Academic literature on the topic 'The Free City of Danzig'
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Journal articles on the topic "The Free City of Danzig"
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Horodyskyy, I. M. "International legal status of the Free City of Danzig (1920-1939)." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 5 (December 30, 2022): 407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2022.05.75.
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The article is devoted to a little-studied page of the history of international law and international legal personality - the status of the Free City of Danzig (now Gdańsk) in 1920-1939. The topic of such state entities with a special international regime of territory and subjectivity is a veryinteresting page of the international experience of settling territorial disputes between states. Unfortunately, their research in the Ukrainian international law (in particular, the international legal status of the Neutral Moresnet and the Free City of Krakow) began to appear only in recent years.
 The article examines the history of Danzig and the circumstances that actualized the issue of its statehood after the end of the First World War. It was emphasized that the decision to create the Free City was a compromise between the interests of Poland and the residents of Danzig on the one hand, and the interests of various victorious states on the other.
 The main sources of the international legal status of the Free City of Danzig are highlighted. The peculiarities of the international legal personality of Danzig in the context of relations between the Free City and Poland and the League of Nations are analyzed. Special attention is paid to various aspects of legal personality, in particular: external relations and membership in international organizations; economic issue; guarantees of the security of the Free City. It is substantiated that, despite the special regime of the territory and the limitation of sovereignty, Danzig was an independent state in the international context.
 The reasons that led to the end of the history of the Free City of Danzig are singled out, in particular: permanent conflicts with Poland; the ineffectiveness of the League of Nations as a key guarantor of the security of the Free City; the coming to power of the Nazis in Danzig and their policy of rapprochement with Nazi Germany. It is shown that in the future the use of such formats for the resolution of international disputes is impractical due to the impossibility of considering the entire set of circumstances.
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Maciejewski, Tadeusz, and Cezary Wołodkowicz. "Kolegium Rewizyjne (Revision-Collegium) w Napoleońskim Wolnym Mieście Gdańsku (1807–1814). Geneza, struktura i przebieg postępowania odwoławczego w rozwoju historyczno-prawnym." Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne 69, no. 1 (2018): 21–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/cph.2017.1.2.
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The article presents the rules of appeal proceedings in civil and criminal cases in the Napoleonic Free City of Danzig. The appeals took place before the Revision Commissions which were appointed for civil cases in October 1809 a nd for criminal cases in February 1810. Furthermore, the paper delineates their organizational structure as well as the method of making the final decision (rejecting or accepting the Commission’s decision). The contents of this article were based on the rules and regulations which governed the Commissions which hitherto were not used in research. Moreover, the judiciary and the appeals systems were described in the projects of the constitution of the Free City of Danzig (Danzig Senate from 1807, a project by the mayor of Danzig – Gottlieb Hufeland, as well as a project by the French resident Nicolas Massias). However, these plans were not introduced but they were substituted by the rules and regulations of the Revision Commissions. This serves as an illustration of the French influence on the law in Danzig in the Napoleonic era of the Free City. Also the appeal process in the Napoleonic Free City of Danzig was presented against the backdrop of the general history of appeals in the course of legal cases before the judiciary in Danzig. This facilitates the observation of the changes which took place in the course of legal cases throughout history. In particular, it helps in the observations made at the turn of the 18th century as it was the period when the law transformed from Feudalism to Bourgeoisie.
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Clark, Elizabeth M. "Borderland of the Mind: The Free City of Danzig and the Sovereignty Question." German Politics and Society 35, no. 3 (2017): 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2017.350302.
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The transformation of the Free City of Danzig after World War I both exemplified and contradicted the interwar borderland experience in Central Europe. Although Danzig was linked closely to the Second Polish Republic, cultural and diplomatic challenges to the city’s status played out in Berlin and Geneva. The vocabulary of sovereignty and reconciliation became a battleground between German nationalists and center-left politicians. This article analyzes diplomatic correspondence and propaganda pamphlets to argue that regions and cities become a metaphor for broader questions and concludes that borderlands, however permanent on the maps of treaty negotiators, are largely in the mind.
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Somogyi, Renáta. "Poland and the Local Poles in the Free City of Danzig between the two World Wars." Acta Humana 11, no. 1 (2023): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.32566/ah.2023.1.5.
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The Free City of Danzig was one of the peculiar European regions in the period between the two World Wars under the administration of the League of Nations. This was the present-day area of the city of Gdańsk and its vicinity. Danzig had a special legal status. This study attempts to capture one of the specific aspects of this complex issue – the relationship between local administration and the local Poles, and the Polish state agencies. Through the presentation and analysis of the situation of this “city” of special status, the reader may obtain an insight into the procedures of one of the first transitory crisis management operations of the international community and into the life of the minority population.
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Olszewska, Izabela. "Cultural Identity of Citizens of Gdańsk from an Ethnolinguistic Perspective on the Basis of Chosen Texts of the Free City of Danzig." Colloquia Humanistica, no. 2 (June 13, 2015): 133–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/ch.2013.007.
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Cultural Identity of Citizens of Gdańsk from an Ethnolinguistic Perspective on the Basis of Chosen Texts of the Free City of DanzigAs a consequence of the First World War and in the wake of the Treaty of Versailles the Free City of Danzig was established. The image of Danzig identity was created, first of all, by the following ethnic groups: German, Polish and Jewish. Was the Free City of Danzig multicultural or was it German with Polish and Jewish minorities? Did those nationalities live beside each other, did they together, as citizens of Danzig, create a common reality? Is it possible to talk about a uniform culture/identity of Danzig? The aim of this article is an analysis of linguistic image of the world of the citizens of the Free City of Danzig, which has been carried out on the basis of characteristics of the image of relations and cultural differences in the interpretation of Polish community. Yet, the whole image of identity consists of a mosaic of smaller interpretations which, only after being reduced to the lowest common denominator, may give the holistic image of Danzig identity as an image of a common multiple subjectivity. Mutual perception of nationalities inhabiting the area of the Free City of Danzig is the starting point for the discussion on their identity and an attempt to answer the question: did the citizens of Danzig see themselves as one community – exactly the one of Danzig? The analysed research material consists of chosen texts of the local press (in Polish and occasionally in German) concerning socio-cultural and political and informative issues. The Polish "Gazeta Gdańska" had been published since 1891 as the first Polish Danzig newspaper in Polish. Its first aim was to integrate Polish circles and to defend the rights of the Polish. "Danziger Neuesten Nachrichten", published