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Journal articles on the topic 'The gates of Asgard'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 January 2023

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1

Akıl, Caner, Linh T. Tran, Magali Orhant-Prioux, Yohendran Baskaran, Edward Manser, Laurent Blanchoin, and Robert C. Robinson. "Insights into the evolution of regulated actin dynamics via characterization of primitive gelsolin/cofilin proteins from Asgard archaea." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 33 (August 3, 2020): 19904–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2009167117.

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Asgard archaea genomes contain potential eukaryotic-like genes that provide intriguing insight for the evolution of eukaryotes. The eukaryotic actin polymerization/depolymerization cycle is critical for providing force and structure in many processes, including membrane remodeling. In general, Asgard genomes encode two classes of actin-regulating proteins from sequence analysis, profilins and gelsolins. Asgard profilins were demonstrated to regulate actin filament nucleation. Here, we identify actin filament severing, capping, annealing and bundling, and monomer sequestration activities by gelsolin proteins from Thorarchaeota (Thor), which complete a eukaryotic-like actin depolymerization cycle, and indicate complex actin cytoskeleton regulation in Asgard organisms. Thor gelsolins have homologs in other Asgard archaea and comprise one or two copies of the prototypical gelsolin domain. This appears to be a record of an initial preeukaryotic gene duplication event, since eukaryotic gelsolins are generally comprise three to six domains. X-ray structures of these proteins in complex with mammalian actin revealed similar interactions to the first domain of human gelsolin or cofilin with actin. Asgard two-domain, but not one-domain, gelsolins contain calcium-binding sites, which is manifested in calcium-controlled activities. Expression of two-domain gelsolins in mammalian cells enhanced actin filament disassembly on ionomycin-triggered calcium release. This functional demonstration, at the cellular level, provides evidence for a calcium-controlled Asgard actin cytoskeleton, indicating that the calcium-regulated actin cytoskeleton predates eukaryotes. In eukaryotes, dynamic bundled actin filaments are responsible for shaping filopodia and microvilli. By correlation, we hypothesize that the formation of the protrusions observed from Lokiarchaeota cell bodies may involve the gelsolin-regulated actin structures.

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2

Du Toit, Andrea. "Profilin(g) Asgard archaea." Nature Reviews Microbiology 16, no. 12 (October 5, 2018): 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41579-018-0100-6.

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3

Penev, Petar I., Sara Fakhretaha-Aval, Vaishnavi J. Patel, Jamie J. Cannone, Robin R. Gutell, Anton S. Petrov, Loren Dean Williams, and Jennifer B. Glass. "Supersized Ribosomal RNA Expansion Segments in Asgard Archaea." Genome Biology and Evolution 12, no. 10 (August 12, 2020): 1694–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evaa170.

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Abstract The ribosome’s common core, comprised of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and universal ribosomal proteins, connects all life back to a common ancestor and serves as a window to relationships among organisms. The rRNA of the common core is similar to rRNA of extant bacteria. In eukaryotes, the rRNA of the common core is decorated by expansion segments (ESs) that vastly increase its size. Supersized ESs have not been observed previously in Archaea, and the origin of eukaryotic ESs remains enigmatic. We discovered that the large ribosomal subunit (LSU) rRNA of two Asgard phyla, Lokiarchaeota and Heimdallarchaeota, considered to be the closest modern archaeal cell lineages to Eukarya, bridge the gap in size between prokaryotic and eukaryotic LSU rRNAs. The elongated LSU rRNAs in Lokiarchaeota and Heimdallarchaeota stem from two supersized ESs, called ES9 and ES39. We applied chemical footprinting experiments to study the structure of Lokiarchaeota ES39. Furthermore, we used covariation and sequence analysis to study the evolution of Asgard ES39s and ES9s. By defining the common eukaryotic ES39 signature fold, we found that Asgard ES39s have more and longer helices than eukaryotic ES39s. Although Asgard ES39s have sequences and structures distinct from eukaryotic ES39s, we found overall conservation of a three-way junction across the Asgard species that matches eukaryotic ES39 topology, a result consistent with the accretion model of ribosomal evolution.

