-level framework in an accounting setting and specifically focuses on top managers’ interpretation and integration of field-level events. It does so in the specific context of banks and thereby contributes to our understanding of how different field-level events affect banks’ PMS. In the post-financial crisis era, organizational and accounting scholars should engage time and effort to better understand this complex industry, not least to advice policymakers and regulators in the ongoing re-regulation of the financial markets. Originality/value Inspired by organizational studies of IE, this paper uses a longer time-frame and includes more organizations, than conventional management accounting case studies. By studying a field, rather than a single organization, the paper opens up to a “wider perspective” on PMS change.
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Tryshak, Lidiia, Oleksandra Romashko, and Nataliia Krykhivska. "Current Issues of Stability of the State-Owned Banks Deposit Base." Accounting and Finance, no. 3(89) (2020): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.33146/2307-9878-2020-3(89)-83-90.
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The effectiveness of the functioning of the banking system of any state is determined by the sufficiency of the resource base, mainly formed from deposit sources. The purpose of the article is to assess the state and development trends of the deposit base of state commercial banks of Ukraine, which are the four largest banking institutions in terms of assets and liabilities. The concept of a deposit was highlighted and three basic approaches to the interpretation of this definition were identified. The assessment of the deposit activities of state-owned banks in terms of volume and structure during 2017-2019 was carried out. The results of the analysis show a positive trend towards an increase in the value of deposit resources of all state-owned banks, except for JSC “Ukreximbank”. For the stability of the resource base of commercial banks, the dominance of the share of term deposit funds over demand deposits is necessary. During 2017-2019 such dominance took place in JSC “State Savings Bank of Ukraine” and JSC “Ukreximbank”. The problems of balancing the structure of deposit resources by the terms of attraction were found in JSC CB “Privatbank” and JSC “Ukrgasbank”. As is known a qualitative assessment of the stability of deposit operations is possible only when analyzing a set of relative analytical coefficients. So, the article presents the main indicators that can be used to analyze the effectiveness of the use of attracted resources by banking institutions. Based on the analysis of indicators for assessing term and current deposits, the features of the functioning of the market for deposits of state-owned banks during 2019 were characterized. It was determined that the positive dynamics in the organization of the deposit activities of Ukrainian state banks is the result of an effective deposit policy. Even with low deposit rates, the volume of the deposit portfolio has increased in recent years, which indicates a gradual restoration of the confidence of depositors in the domestic banking system.
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Sorongan, Fangky A. "ANALISIS PENGARUH CAR, LOAN, GDP DAN INFLASI TERHADAP PROFITABILITAS BANK DI INDONESIA." Jurnal Akuntansi 10, no. 2 (April 1, 2017): 116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25170/jara.v10i2.42.
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This study aims to examine the relationship between bank profitability and the factors that affect the level of profitability of the banking system in Indonesia. The population and samples used in this study are ten banks with the largest total assets in Indonesia such as BRI, Bank Mandiri, BCA, BNI, CIMB Niaga, BTN, Bank Panin, Bank Permata, Maybank and Bank Danamon, with observation year 2012 until by 2015. Dependent variable is profitability represented by return on asset (ROA), while four independent variables are CAR (capital adequacy ratio), LOAN, GDP (gross domestic product) and inflation. The result of regression analysis shows that CAR, LOAN, GDP have important contribution significantly to profitability (ROA) in bank in Indonesia, while the inflation variable has no significant and negative effect on profitability (ROA).
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Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, and Ralph W. Holzenthal. "Phylogeny of Polycentropodidae Ulmer, 1903 (Trichoptera:Annulipalpia:Psychomyioidea) inferred from larval, pupal and adult characters." Invertebrate Systematics 25, no. 3 (2011): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is10024.
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Phylogeny of Polycentropodidae Ulmer is inferred based on data from immature and adult stages. Larval information is unknown for 61% of the taxa included in this study. To understand the effects of including characters with large sets of missing data, three alternative datasets were analysed using parsimony and Bayesian methods. Five outgroup taxa, including the four families in Psychomyioidea and the single family in Hydropsychoidea, were used in all datasets. Monophyly of Polycentropodidae, as currently defined, was rejected and the monophyly of the three largest cosmopolitan genera, Polycentropus, Polyplectropus and Nyctiophylax, was not confirmed. Monophyly of Pseudoneureclipsinae, including the genera Antillopsyche and Pseudoneureclipsis, was supported in all analyses. The placement of Pseudoneureclipsis within Dipseudopsidae was rejected. Monophyly of Kambaitipsychinae was supported, but its placement within Polycentropodidae was not confirmed. Analyses were sensitive to either inclusion or exclusion of characters from immature stages. Based on the results of these analyses, the following taxonomic changes are established: Kambaitipsychidae, stat. nov. and Pseudoneureclipsidae, stat. nov. are elevated to family status. North American Polycentropus species originally described in either Plectrocnemia or Holocentropus are returned to their original combinations and North American species described in Polycentropus post-1944 are transferred to either Holocentropus or Plectrocnemia. The following new or reinstated combinations are proposed: Plectrocnemia albipuncta Banks, comb. rev.; Plectrocnemia aureola Banks, comb. rev.; Plectrocnemia cinerea (Hagen), comb. rev.; Plectrocnemia clinei Milne, comb. rev.; Plectrocnemia crassicornis (Walker), comb. rev.; Plectrocnemia jenula (Denning) comb. nov.; Plectrocnemia icula (Ross), comb. nov.; Plectrocnemia nascotia (Ross), comb. nov.; Plectrocnemia remota (Banks), comb. rev.; Plectrocnemia sabulosa (Leonard & Leonard), comb. nov.; Plectrocnemia smithae (Denning), comb. nov.; Plectrocnemia vigilatrix Navás, comb. rev.; Plectrocnemia weedi (Blickle & Morse), comb. nov.; Holocentropus chellus (Denning), comb. nov.; Holocentropus flavus Banks, comb. nov.; Holocentropus glacialis Ross, comb. rev.; Holocentropus grellus Milne, comb. rev.; Holocentropus interruptus Banks, comb. rev.; Holocentropus melanae Ross, comb. rev.; Holocentropus milaca (Etnier), comb. nov.; and Holocentropus picicornis (Stephens), comb. rev.