since 1894, was the biggest Danzig conservative newspaper in German which influenced public opinion. In the analysis of the linguistic image of Danzig identities I will consider first of all the following scientific issues after Bartmiński: a) the way of defining common identity i.e. “who we are” – autostereotypes; b) the ways of linguistic perception and definition of the others i.e. “who they are” – heterostereotypes; c) the ways of conceptualization of space and ‘our place in the world’ and the common time in which we live. Tożsamości kulturowa gdańszczan w ujęciu etnolingwistycznym na przykładzie wybranych tekstów publicystycznych Wolnego Miasta Gdańska W konsekwencji I wojny światowej oraz na mocy postanowień Traktatu Wersalskiego utworzono Wolne Miasto Gdańsk (WMG). Na obraz tożsamości gdańskiej w okresie WMG składały się przede wszystkim następujące grupy etniczne: niemiecka, polska i żydowska. Czy Wolne Miasto Gdańsk było wielokulturowe, czy też niemieckie z mniejszościami polską i żydowską? Czy narodowości żyły obok siebie, czy wspólnie jako gdańszczanie kreowały swoją wspólną rzeczywistość? Czy w odniesieniu do WMG można mówić o jednolitej kulturze/tożsamości gdańskiej? Celem artykułu jest analiza językowego obrazu świata tożsamości gdańszczan w okresie Wolnego Miasta Gdańska, dokonana na podstawie charakterystyki obrazu związków i różnic kulturowych w interpretacji społeczności polskiej. Całkowity obraz tożsamości składa się bowiem z mozaiki mniejszych interpretacji, które dopiero sprowadzone do wspólnego mianownika mogą ułożyć się w całość jednej tożsamości gdańskiej, niejako na zasadzie obrazu wielopodmiotowości zbiorowej. Wzajemne postrzeganie się narodowości zamieszkujących obszar WMG jest punktem wyjścia do rozważań na temat ich tożsamości oraz próbą odpowiedzi na pytanie: czy gdańszczanie widzieli siebie, jako jedną społeczność - gdańską właśnie? Analizowany materiał badawczy to wybrane teksty publicystyki gdańskiej o charakterze kulturalno- społecznym oraz informacyjno-politycznym przede wszystkim w języku polskim oraz sporadycznie w języku niemieckim. Polska "Gazeta Gdańska", wydawana była od roku 1891 jako pierwsze pismo gdańskie w języku polskim. Pierwotnym jej celem była integracja kół polonijnych oraz obrona praw polskich. "Danziger Neueste Nachrichten", wydawane od 1894, było największym gdańskim opiniotwórczym dziennikiem w języku niemieckim o charakterze konserwatywnym. W analizie językowego obrazu tożsamości gdańskich z perspektywy społeczności polskiej autorka rozważa za Bartmińskim przede wszystkim następujące problemy badawcze: a) sposób określania tożsamości zbiorowej, tj. ‘kim jesteśmy my’ – autostereotypy; b) sposób postrzegania i językowego ujmowania innych, tj. ‘kim są oni’ – heterostereotypy oraz c) sposoby konceptualizacji przestrzeni i ‘naszego miejsca w świecie’ oraz czasu wspólnotowego, w którym żyjemy.
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Segreto, Luciano. "Losing Influence: The Changing Role of the Merchant Community of Danzig in the Timber Value Chain (1919–1939)." Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 65, no. 2 (2024): 407–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2024-0019.
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Abstract The article highlights the changing role of the merchant community of Danzig after the establishment of the Second Republic of Poland and the Free City of Danzig. The research question is both economic and political-institutional. It tries to understand how the merchants’ community reacted to a different political and institutional framework after 1918, which limited many initiatives of the economic and business actors of the Free City. While until World War I, local merchants controlled and directed the whole timber value chain, after 1918, they were just the final ring of a long chain in the hands of Polish forest owners, including the State administration. Despite their professionalism and experience, their autonomy was reduced to their long-term contacts with business partners in Great Britain.
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Tebinka, Jacek. "Gdańsk in British Diplomacy, 1945–1989." Studia Historica Gedanensia 13 (2022): 251–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23916001hg.22.016.17436.
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Great Britain participated in the decision at the Potsdam Conference to hand over to Poland the territory of the former Free City of Danzig. The area was not recognized as part of Germany by the Great Powers. The aim of the article is to analyze the role that Gdańsk played in British policy towards Poland from the end of the Second World War to the fall of communist rule. It is based on archival research in the National Archives, Kew, supplemented by published British and Polish diplomatic documents, diaries and academic literature on the subject. Based on these sources, the author argues that the importance of the city of Gdańsk in British policy toward the region of East Central Europe diminished during the Cold War in comparison to the city’s role as the Free City of Danzig 1919–1939. However, its place was dynamic as Gdańsk became an important center of protests against the communist authorities in the 1970s and 1980s. The city played a special role since the strikes in August 1980, becoming the center of activity of the Solidarity Trade Union. The culmination of British interest was Margaret Thatcher’s visit to Gdańsk in 1988.
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Zyglewski, Zbigniew. "Koncepcje żeglugowego obejścia Gdańska w okresie międzywojennym." Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki 69, no. 4 (2024): 133–68. https://doi.org/10.4467/0023589xkhnt.24.038.2068.
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Since the establishment of the Second Polish Republic and the Free City Danzig, the Polish side sought to connect the Vistula River to the Polish sea (Gdynia) by waterway, bypassing Gdańsk (Danzig). This issue has not been discussed in the literature, and the current study is primarily based on contemporary articles by water engineers and press reports. As early as 1919, there were ideas to run a water canal from Gniew through Kashubia to the Polish coast and from Tczew, bypassing the border of the Free City of Danzig, to Gdynia. Later, the idea of a canal running from Świecie or Bydgoszcz through Kashubia to Gdynia was born. The latter option was initially developed and discussed in 1937 at conferences held in Gdynia and Grudziądz. The possibility of creating a sea port in Tczew and connecting it to the sea was also considered. The options included deepening the Vistula to allow seagoing ships to navigate the river or constructing a separate sea canal. The canal had to be routed through the Free City of Danzig territory, and its route depended on its mouth on the sea. In the case of an exit in Nowy Port, a canal reaching Gdańsk was planned. The most popular option was the canal route from Tczew to Martwa Wisła, with an exit in either Świbno or Górki. The third method of connecting the Vistula with Gdynia involved using river barges to navigate from Gdańsk to Gdynia through the waters of the Bay of Gdańsk. Proposals were made to adapt river barges for sailing on sea waters, to transport barges on a specially adapted ship, or to build a canal or pier to protect barges navigating at sea. Except for floating barges between Gdańsk and Gdynia, which sailed between these ports on calm days, the remaining solutions were suggestions and visions of engineers. These ideas were very expensive, technically difficult to implement, and remained largely theoretical; nevertheless, they were widely discussed.
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Maciejewski, Tadeusz. "System of common courts in the Free City of Danzig (1920-1939)." Polish Law Review 2, no. 1 (2016): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0009.7997.
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W niniejszym artykule zaprezentowane zostały częściowe wyniki szerszych badań prowadzonych nad historią sądownictwa powszechnego w Wolnym Mieście Gdańsku. Przyczyniły się one do pogłębienia wiedzy w zakresie badanego zagadnienia. Określono podstawy prawne funkcjonowania sądownictwa w WM Gdańsku, a dokonując ich analizy poszerzono wiedzę na temat struktury sądownictwa, pozycji sędziów oraz kompetencji różnego rodzaju sądów: Sądu Najwyższego, Sądu Krajowego z jego wydziałami, sądów urzędniczych, ławniczych, przysięgłych oraz sądów dla nieletnich.
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Gondek, Bartosz, and Artur Jendrzejewski. "Cars and Polish military intelligence in the Free City of Danzig (1920–1939)." Masuro-Warmian Bulletin 287, no. 1 (2015): 78–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.51974/kmw-142678.