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4

Russum, Steven, Katie Jing Kay Lam, Nicholas Alan Wong, Vasu Iddamsetty, Kevin J. Hendargo, Jianing Wang, Aditi Dubey, Yichi Zhang, Arturo Medrano-Soto, and Milton H. Saier. "Comparative population genomic analyses of transporters within the Asgard archaeal superphylum." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 26, 2021): e0247806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247806.

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Upon discovery of the first archaeal species in the 1970s, life has been subdivided into three domains: Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria. However, the organization of the three-domain tree of life has been challenged following the discovery of archaeal lineages such as the TACK and Asgard superphyla. The Asgard Superphylum has emerged as the closest archaeal ancestor to eukaryotes, potentially improving our understanding of the evolution of life forms. We characterized the transportomes and their substrates within four metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), that is, Odin-, Thor-, Heimdall- and Loki-archaeota as well as the fully sequenced genome of Candidatus Prometheoarchaeum syntrophicum strain MK-D1 that belongs to the Loki phylum. Using the Transporter Classification Database (TCDB) as reference, candidate transporters encoded within the proteomes were identified based on sequence similarity, alignment coverage, compatibility of hydropathy profiles, TMS topologies and shared domains. Identified transport systems were compared within the Asgard superphylum as well as within dissimilar eukaryotic, archaeal and bacterial organisms. From these analyses, we infer that Asgard organisms rely mostly on the transport of substrates driven by the proton motive force (pmf), the proton electrochemical gradient which then can be used for ATP production and to drive the activities of secondary carriers. The results indicate that Asgard archaea depend heavily on the uptake of organic molecules such as lipid precursors, amino acids and their derivatives, and sugars and their derivatives. Overall, the majority of the transporters identified are more similar to prokaryotic transporters than eukaryotic systems although several instances of the reverse were documented. Taken together, the results support the previous suggestions that the Asgard superphylum includes organisms that are largely mixotrophic and anaerobic but more clearly define their metabolic potential while providing evidence regarding their relatedness to eukaryotes.

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5

Tamarit, Daniel, Eva F. Caceres, Mart Krupovic, Reindert Nijland, Laura Eme, Nicholas P. Robinson, and Thijs J. G. Ettema. "A closed Candidatus Odinarchaeum chromosome exposes Asgard archaeal viruses." Nature Microbiology 7, no. 7 (June 27, 2022): 948–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41564-022-01122-y.

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AbstractAsgard archaea have recently been identified as the closest archaeal relatives of eukaryotes. Their ecology, and particularly their virome, remain enigmatic. We reassembled and closed the chromosome of Candidatus Odinarchaeum yellowstonii LCB_4, through long-range PCR, revealing CRISPR spacers targeting viral contigs. We found related viruses in the genomes of diverse prokaryotes from geothermal environments, including other Asgard archaea. These viruses open research avenues into the ecology and evolution of Asgard archaea.

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6

Hofer, Ursula. "Asgard archaeon rises from the mud." Nature Reviews Microbiology 18, no. 3 (January 27, 2020): 122–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41579-020-0334-y.

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7

Imachi, Hiroyuki, Masaru K. Nobu, Nozomi Nakahara, Yuki Morono, Miyuki Ogawara, Yoshihiro Takaki, Yoshinori Takano, et al. "Isolation of an archaeon at the prokaryote–eukaryote interface." Nature 577, no. 7791 (January 15, 2020): 519–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1916-6.

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Abstract The origin of eukaryotes remains unclear1–4. Current data suggest that eukaryotes may have emerged from an archaeal lineage known as ‘Asgard’ archaea5,6. Despite the eukaryote-like genomic features that are found in these archaea, the evolutionary transition from archaea to eukaryotes remains unclear, owing to the lack of cultured representatives and corresponding physiological insights. Here we report the decade-long isolation of an Asgard archaeon related to Lokiarchaeota from deep marine sediment. The archaeon—‘Candidatus Prometheoarchaeum syntrophicum’ strain MK-D1—is an anaerobic, extremely slow-growing, small coccus (around 550 nm in diameter) that degrades amino acids through syntrophy. Although eukaryote-like intracellular complexes have been proposed for Asgard archaea6, the isolate has no visible organelle-like structure. Instead, Ca. P. syntrophicum is morphologically complex and has unique protrusions that are long and often branching. On the basis of the available data obtained from cultivation and genomics, and reasoned interpretations of the existing literature, we propose a hypothetical model for eukaryogenesis, termed the entangle–engulf–endogenize (also known as E3) model.