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ROSE, EDWIN D. "Specimens, slips and systems: Daniel Solander and the classification of nature at the world's first public museum, 1753–1768." British Journal for the History of Science 51, no. 2 (April 15, 2018): 205–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087418000249.
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AbstractThe British Museum, based in Montague House, Bloomsbury, opened its doors on 15 January 1759, as the world's first state-owned public museum. The Museum's collection mostly originated from Sir Hans Sloane (1660–1753), whose vast holdings were purchased by Parliament shortly after his death. The largest component of this collection was objects of natural history, including a herbarium made up of 265 bound volumes, many of which were classified according to the late seventeenth-century system of John Ray (1627–1705). The 1750s saw the emergence of Linnaean binomial nomenclature, following the publication of Carl Linnaeus' Species Plantarum (1753) and Systema Naturae (1758). In order to adopt this new system for their collections, the Trustees of the British Museum chose to employ the Swedish naturalist and former student of Linnaeus, Daniel Solander (1733–1782) to reclassify the collection. Solander was ordered to devise a new system for classifying and cataloguing Sloane's natural history collection, which would allow both Linnaeans and those who followed earlier systems to access it. Solander's work was essential for allowing the British Museum to realize its aim of becoming a public centre of learning, adapting the collection to reflect the diversity of classificatory practices which were existent by the 1760s. This task engaged Solander until 1768, when he received an offer from Joseph Banks (1743–1820) to accompany him on HMS Endeavour to the Pacific.
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Ifeacho, Christopher, and Harold Ngalawa. "Performance Of The South African Banking Sector Since 1994." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 30, no. 4 (June 30, 2014): 1183. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v30i4.8663.
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This study investigates the impact of bank-specific variables and selected macroeconomic variables on the South African banking sector for the period 1994-2011 using the capital adequacy, asset quality, management, earnings, and liquidity (CAMEL) model of bank performance evaluation. The study employs data in annual frequency from South Africas four largest banks, namely, ABSA, First National Bank, Nedbank, and Standard Bank. These banks account for over 70% of South Africas banking assets. Using return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) as measures of bank performance, the study finds that all bank-specific variables are statistically significant determinants of bank performance. Specifically, the study shows that asset quality, management quality, and liquidity have a positive effect on both measures of bank performance, which is consistent with a priori theoretical expectations. Capital adequacy, however, exhibits a surprising significant negative relationship with ROA, while its relationship with ROE is significant and positive as expected. Except for interest rates (in the ROA model), unemployment rate (in the ROA model), and the rate of inflation (in the ROE model), the rest of the macroeconomic variables are statistically insignificant. The study reveals that bank performance is positively related to interest rates and negatively related to unemployment rates and interest rates.
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Riris, Philip, and José Oliver. "Patterns of Style, Diversity, and Similarity in Middle Orinoco Rock Art Assemblages." Arts 8, no. 2 (April 2, 2019): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts8020048.
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The area encompassed by the Orinoco river basin is home to some of the largest and most diverse rock art sites in lowland South America. In this paper, we aim to formally describe the spatial distribution and stylistic attributes of rock engravings and paintings on both banks of the Orinoco, centred on the Átures Rapids. Drawing on an exhaustive literature review and four years of field survey, we identify salient aspects of this corpus by investigating patterns of diversity and similarity. Based on a stylistic classification of Middle Orinoco rock art, this permits us to discuss potential links, as well as notable discontinuities, within the assemblage and possibly further afield. We consider the theoretical implications of our work for the study of pre-Columbian art and conclude with some suggestions for advances in methods for achieving the goal of deriving broader syntheses.
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Wycliffe, Muli, Mulwa Jonathan, Goko Tabby, Ngunjiri Ruth, and Samson Kitheka. "Financial Deepening And Economic Competitiveness In Kenya: The Strides To Being An Economic Power House." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 6, no. 2 (October 15, 2013): 817–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijmit.v6i2.737.