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Cars in the interwar became a popular means of communication. Therefore, also benefited from it in intelligence work. Mainly it was just that their exploitation was cheaper than rail travel. On the other hand, gave it the ability to travel freely and quickly, and also perform some espionage tasks . At the same time we had to be careful, because foreign intelligence quickly versed in the ways of movement of Polish officers in Gdansk. The development of the automotive industry caused a lot of interest in new models, including rapid and sports. Therefore, sometimes the variety of brands became an indispensable element of Gdańsk streets, where there had place also collisions and accidents. Having a car also scheduled between social status, and so the more expensive and nicer car had the individual, the more significant was his position in society Gdansk. Gdańsk policymakers drove expensive cars, imported from abroad. In this image also entered the Polish intelligence chief, Maj. Jan Henryk Żychoń who loved, next to glamorous parties, expensive cars. And this led to accusations him by officers working in an easterly direction, to cooperate with foreign intelligence, because there seen the source of his finances. Żychoń had no worries about false allegations, the transparency of the work of subordinate officers stations, seemed numerous instructions, even for drivers of company vehicles. This had a big impact on the streamlining of information. Cars were also cause other problems, “ace Polish intelligence” that exacerbated the dispute with his former opponents.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "The Free City of Danzig"
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CASTRO, ISABEL THEES. "CITY WITHOUT RATCHETS: THINKING THE CITY OF FREE CIRCULATION." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2016. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=27419@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO<br>Fixos e fluxos. A grande cidade é um fixo enorme, cruzado por fluxos enormes. O que acontece quando a ordem desses fixos e fluxos é subvertida? Qual a espacialidade de uma cidade cuja ocupação de seu território e circulação não sejam guiados e estabelecidos pela lógica da funcionalidade e pelos imperativos da circulação do valor? Em junho de 2013 cerca de 388 cidades brasileiras foram palco de manifestações populares cujo estopim foi o aumento da tarifa do transporte público. No entanto, a demanda extrapolava a reivindicação pela revogação do aumento. A demanda era também pelo direito à cidade, direito à livre circulação e acesso a tudo o que a cidade oferece. O Movimento Passe Livre, articulador dos protestos que ficaram conhecidos como Jornadas de Junho, coloca a questão urbana, da mobilidade e também da disputa do espaço nas cidades na pauta política do país. O movimento pensa na cidade, na sua ocupação e circulação. Uma circulação inclusiva, uma circulação que permite o desvendamento, o uso e a apropriação da cidade. Uma imaginação urbana que subverte sua lógica de ocupação espacial em um grau de utopia que não vem do urbanismo e da arquitetura. O objetivo geral desse estudo é contrapor diferentes ideias de cidade tendo como fim a definição da noção de cidade subjacente nas propostas do Movimento Passe Livre.<br>Fixed and flows. The big city is a huge fixed, crossed by huge flows. What happens when the order of these fixed and flows is subverted? What is the spatiality of a city in which the occupations of its territory, as well as its circulation, are not established by the logics of functionality and imperatives of movement of value? On June, 2013, around 388 Brazilian cities were the theater of riots in which the main focus were the public transportations tariff raise. However, the claims have overcome the revocation of such raises. The claims were also for rights to the city, free circulation and access to whatever the city may offer. Movimento Passe Livre – MPL, the main perpetrator of the riots, which were also called Jornadas de Junho puts the urban question of mobility and also the space competition at the Country s political agenda. MPL approaches the city, its occupation and circulation. An inclusive circulation, that allows the unveiling, usage and appropriation of the city. An urban idealized view, subverting the logics of occupation in such an utopia that does not belong to urbanism or architecture. The main objective of this work is to interpose different city concepts aiming to define the city envisaged by MPL.
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Колотило, Олександра Анатоліївна. "Car-free city project for Opole." Thesis, Національний авіаційний університет, 2020. https://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/49670.
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Робота публікується згідно наказу ректора від 21.01.2020 р. №008/од "Про перевірку кваліфікаційних робіт на академічний плагіат у 2019-2020 навчальному році". Керівник проекту: доцент кафедри екології, к.т.н., Радомська Маргарита Мирославівна<br>Object - organization of urban public transport network.
Subject – reduction of private transport impacts on the environment.
Aim of research – develop the project of the car-free city for Opole and evaluate its environmental and economic efficiency.
Methods of research – information search, analysis and synthesis, comparative analysis, mapping, visual observations, mathematical calculations , questionnaire.
The practical value of the work is the development of organizational solutions for the improvement of environment quality in cities through the reduction of traffic flow.
The results of the master thesis may be used for the implementation of principles of sustainable cities and improvement of public environmental awareness in the sphere of road infrastructure management.
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Колотило, Олександра Анатоліївна. "Car-free city project for Opole." Thesis, Національний авіаційний університет, 2020. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/43578.
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Робота публікується згідно наказу ректора від 21.01.2020 р. №008/од "Про перевірку кваліфікаційних робіт на академічний плагіат у 2019-2020 навчальному році". Керівник проекту: доцент кафедри екології, к.т.н., Радомська Маргарита Мирославівна<br>Object - organization of urban public transport network.
Subject – reduction of private transport impacts on the environment.
Aim of research – develop the project of the car-free city for Opole and evaluate its environmental and economic efficiency.
Methods of research – information search, analysis and synthesis, comparative analysis, mapping, visual observations, mathematical calculations , questionnaire.
The practical value of the work is the development of organizational solutions for the improvement of environment quality in cities through the reduction of traffic flow.
The results of the master thesis may be used for the implementation of principles of sustainable cities and improvement of public environmental awareness in the sphere of road infrastructure management.
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Giagkalos, Panagiotis. "Scenario Development for the City of Stockholm Towards a Fossil Fuel Free City by 2050." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi (flyttat 20130630), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-101105.
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The City of Stockholm’s energy and climate goals are analyzed and projected in several scenarios. Using the year 2015 as the baseline year, a database covering the energy performance and fuel use within the City is created. This starting point is used to project the performance of the City until the year 2050. The projection is made with the use of scenarios and the simulation software LEAP by formulating scenarios that combine ongoing, planned and conceivable measures. All these scenarios aim to the reduction of emissions with the long term aim to set the City of Stockholm a fossil fuel free city by 2050. Various paths can be followed towards that goal and these are analyzed and classified based on cost and applicability. According to the simulation of scenarios, the immediate action and the long-term planning are shown to play an essential role in achieving the City’s goals. In addition, the significance of policy, the behavioral aspect and the continuous gradual development are found to be three basic pillars towards the target that the City has set. Specifically, the City should focus on energy efficiency in both generation and utilization. Available technology can help to this direction at an affordable cost and with remarkable potential. However, in order to achieve the target of an entirely fossil fuel free city by the year 2050, the City of Stockholm needs to support a shift of transportation modes towards public transport. Currently, the transportation sector has a low share of clean fuels and is likely going to be the most challenging sector to affect. Among the challenges in the transportation sector comes the fact that there is always a given risk when trying to introduce a new dominant fuel, based on assumptions of future car fleets and volatility of markets. Biofuels may for instance lead to a shortage in the market with higher biofuel and food prices as a result while changing the entire vehicle fleet takes 20 years on average. The best possible scenario does demonstrate one possible path toward a fossil fuel free City of Stockholm 2050 by taking a number of aggressive actions. This does not account for possible new technologies nor changes in the economy at large.