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8

López-García, Purificación, and David Moreira. "Cultured Asgard Archaea Shed Light on Eukaryogenesis." Cell 181, no. 2 (April 2020): 232–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.058.

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9

Wu, Fabai, Daan R. Speth, Alon Philosof, Antoine Crémière, Aditi Narayanan, Roman A. Barco, Stephanie A. Connon, Jan P. Amend, Igor A. Antoshechkin, and Victoria J. Orphan. "Unique mobile elements and scalable gene flow at the prokaryote–eukaryote boundary revealed by circularized Asgard archaea genomes." Nature Microbiology 7, no. 2 (January 13, 2022): 200–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41564-021-01039-y.

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AbstractEukaryotic genomes are known to have garnered innovations from both archaeal and bacterial domains but the sequence of events that led to the complex gene repertoire of eukaryotes is largely unresolved. Here, through the enrichment of hydrothermal vent microorganisms, we recovered two circularized genomes of Heimdallarchaeum species that belong to an Asgard archaea clade phylogenetically closest to eukaryotes. These genomes reveal diverse mobile elements, including an integrative viral genome that bidirectionally replicates in a circular form and aloposons, transposons that encode the 5,000 amino acid-sized proteins Otus and Ephialtes. Heimdallaechaeal mobile elements have garnered various genes from bacteria and bacteriophages, likely playing a role in shuffling functions across domains. The number of archaea- and bacteria-related genes follow strikingly different scaling laws in Asgard archaea, exhibiting a genome size-dependent ratio and a functional division resembling the bacteria- and archaea-derived gene repertoire across eukaryotes. Bacterial gene import has thus likely been a continuous process unaltered by eukaryogenesis and scaled up through genome expansion. Our data further highlight the importance of viewing eukaryogenesis in a pan-Asgard context, which led to the proposal of a conceptual framework, that is, the Heimdall nucleation–decentralized innovation–hierarchical import model that accounts for the emergence of eukaryotic complexity.

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10

Ekberg, Christian, Teodora Retegan, Eva De Visser Tynova, Mark Sarsfield, and Janne Wallenius. "Fuel fabrication and reprocessing issues: the ASGARD project." EPJ Nuclear Sciences & Technologies 6 (2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjn/2019014.

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The ASGARD project (2012–2016) was designed to tackle the challenge the multi-dimensional questions dealing with the recyclability of novel nuclear fuels. These dimensions are: the scientific achievements, investigating how to increase the industrial applicability of the fabrication of these novel fuels, the bridging of the often separate physics and chemical communities in connection with nuclear fuel cycles and finally to create an ambitious education and training platform. This will be offered to younger scientists and will include a broadening of their experience by international exchange with relevant facilities. At the end of the project 27 papers in peer reviewed journals were published and it is expected that the real number will be the double. The training and integration success was evidenced by the fruitful implementation of the Travel Fund as well as the unique schools, e.g. practical and theoretical handling of plutonium.

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11

Cai, Mingwei, Tim Richter-Heitmann, Xiuran Yin, Wen-Cong Huang, Yuchun Yang, Cuijing Zhang, Changhai Duan, et al. "Ecological features and global distribution of Asgard archaea." Science of The Total Environment 758 (March 2021): 143581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143581.

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12

Zaremba-Niedzwiedzka, Katarzyna, Eva F. Caceres, Jimmy H. Saw, Disa Bäckström, Lina Juzokaite, Emmelien Vancaester, Kiley W. Seitz, et al. "Asgard archaea illuminate the origin of eukaryotic cellular complexity." Nature 541, no. 7637 (January 2017): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature21031.

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13

Akıl, Caner, and Robert C. Robinson. "Genomes of Asgard archaea encode profilins that regulate actin." Nature 562, no. 7727 (October 2018): 439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0548-6.