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Economists have long held the view that financial deepening and economic development are closely intertwined. Kenyas development blue print, Vision 2030, is anchored on this belief and aims to create a vibrant, globally competitive financial sector, envisioning Kenya as a leading financial centre in Eastern and Southern Africa. Using descriptive survey design, this study investigated the state of financial deepening in Kenya and how this enhances the countrys economic competitiveness. Data was collected from a key informant in the four largest banks by asset base that have subsidiaries/branches in other East African countries using a structured questionnaire. It focused on Mobile banking, Agency banking and credit referencing as indicators of financial deepening and established that Kenya has made remarkable strides in financial deepening, which has enhanced the countrys competitiveness through wider access of financial services, reduced operation and transaction costs, product diversification, superior customer experience and reduced loan default rates.
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Costea, Adrian. "Classifying non-banking financial institutions based on their financial performance." Proceedings of the International Conference on Applied Statistics 1, no. 1 (October 1, 2019): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/icas-2019-0016.
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Abstract In this paper we evaluate comparatively the performance of non-banking financial institutions in Romania by the means of unsupervised neural networks in terms of Kohonen’ Self-Organizing Maps algorithm. We create a benchmarking model in the form of a two-dimensional map (a self-organizing map) that can be used to assess visually the performance of non-banking financial institutions based on different performance dimensions, such as capital adequacy, assets’ quality and profitability. We use the following indicators: Equity ratio (Leverage) for the capital adequacy dimension, Loans granted to clients (net value) / total assets (net value) for the assets’ quality dimension and Return on assets (ROA) for the profitability dimension. We have excluded from our analysis the other three dimensions used in evaluating the performance of banks, due to lack of data (for the two qualitative dimensions: quality of ownership and management) and irrelevance with the NFIs’ sector (liquidity). The proposed model is based on the Self-Organising Map algorithm which creates a two-dimensional map (e.g. 6x4 = 24 neurons) from p-dimensional input data. The data were collected for eleven non-banking financial institutions for four years 2007-2010, in total 44 observations. Using the visualization capabilities of the Self-Organising Map model and the trajectories we show the movements of the three non-banking financial institutions with the worst performance: the largest underperformer denoted with X, the second largest underperformer denoted with Y and the third largest underperformer denoted with Z between 2007 and 2010.
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Tengberg, Michael, and Christina Olin-Scheller. "Developing Critical Reading of Argumentative Text: Effects of a Comprehension Strategy Intervention." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 7, no. 4 (July 1, 2016): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0704.02.
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This article reports a single-group intervention study designed to improve critical reading proficiency among adolescents. Critical reading in the study is defined as 1) being able to identify written argumentative structure; 2) being able to analyze arguments in terms of relevance and sustainability; and 3) being able to evaluate argumentation through written, critical response. A multiple strategy approach for critical reading instruction was implemented over the course of six weeks (15 lessons) in four classes in Swedish 9th grade (N=74). Classroom activities included reading of argumentative texts, teacher modeling of three strategies (identifying, analyzing, and evaluating), frequent discussions, and response writing to argumentative texts. Results indicated that low and middle achievers made significant and large improvements from pretest to posttest, while for high achievers the intervention seemed to have no effect at all. Closer analysis also revealed that the ability to analyze arguments accounted for the largest proportion of improvement.
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Wennberg, Alexandra M., Mozhu Ding, Marcus Ebeling, Niklas Hammar, and Karin Modig. "Blood-Based Biomarkers and Long-term Risk of Frailty—Experience From the Swedish AMORIS Cohort." Journals of Gerontology: Series A 76, no. 9 (May 12, 2021): 1643–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glab137.
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Abstract Background Frailty is associated with reduced quality of life, poor health outcomes, and death. Past studies have investigated how specific biomarkers are associated with frailty but understanding biomarkers in concert with each other and the associated risk of frailty is critical for clinical application. Methods Using a sample aged ≥59 years at baseline from the Swedish AMORIS (Apolipoprotein MOrtality RISk) cohort (n = 19 341), with biomarkers measured at baseline (1985–1996), we conducted latent class analysis with 18 biomarkers and used Cox models to determine the association between class and frailty and all-cause mortality. Results Four classes were identified. Compared to the largest class, the Reference class (81.7%), all other classes were associated with increased risk of both frailty and mortality. The Anemia class (5.8%), characterized by comparatively lower iron markers and higher inflammatory markers, had hazard ratio (HR) = 1.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.38, 1.73 for frailty and HR = 1.76, 95% CI 1.65, 1.87 for mortality. The Diabetes class (6.5%) was characterized by higher glucose and fructosamine, and had HR = 1.59, 95% CI 1.43, 1.77 for frailty and HR = 1.74, 95% CI 1.64, 1.85 for mortality. Finally, the Liver class (6.0%), characterized by higher liver enzyme levels, had HR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.01, 1.30 for frailty and HR = 1.40, 95% CI 1.31, 1.50 for mortality. Sex-stratified analyses did not show any substantial differences between men and women. Conclusions Distinct sets of commonly available biomarkers were associated with development of frailty and monitoring these biomarkers in patients may allow for earlier detection and possible prevention of frailty, with the potential for improved quality of life.