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Wright, Peter Alexander. "Wind is free : the city of Frederikshavn and the quest for civic sustainability." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26000.
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As Global Warming becomes an increasing problem, many cities across the world are looking for ways to reduce their harmful emissions and become more sustainable. Some cities are trying to accomplish this by adding park space, constructing more energy-efficient buildings or using electricity to power public transportation. These changes, while facilitating a reduction in emissions, do not allow a city to become sustainable because they are on too small a scale, nor do they account for emissions caused by other aspects of a city.
The existing theories on sustainability in cities are insufficient. They cover certain aspects of sustainability, but they do not address the entire city as a whole. They also fail to discuss the most important concept of sustainability, which is sustainable energy. Sustainable energy provides environmentally-friendly, inexpensive energy without the harmful side-effects or exorbitant costs associated with fossil-fuel plants.
This paper attempts to prove that a city can only be completely sustainable if it is powered solely by sustainable energy sources. To prove this, a case study of Frederikshavn, Denmark will be provided. By 2015, Frederikshavn will be the first city in the world powered exclusively by sustainable energy. The civic authorities in Frederikshavn are following a top-down approach that ensures that the sustainable energy conversion proceeds successfully, while at the same time being beneficial to both business interests and the local population. If and when Frederikshavn is successful, the techniques used and the lessons learned will be transferable to other cities in the world. This will ensure cities become increasingly sustainable, and Global Warming will be addressed in an appropriate manner.
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Espelt, Bombin Silvia. "A free coloured elite? : trade, identity and social mobility in Panama city, 1700-1770." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.556051.
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Built on a large corpus of archival sources, this study analyses free people of African descent in eighteenth century Panama City. Using micro-historical and prosopographical methodologies and being organised around a lengthy trade lawsuit between coloured and white pedlars and merchants (1711-1765), my investigation revolves around three main themes. First, I analyse the urban economy in relation to local legislation, wide trans-Atlantic trade dynamics and contraband. This allows me to demonstrate that eighteenth-century Panama City's trade legislation against coloured people, which was promoted by white pedlars and merchants, did not originate in race per se, but had its origins in economic competition and strict governmental regulation on trade. Second, I analyse free coloured people's individual and collective identity, focusing on techniques of upward socio-economic mobility, inter- racial relations and support networks. I argue that although socio-economic upward mobility was frequently an individual initiative, it also occasionally occurred as a collective initiative. Indeed, the legislation banning coloured people from the trade business favoured the appearance of a multi-craft guild based on race, status, identity and common objectives to legally fight for their rights to socio-economic improvement. Finally, I contribute to the current historiographical debate on whether Panama City was conceived and planned as an "elitist city" whose walled area was only inhabited by the white elite, excluding the rest of the population to the Arrabal. My research demonstrates that this thesis is not valid because colonial society was not strictly racial divisible as there were interracial socio-economic networks and inter-racial marriages, and the elite did not have an exclusive conception of Panama City. As a whole, my PhD thesis challenges the current strict hierarchical conception of Panama City's colonial society, and contributes to the understanding of free coloured people's individual and collective agency and identity during the colonial period.
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Wasserman, P. C. "The Free[way] City: An exploration of Inner City Renewal through the removal of Settlers Way Freeway in Port Elizabeth, South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13071.
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Includes bibliographical references.<br>The inner city of Port Elizabeth has faced a series of problems since the 1960s. These include forced removals, relocation of critical functions and the implementation of obdurate infrastructure. One of the most destructive of these forces was the construction of the Settlers Way Freeway in 1963. This freeway cuts through the inner city and had many buildings and neighbourhoods demolished for it to be realised. Since then it has caused more harm than good by only serving a select few while degrading inner city public space for others. This project investigates the possibility of the demolition of the Settlers Way freeway as it is essential for the appropriate future growth of Port Elizabeth's City centre. This will also have a large positive impact on the metro area in terms of spatial and economic benefit. The city centre is centrally located in the region and has a major spatial advantage in terms of trade and commerce. This alone should be enough reason for concern when it comes to social and economic reasons. An argument is formulated for the removal of the Settlers Way freeway and suggests a viable and realistic alternative in its place. This is done through a lens of economic rejuvenation of the inner city by using the freeway removal as a catalytic device for future development by unlocking land that is currently underutilised. This initiative is now more urgent than ever as continued urban sprawl is occurring on the peripheries of the city in the form of shopping malls drawing much needed economic investment further away from the city centre.
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Molobe, Absalom Mosabeni. "The diary of Hammanskraal : open space : free - mind." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11272008-154322.
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Jacobson, Sarah. "GROWING THE GREEN CITY: NAVIGATING THE TENSIONS OF VALUE-FREE DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY IN PHILADELPHIA." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2015. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/302778.
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Sociology<br>Ph.D.<br>This dissertation focuses on the relationship between sustainability and growth as it plays out through sustainable development projects in Philadelphia. Cities are interested in adopting policies and practices that will make them greener. In 2009, Philadelphia adopted its first sustainability plan, Greenworks, and throughout the past decade, many other cities have adopted similar plans. This has happened at the same time that cities have attempted to address their shrinking populations and coffers by aggressively pursuing pro-growth strategies. This dissertation explores the tension between growth and sustainability and, given this tension, how the process of sustainable development plays out in Philadelphia. This research focuses on green building and urban greening projects using a single-case embedded case study design. Projects of varying scales are examined - including large- and small-scale sustainable development projects. Data comes primarily from in-depth interviews, which were conducted over the course of one year with project managers, sustainability professionals, government bureaucrats, and community members, among others. The data from these interviews are supplemented with historical archival records, open government records, and other primary and secondary sources. This research highlights two tensions in the sustainable development process. First, the politics of development give rise to a tension between exchange value and use value. On one hand are powerful urban actors who believe that development of urban space should be value-free, or guided by the free market. On the other are community members who may value the space for another purpose. The second tension is between different approaches to resource use in urban development. Most measures of economic success are tied to growth, or the extent to which we collectively produce and consume goods. However, the production of goods is fueled by natural resources, which are dwindling. There is a tension between how pro-growth and pro-sustainability actors view resource use. This research contributes to the literature by examining the relationship between these tensions, or how the value-free politics of development are reconciled with the crisis of natural resource consumption. The results of this analysis show that sustainability initiatives are treated by powerful urban actors as means to a growth-oriented end, rather than as ends in themselves. This is true even when these actors frame their discussions of sustainability in ideological terms. They believe that sustainability is a worthy endeavor, insofar as it also coincides with a growth-oriented agenda. The production of green buildings and green open places supports green place making, which is an important component of commodifying - and growing - the green city. The tension between sustainability and growth, however, are a point of weakness where traditional growth-oriented politics of development may be challenged.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Fan, Meng-lun Helen, and 范夢倫. "Planning for the handicapped to provide a barrier-free environment." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31259133.
Full textBooks on the topic "The Free City of Danzig"
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GmbH, Bremen Business International, ed. Bremen: The free Hanseatic city. Bremen Business International GmbH, 1990.