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14

Spang, Anja, Laura Eme, Jimmy H. Saw, Eva F. Caceres, Katarzyna Zaremba-Niedzwiedzka, Jonathan Lombard, Lionel Guy, and Thijs J. G. Ettema. "Asgard archaea are the closest prokaryotic relatives of eukaryotes." PLOS Genetics 14, no. 3 (March 29, 2018): e1007080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1007080.

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15

Troyer, M. "Erfahrungen mit dem „Asgard“ Cluster an der ETH Zürich." PIK - Praxis der Informationsverarbeitung und Kommunikation 24, no. 2 (June 2001): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/piko.2001.85.

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16

Touch, Sereysethy, and Jean-Noël Colin. "A Comparison of an Adaptive Self-Guarded Honeypot with Conventional Honeypots." Applied Sciences 12, no. 10 (May 21, 2022): 5224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12105224.

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To proactively defend computer systems against cyber-attacks, a honeypot system—purposely designed to be prone to attacks—is commonly used to detect attacks, discover new vulnerabilities, exploits or malware before they actually do real damage to real systems. Its usefulness lies in being able to operate without being identified as a trap by adversaries; otherwise, its values are significantly reduced. A honeypot is commonly classified by the degree of interactions that they provide to the attacker: low, medium and high-interaction honeypots. However, these systems have some shortcomings of their own. First, the low and medium-interaction honeypots can be easily detected due to their limited and simulated functions of a system. Second, the usage of real systems in high-interaction honeypots has a high risk of security being compromised due to its unlimited functions. To address these problems, we developed Asgard an adaptive self-guarded honeypot, which leverages reinforcement learning to learn and record attacker’s tools and behaviour while protecting itself from being deeply compromised. In this paper, we compare Asgard and its variant Midgard with two conventional SSH honeypots: Cowrie and a real Linux system. The goal of the paper is (1) to demonstrate the effectiveness of the adaptive honeypot that can learn to compromise between collecting attack data and keeping the honeypot safe, and (2) the benefit of coupling of the environment state and the action in reinforcement learning to define the reward function to effectively learn its objectives. The experimental results show that Asgard could collect higher-quality attacker data compared to Cowrie while evading the detection and could also protect the system for as long as it can through blocking or substituting the malicious programs and some other commands, which is the major problem of the high-interaction honeypot.

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17

Harish, Ajith, and David Morrison. "The deep(er) roots of Eukaryotes and Akaryotes." F1000Research 9 (February 13, 2020): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.22338.1.

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Background: Locating the root node of the “tree of life” (ToL) is one of the hardest problems in phylogenetics. The root-node or the universal common ancestor (UCA) divides descendants into organismal domains. Two notable variants of the two-domains ToL (2D-ToL) have gained support recently. One 2D-ToL posits that eukaryotes (organisms with nuclei) and akaryotes (organisms without nuclei) are sister clades that diverged from the UCA and that Asgard archaea are sister to other archaea, whereas the other proposes that eukaryotes emerged within archaea and places Asgard archaea sister to eukaryotes. Williams et al. (Nature Ecol. Evol. 4: 138–147; 2020) re-evaluated the data and methods that support the competing two-domains proposals and concluded that eukaryotes are the closest relatives of Asgard archaea. Critique: We argue that important aspects of estimating evolutionary relatedness and assessing phylogenetic signal in empirical data were overlooked. We focus on phylogenetic character reconstructions necessary to describe the UCA or its closest descendants in the absence of reliable fossils. It is well known that different character types present different perspectives on evolutionary history that relate to different phylogenetic depths. Which 2D-ToL is better supported depends on which kind of molecular features – protein-domains or their component amino acids – are better for resolving common ancestors at the roots of clades. In practice, this involves reconstructing character compositions of the ancestral nodes all the way back to the UCA. We believe the criticisms of 2D-ToL focus on superficial aspects of the data and reflects common misunderstandings of phylogenetic reconstructions using protein domains (folds). Clarifications: Models of protein domain evolution support more reliable phylogenetic reconstructions. In contrast, even the best available amino acid substitution models fail to resolve the archaeal radiation, despite employing thousands of genes. Therefore, the primary domains Eukaryotes and Akaryotes are better supported in a 2D-ToL.