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Repousis, Spyridon. "Is there banks stocks’ manipulation around announcement of national elections and how can we detect and recover ill gotten assets?" Journal of Money Laundering Control 17, no. 4 (October 7, 2014): 402–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-07-2013-0026.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of major non-economic events, such as the announcement of Greek national parliamentary elections during the period 2000-2009, and search for stock manipulation and methods to detect and recover ill gotten assets. The Financial Sector in Greece is one of the most important and fast growing sectors during recent years and accounts to about 16.17-17.74 per cent of gross domestic product. The ten largest Greek banks listed in the Athens Stock Exchange, accounted to 38.34 per cent of the whole capitalisation of the Athens Stock Exchange during year end 2009. Design/methodology/approach – By using event study methodology and Market Model and analyzing data of all Greek bank stocks prices listed in Athens Stock Exchange, before and after the announcement of four Greek national parliamentary elections during period 2000-2009, we find interesting results about stock market manipulation. Findings – Using daily data from the Athens Stock Exchange, the results of this paper claim that the four Greek national parliamentary elections during the period 2000-2009, had no statistically significant effect on the Greek banks stocks. The results show that Cumulative Average Abnormal Returns (CAARs) were slightly positive or negative for Greek banks’ stocks, but not statistically significant in 5 and 10 per cent confidence levels. Results show no manipulation effect in banks’ stocks even if single-party governments in Greece caused elections early, sudden or even opportunistic timing, having an incentive to attempt to manipulate stocks to increase their chances of re-election. Practical implications – Results show that CAARs were slightly positive or negative for Greek banks stocks, but not statistically significant in 5 and 10 per cent confidence levels, but when illicit funds or assets have been acquired from stock manipulation, as small as can be, then one fact remains constant. Proceeds from illicit activities must be disguised in some way to avoid being discovered and then being recovered. Especially, during current the financial crisis, debt crisis and the extraordinary liquidity support measures taken by the European Central Bank (ECB), International Monetary Fund (IMF) and European Commission to support Greek economy, using methods to detect and recover ill gotten assets are extremely important. Indirect methods such as net worth analysis, bank deposit analysis, expenditure method or sources and application of funds analysis, to detect ill gotten assets, and then when ill gotten income and assets from bank stock manipulation are found, a restraining order or court order will help to recovery assets by freezing and finally confiscating them by two types of forfeiture – criminal and civil forfeitures. Establishing a code of conduct informing employees of the risks and consequences of insider trading, creating a culture of honesty and high ethics and implementing Controlled Foreign Corporation legislation to cope with off-shore companies trading, can help to recover ill gotten assets. Originality/value – The paper examines if there is banks stocks manipulation around announcement of Greek national parliamentary elections during the period 2000-2009; suggesting methods to detect and recover ill gotten assets and improving the current position of the Greek economy. Findings offer important positive implications for investors, political analysts and society as a whole, as Greek banks stocks show that they are not subject to political risk and manipulation and that there are methods to detect and recover ill gotten assets. A stable bank sector is prerequisite for economy growth.
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Mulder, Clara H., Emma Lundholm, and Gunnar Malmberg. "Young Adults’ Migration to Cities in Sweden: Do Siblings Pave the Way?" Demography 57, no. 6 (November 30, 2020): 2221–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13524-020-00934-z.
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AbstractYoung adult internal migration forms a large share of the influx of people into large cities in the developed world. We investigate the role of the residential locations of siblings for young adults’ migration to large cities, using the case of Sweden and its four largest cities: Stockholm, Gothenburg, Malmö/Lund, and Uppsala. We use register data for the full Swedish-born population of young adults aged 18–28 living in Sweden in the years 2007–2013 and multinomial logistic regression analyses of migrating to each of the four cities or migrating elsewhere versus not migrating. Our point of departure is the paving-the-way hypothesis, which posits that young adults who have a sibling living at a migration destination are particularly likely to move to that destination, more so than to other destinations. Additional hypotheses are related to having more than one sibling in the city and to the gender of siblings living at the destination. We find support for the paving-the-way hypothesis and an additional effect for having more than one sibling in the city. Having a sibling of the same gender in a city matters more for moving there than having a sibling of the opposite gender.
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Hauff, Jeanette Carlsson, Anders Carlander, Amelie Gamble, Tommy Gärling, and Martin Holmen. "Breaking the ice of low financial involvement." International Journal of Bank Marketing 34, no. 2 (April 4, 2016): 151–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbm-03-2015-0034.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate how trust in the sender of financial information and a narrative vs fact-related format of the information influence intentions to save in a mutual fund. Design/methodology/approach – In Experiment 1, 186 undergraduates participate and in Experiment 2, 434 Swedish citizens between 18 and 70 years randomly chosen from a consumer panel. In both experiments participants are randomized to two conditions in which they are presented with the same information about a mutual fund in a narrative or a traditional fact-related format. In four different between-groups conditions crossed with information format, pre-tested descriptions of different fictitious banks are presented. The descriptions are combined in a fractional factorial design such that one bank is low in the three trust determinants of competence, benevolence and transparency, whereas the other three banks are high in one of the trust determinants but lower in the others. Ratings are made of the information with respect to how much positive affect the information evokes, interest in the message and intention to save in the mutual fund. Findings – In both experiments the narrative compared to the fact-based information format increases positive affect, interest and intention to save. Trust in the bank has an independent effect of increasing the intention to save. Practical implications – The narrative format of financial information may be key to increase involvement in financial choices but needs to be supplemented by a message that reinforces the positive affect and interest evoked by the format. Originality/value – A demonstration of how a narrative format of financial information and trust in the sender jointly influence intentions to save in a mutual fund.