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Lorenzo, Raymond. Children’s Free Play and Participation in the City. Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0300-7.
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Wolff, Ethan. Frommer's New York City for Free & Dirt Cheap. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2004.
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Chadwick, Frank, Loren Wiseman, and William H. Keith. The Free City of Krakow: Twilight: 2000 Series Module. Game Designers' Workshop, 1985.
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Rubin, Max. Comp city: A guide to free Las Vegas vacations. Huntington Press, 1994.
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New York (N.Y.). Mayor's Office for People with Disabilities, Steven Winter Associates, and International Code Council, eds. Inclusive design guidelines: New York City. City of New York, Mayor's Office for People with Disabilities, 2010.
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Corporation, City of London. The Oath of every free-man of the city of London. Printed by Samuel Roycroft, 1985.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "The Free City of Danzig"
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Erdal, Marta Bivand, Nils Petter Gleditsch, and Stein Tønnesson. "An International Scholar with a Dramatic Life." In Marek Thee: My Story. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16905-2_1.
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AbstractMarek Thee lived a dramatic life amidst some of the 20th century’s most tragic conflicts. This autobiography was written in the early 1990s. We meet him as a young leftist student in the Free City of Danzig (Gdańsk) before the Nazi takeover; as an advocate of the Jewish Zionist cause in Palestine during and after the Second World War; as a diplomat, foreign service official and scholar in the post-war Polish Republic; as a Polish representative on the Commission for Supervision and Control of the Geneva agreements on Indochina and Laos; as a foreign affairs analyst specializing on Asian affairs in Warsaw of the 1960s; and eventually, for the last 30 years of his life, as a peace researcher at the Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) and the Norwegian Human Rights Institute, once again in exile from his native Poland.
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Fokdal, Josefine, Olivia Bina, Prue Chiles, Liis Ojamäe, and Katrin Paadam. "Swimming Free." In Enabling the City. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429297649-9.
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Shoup, Donald. "Free Parking or Free Markets." In Parking and the City. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351019668-29.
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Durham, Kenneth. "Free-for-All on the Foreign Exchanges." In The New City. Macmillan Education UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21913-1_5.
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Speck, Jeff. "Adopt a 10-Foot Standard for Free-Flow Lanes." In Walkable City Rules. Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-899-2_48.
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Mericle, Thomas. "Paid Parking and Free Wi-Fi in Ventura." In Parking and the City. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351019668-50.
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Jones, Paul. "Understanding “Free-form” Micro-morphology in Informal Settlements." In Informality and the City. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99926-1_26.
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Ruesch, Martin, Simon Bohne, Thomas Schmid, et al. "A 2050 Vision for Energy-efficient and CO2-free Urban Logistics." In City Logistics 1. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119425519.ch8.
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Wolf, Peter J., and Francis Hamilton. "The management of free-roaming cats in US cities." In Animals in the City. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429264429-15.
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Zhao, Shichen, Wenjuan Hou, Ziyao Wang, and Qiaochu He. "Bikes Detention Game in Free-Float Bike Sharing Systems." In City, Society, and Digital Transformation. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15644-1_19.
Full textConference papers on the topic "The Free City of Danzig"
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van Vliet, Vincent, Menno van den Hout, Kadir Gümüş, Eduward Tangdiongga, and Chigo Okonkwo. "57 Tb/s Transmission Over a 4.6 km Field-Deployed Free-Space Optical Link in Urban Environment." In Optical Fiber Communication Conference. Optica Publishing Group, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1364/ofc.2025.m2j.7.
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Tenopir, T. J. "Performance of New Generation VOC Compliant and Chromate-Free Coatings in Military Applications." In CORROSION 1994. NACE International, 1994. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1994-94619.
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Abstract Environmental regulations controlling paint use vary widely between states/cities/counties and undergo constant change. Regardless of locality, however, allowable volatile organic content (VOC) levels are being reduced. All federal government agencies must now fully comply with any state/city/county regulations. In addition, zinc chromate primers are banned by the US Department of Defense (DOD). DOD plans to reduce allowed lead levels in paints for military applications to 50 parts per million by 1994 wherever possible. In order to meet these challenges, the US Navy must constantly reformulate existing military specification (MILSPEC) paints or qualify commercial products. Commercial paints must perform as well or better than MILSPEC paints. Substitute paints with VOC levels significantly below current requirements are most desirable. The US Navy is continuing extensive testing and evaluation programs for several new compliant paint substitutes, including single component polyurethanes. Paints which exhibited superior performance in a recent study remain under continual beachfront exposure and will be compared to new paints from the present study.
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Rodríguez González, Sylvia Cristina. "Megadesarrollos turísticos de sol y playa enclaves del imaginario." In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7522.
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Los megadesarrollos turísticos de sol y playa han sido impulsados por el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) como proyectos de estrategia de desarrollo turístico, en México nacen los Centros
 Integralmente Planeados (CIP´s) para dar orden urbano, descentralizando grandes inversiones turísticas principalmente de origen extranjeros. Son identificados ante la promoción turística por la inversión de
 insumos y tecnología. Los emplazamientos turísticos de sol y playa han crecido y destinan espacios para el hospedaje turístico temporal y permanente. Este tipo de emplazamientos destacan por ser 
 representaciones de exclusividad, privacidad y seguridad, manifestando enclavamiento en la serie de conjuntos turísticos construidos para integrar el megadesarrollo turístico, demarcando un acceso que indica el inicio del montaje realidad-ficción, conformando el montaje de ficción, que llevan a construir una realidad a partir del imaginario.
 Lo sucedido fuera del montaje será considerado como realidad, al establecerse una serie de compaginaciones que fabricarán la nueva realidad, la realidad-ficción, entre representaciones de fantasía
 visuales, de sonidos y sobretodo de ideas por transmitir, como es lo motivante que resultan para los turistas las guías turísticas. Las representaciones son basadas en imágenes de paisajes, personas, ciudades, entre otros emblemas simbólicos. Cada espacio por destacar será retomado para enfocar el montaje en dibujos, pinturas, danzas, arquitectura, entre otras dinámicas de conquista turística, igual sucede con la reproducción de sonidos relacionados con la exclusividad, privacidad y seguridad para el
 turista al interior del conjunto. Toda construcción de la realidad se realiza en un espacio y un tiempo definido a partir del imaginario, ya que existe el objetivo de cautivar al visitante, dentro de una serie de
 montajes continuos donde será eliminada la línea de corte entre montajes, convirtiendo la ficción en realidad para el turista, el montaje correcto y el escenario indicado, señalan el orden constante de los montajes.
 Del trozo de imágenes fabricadas y rescatadas del ambiente natural o real, se conformara una relación argumental a través de la compaginación con la secuencia adecuada de cada una de las escenas plasmadas por el imaginario, unir y encauzar los montajes para el cumplimiento de la representación en un filme. De los ejemplos más destacados son las creaciones a partir del imaginario en los Emiratos Árabes Unidos, representados en los hoteles como torre hilton baynunah, jumeirah Beach burj al-arab, hotel w, hotel apearon island y hotel eta, los cuales exponen servicios como compras de lujo, centros spa con instalaciones exclusivas para el deporte y el tiempo libre, habitaciones equipadas, climatizadas y con lo último de la tecnología. Se distinguen los colores y las formas por resaltar ante la cultura árabe, pero es importante señalar que cada uno de esos megadesarrollos turísticos marcará su filme con esta serie de montajes, que permitirán compaginar la serie de trozos de imágenes fabricadas ante la fantasía imaginada.