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18

Harish, Ajith, and David Morrison. "The deep(er) roots of Eukaryotes and Akaryotes." F1000Research 9 (June 22, 2020): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.22338.2.

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Background: Locating the root node of the “tree of life” (ToL) is one of the hardest problems in phylogenetics, given the time depth. The root-node, or the universal common ancestor (UCA), groups descendants into organismal clades/domains. Two notable variants of the two-domains ToL (2D-ToL) have gained support recently. One 2D-ToL posits that eukaryotes (organisms with nuclei) and akaryotes (organisms without nuclei) are sister clades that diverged from the UCA, and that Asgard archaea are sister to other archaea. The other 2D-ToL proposes that eukaryotes emerged from within archaea and places Asgard archaea as sister to eukaryotes. Williams et al. ( Nature Ecol. Evol. 4: 138–147; 2020) re-evaluated the data and methods that support the competing two-domains proposals and concluded that eukaryotes are the closest relatives of Asgard archaea. Critique: The poor resolution of the archaea in their analysis, despite employing amino acid alignments from thousands of proteins and the best-fitting substitution models, contradicts their conclusions. We argue that they overlooked important aspects of estimating evolutionary relatedness and assessing phylogenetic signal in empirical data. Which 2D-ToL is better supported depends on which kind of molecular features are better for resolving common ancestors at the roots of clades – protein-domains or their component amino acids. We focus on phylogenetic character reconstructions necessary to describe the UCA or its closest descendants in the absence of reliable fossils. Clarifications: It is well known that different character types present different perspectives on evolutionary history that relate to different phylogenetic depths. We show that protein structural-domains support more reliable phylogenetic reconstructions of deep-diverging clades in the ToL. Accordingly, Eukaryotes and Akaryotes are better supported clades in a 2D-ToL.

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19

Liu, Yang, Kira S. Makarova, Wen-Cong Huang, Yuri I. Wolf, Anastasia N. Nikolskaya, Xinxu Zhang, Mingwei Cai, et al. "Expanded diversity of Asgard archaea and their relationships with eukaryotes." Nature 593, no. 7860 (April 28, 2021): 553–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03494-3.

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20

Da Cunha, Violette, Morgan Gaïa, and Patrick Forterre. "The expanding Asgard archaea and their elusive relationships with Eukarya." mLife 1, no. 1 (March 2022): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mlf2.12012.

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21

Grosjean, Ok-Koo. "Gates." Amerasia Journal 22, no. 1 (January 1996): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.17953/amer.22.1.a582453500h262q3.

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22

Spacks, Barry. "Gates." Hudson Review 42, no. 2 (1989): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3851531.

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23

Medvedeva, Sofia, Jiarui Sun, Natalya Yutin, Eugene V. Koonin, Takuro Nunoura, Christian Rinke, and Mart Krupovic. "Three families of Asgard archaeal viruses identified in metagenome-assembled genomes." Nature Microbiology 7, no. 7 (June 27, 2022): 962–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41564-022-01144-6.

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24

Sugden, David E., George H. Denton, and David R. Marchant. "Subglacial Meltwater Channel Systems and Ice Sheet Overriding, Asgard Range, Antarctica." Geografiska Annaler. Series A, Physical Geography 73, no. 2 (1991): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/520986.

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Sugden, David E., George H. Denton, and David R. Marchant. "Subglacial Meltwater Channel Systems and Ice Sheet Overriding, Asgard Range, Antarctica." Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography 73, no. 2 (August 1991): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/04353676.1991.11880335.

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26

Wallis, Robert J. "From Asgard to Valhalla: The Remarkable History of the Norse Myths." Time and Mind 3, no. 1 (January 2010): 115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/175169710x12608784601217.

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27

Goldmann, Mikael, Johan H�stad, and Alexander Razborov. "Majority gates vs. general weighted threshold gates." Computational Complexity 2, no. 4 (December 1992): 277–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01200426.

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28

Brzezinski, Steve, and Chuck Wachtel. "The Gates." Antioch Review 53, no. 4 (1995): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4613235.