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Dudzevičiūtė, Gitana, Agnė Šimelytė, and Aušra Liučvaitienė. "The application of smart cities concept for citizens of Lithuania and Sweden: comperative analysis." Independent Journal of Management & Production 8, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 1433. http://dx.doi.org/10.14807/ijmp.v8i4.659.
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Urbanization and expansion of cities requires new tools to improve the quality of life of city inhabitants for all areas from mobility to leisure activities. Thus, technological development and digitalisation have been introduced into infrastructures such as rails, roads, airports, bridges, tunnels and communications. Policy of smart cities concept focuses on economy, people, mobility, governance, environment, and living. Even more, implemented framework of smart cities stimulates sustainable economic development. Smart economy is a trigger for innovations and entrepreneurship. Installed measures of smart mobility reduce traffic jams and optimise transportation systems.This research attempts to assess and compare largest different cities of Lithuania and Sweden in the context of smart cities’ concept. Due to the shortage and mismatching statistical information, the paper is limited with only four following indicators: smart economy, smart mobility, smart environment, and smart governance. The analysis of indicators shows that Lithuanian major cities in all groups of criterion are below average while values of indicators in the case of Swedish major cities are much higher than average.
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Klotzki, Udo, Alexander Bohnert, Nadine Gatzert, and Ulrike Vogelgesang. "Economies of scale in European life insurance." Journal of Risk Finance 19, no. 2 (March 19, 2018): 190–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jrf-03-2017-0055.
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Purpose Due to the continuing low interest rate environment as well as the increase in acquisition costs, price transparency, cost transparency and competition with banks, the cost of life insurance becomes increasingly important for customers, insurers and shareholders. Against this background, the purpose of this paper is to study the development of insurers’ economies of scale in regard to administrative costs for four of the largest European life insurance markets. Design/methodology/approach The analysis on economies of scale is based on a comprehensive set of 477 life insurers in Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK, yearly data between 2000 and 2014, and regression calculations that are based on 4,855 observations. Findings The results show that economies of scale exist for all considered markets and for most of the considered years. However, the extent of economies of scale varies considerably across countries. Originality/value Overall, the existing academic literature on costs and corresponding economies of scale in life insurance primarily deals with analyses of total costs instead of administrative costs, a single year or a single market. This paper contributes to the existing literature by conducting an analysis of recent market dynamics and economies of scale in regard to administrative costs for the period from 2000 and 2014 for four of the largest European life insurance markets for which the respective data were available (Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK) and 477 life insurers in total. This is done by means of a log-log transformation of premiums and costs and a fixed effects model based on these transformed figures for 4,855 observations. In addition, for each market, the authors analyze the development of administrative costs for a total of 477 insurers.
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Sompolos, Zois, and Maria Mavri. "Estimating the efficiency of Greek banking system during the last decade of world economic crisis." Benchmarking: An International Journal 25, no. 6 (August 6, 2018): 1762–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bij-01-2017-0009.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the efficiency of the four largest Greek banking organizations for the period 2004–2014, including both a period of strong economic growth and a period of economic crisis and recession, which is still plaguing the Greek economy and more specifically the Greek banking sector. Design/methodology/approach The study incorporates the application of financial ratio analysis and the data envelopment analysis (DEA) in order to calculate the technical efficiency of Greek financial institutions. More specifically, a two-stage output-oriented DEA model is developed in order to estimate the global efficiency of banks. The banking function is considered as consisting of two stages in series, a service/operational efficiency and a profitability efficiency. In both output-oriented models, methods of constant returns to scale and variable returns to scale were applied. Findings The results show that in terms of operational efficiency, banks started from a low rate of return in 2004, which improved until 2008, which marked the peak of operational efficiency. By 2010, the operating efficiency varied with downward trend until 2012–2013. In terms of profitability efficiency, the image is clearer, since the impact the financial crisis had on bank’s profit efficiency led, by 2012, to a plunge in the average efficiency by 30–40 percent. Originality/value A multi-stage DEA process, input oriented, was used in order to estimate changes in the performance and efficiency of banking system. The period 2004–2014 has not been examined until recently and all previous studies used the output-oriented DEA model.
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Mukhzarudfa, Mukhzarudfa. "Membangun Model Perbankan Syariah yang Transparan, Akuntanbel, Responsibility, Independensi dan Fairness Perspektif Pengetahuan (Survey Pada Perbankan Syariah di Propinsi Jambi)." J-MAS (Jurnal Manajemen dan Sains) 4, no. 1 (April 29, 2019): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/jmas.v4i1.72.