 Los megadesarrollos turísticos se distinguen por crear escenarios turísticos a partir del imaginario,
 destacando el enclavamiento a través de la búsqueda del concepto de seguridad, con un marcado interés
 para conformar comunidades nuevas, asimismo elementos como los acceso se encuentran custodiados
 por personal de seguridad que indicara la bienvenida al turista, sin conocer que será guiado y vigilado por
 cámaras de video ocultas en la masa de la edificación, también se distinguen elementos de seguridad
 para la movilidad y accesibilidad al conjunto, destacando vía aérea, naval ó terrestre, el recorrido al
 interior marcándose bajo un escalonamiento de cota descendente a nivel de playa, mostrara cada uno de
 los escenarios turísticos montados para indicar el recorrido al turista al interior del conjunto turístico. The sun and beach tourist megadevelopments have been stimulated by the Inter-American Bank of Development (BID) as projects of strategy of tourist development, in Mexico there are born the Integrally
 planned Centers (CIP's) to give urban order, decentralizing big tourist investments principally of origin foreigners. They are identified before the tourist promotion by the investment of inputs and technology.
 The emplacements have grown and destine spaces for the tourist temporary and permanent. This type stand out for being representations of exclusivity, privacy and safety, demonstrating interlock in the series
 of tourist sets constructed to integrate the tourist megadevelopment, limiting an access that indicates the beginning of the montage reality - fiction, shaping the montage of fiction, that they lead to constructing a
 reality from the imaginary one.
 The happened out of the montage will be considered to be a reality, on there having be established a series of page lay-outs that will make the new reality, the reality - fiction, between visual representations of
 fantasy, of sounds and overcoat of ideas for transmitting, since motivation is that the tourist guides prove for the tourists. The representations are based on images of landscapes, persons, cities and symbolic
 emblems. Chaque espace pour se faire remarquer sera repris pour mettre au point le montage dans des dessins, des peintures, des danses, une architecture, entre d'autres dynamiques de conquête touristique, égale il succède avec la reproduction de sons relatifs à l'exclusivité, confidentialité et sécurité pour le touriste à l'intérieur de l'ensemble. Toute construction de la réalité est réalisée dans un espace et le temps
 défini à partir de l'imaginaire, puisqu'il existe l'objectif de captiver le visiteur, à l'intérieur d'une série de montages continuels où la ligne de coupure sera éliminée entre des montages, en changeant la fiction en réalité pour le touriste, le montage correct et la scène indiquée, ils marquent l'ordre constant des montages.
 Of the chunk of images made and rescued of the natural or real environment, a plot relation was conforming across the page lay-out to the suitable sequence of each one of the scenes formed by the imaginary one, to join and to channel the montages for the fulfillment of the representation in a movie. Of the most out-standing examples they are the creations from the imaginary one in the United Arab Emirates represented in the hotels as tower hilton baynunah, jumeirah Beach burj al-arab, hotel w, hotel apearon island y hotel eta, which expose services as purchases of luxury, centers spa with exclusive facilities for the sport and the free time, equipped rooms with the last technology. 
 The colors and the forms are distinguished for standing out before the Arabic culture, but it is important to indicate that each of these megadevelopments will mark with this series of montages, which will allow to
 arrange the series of chunks of images made before the imagined fantasy. The megadevelopments differ for creating tourist scenes from the imaginary one, emphasizing the interlock across the search of the
 safety concept, with a marked interest to shape new communities, likewise elements like them I access they are guarded by safety personnel that was indicating the welcome to the tourist, Without knowing that
 it will be guided and monitored by secret video cameras in the mass of the building, also safety elements are distinguished for the mobility and accessibility to the set, emphasizing airway, navally ó terrestrial, the tour to the interior being marked under an stairs of descending level to beach level, there was showing each of the tourist scenes mounted to indicate the tour to the tourist to the interior of the set.
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Kurganevich, D. V. "COLLECTION OF LETTERS FROM THE MAGISTRATE OF DANZIG TO REVEL FROM THE TALLINN CITY ARCHIVES AT THE PRESENT STAGE OF RESEARCH." In Историческое вече: проблемы всемирной истории. НовГУ им. Ярослава Мудрого, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.34680/978-5-89896-870-0/2023.veche.15.
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Alameri, M. "The car free city model." In URBAN TRANSPORT 2011. WIT Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ut110131.
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Bieda, Krzysztof. "Car-free cities: urban utopia or real perspective?" In Virtual City and Territory. Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8044.
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The appalling conditions of many 19th century industrial cities, brought by the Industrial Revolution, triggered numerous ideas and concepts looking for a better form of urban environment. Although most of the ideas may be today categorized as utopian, they had nevertheless significantly influenced urban development and heralded, at that time, the emergence of the Modernist City. With time, the Modernist City grew increasingly car-dependent. The crisis of the contemporary “Automobile City” stimulates, yet again, efforts to develop visions for a new, better city, free from ill-effects of car traffic. These visions may also fall into category of urban utopia, but they hopefully will, like in the past, set new directions in urban development and contribute to emergence of a new city form. Numerous research, planning and design works up today allow to speculate on the emerging new urban design paradigm. The visions of a future “Post Automobile City” go generally in two directions: a radical Car-free City model entirely devoid of automobile and – less radical - a Sustainable Mobility City, offering diverse modes of movement and related diverse life styles. The latter concepts would comprise both city forms: entirely car-free zones and “ordinary” urban areas accessible for cars, but more habitable due to priorities for pedestrian, bike and transit movement. We already observe growing number of car-free neighborhoods, mostly in the cities of Western Europe. They usually do not differ physically from ordinary housing complexes, other than added car- free arrangements. However, like in the past, we can expect that new urban forms will start to evolve following ongoing changes in urban transport. The paper attempts to answer the question if, and how, future changes towards sustainable mobility, may influence urban form, and in particular, how car-free residential areas in future cities may look like.
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Temes Cordovez, Rafael R., and Alfonso Moya Fuero. "Application for a barrier free tourism in Valencia." In Virtual City and Territory. Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8146.
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Barrier free tourism is increasingly getting a greater attention by the tourist industry, not just for the added value given to the touristic experience, but because of the difference and specialization on a wide market share that the Spanish touristic sector has not been able to fully take advantage of yet. Following this idea, the National Plan for Smart cities (Plan Nacional de Ciudades Inteligentes) stands up for smart touristic destinations where innovative technologies should play an important role to improve accessibility. The development of the mobile phone App “Barrier Free-Valencia” intents to offer a useful tool to walk through the city of Valencia guaranteeing a 100% barrier free route. The methodology used for the development is based on the combination of a systematic field work, using free access information provided by the Municipality of Valencia, and calculations based on the Dijkstra algorithm (1959) implemented on a GIS software. To calculate the route, it is used the impedance or crossing difficulty concept where the different urban barriers and low comfort situation areas are identified. The main data used are: presence of lower sidewalks, path narrowing, slopes, steps and noisy pavement. After this data has been identified, the routes are divided into accessible, passable, and not accessible. It is necessary to work on the idea of creating representative single line grids of sidewalks and, therefore, of real paths followed by urban citizens. By doing so, more data can be collected to build a complete Smart City grid. The development of Apps such as Barrier Free will help on the evolution towards more inclusive cities. An idea that is the basic line of our investigation.