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29

Azimova, Dilnoza. "Tashkent gates." Infolib 27, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.47267/2181-8207/2021/3-078.

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nformation about the first 12 gates located in the territory of Tashkent, its construction, as well as the names of these gates are stated. In the history of the ancient and ancient city of Tashkent you can find a lot of information about the city gates. Sources say that the castle was built in the IX-X centuries in the market area in the city center. It is surrounded by defensive walls. Gates are installed on the defensive walls. According to some sources, the number of ancient gates of Tashkent varied in different periods. For example, in the XVIII century there were 8 gates, and by the XIX century their number increased to 12. During this period, Tashkent was crossed by 8 main roads, which were the main trade routes. The city of Tashkent, a crossroads between East and West, sought to protect itself from external enemies. The defensive wall of the city had 12 gates (Takhtapul, Labzak, Kashgar, Kokand, Koymas, Beshyogoch, Kamalon, Samarkand, Kokcha, Chigatay, Sagbon, Karasaray) and two gates (i.e., a gate for 1 horseman). Of these, the gates of Labzak, Kashgar, Kokand, and Koymas were built on the eastern side of the part that was later annexed to the city, some of which were replaced. The names have also changed due to the relocation.

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SMITH, ROD. "Orin Gates." Critical Quarterly 51, no. 3 (October 2009): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8705.2009.01888.x.

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SMITH, ROD. "Oren Gates." Critical Quarterly 51, no. 3 (October 2009): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8705.2009.01888_2.x.

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32

Long, C. "Bill Gates." Computer Bulletin 42, no. 3 (May 1, 2000): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/combul/42.3.18.

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33

Vinson, Valda. "Designer gates." Science 368, no. 6486 (April 2, 2020): 42.7–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.368.6486.42-g.

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Oransky, Ivan. "John Gates." Lancet 366, no. 9496 (October 2005): 1522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67617-9.

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35

Brimicombe, Michael. "Light gates." Electronics Education 2003, no. 1 (2003): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ee.2003.0013.

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Dunn, Nick. "Palace Gates." ITNOW 47, no. 3 (May 1, 2005): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/itnow/bwi062.

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37

Mannes-Abbott, Guy. "Theaster Gates:." Third Text 27, no. 6 (November 2013): 811–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09528822.2013.835089.

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38

Shestakov, Sergey V. "The role of archaea in the origin of eukaryotes." Ecological genetics 15, no. 4 (December 25, 2017): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ecogen15452-59.

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A key role of particular evolutionary branch of archaea in the emergence of eukaryotic cell is considered on the basis of phylogenomics. Genomes of recently discovered uncultivated proteoarchaea belonging to Lokiarchaea and Asgard-group contain a large sets of eukaryotic-like genes. This allows to suggest that ancient forms of such archaean could participate in symbiotic fusion with bacteria serving as a mitochondrial progenitor. The open questions concerning properties of LECA (so-called last eukaryotic common ancestor) are discussed in the frame of endosymbiotic hypothesis of eukaryogenesis.

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39

Rambo, Ian M., Marguerite V. Langwig, Pedro Leão, Valerie De Anda, and Brett J. Baker. "Genomes of six viruses that infect Asgard archaea from deep-sea sediments." Nature Microbiology 7, no. 7 (June 27, 2022): 953–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41564-022-01150-8.

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40

Lu, Rui, Zhao-Ming Gao, Wen-Li Li, Zhan-Fei Wei, Tao-Shu Wei, Jiao-Mei Huang, Meng Li, Jun Tao, Hong-Bin Wang, and Yong Wang. "Asgard archaea in the haima cold seep: Spatial distribution and genomic insights." Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 170 (April 2021): 103489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2021.103489.

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41

Marchant, David R., George H. Denton, David E. Sugden, and Carl C. Swisher. "Miocene Glacial Stratigraphy and Landscape Evolution of the Western Asgard Range, Antarctica." Geografiska Annaler. Series A, Physical Geography 75, no. 4 (1993): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/521205.

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42

MacLeod, Fraser, Gareth S. Kindler, Hon Lun Wong, Ray Chen, and Brendan P. Burns. "Asgard archaea: Diversity, function, and evolutionary implications in a range of microbiomes." AIMS Microbiology 5, no. 1 (2019): 48–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/microbiol.2019.1.48.