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Jambi Province is one of the provinces with the largest Muslim population in Indonesia, with such a large population, Jambi Province should have been a pioneer and direction for the development of Islamic banking and finance in Indonesia. Nevertheless, the contribution of sharia business is still very low compared to conventional business, in 2016 the sharia banking market share is still less than 5%. For the development of sharia banking in the future, the specificity of the application of sharia principles in totality, demanding products and contracts of Islamic banking must have a link with real sector activities. This is where an understanding of governance and a professional business model and the aspects of muamalat fiqh are needed. Islamic banking as a modern banking needs to be managed with the principles of modern governance, which are in accordance with sharia principles, for this reason, this study tries to uncover and analyze how the model of sharia corporate governance implementation in sharia financial institutions. This study aims to explore the model of disclosure mechanism of sharia banking corporate governance in Jambi Province. The sample banks in the study consisted of 7 Islamic banks in Jambi Province. Research is done by using Qualitative Methods. Data analysis is done using the content analysis method. The results of the study show that for 2016, the sharia banking model that is transparent, accountable, responsive, independent and fairness analyzed can be grouped into four aspects, namely the regulatory aspects, organizational structure, process aspects and functions. From the aspects analyzed, it can be concluded that the Islamic commercial banks in implementing their governance show that bank management has implemented the principles of governance fairly well, in accordance with the provisions of the applicable legislation. And there are still significant weaknesses in the application of its sharia governance structure model. The sharia governance model that is built is to produce a sharia banking model that is transparent, accountable, responsible, independent and fairness that is applied in Jambi Province at the same time as the provisions that apply to sharia banking internationally.
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Brønnum-Hansen, Henrik, Olof Östergren, Lasse Tarkiainen, Åsmund Hermansen, Pekka Martikainen, Kjetil A. van der Wel, and Olle Lundberg. "Changes in life expectancy and lifespan variability by income quartiles in four Nordic countries: a study based on nationwide register data." BMJ Open 11, no. 6 (June 2021): e048192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048192.
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ObjectivesLevels, trends or changes in socioeconomic mortality differentials are typically described in terms of means, for example, life expectancies, but studies have suggested that there also are systematic social disparities in the dispersion around those means, in other words there are inequalities in lifespan variation. This study investigates changes in income inequalities in mean and distributional measures of mortality in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden over two decades.DesignNationwide register-based study.SettingThe Danish, Finnish, Norwegian and Swedish populations aged 30 years or over in 1997 and 2017.Main outcome measuresIncome-specific changes in life expectancy, lifespan variation and the contribution of ‘early’ and ‘late’ deaths to increasing life expectancy.ResultsIncreases in life expectancy has taken place in all four countries, but there are systematic differences across income groups. In general, the largest gains in life expectancy were observed in Denmark, and the smallest increase among low-income women in Sweden and Norway. Overall, life expectancy increased and lifespan variation decreased with increasing income level. These differences grew larger over time. In all countries, a marked postponement of early deaths led to a compression of mortality in the top three income quartiles for both genders. This did not occur for the lowest income quartile.ConclusionIncreasing life expectancy is typically accompanied by postponement of early deaths and reduction of lifespan inequality in the higher-income groups. However, Nordic welfare societies are challenged by the fact that postponing premature deaths among people in the lowest-income groups is not taking place.
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Díaz-Iglesias, Susana, Alicia Blanco-González, and Carmen Orden-Cruz. "The progress of Corporate Social Responsibility from a Gender perspective through the Change Management." Harvard Deusto Business Research 10, no. 1 (May 29, 2021): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.48132/hdbr.337.
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In recent years, one of the main priorities of companies has been to adapt their business activity and commercial strategy to be aligned with the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) established by the United Nations, in its “2030 Agenda”. To overcome this challenge, companies develop and implement Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) strategies. One of the objectives that have generated the most interest is Goal 5 dedicated to promoting gender equality. This study analyzes the gender equality evolution in companies as part of CSR through Change Management (CM). To do this, a longitudinal study was carried in the last ten years with an analysis of the content of various reports from four of the most important banks in Spain. The results corroborate the growing interest of the largest Spanish financial institutions in gender equality. Being women's access to employment, salary gap information, and the presence of women on the board of directors a priority. Likewise, the CM appears as a lever for the achievement of the SDGs by the entities, gaining relevance in recent years, and being linked to the strategic approach and business objectives for the development of CSR.
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Bütepage, Greta, Ahmed Esawi, Kristina Alexanderson, Emilie Friberg, Chantelle Murley, Jan Hillert, and Korinna Karampampa. "Cost-of-illness trajectories among people with multiple sclerosis by comorbidity: A register-based prospective study in Sweden." Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental, Translational and Clinical 6, no. 4 (October 2020): 205521732096859. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2055217320968597.
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Background Comorbidities are common among people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS); yet, their impact on the cost-of-illness (COI) in MS is unknown. Objective Explore the heterogeneity in COI trajectories among newly diagnosed PwMS in relation to type of comorbidity. Methods A nationwide longitudinal cohort study, using prospectively collected Swedish register data for seven years. The COI/year of 639 PwMS diagnosed in 2006, when aged 25–60, was estimated until 2013. Using healthcare data, PwMS were categorised into six comorbidity groups: ocular; cardiovascular, genitourinary or cancer disease; musculoskeletal; mental; neurological other than MS; and injuries. One group of PwMS without comorbidity was also created. Group-based trajectory modelling was applied, examining different COI trajectories within each comorbidity group. Results Across the seven follow-up years, PwMS with mental comorbidities had the highest COI overall (€36,482). Four COI trajectories were identified within each comorbidity group; the largest trajectory had high healthcare costs and productivity losses (36.3%–59.6% of PwMS, across all comorbidity groups). 59.6% of PwMS with mental comorbidity had high healthcare costs and productivity losses. Conclusion High COI and heterogeneity in COI trajectories could be partly explained by the presence of chronic comorbidities in the year around MS diagnosis, including the presence of mental comorbidity.