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RYDNINGEN, ULF, REBECCA CELINE HØYNES, and LARS WISTH KOLLTVEIT. "OSLO 2019: A CAR-FREE CITY CENTRE." In SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING 2017. WIT Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/sdp170011.
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Caro, D., F. M. Pulselli, and N. Marchettini. "The pathway for the Province of Siena toward the “Siena Carbon Free” goal." In SUSTAINABLE CITY 2014. WIT Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/sc141032.
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El Naggar, H., G. Mossad, and K. Tarabieh. "Barrier free environment: a case study to evaluate Misr railway station for accessibility." In THE SUSTAINABLE CITY 2013. WIT Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/sc131052.
Full textReports on the topic "The Free City of Danzig"
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Hendrey, G. R., K. F. Lewin, Z. Kolber, D. Kolber, F. W. Lipfert, and M. Daum. Field performance testing of a Free-Air Controlled Enrichment (FACE) system for the regulation of carbon dioxide concentrations in a cotton field at Yazoo City, Mississippi. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6078679.
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Stansel, Dean, José Torra, Matthew D. Mitchell, and Ángel Carrión-Tavárez. Economic Freedom of North America 2024 Subnational Dataset. Fraser Institute, 2024. https://doi.org/10.53095/88975027.
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Economic Freedom of North America 2024 measures the degree to which governments in North America permit their citizens to make their own economic choices. The subnational dataset of the report encompasses data from the 10 Canadian provinces, the 50 U.S. states, the 31 Mexican states and Mexico City, and the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico, for comparison of all 93 individual jurisdictions (provincial, state, and local governments) within the same country. Canada’s most economically free province is Alberta. The next highest provinces in the subnational index were Ontario and Manitoba, followed by Newfoundland & Labrador, and British Columbia. In the U.S., New Hampshire earned the top spot again this year. South Dakota rose to second and Florida fell to third, followed by Tennessee and Texas. Puerto Rico is the lowest-ranking U.S. jurisdiction by far. The most economically free of the Mexican states is Michoacán de Ocampo, followed by Baja California, Morelos, Jalisco, and Puebla.
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Kwon, Heeseo Rain, HeeAh Cho, Jongbok Kim, Sang Keon Lee, and Donju Lee. International Case Studies of Smart Cities: Songdo, Republic of Korea. Inter-American Development Bank, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007012.
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This case study is one of ten international studies developed by the Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements (KRIHS), in association with the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), for the cities of Anyang, Medellin, Namyangju, Orlando, Pangyo, Rio de Janeiro, Santander, Singapore, Songdo, and Tel Aviv. At the IDB, the Competitiveness and Innovation Division (CTI), the Fiscal and Municipal Management Division (FMM), and the Emerging and Sustainable Cities Initiative (ESCI) coordinated the study. This project was part of technical cooperation ME-T1254, financed by the Knowledge Partnership Korean Fund for Technology and Innovation of the Republic of Korea. At KRIHS, the National Infrastructure Research Division coordinated the project and the Global Development Partnership Center provided the funding. Songdo, as part of Incheon Free Economic Zone, is an iconic new smart city of Korea that hosts international business events and attract IT, biotech, ad R&D facilities. Its smart city initiative began in 2008 and is still ongoing with an aim for completion by 2017. The project is largely divided into six sectors including transport, security, disaster, environment, and citizen interaction while other services related to home, business, education, health and car are also being developed. Specialized service in Songdo includes smart bike services, criminal vehicle tracking and monitoring unusual activities through motion detecting technology while Integrated Operation and Control Center (IOCC) readily facilitates collaboration between various agencies and citizen engagement. Songdo smart city initiative is managed by Incheon U-city Corporation, a private- public partnership in order to secure funding for system operation through effective business model.
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Liera, Carla, Mónica García, Kim Andersson, and Elisabeth Kvarnström. Combining sewered and non-sewered sanitation in Montero, Bolivia: scaling up sustainably. Stockholm Environment Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2022.007.
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The city of Montero, through the cooperative utility COSMOL, has successfully implemented on-site sanitation services for part of its population, in parallel to sewer-based services. However, additional solutions, capacity development and strengthening of governance systems are needed to allow for increased sustainability, for both the sewered and non-sewered sanitation services in the city. Technical improvements are still needed in wastewater and excreta management and treatment, to reduce health and environmental impacts. However, optimizing the existing sanitation systems could increase environmental, health and hygiene sustainability. Urine-diverting dry toilets (UDDTs) have the potential to reduce environmental impact the most, once optimized and if urine and faeces are collected and treated for reuse. Local farmers have expressed demand for sanitation reuse products, as long as low price and quality can be guaranteed. From a household perspective, demand exists for high levels of service and maintenance by providers, no matter the type of system, to ensure simple maintenance by users. But the sanitation system still needs to be affordable, match cleanliness expectations, and remain free of odours, mosquitos and rodents. Upscaling on-site sanitation systems depends strongly on the support of the public institutions and resources available, including legal, economic and technical resources, as well as having a long-term vision.
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Stansel, Dean, José Torra, Matthew D. Mitchell, and Ángel Carrión-Tavárez. Economic Freedom of North America 2024 All Government Dataset. Fraser Institute, 2024. https://doi.org/10.53095/88975026.
Full textAbstract:
Economic Freedom of North America 2024 measures the degree to which governments in North America permit their citizens to make their own economic choices. The all-government dataset of the report encompasses data from the 10 Canadian provinces, the 50 U.S. states, the 31 Mexican states and Mexico City, and the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico, for comparison of all 93 jurisdictions across all three countries. In the all-government dataset—which takes account of federal as well as provincial or state policies—the most economically free jurisdiction in North America is New Hampshire; followed by Idaho, Oklahoma, and South Carolina tied for 2nd; and Florida and Indiana tied for 5th. Alberta is the highest-ranking Canadian province, tied for 12th place with Tennessee, South Dakota, Colorado, and Texas. The next-highest Canadian province is British Columbia, which is tied with Massachusetts, Minnesota, and New Mexico for 43rd. Puerto Rico ranks 61st below all U.S. states and Canadian provinces. The highest-ranked Mexican state, Baja California, ranks 62nd. The lowest-ranking jurisdictions in the index are Campeche, Colima, and Ciudad de México. Average economic freedom across all 93 jurisdictions has fallen every year since 2017 and is now slightly above its all-time low. Incomes in the freest top 25% of North American jurisdictions were 21 times higher than in the least-free. From 2013 to 2022, the population of the freest U.S. states grew 10 times faster and total employment grew 3 times faster than in the least-free states.
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Stansel, Dean, José Torra, Matthew D. Mitchell, and Ángel Carrión-Tavárez. Economic Freedom of North America 2024 U.S. Edition. Fraser Institute, 2024. https://doi.org/10.53095/88975024.