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Marchant, David R., George H. Denton, David E. Sugden, and Carl C. Swisher. "Miocene Glacial Stratigraphy and Landscape Evolution of the Western Asgard Range, Antarctica." Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography 75, no. 4 (December 1993): 303–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/04353676.1993.11880398.

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Smith, K. L., M. D. Steven, D. G. Jones, J. M. West, P. Coombs, K. A. Green, T. S. Barlow, et al. "Environmental impacts of CO2 leakage: recent results from the ASGARD facility, UK." Energy Procedia 37 (2013): 791–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2013.05.169.

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Jourdan, Laetitia, Clarisse Dhaenens, and El Ghazali Talbi. "ASGARD : un algorithme génétique pour les règles d'association. Application à la génomique." Revue d'intelligence artificielle 16, no. 6 (December 1, 2002): 657–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/ria.16.657-683.

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Devos, Damien P. "Reconciling Asgardarchaeota Phylogenetic Proximity to Eukaryotes and Planctomycetes Cellular Features in the Evolution of Life." Molecular Biology and Evolution 38, no. 9 (July 6, 2021): 3531–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab186.

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Abstract The relationship between the three domains of life—Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya—is one of Biology’s greatest mysteries. Current favored models imply two ancestral domains, Bacteria and Archaea, with eukaryotes originating within Archaea. This type of models has been supported by the recent description of the Asgardarchaeota, the closest prokaryotic relatives of eukaryotes. However, there are many problems associated with any scenarios implying that eukaryotes originated from within the Archaea, including genome mosaicism, phylogenies, the cellular organization of the Archaea, and their ancestral character. By contrast, all models of eukaryogenesis fail to consider two relevant discoveries: the detection of membrane coat proteins, and of phagocytosis-related processes in Planctomycetes, which are among the bacteria with the most developed endomembrane system. Consideration of these often overlooked features and others found in Planctomycetes and related bacteria suggest an evolutionary model based on a single ancestral domain. In this model, the proximity of Asgard and eukaryotes is not rejected but instead, Asgard are considered as diverging away from a common ancestor instead of on the way toward the eukaryotic ancestor. This model based on a single ancestral domain solves most of the ambiguities associated with the ones based on two ancestral domains. The single-domain model is better suited to explain the origin and evolution of all three domains of life, blurring the distinctions between them. Support for this model as well as the opportunities that it presents not only for reinterpreting previous results, but also for planning future experiments, are explored.

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Ko, H., D. Petersen, and T. Van Duzer. "High-speed measurements of single gates; Higher-voltage gates." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 23, no. 2 (March 1987): 751–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.1987.1064967.

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McSweeney, Terence. "A Mennydörgés Istenének amerikanizálása: hogyan lesz a fiúuralkodóból Asgard jogos királya a Thorban." Apertura 15, no. 1 (2019): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31176/apertura.2019.15.1.4.

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A tanulmány Terence McSweeney Avengers Assemble! Critical Perspectives on the Marvel Cinematic Universe című könyvének két szövegéből áll, amelyek könnyedén illeszkednek egymáshoz. A Thorral (Kenneth Branagh, 2011) foglalkozó első részben a filmet az amerikai monomítoszokkal és az amerikai politikával, valamint az Egyesült Államokon kívüli amerikai beavatkozással veti össze a szerző, látványos párhuzamokat vonva. A tanulmány második fele a Thor: Sötét világon (Thor: Dark World. Alan Foster, 2014) keresztül a Marvel-filmek problémás nőábrázolását mutatja be, kiemelt helyen kezelve Thor szerelmét, Jane Fostert.

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Allemand, Pascal, and Pierre G. Thomas. "The thermal gradient of Callisto constrained by Asgard Basin: Rheological and chemical implications." Journal of Geophysical Research 96, E4 (1991): 20981. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91je02220.

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Zeng, V., and C. G. Extavour. "ASGARD: an open-access database of annotated transcriptomes for emerging model arthropod species." Database 2012 (November 23, 2012): bas048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/database/bas048.

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