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Ali, Muhammad, Shen Lei, Susan Freeman, and Mubbsher Munawar Khan. "Implemented and perceived high-performance work system and its effect on branch performance." Employee Relations: The International Journal 41, no. 4 (June 3, 2019): 793–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/er-08-2017-0186.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of high-performance work systems (HPWS) on unit performance relative to the mediating roles of collective human capital (CHC) at the unit level and perceived HPWS at the employee level.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from 181 branch managers and 504 employees. The proposed path model was tested using the statistical package M-plus (v. 7) using a 2-1-2 multilevel approach for mediation analysis.FindingsGenerally, branch managers actively implement HPWS, and employees perceive a fairly high level of HPWS. Further, the path model indicated that CHC at the unit level and perceived HPWS at the employee level partially mediate the relationship between implemented HPWS and unit performance.Originality/valueThis study is the first to explore multilevel mediating mechanisms in the context of the largest four state-owned banks in China. A 2-1-2 multilevel analysis procedure was used to separate measurement error into relevant employee- and branch-level components to create more precise assessments of multivariate associations. Such analyses have not yet been conducted in research on HPWS prior to this study of the Chinese banking sector, but they are essential for teasing out the micro- and macro-level effects of HPWS.
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Onyiriuba, Leonard, E. U. Okoro Okoro, and Godwin Imo Ibe. "Strategic government policies on agricultural financing in African emerging markets." Agricultural Finance Review 80, no. 4 (April 25, 2020): 563–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-01-2020-0013.
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PurposeThe purpose of this study is to identify and review strategic government policies on agricultural financing in Egypt, Morocco, Nigeria and South Africa. Four factors dictated the choice of these countries. In the first place, the study is set in African emerging markets – and the four countries are the widely acknowledged emerging markets in Africa (Onyiriuba, 2015). Secondly, the spread of the countries, to a large extent, mirrors Africa in general – Egypt and Morocco are in North Africa; Nigeria is a West African country; and, of course, South Africa. Thirdly, other countries in Africa tend to look up to the four countries, apparently as the largest economies in their respective regions. Needless to say, Nigeria alternates with South Africa as the largest economy in Africa. In this capacity, the two countries influence – indeed, mirror – continental Africa's emerging economic progress. Fourthly, lessons from agricultural policy and financing experiences of the four countries will certainly be useful to the other African countries. The specific objective of this paper is to determine how the government seeks to address the financing issues attendant on the risk-laden nature of agriculture through policy interventions. With this end in view, the paper analyses the strategic goals, objectives and beneficiaries of the agriculture financing policies of the government, as well as the constraints on access to finance by the farmers and the policy response.Design/methodology/approachThe study involves a review of empirical literature and government policies on agricultural financing in Egypt, Morocco, Nigeria and South Africa. The high risks in agriculture (Onyiriuba, 2015; Mordi, 1988), risk aversion behaviour of banks towards agricultural financing (Onyiriuba, 2015, 1990), and the reluctance of insurers to take on agricultural risks (World Bank, 2018; Federal Republic of Nigeria, 2016; Onyiriuba, 1990; Mordi, 1988) underpin this methodology. There are two other considerations: the needs to find out how government seeks to address the financing issues in agriculture through policy intervention, and to avoid unwieldy research, one that combines government and institutional policy perspectives on agriculture financing. Thus the study is not approached from the perspective of banks and other lending institutions; neither does it combine government and institutional policy perspectives. It rather focuses on government policy in order to properly situate implications of the findings.FindingsThe authorities seek to get rid of bottlenecks, ease participation and redress constraints on access to finance in agriculture through policy interventions as a means of sustainable economic growth. The findings are characteristic of emerging markets, rooted in the transitional challenge of opening economies, economic reforms and the March of progress. However, with agriculture and natural resources – rather than industrialisation – as the main stay of their economies, the African emerging markets face an uphill task in their development efforts. This is evident in the divergent and gloomy pictures in which the literature paints their agricultural economies.Practical implicationsGovernment should gear financing policies to boost output as a means of ensuring food security. It should address risk aversion tendencies among the lenders and feeble credit guarantee, subsidies and budgetary allocations to agriculture. This will ensure effective commitment of the lenders to agriculture and underpin agricultural insurance. However, it demands strengthening links in the chain of access to, and monitoring of, credit for agricultural production. A realistic policy response should target the rural economy – with youth, women and smallholder farmers as ultimate beneficiaries. These actions should be intensified as measures to boost farming and the rural economy.Originality/valueCurrent literature fails to situate the empirical findings in emerging markets context, reflecting economies in transition. Besides, in its current state, the literature does not explicitly clarify that agriculture, like most other sectors in such economies, is bound to experience the observed financing constraints. Neither does it clearly reflect how and why the findings should be seen as fleeting realities of the March of progress in transitional economies. This study will help to fill the gap.