Full textAbstract:
This report measures the degree to which governments in North America permit their citizens to make their own economic choices. It includes data from the 10 Canadian provinces, the 50 U.S. states, the 31 Mexican states and Mexico City, and the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico. Economic Freedom of North America 2024 contains an all-government index for comparison of all 93 jurisdictions across all three countries and three subnational indices—one for each country—for comparison of individual jurisdictions (provincial, state, and local governments) within the same country. In the all-government index—which takes account of federal as well as provincial or state policies—the most economically free jurisdiction in North America is New Hampshire; followed by Idaho, Oklahoma, and South Carolina tied for 2nd; and Florida and Indiana tied for 5th. Alberta is the highest-ranking Canadian province, tied for 12th place with Tennessee, South Dakota, Colorado, and Texas. The next-highest Canadian province is British Columbia, which is tied with Massachusetts, Minnesota, and New Mexico for 43rd. Puerto Rico ranks 61st below all U.S. states and Canadian provinces. The highest-ranked Mexican state, Baja California, ranks 62nd. The lowest-ranking jurisdictions in the index are Campeche, Colima, and Ciudad de México. Average economic freedom across all 93 jurisdictions has fallen every year since 2017 and is now slightly above its all-time low. Incomes in the freest top 25% of North American jurisdictions were 21 times higher than in the least-free. From 2013 to 2022, the population of the freest U.S. states grew 10 times faster and total employment grew 3 times faster than in the least-free states.
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Stansel, Dean, José Torra, Matthew D. Mitchell, and Ángel Carrión-Tavárez. Economic Freedom of North America 2024. Fraser Institute, 2024. https://doi.org/10.53095/88975023.
Full textAbstract:
This report measures the degree to which governments in North America permit their citizens to make their own economic choices. It includes data from the 10 Canadian provinces, the 50 U.S. states, the 31 Mexican states and Mexico City, and the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico. Economic Freedom of North America 2024 contains an all-government index for comparison of all 93 jurisdictions across all three countries and three subnational indices—one for each country—for comparison of individual jurisdictions (provincial, state, and local governments) within the same country. In the all-government index—which takes account of federal as well as provincial or state policies—the most economically free jurisdiction in North America is New Hampshire; followed by Idaho, Oklahoma, and South Carolina tied for 2nd; and Florida and Indiana tied for 5th. Alberta is the highest-ranking Canadian province, tied for 12th place with Tennessee, South Dakota, Colorado, and Texas. The next-highest Canadian province is British Columbia, which is tied with Massachusetts, Minnesota, and New Mexico for 43rd. Puerto Rico ranks 61st below all U.S. states and Canadian provinces. The highest-ranked Mexican state, Baja California, ranks 62nd. The lowest-ranking jurisdictions in the index are Campeche, Colima, and Ciudad de México. Average economic freedom across all 93 jurisdictions has fallen every year since 2017 and is now slightly above its all-time low. Incomes in the freest top 25% of North American jurisdictions were 21 times higher than in the least-free. From 2013 to 2022, the population of the freest U.S. states grew 10 times faster and total employment grew 3 times faster than in the least-free states.
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Stansel, Dean, José Torra, Matthew D. Mitchell, and Ángel Carrión-Tavárez. Economic Freedom of North America 2024 Full Dataset. Fraser Institute, 2024. https://doi.org/10.53095/88975025.
Full textAbstract:
Economic Freedom of North America 2024 measures the degree to which governments in North America permit their citizens to make their own economic choices. The full dataset of the report encompasses data from the 10 Canadian provinces, the 50 U.S. states, the 31 Mexican states and Mexico City, and the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico. It contains an all-government index for comparison of all 93 jurisdictions across all three countries and three subnational indices—one for each country—for comparison of individual jurisdictions (provincial, state, and local governments) within the same country. In the all-government index—which takes account of federal as well as provincial or state policies—the most economically free jurisdiction in North America is New Hampshire; followed by Idaho, Oklahoma, and South Carolina tied for 2nd; and Florida and Indiana tied for 5th. Alberta is the highest-ranking Canadian province, tied for 12th place with Tennessee, South Dakota, Colorado, and Texas. The next-highest Canadian province is British Columbia, which is tied with Massachusetts, Minnesota, and New Mexico for 43rd. Puerto Rico ranks 61st below all U.S. states and Canadian provinces. The highest-ranked Mexican state, Baja California, ranks 62nd. The lowest-ranking jurisdictions in the index are Campeche, Colima, and Ciudad de México. Average economic freedom across all 93 jurisdictions has fallen every year since 2017 and is now slightly above its all-time low. Incomes in the freest top 25% of North American jurisdictions were 21 times higher than in the least-free. From 2013 to 2022, the population of the freest U.S. states grew 10 times faster and total employment grew 3 times faster than in the least-free states.
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Jean Park, Norma, Callum Chapman, Santiago Ripoll, Lídia Cabral, and Jodie Thorpe. Towards Transformative Change: Grass-roots Innovations for Food Security During Crises in Brighton & Hove, UK. Institute of Development Studies, 2025. https://doi.org/10.19088/ids.2025.002.
Full textAbstract:
This Working Paper analyses the emergence and evolution of three community-led initiatives focused on food insecurity, with the coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic and the ensuing cost-of-living crisis as the backdrop. These initiatives are located in the city of Brighton & Hove, in the United Kingdom (UK), and include: Chomp, a free holiday lunch club catering to families on low incomes; Rock Farm, a community space and horticultural therapy project located in the outskirts of the city; and Brighton Food Factory, a social enterprise initially conceived as a warehouse for storing gleaned food from local farms and processing it into affordable ready-to-eat meals for low-income individuals. Guided by social innovation theory, the paper explores the significance of the crisis context in prompting innovation and outlines benefits and challenges associated with these grass-roots innovations. It also discusses the transformative potential of these innovations, and how they support conditions that can drive broader social change in the future. While currently challenged by dwindling resources and rising needs, in the context of the cost-of-living crisis, these projects are examples of how local connections and community embeddedness are important elements driving innovations that are responsive to emerging needs. Although small in scale, these innovations are building individual and collective capacities, strengthening networks, and helping to reimagine local food relations.
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Penna, Clemente. The Saga of Teofila Slavery and Credit Circulation in 19th-Century Rio de Janeiro. Maria Sibylla Merian International Centre for Advanced Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences Conviviality-Inequality in Latin America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46877/penna.2021.39.
Full textAbstract:
This paper follows the enslaved woman Teofila from captivity to freedom in 19th-century Rio de Janeiro. To become a free woman, Teofila had to navigate the complex private credit networks of the West African community of the Brazilian capital city. With limited banking activity, the cariocas relied on one another for their financial needs, making for a highly convivial credit market that reflected and reinforced the vast inequalities of Brazilian slave society. While following Teofila through the courts of Rio de Janeiro, this paper will demonstrate that one of the cornerstones of the city’s credit market was the presence of an intertwined relationship between credit and private property. The commerce in human beings like Teofila produced thousands of negotiable titles, with slavery working as a propeller for credit circulation and one of its pillars – slave property was the primary collateral for unpaid debts.