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He, Hongxing, Per-Erik Jansson, and Annemieke I. Gärdenäs. "CoupModel (v6.0): an ecosystem model for coupled phosphorus, nitrogen, and carbon dynamics – evaluated against empirical data from a climatic and fertility gradient in Sweden." Geoscientific Model Development 14, no. 2 (February 3, 2021): 735–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-735-2021.
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Abstract. This study presents the integration of the phosphorus (P) cycle into CoupModel (v6.0, referred to as Coup-CNP). The extended Coup-CNP, which explicitly considers the symbiosis between soil microbes and plant roots, enables simulations of coupled carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and P dynamics for terrestrial ecosystems. The model was evaluated against observed forest growth and measured leaf C∕P, C∕N, and N∕P ratios in four managed forest regions in Sweden. The four regions form a climatic and fertility gradient from 64∘ N (northern Sweden) to 56∘ N (southern Sweden), with mean annual temperature varying from 0.7–7.1 ∘C and soil C∕N and C∕P ratios varying between 19.8–31.5 and 425–633, respectively. The growth of the southern forests was found to be P-limited, with harvested biomass representing the largest P losses over the studied rotation period. The simulated P budgets revealed that southern forests are losing P, while northern forests have balanced P budgets. Symbiotic fungi accounted for half of total plant P uptake across all four regions, which highlights the importance of fungal-tree interactions in Swedish forests. The results of a sensitivity analysis demonstrated that optimal forest growth occurs at a soil N∕P ratio between 15–20. A soil N∕P ratio above 15–20 will result in decreased soil C sequestration and P leaching, along with a significant increase in N leaching. The simulations showed that Coup-CNP could describe shifting from being mostly N-limited to mostly P-limited and vice versa. The potential P-limitation of terrestrial ecosystems highlights the need for biogeochemical ecosystem models to consider the P cycle. We conclude that the inclusion of the P cycle enabled the Coup-CNP to account for various feedback mechanisms that have a significant impact on ecosystem C sequestration and N leaching under climate change and/or elevated N deposition.
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Barros-Alves, Samara de Paiva, Douglas Fernandes Rodrigues Alves, and Valter José Cobo. "Comparison of the population biology of Epialtus bituberculatus from two rocky shores with distinct hydrodynamic patterns." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 93, no. 3 (August 9, 2012): 693–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315412000586.
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The population biology of Epialtus bituberculatus was compared between two different intertidal localities with differing levels of wave exposure. Sampling was conducted monthly between January and December, 2001 on seaweed banks of Sargassum cymosum in the intertidal zone of the rocky shores Grande (GR) (23°23′S–45°03′W) and Domingas Dias (DD) (23°29′S–45°08′W). Four hundred and twenty-eight crabs were captured at the GR site: 111 juvenile males, 106 adult males, 57 juvenile females, 17 adult females and 137 ovigerous females; while 455 specimens were obtained at the DD site: 76 juvenile males, 113 adult males, 37 juvenile females, 40 adult females and 189 ovigerous females. The population from GR showed a non-normal distribution and from DD a normal distribution. The sex-ratio (female/male) was 1:0.97 at GR (χ2 = 0.77, P = 0.084), whereas it was 1:1.41 at DD (χ2 = 13.03, P < 0.001). The largest individuals occurred at DD (U = 78249.0, P < 0.001). The estimated size at sexual maturity was 6.3 and 5.0 mm carapace width (CW) for males, and 5.4 and 5.2 mm CW for females, from GR and DD, respectively. The observed differences in E. bituberculatus between the studied localities might be explained by the different degrees of wave exposure between sites. However, other factors that might also explain the observed differences (e.g. temperature, salinity and food availability) cannot be discarded as relevant in influencing the population structure between sites herein studied.
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Eriksson, Kent, and Cecilia Hermansson. "How relationship attributes affect bank customers’ saving." International Journal of Bank Marketing 37, no. 1 (February 4, 2019): 156–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbm-09-2017-0194.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to determine how three relational attributes – duration, context and trust – are subjectively perceived by bank customers, and how these affect their saving behavior, as defined by monthly flows to mutual funds and the financial products bought and held in stock.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use a combination of unique bank register and subjective survey data, and a structural equation model for theory development. Four constructs are developed to estimate the structural model, i.e. saving behavior, duration, context and trust.FindingsThe authors find that all three relational attributes have positive effects on saving behavior. The authors also find that duration and context have the largest total effects, and that trust is a mediating variable channeling indirect effects from context and duration to saving behavior.Practical implicationsOne implication for bank managers is that it takes time and understanding of customer context to gain customer trust, but that this increases customer savings. Another implication is that the authors confirm that relational attributes can be studied using subjective measures in surveys, and that these have an effect on objective savings behavior. The findings provide an understanding that could develop both the customer’s value and the banks’ business opportunities.Originality/valueThe impact of relationships between bank advisors and their customers in terms of costs and benefits has been studied, but a little research has focused on the attributes of the relationship and how these affect customers’ saving behavior. The study also uses unique objective bank register data, combined with customers’ subjective perceptions of the relationship.